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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND MEDIA IN INDIA: COPYRIGHT ACT

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND MEDIA IN INDIA: COPYRIGHT ACT
Dr. Raghavendra Mishra,
Associate Professor,
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication,
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, M.P.
ABSTRACT-
Intellectual property right (IPR) is a legal right that protects the creation of a person or enterprise
developed by the brain or mind. This right provides the creator authority over the creation of his
or her own to explore benefits if used by others. These benefits may appear in form of appreciation
and recognition or monetary or material benefits or more. IPR is emerged as one of the major
concerns in present economic and business environment. Globalization and open market policies
have helped IPR to grow and affect the economic activities in last three decades. Copyright is one
of the important rights falls under the IPR which protects the rights of creators of artistic works,
literary works, sound, films and related creations.
Copyright is very vast domain that includes innovations, artistic creations, intellectual productions
in print, audio-visual, sign & symbols or in the digital forms. For Media field that is full of
creativity and innovation Copyright is a great catalyst. Media plateforms including social media
use new ideas, images, sounds, scripts and many more means and methods of communication
professional, commercial and personal purposes. All these forms that are created by persons and
enterprises with meticulous efforts in designing, research & development need a huge amount of
investment also. These creations, developed after devotion of time and money need to give
dividend to the creators and to become a reason encouragement for all. Copyright laws help in
protection of interests of such creators. The present article tries to highlight Copyright and
associated issues in Indian environment with special emphasis on Indian media and entertainment
industry.
Key Terms: IPR, Copyright, Infringement
INTRODUCTION-
The practice of trade and commerce has been changed enormously since 1991, the beginning of
the era of economic liberalization and globalization. It the age of competition and rapidly changing
technologies intellectual property has become crucial factor for survival in the market, to manage
product life cycle, and to add more users from the services and ideas which are being developed
and offered. IPR give protection to the creations of mind. IPR is now well-recognized term defined
legally at international level and in the law books of different countries. ‘Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR) is a term used for various legal entitlements which attach to certain types of
information, ides, or other intangibles in their expressed forms’ (Adukia. S.R. (2012). Handbook
of Intellectual Property Rights in India.P-3.).
IPR recognizes creations of mind as property and in this sense it expands the meaning of property.
The term property gives common recognition possession of a person or enterprise over something.
Property is divided into two basic forms- tangible and intangible. Tangible property is present in
physical form such as building or house, land, vehicle, cash, jewelry etc. whereas intangible
property cannot be seen in the physical form. With the march of time we have developed system
and law which defends tangible properties but earlier it was not possible to protect the properties
available in non-physical forms. IPR provides protection to such properties and recognize the
possession of a person or enterprise over it. It helps people to garner benefits out of their efforts
devoted to create or develop new intellectual products. ‘Intellectual property rights are like any
other property rights. They allow creators, or owners, of patents, trademarks or copyrighted works
to benefit from their own work or investment in a creation’(WIPO Publication no. 450 (E), P-3).
UNO has also recognized the value of property created by mind by outlining IPR in Article 27 of
Universal Declaration on Human Rights. This article provides right to benefit by protecting moral
and material (mentioning of creator and giving dividend to or both) interests resulting from
ownership of literary, scientific or artistic products or ideas.
At global level IPR was first recognized in the year 1883 in Paris convention for the protection of
Industrial Property and later in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works in the year 1886. World Intellectual Property Rights Organization (WIPO) is a nodal
organization to administer both the treaties. WIPO is one of the 17 agencies of UNO,
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with aim to promote innovation and creativity for the
economic, social and cultural development of all countries through a balanced and effective
international intellectual property system.
IPR is not a new subject in our country. In the journey of civilization our great scholars have
contributed thousands of valuable inventions, ideas, methods in all fields of knowledge. These
high souls contributed everything in the public domain. Whatever was developed by our great
scholars was given to society. After coming of industrialization and western influence we have
also started taking initiatives for securing intellectual property rights by following methods
adopted by regulatory agencies and under the laws made by government. ‘George Alfred
DePenning is supposed to have made the first application for a patent in India in the year 1856.
On February 28,1856, the Government of India promulgated legislation to grant what was then
termed as “exclusive privileges for the encouragement of inventions of new manufacturers” i.e.
the Patents Act’ (Adukia. S.R. (2012).P. 11). Since then our government has implemented number
of laws to protect the intellectual property rights. These laws include-
1. The Copyright Act, 1957, The Copyright Rules 1958 and International Copyright Order
1999, The Copyright Amendment Act 2012 and copyright rules 2013, 2016.
2. The Patents Act 1970, the Patents rules 2003, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board
(Patents Procedure) Rules 2010 and the Patents (Appeals and Applications to the
Intellectual Property Appellate Board) rules.
3. The Trade Marks Act 1999, the Trade Marks rule 2002, the Trade Marks (Application and
Appeals to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board) rules 2003, and the Intellectual
Property Appellate Board (Procedures) rules.
4. The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999, and the
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) rules.
5. The Designs Act 2000 and the Designs rules.
 6. The Semiconductors Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act 2000 and the Semiconductors
Integrated Circuits Layout-Designs rules.
7. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 and the Protection of Plant
Varieties and Farmers’ Rights rule.
8. The Biological Diversity Act 2002 and the Biological Diversity Rules.
9. Intellectual Property Rights (Imported Goods) rules
Briefly we can divide intellectual property rights into two categories- industrial property and the
copyright. Industrial property includes literary, artistic and scientific works, performance of the
performing artists, inventions and discoveries, industrial designs, trade marks & service marks etc
and copyright includes literary and artistic works like various forms of literature, painting,
drawing, photographs, videos, music, sculptures, architectural designs, radio programmes, cinema
etc. Various laws protect the following rights under intellectual property rights- patents,
copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, protection of integrated circuits lay-out designs,
geographical indications of goods, biological diversity, plant varieties and farmers’ rights,
undisclosed information.
IPR has become important driver of economic performance of economies. In the age of knowledge
economy intellectual properties are crucial component in research and development based models
of economic growth. Industrial performances and their profit possibilities highly affected by
royalties which are received against the inventions and ideas. IPR affects brand positing, brand
strategies, licensing, extension of the markets and foreign direct investments also. Every year
thousands of IPR applications are filed all over world to register the new inventions, trademarks
and new ideas which later convert into the business opportunities.
Intellectual property rights are considered as reward for creativity and innovativeness of the human
being. These rights give energy and work as the booster for the progress and development. Human
development is closely depending on the capacity of creation and innovations. Our cultural and
technological progress is associated with excellence in the field of culture and technology. We
need an efficient and equitable system to protect intellectual property rights to conduce its benefits
for the development of society. Such protections work as encouragement for innovators and
creators and creates a balance between interest of innovators and the public interest.
COPYRIGHT-
Copyright is one of the important right under the IPR. It provides exclusive right to the author or
producer over the select creations. The copyright is comprehensively defined by the government
of India. Oxford dictionary defines copyright as “the exclusive legal right, given to the originator
for a fixed number of years, to the print, publish, perform, film or record literary, artistic, or
musical material” (Compact Oxford Dictionary. P- 216).
In a handbook published by MHRD copyright is stated as “Copyright is a right given by the law
to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films
and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction,
communication to the public, adaptation and translation of the work. There could be slight
variations in the composition of the rights depending on the work”
(http://copyright.gov.in/documents/handbook.html).
In the copyright Act the term is defined as- “For the purpose of this Act, “copyright” means the
exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act, to do or otherwise the doing of any of the
following acts in respect of a work or any substantial parts thereof…” (Copyright Act.1957.P-8)
Under the copyright provisions exclusive rights are granted to the author or creator of an original
work that includes right to copy, distribution and adaptation of the original work. ‘Copyrights
covers literary works (such as novels, poems and plays) films, music, artistic works (e.g. drawings,
paintings, photographs and sculptures) and architectural design. Rights related to copyright include
those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings,
and broadcasters in their Radio and TV programmes’ (WIPO Publication no. 450 (E), P-2). Indian
Copyright Act provides protection to the following seven clauses of works- original literary work,
original dramatic work, original musical work, original artistic work, cinematograph films, sound
recordings and computer programmes.
Copyright gives owner right on making copies, license, and or use of the work in other manners
with some exception on some products if used for research or private exhibition. Copyright
provides multiple rights on the same work normally referred as bundle of rights. In a literary work
for example the author may hardbound or paperback editions, he or she may convert the work into
dramatic or cinematic version or it may be used for abridgement, translation and adaptation. A
work may also be converted into musical work or play to be performed in audience.
Copyright is known as the bundle of rights which includes moral, economic and material aspects
of the right. These aspects which are arising from the statute itself interpreted by judiciary time to
time. The authors of the copyright enjoy economic rights. Author has right to earn money by giving
permission for sell or reproduction by others or by doing himself. Moral right provides right of
paternity to the author and distortion, mutilation or modifications without permission is considered
alteration of the reputation or honour of the author and is actionable.
COPYRIGHT LAW-
The Copyright Act, 1957 came into effect from January 1958. This Act has been amended six
times till date since then, i.e., in 1983, 1984, 1991, 1994, 1999 and 2012. The Copyright
(Amendment) Act, 2012 is the most substantial. The main reasons for amendments to the
Copyright Act, 1957 include to bring the Act in conformity with WCT and WPPT; to protect the
Music and Film Industry and address its concerns; to address the concerns of the physically
disabled and to protect the interests of the author of any work; Incidental changes; to remove
operational facilities; and enforcement of rights. Some of the important amendments to the
Copyright Act in 2012 are extension of copyright protection in the digital environment such as
penalties for circumvention of technological protection measures and rights management
information, and liability of internet service provider and introduction of statutory licenses for
cover versions and broadcasting organizations; ensuring right to receive royalties for authors, and
music composers, exclusive economic and moral rights to performers, equal membership rights in
copyright societies for authors and other right owners and exception of copyrights for physically
disabled to access any works. (http://copyright.gov.in/)
Copyright issues are administered in our country by ‘The Copyright Act 1957’ with last
amendment by the Act No. 27 of 2012. The Act is, in amendment, divided into fifteen chapters
including definitions of terms, to the miscellaneous provisions. The Act defines copyright in
chapter III as ‘Subject to the provisions of this section and the other provisions of this Act,
Copyright shall subsist throughout India in the following classes of works, that is to say, -
(a) Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works;
(b) Cinematograph films; and
(c) Sound recordings.’ (Act No. 27 of 2012. Page-7.)
In the same chapter of the Act, copyright is defined as the exclusive right to the owner of the work
to do or otherwise the doing of reproduction, performing the work in public, making
cinematograph or sound recording of the work, translation, adaptation, to sell or give on
commercial rental, storing in any medium, depiction in two or three dimension, communicate to
the public.
The Act provide exclusive rights to the owner on the following creations-
i. Literary, dramatic or musical works
ii. Computer programmes
iii. Artistic works
iv. Cinematograph film
v. Sound recording
Copyright is given for a fixed period of time. It is provided for the next sixty years after publication
to the literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, cinematograph film, sound recording,
Government work where it is the first owner etc. Chapter V deals with the tenure of the copyright
and related provisions, conditions.
Act also provides rights to Broadcasting organizations and performers on their works.
Broadcasting rights are defined in the Act as “Broadcast reproduction right in respect of its
broadcasts” (Act No. 27 of 2012. Page-26). The copyright on the programme shall be given for
the next 25 years following the year in which the programme is made. In the same chapter
performer’s right for the next fifty years from the year of performance is also protected.
COPYRIGHT AND THE INTERNET-
Internet is considered as one of the main plateforms where copyright infringement rate is very
high. From developers to end users including intermediate service providers’ piracy happens in
numerous ways. Though the Copyright Act includes computer programmes and communication
via computers under the purview of the copyright but it has been considered as the gray area of the
law. Even the last amendment of 2012 was also silent on the direct inclusion of the Internet. But
with a clarification it was cleared that Internet activities are also covered under the copyright law.
‘The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) on 5 september, 2016 issued and
Office Memorandum clarifying that internet broadcasting companies come under the purview of
a broadcasting organization under section 31 D of Copyright Act, 1957. Accordingly, such internet
broadcasting companies should obtain a statutory license’ (Balaji. S. (2016)). Besides, related
sections of the IT Act 2000 and some provisions of IPC/CRPC are also capable of dealing the
issues of copyright violation through online plateforms.
REGISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT-
The Copyright Office has a register of Copyrights where details of the copyright such as title of
the work, name and addresses of the owner/authors, publisher details and other particulars are
made. To obtain copyright one has to apply to the Registrar of Copyrights in the prescribed format.
The application, after successful scrutiny and fulfilling all conditions, is accepted and the entries
are made in the said register. Act also provides scope for corrections in the entries if done by
mistake. After recommendation of the Copyrights Registrar the Copyright Board rectify the rights.
‘Moreover, acquisition of copyright is automatic and it does not require any formality. Copyright
comes into existence as soon as a work is created and no formality is required for acquiring
copyright. However, certificate of registration of copyright and the entries made therein serve as
prima facie evidence in a court of law with reference to dispute relating to ownership of copyright’
(http://copyright.gov.in/frmFAQ.aspx).
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-
Infringement of copyright is explained in chapter XI of the Act, 2012. It is also explained by courts
in references to the case of copyright violation. It is act of Infringement if a person does anything
that violates the rights of the owner protected under the Act. It includes knowingly communicating
work of others to the public for profit, sells or gives for hire, distribution for the purpose of trade
and import in India for profit.
Opinion of Justice M. Fazal Ali quoting from American Jurisprudence in the case of R.G. Anand
Vs Delux Films can be referred here: “Infringement of a copyright is a trespass on a private domain
owned and occupied by the owner of the copyright, and, therefore, protected by law, and
infringement of copyright, or piracy, which is a synonymous term in this connection, consists in
the doing by any person, without the consent of the owner of the copyright, of anything the sole
right to do which is conferred by the statute on the owner of the copyright (AIR 1978, Section
1613).”
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND INDIAN MEDIA-
IPR is an important factor in the growth of media and entertainment sector. Media is a field of
creativity that entertains, informs and educate millions of people worldwide. Various media outlets
including TV, Radio, Cinema, Print media, Music, Software industries, Online and digital
plateforms are enriched with lots of innovative ideas, creative works and formats.
Indian Media and Entertainment Industry is emerged as one of the progressing sectors in our
country as its contribution to the GDP is felt, its role in the cultural exchange is accepted and its
labour, pain and investment in creation of content is acknowledged. In the age of digital media and
with increasing literacy and economic progress this market with all media outlets is increasing day
by day. Technology has made simple the copying and reproduction of others’ works in any format.
Act of infringement not only discourages the original contributors or authors to produce more
creative works but also harms their earning possibilities just because somebody else is stealing
their work. Infringement of copyright found in different media in different ways.
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT OF LITERARY WORK-
Illegal reproduction and translation of books and other printed material falls under this category.
This is very common practice in our country. Popular books, articles, literary work is reproduced
and sold in the market. We must have seen reprint of best seller books are available near Railway
stations and bus stands. These are pirated copies which we often buy. Many publishers are involved
in production of books after their term of license is expired with foreign copyright holders. When
we make photocopy of the whole book, it is also example of infringement. Knowingly
unknowingly we also become part of this act.
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT OF SOUND RECORDINGS-
Indian sound recording industry faces problem of infringement in so many ways. When different
songs or music from their legitimate source are copied and compiled as the new collection, when
whole music product is copied and produced with similar or matching packaging which is
misleading the end users as real ones, and when bootlegging happens, where unauthorized
recordings of performance by artists are made and subsequently reproduced and sold in the market.
All these happen without consent and knowledge of the owners.
After coming of digital media infringement of sound recording becomes easier and frequency of
such illegal activities have been increased multiple time. Even this has become a serious concern
at international level because at the one hand number of people from our country involved in doing
so by coping music produced by others, making copies illegally, and on the other hand our music
is also pirated in different countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and other Asian countries
where Indian music is popular. Indian music industry is facing major loss as it is losing nearly Rs
450 crore (Rs 4.5 billion) to piracy alone (Will music piracy in India end? M.rediff.com).”
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT OF CINEMATOGRAPH FILM-
Infringement of copyright of cinematograph film has been a serious issue for the film industry.
Due to piracy of films, whole or part of it, producers have faced huge loss. Film piracy in India
accelerated after coming of video cassettes. Now in the age of digital media and mobile
communication more pirates are doing this act which affects the revenue of the producers. So many
films even before released in theaters made available on websites. Recently it happened with Hindi
Film Great Grand Masti which was leaked on Internet so labeled flop in the theaters. Udta Punjab,
Toilet Ek Premkatha, Babumoshay Bandukbaz, Kabali, Julie 2, Paa, Manjhi are some other
Bollywood movies that were leaked illegally.
Another form is release of Films on the cable TV. Local cable TV operators often show the films
without authorization or the permission. Cable TV operators release new films that impacts the
revenue of the films from theaters. The Indian Film Industry is facing threat of survival from such
acts but no concrete solution is found till date. The pirated transmission of the films affects
business of the cinema in many ways. “Content theft or piracy in the film industry originates from
‘camcording’ in cinema halls. Over 90 per cent of new release titles originate from cinemas….
Infringement of piracy even socts more to the film industry as “Indian film industry loses around
18,000 crore ($ 2.7 billion) and over 60,000 jobs every year because of piracy” (Gupta. A. (2016)).
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT FROM SOFTWARE PIRACY-
Software industry, like other copyright based sectors, the software industry also faces various
forms of infringement of copyright. Piracy problem affects here more than the any other sector
because it is very easy to make illegal copies and such copies look and give performance of the
same nature and quality. Software piracy happens majorly into following five ways- counterfeiters,
resellers, mail order houses, bulletin boards and end-user piracy. Counterfeiters produce software
packages which are very similar to the genuine ones. Resellers do the act of piracy when they copy
the original software into the DVDs or install in the hard disk which to be sold, mail order houses
provide products through or work as the link between user and sellers and sometimes give space
to pirated products, bulletin boards were, sometimes ago, only place of online software piracy now
replaced by hundreds of other websites and sources, individual users also indulged in the piracy
when they use, install or copy pirated software.
The piracy happens in our country at very large scale as huge number of websites provide cracks,
keygens, warez or counterfits which are having potential threat vectors. A good amount of
organizations also uses pirated versions or ignore if their employees use such software to perform
their professional tasks. Roadside vendors, small sellers often engaged in providing pirated
versions to the customers and all these reasons result in revenue loss to both government and the
owner.
INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND THE INTERNET-
Advent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has enabled users to collect useful
information in a compressed form from around the world. It has increased the incidents of
infringement cases also. Copyright Act includes storing of copyrighted material into a computer
machine and if it is done without the consent of the owner termed as the violation of copyright. If
infringed material is communicated with the help of computer and networks of computers, then
also comes under the violation of the copyright law. Apart from conditions defined or covered
Copyright Act various sections of the IT Act,2000 such as Section 1 (2) if read with section 75
also protect the rights of the owner. Though such rules impose, in most of cases not restrictive and
impose flexible liabilities specially in the case of ISP, BBSO, Commercial Web Page owners and
private users. However, some decision of the court has given the way to get legal remedies in case
of piracy and online infringement.
On the petition filed by film filmmaker Prakash Jha is respect of his film Lipstick Under my Burka
and by Red Chillies Entertainment for the film Jab Harry Met Sejal Madras High Court ordered to
block more than 2500 websites, some were suspected and some were not. This blocking injunction
was used as a blunt tool by the court to stop piracy. ‘In yet another instance of overbroad and
disproportionate online censorship, 2650 entire websites have been ordered by the Madras High
Court to be blocked, nation-wide, as an interim measure against the infringement of copyright of
certain films. The Madras HC, on July 21, 2017 and August 2, 2017, ordered an interim injunction
against several Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in a case of copyright infringement, directing the
ISPs to disable access to websites upon the plaintiff’s request, including, perplexingly, the Internet
Archive, an online library of public domain works, which also hosts an archive of more than 20
years of the World Wide Web. Any person attempting to access any of the specified websites now
gets a message stating that the website has been blocked as per the directions of the Department
of Telecom, Government of India (https://spicyip.com).’ The order was popularized as the Ashok
Kumar or Jone Doe order, a term first used in UK to explain a decision where opponent or the
accused is not identified.
‘An ‘Ashok Kumar’ or a ‘John Doe’ order, is an order in a suit brought against unknown and
unnamed defendants, to counter the possibility that someone, somewhere, may possibly be
infringing upon the rights of the plaintiff. Ashok Kumar orders have become the go-to tool for
overzealous plaintiffs seeking copyright protection from the Court in respect of online
infringement, by claiming the difficulties in identifying the infringing parties. There are several
problems with the Order of the Madras HC, which are common to most such Ashok Kumar orders
issued by courts in India (https://spicyip.com).’
PUNISHMENTS-
In case of infringement of copyright or any other right which is conferred by the Act the accused
may be punished with penalty and imprisonment. In case of infringement any person who is doing
it knowingly be punished ‘with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months
but which may extend to three years with fine which shall not be less than fifty thousand rupees
but which may extend to two lakh rupees’ (Act No. 27 of 2012, page-41). In case if the
infringement has not been made for business profit court may impose less than six months of
imprisonment and a fine of less than fifty thousand rupees. In case the infringement is done
repeatedly by the person he or she shall be punished with, for second and subsequent offence, for
a term of not less than one year which may be extended to three years and with fine of not less
than one lakh rupees which may be extended to two lakh rupees.
CONCLUSION-
Copyright provides certain minimum safeguard to the creators over their creations. By extending
the legal protection creativity is rewarded. Creativity is considered as the pillar to the progress
therefore encouraging creativity is need of the civilized society also. Authors, artists, musicians,
filmmakers, architects, computer programme developers when get protection by the law it works
as encouragement to be more creative and innovative thus protection of copyright is associated
with motivation and develop conducive environment for creativity. Though copyright law is
restrictive and negative in nature but with provisions and exceptions lawmakers have tried to
develop appropriate and viable balance between interests of copyright holders and the interests of
society. Copyright law permits to use the work without any burden in case it is used for research,
reporting current event or for judicial proceedings or for non-profit reasons.
 Copyright law in India is progressive in nature as regularly amendments and corrigendum issued
by government make it effective enough to take care in changing socio-cultural, political and
technological environment. Our media and entertainment industry is growing day-by-day and huge
money is invested here. Their rights need protection from the attempts of infringements. The law
part lakes care of the punishment if copyrights are violated. But it is not enough and not possible
to curb such acts at every level. Awareness is another solution that can reduce the attempts of such
violations. With awakened citizenry we can hope for better environment of creativity, progress
and betterment in our country.
REFERENCES-

1. Adukia. S.R. (2012). Handbook of Intellectual Property Rights in

India.www.IPR/34_hb_on_ipr.pdf
2. AIR 1978, Section 1613
3. Balaji. S. (2016). Indian Copyright Act Now Covers Internet and Online Streaming-
Statutory Licensing Requirements. Published on September 8, 2016. Retrieved from
www.livelaw.in/indian-copyright-act-now-covers-internet-and-online-streaming-
statutory-licensing-requirements
4. Compact Oxford English Dictionary. (2012). Third edition reprint. Oxford University
Press.
5. Copyright Act. 1957.
6. Copyright Act. 1957. (No.14 of 1957) (as last amended by Act No. 27 of 2012)
7. Gupta. A. (2016). Indian films gross $ 2 billion, but piracy makes 35% more. IANS.
Published on August 21, 2016.16.52 retrieved from https://googleweblight.com
8. http://copyright.gov.in/
9. http://copyright.gov.in/frmFAQ.aspx
10. https://spicyip.com/2017/08/madras-high-court-issues-ashok-kumar-order-to-block-the-
internet-archive-2649-websites.html
11. What is Intellectual Property?. WIPO Publication no. 450 (E). ISBN 978-92-805-1555-0
12. Will music piracy in India end?. Published on October 10,2005 Retrieved from
https://m.rediff.com

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