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ACCOUNTANCY

Content

1. ACCOUNTING - AN INTRODUCTION

2. ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS

3. ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS AND STANDARDS


4. ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS

5. JOURNAL

6. LEDGER

7. CASH BOOK
8. SPECIAL PURPOSE BOOKS

9. TRIAL BALANCE

10. BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

11. BILLS OF EXCHANGE

12. ERRORS AND THEIR RECTIFICATION


13. COMPUTER AND COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

14. DEPRECIATION

15. PROVISIONS AND RESERVES


16. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: AN INTRODUCTION
17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: I

18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – II

19. NOT FOR PROFIT ORGANISATION - AN INTRODUCTION

20. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (NOT FOR PROFIT ORGANISATION)


21. ACCOUNTS FROM INCOMPLETE RECORDS

22. PARTNERSHIP: AN INTRODUCTION

23. ADMISSION OF A PARTNER

24. RETIREMENT AND DEATH OF A PARTNER

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25. DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM

26. COMPANY: AN INTRODUCTION

27. ISSUE OF SHARES


28. FORFEITURE OF SHARES

29. REISSUE OF FORFEITED SHARES

30. ISSUE OF DEBENTURES

31. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS - AN INTRODUCTION


32. ACCOUNTING RATIOS - I

33. ACCOUNTING RATIOS - II

34. CASH FLOW STATEMENT

35. ELECTRONIC SPREAD SHEET


36. USE OF SPREADSHEET IN BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

37. GRAPHS AND CHARTS FOR BUSINESS

38. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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Ques 1. Minimum number of members required to form a Public Company is :

a) 50

b) 07

c) 20
d) 100

Ans. b) 07

Ques 2. X and Y are partners, sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 4: 3. They
admit Z into the partnership for share. X and Y decide to share future profits in the

ratio of 2: 1. What is the sacrificing ratio of X and Y?

a) 4:3

b) 13:8

c) 8:13
d) 4:17

Ans. a) 4:17

Ques 3. While charging depreciation on fixed Assets by straight line method, the
value of Assets taken into consideration is:

a) Original value

b) Diminishing value

c) Market value

d) Book value

Ans. b) Diminishing value

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Ques 4. In a partnership firm the liability of each partner except a minor is:

a) limited to the capital employed by them

b) limited to their profit share

c) unlimited
d) limited to the amount agreed among partners

Ans. c) unlimited

Ques 5. Sale of the old newspaper is

a) Revenue Receipt.

b) Asset.

c) Profit.

d) Capital receipt.

Ans. a) Revenue Receipt.

Ques 6. According to Section 78 of the companies Act, the amount in the

Securities Premium A/c cannot be used for the purpose of

a) Issues of fully paid bonus shares


b) Writing off losses of the company
c) Writing preliminary expenses

d) Writing off commission or discount on issues of shares

Ans. b) Writing off losses of the company

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Ques 7. Sale of old newspaper for 2,000 will be recorded on:

a) Dr. Side of Income and Expenditure A/c

b) Cr. Side of Income and Expenditure A/c

c) Cr. Side of Receipts and Payments A/c


d) None of these

Ans. b) Cr. Side of Income and Expenditure A/c

Ques 8. Partnership deed is also called

(a) Articles of Association

(b) Principles of Partnership

(c) Articles of Partnership

(d) Prospectus

Ans. (c) Articles of Partnership

Ques 9. In which of the following case 'Realization Account' is prepared?

a) On admission of a partner

b) On dissolution of the firm


c) On retirement of a partner
d) On death of a partner

Ans. b) On dissolution of the firm

Ques 10. Debit balance of Trading Account is known as:

a) Gross Profit
b) Gross Loss

c) Net Profit

d) Net Loss

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Ans. b) Gross Loss

Ques 11. Which statement are prepared by the Not-for-profit Organisations?

a) Receipt and payment Account

b) Income and Expenditure Account


c) Balance Sheet

d) All the above

Ans. d) All the above

Ques 12. Interest paid on calls in Advance will be debited to:

a) Interest A/c

b) Interest on calls in Advance A/c

c) Calls in Advance A/c


d) Bank A/c

Ans. b) Interest on calls in Advance A/c

Ques 13. X Ltd., invited applications for issuing 10,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each.

Applications were received for 9,800 shares. The issue will be called:

a) Fully subscribed

b) Over subscribed

c) Under subscribed

d) Partly subscribed

Ans. c) Under subscribed

Ques 14. Shares of ₹ 10 have been issued at ₹ 11 per share. These shares will be

called as issued at:

a) Par
b) Premium

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c) Discount

d) For consideration other than cash

Ans. b) Premium

Ques 15. Gross profit is transferred from Trading Account to :

a) Debit side of Profit and Loss Account

b) Credit side of Profit and Loss Account

c) Asset side of Balance Sheet


d) Liability side of Balance Sheet

Ans. b) Credit side of Profit and Loss Account.

Ques 16. Differentiate between fixed and fluctuating capital accounts on any three

bases.

Ans.

Basis Fixed capital Fluctuating capital

The number of Accounts There are two accounts in There is only one account

the Fixed Capital method, in a Fluctuating Capital

i.e. capital and current Method, i.e. capital

accounts account

Nature of Account / The nature of account in a The nature of account in a

Balance Fixed Capital Method Fluctuating Capital Method

remains unchanged changes

Credit / Debit balance Fixed capital accounts Fluctuating capital might

constantly demonstrate a sometimes illustrate a


credit balance debit balance

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Ques 17. A, B and C are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. B retired

and the new profit-sharing ratio between A and C was 2 : 1. On B’s retirement, the

goodwill of the firm was valued at Rs. 90,000. Pass necessary journal entry for the
treatment of goodwill on B’s retirement.

Ans.

Working Notes:

1. Calculations of gaining Ratio

A:B:C

Old Ratio – 3 : 2 : 1

B’s Partner is retirement from the firm .

A:C

New Ratio – 2 : 1

Gaining Ratio = New Ratio – Old Ratio

𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏
A’s = 𝟑 - =𝟔 -𝟔 =𝟔
𝟔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
C’s = 𝟑 - 𝟔 = 𝟔 - 𝟔 = 𝟔

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.: Gaining Ratio (A and C) = 1: 1

2. Adjustment of goodwill

Goodwill of the firm = Rs. 90,000

2
B’s Share of goodwill = 90, 000 * = ₹ 30, 000
6

B’s Share of goodwill is to be debited to remaining

Partners’ capital A/c in their gaining ratio A and C = 1: 1

1
Debited by A’s Share = 30,000 * = ₹ 15, 000
2

Ques 18. Ajay and Vijay were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2.

Their fixed Capitals were Ajay ₹ 5,00,000 and Vijay ₹ 4,00,000. The partnership

deed provided for the following:

(a) Interest on capital @ 10% p.a.

(b) Interest on drawings @ 6% p.a.

(c) Monthly salary of ₹ 10,000 to Ajay and half yearly salary of ₹ 50,000 to Vijay.

During the year ended 31.12.2020 the firm earned a net profit of 12,50,000. During
the year each partner withdrew * 60,000. Prepare Profit and Loss Appropriation

Account of Ajay and Vijay.

Ans. (a) Calculations of interests on capital:

Interest on capital = Capital * (Rate ÷ 100)

For Ajay:

 Interest on capital = Rs. 5,00,000 * (10 ÷ 100) = Rs. 50, 000

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For Vijay:

 Interest on capital = Rs. 4, 00,000 * (10 ÷ 100) = Rs. 40, 000

Interests on capitals are recorded on the debit side of the appropriation account

(b) Calculation of interests on drawings:

Interest on drawings = Drawings × (Rate ÷ 100)

For Ajay:

 Interest on drawings = Rs 60,000 × (10 ÷ 100) × (6 ÷ 12) = Rs 3,000

For Vijay:

 Interest on drawings = Rs 60,000 × (10 ÷ 100) × (6 ÷ 12) = Rs 3,000

Interests on drawings are recorded on the credit side of the appropriation account.

(c) Calculation of salaries:

For Ajay:

 Salary = Rs. 10,000 * 12 (Monthly = 12) = Rs. 1, 20, 000

For Vijay:

 Salary = Rs 50,000 * 2 (half – yearly = 2) = Rs. 1, 00,000

Salaries are recorded on the debit side of the appropriation account.

The profit for the year is recorded on the credit side of the appropriation account.

Calculation of profit/loss:

To determine profit/loss, observe the debit and the credit sides. If the balancing
figure appears on the debit side, it is profit. Else, loss.

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Credit = Rs 12,50,000 + Rs 3,000 + Rs 3,000 = Rs 12,56,000

Debit = Rs 50,000 + Rs 40,000 + Rs 1,20,000 + Rs 1,00,000 = Rs 3,10,000

Balancing figure = Rs 9,46,000 [Dr.]

Calculation of distribution of profit:

Since they share their profits and losses in the ratio 3:2, it will be distributed

accordingly.

For Ajay:

Profit share = Rs 9,46,000 × 3/5 = Rs 5,67,600

For Vijay:

Profit share = Rs 9,46,000 × 2/5 = Rs 3,78,400

Profit & Loss Appropriation Account

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Ques 19. Explain any two methods of valuation of goodwill.

Ans. 1. Average Profits Method

I) Simple Average: Under this meth od, the goodwill is valued at the agreed number of

years of purchase of the average profits of the past years. Goodwill = Average Profit x

No. of years of purchase.

ii) Weighted Average: Under this method, the goodwill is valued at an agreed number

of years of purchase of the weighted average profits of the past years. We use the
weighted average when there exists an increasing or decreasing trend in the profits

giving the highest weight to the current year’s profit.

 Goodwill = Weighted Average Profit x No. of years’ of purchase

 Weighted Average Profit = Sum of Profits multiplied by weights/ Sum of weights

2. Super Profits Method

(i) The Number of Years Purchase Method: Under this method, the goodwill is valued at

the agreed number of years of purchase of the super profits of the firm.

Goodwill = Super Profit x No. of years of purchase

 Super Profit = Actual or Average profit – Normal Profit

 Normal Profit = Capital Employed x (Normal Rate of Return/100)

Ques 20. Give the meaning of issue of shares at premium with the help of an

example. State the purposes for which securities premium money can be utilized.

Ans. Companies may offer shares at face value or par value. However, companies may
also offer shares at a value more than the face value. This process of issue of shares at a

higher value than the face value is known as the issue of shares at a premium.

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There are some restrictions attached by law on how the securities premium can be

utilized by the companies. There are some provisions in Section 52 of Companies

Act, 2013 which are:

 It can be utilized by issuing fully paid bonus shares to the shareholders.


 It can be written off in the preliminary expenses of the company.

 It can be used by paying the premium payable for the redemption of any

redeemable preference shares or debentures.

 Securities premiums can also be utilized by writing off the expenses incurred during
the issue of shares and debentures. The expenses include discounts allowed or

commissions paid for issuing the shares.

 The money can be used to buy back its own shares.

Ques 21. In the absence of Partnership deed state the provision of Indian

Partnership Act 1932, which becomes applicable.

Ans. If there is no partnership deed or when there is no express statement in the

partnership deed, then the following provisions of the Act will apply:

(i) Remuneration to partners

No salary or remuneration is allowed to any partner. [Section 13(a)]

(ii) Profit sharing ratio

Profits and losses are to be shared by the partners equally. [Section 13(b)]

(iii) Interest on capital

No interest is allowed on the capital. Where a partner is entitled to interest on capital

contributed as per partnership deed, such interest on capital will be payable only out of

profits. [Section 13(c)]

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(iv) Interest on loans advanced by partners to the firm

Interest on loan is to be allowed at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. [Section 13(d)]

(v) Interest on drawings

No interest is charged on the drawings of the partners.

Ques 22. The Directors of X Ltd. forfeited 400 shares of ₹ 10 each fully called up

on which ₹ 2,400 have been received. 300 of these shares were re-issued for ₹

2,500. Pass necessary journal entries for forfeiture and re-issue of shares.

Ans.

Particulars L.F. Dr. Cr.

Share capital A/c Dr. 4000 { 400 * 10 }

To Share Forfeited 2400

To final call 1600

Being - (Share forfeited 400 shares)

Bank a/c Dr. 2500

To share forfeited 2500

Being – (share reissue 300)

Ques 23. On 1st October 2019 purchased machinery 1,00,000 sold the same on 1st

July 2022 ₹ 37,500 Depreciation @ 10 % SLM year ended 31st march every year .

Calculate profit and loss on sale of fixed assets. on 10% deprecation SLM and also
prepare machinery Account.

Ans.

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Machinery A/c

Date Particulars Amounts (₹) Date Particulars Amounts (₹)

2019 oct. 1 To Bank A/c 100,000 2020 March By dep. A/C (6 5, 000

31 Months)

2020 March By Balance C/d 95 ,000


31 1,00,000

1,00,000

2020 April 1 To balance 95, 000 2021 March By dep A/c (12 10 ,000

b/d 31 Month)
2021 March By balance C/d 85, 000

95,000 31 95,000

2021 April 1 To balance 85, 000 2022 March By dep. A/c 10 ,000

b/d 31 (12 Month)


2022 March By balance C/d 75, 000

85, 000 31 85, 000

2022 April 1 To balance 75, 000 2022 June 30 By dep. A/c 25,00
b/d (3 Month)

2022 June 30 By Bank A/c 37500

(sale)

By P & L A/c 35000


2022 June 30
75, 000 75, 000

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Ques 24. A club has paid rent of ₹ 20000 in the year 2013. Rent still to be paid

amounts to ₹ 2,000. Amount of ₹ 1,500 was paid in 2012 on account of the year

2013. Calculate the amount to be taken to Income & expenditure A/c of 2013.

Ans. Rent paid in 2013 20,000

Add Rent outstanding for 2013 2,000

Add Rent paid in advance in 2012 for the year 2013 1,500

Rent for 2013 to be charged to Income and Expenditure A/c 23,500

Ques 25. The following is the Receipts and Payments Account of Help AID Society

of India for the year ended 31st December, 2013.

Receipts and Payments A/c

Receipts Amount Payments Amount

Balance b/d 8,400 Salaries 12,000

Subscriptions 7,800 Rent 6, 000

Entrance Fees 600 Purchase Vans 28, 000

Government Grant 30, 000 Expenses of motor Vans 6, 400

Donations For buildings 25,000 Laundry charges 5,200

Fund

Interest Received 2,400 Drugs and incidental 9,600

charges

Publicity expenses 4,000

Balance C/d 3, 000

74,200 74,200

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Additional Information:

1. Subscription outstanding amounted to ₹ 1,500

2. Interest accrued but not received ₹ 600

3. Salary outstanding is ₹ 1,200

4. Provide depreciation on Motor Van @ 20%

Prepare Income & Expenditure A/c.

Ans. Books of Help AID Society of India

Income & Expenditure A/c

for the year ending December 31, 2013

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Ques 26. From the following Balance Sheets of X Ltd., prepare Cash Flow

Statement:

Ans.

X Ltd.

Cash Flow Statement

for the year ended 31st March, 2014

Particulars Amount (₹) Amount (₹)

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Profit for the Year (Difference between Closing and

Opening Surplus, i.e., Balance in Statement of Profit 1,30,000

and Loss) (₹ 2,30,000 - ₹ 1,00,000)

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Add: Decrease in Current Asset and Increase

in Current Liabilities:

Decrease in Trade Receivables 50,000

1,80,000

Less: Increase in Current Asset and Decrease

in Current Liabilities:

Increase in Inventories (1,00,000)

Decrease in Trade Payables (2,50,000) (3,50,000)

Cash Used in Operating Activities

(1,70,000)

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

(1,60,000)

Cash Payment for Land Purchased

(1,60,000)
Cash Used in Investing Activities

Cash Flow from Financing Activities


5,00,000

Cash Proceeds from Issue of Share

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Cash Flow from Financing Activities 5,00,000

Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 1,70,000

Add: Cash and Cash Equivalents in the Beginning 3,00,000

Cash and Cash Equivalents at the End 4,70,000

Ques 27. Fashion Fabrics Ltd. issued 100000 shares of ₹10 each on 1st April, 2014.
The

amount payable on these shares was as under:

₹ 2 per share on application.

₹ 3 per share on allotment.

₹ 5 per share on call.

Ans.

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Fashion Fabrics Ltd.

Journal Entries

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Ques 28. Explain the following ratios with its significance:

(a) Inventory Turnover ratio

(b) Trade Payables Turnover ratio

Ans. (a) Inventory Turnover ratio: -

Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Revenue from Operations / Average Inventory

Where average inventory refers to arithmetic average of opening and closing inventory,

and the cost of revenue from operations means revenue from operations less gross

profit.

Significance: It studies the frequency of conversion of inventory of finished goods into


revenue from operations. It is also a measure of liquidity. It determines how many times

inventory is purchased or replaced during a year. Low turnover of inventory may be due

to bad buying, obsolete inventory, etc., and is a danger signal. High turnover is good but

it must be carefully interpreted as it may be due to buying in small lots or selling quickly
at low margin to realise cash. Thus, it throws light on utilisation of inventory of goods.

(b) Trade Payables Turnover ratio = Net Credit purchases/ Average trade payable

Where Average Trade Payable = (Opening Creditors and Bills Payable + Closing
Creditors and Bills Payable)/2

Average Payment Period = No. of days/month in a year / Trade Payables Turnover


Ratio

Significance: It reveals average payment period. Lower ratio means credit allowed by

the supplier is for a long period or it may reflect delayed payment to suppliers which is

not a very good policy as it may affect the reputation of the business. The average

period of payment can be worked out by days/ months in a year by the Trade Payable
Turnover Ratio.

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Ques 29. Calculate ‘Gross Profit Ratio’ from the following information:

Sales 3,80,000

Cost of Revenue from operations 2,20,000

Sales Returns 80,000

Operating Expenses 25,000

Ans. Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit / Revenue from Operations (Net Sales) *100

Gross Profit = Net sales – Cost of revenue from operations

Net Sales = Sales - Sales return

Net sales = 3, 80, 000 - 80,000 = ₹ 3,00,000

Gross Profit = Net sales – Cost of revenue from operations

= 3,00,000 - 2,20,000

= 80, 000

Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit / Revenue from Operations (Net Sales) *100

= 80, 000 / 3,00,000 * 100

= 26. 66 %

Ques 30. Ideal current ratio of a company is:

(a) 1 : 1
(b) 3 : 2

(c) 2 : 1

(d) 1 : 2

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Ans. (c) 2: 1

Reasons: -

Ideal level of current ratio is 2:1. High ratio indicates under trading and over

capitalization. Low ratio indicates over trading and under capitalization. It is most widely

used of all analytical devices based on the balance sheet.

Ques 31. Give the meaning of work sheet.

Ans. The term Worksheet used in Excel documents is a collection of cells organized in

rows and columns. It is the working surface you interact with to enter data. Each
worksheet contains 1048576 rows and 16384 columns and serves as a giant table that

allows you to organize information.

Ques 32. What is meant by ‘Payroll Accounting Statement’? Explain its any three

important components

Ans. Payroll is the sum total of the compensation that a business should pay its

employees on a given date or for a said period. It can be defined as a list of all the

employees working in an organization. In addition, it may also refer to the process of


calculation and distribution of wages and taxes.

Payroll comprises of the following components:

Employee Details

In addition to the compensation paid to the employees, payroll also includes the details
of all the employees in an organization like names, addresses, social security numbers,

and tax deductions.

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Salaries and Wages

The fixed amount to be paid to the employees on a monthly basis is known as salary. On

the other hand, wages are based on the working hours. A specific rate of pay is set up

for each hourly employee. The total wages are calculated by multiplying the rate of pay
with number of hours the employee works.

Overtime

Some organizations pay an overtime to its employees for the extra hours they work.
Generally, the overtime hours begin after an employee works more than 36 hours a

week. It is one and a half times the normal rate of pay.

Ques 33. Explain the features of ‘Electronic Spreadsheet.

Ans.

1. Workbook - This is a collection of multiple worksheets in a single file

2. Worksheet - This is a single page of a workbook. It is an equivalent of a work area

in Microsoft Word. A worksheet is made up of rows and columns which intersect to

form cells. Worksheets are labelled sheet1, sheet2, sheet3 by default, but they can
be renamed. A workbook by default has 3 worksheets, however, these can be

increased in the user’s interest and renamed

3. Columns - These are vertical lines that run through the worksheet. Worksheet

columns are labelled by letters; A, B, C, D, E… which are displayed in grey buttons


across the top of the worksheet

4. Rows - Are horizontal lines across a worksheet. Worksheet rows are labelled by

numbers; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5… which are displayed in grey buttons across the left of the

worksheet
5. A cell - This is an intersection of a column and a row. Each cell on the spreadsheet

has a cell.

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Ques 34. What is meant by ‘Resizing of Chart’?

Ans. When you create a new chart, it has an initial size. Sometimes, the data in the chart

do not perfectly fit the size of the chart. In case of a table chart the columns and rows

may not perfectly fit the data in it. To make data fit the chart, you can resize the chart.

Ques 35. Explain the steps to create tables in excess.

Ans.

1. Click the Create tab.

2. Click Table.
3. Click the Click to Add field heading

4. Select the field type

5. Type a name for the field

6. Repeat Steps 3-5 to add the remaining fields to your table.


7. When you’re finished adding fields, click the Close button and click Yes to save your

changes.

8. Enter a name for your new table.

9. Click OK.

Ques 36. What is a ‘Pivot Table’? State its features and any four advantages for the

users

Ans. A pivot table is a powerful data summarization tool that can automatically sort,
count, and sum up data stored in tables and display the summarized data.

Features: -

A PivotTable is an interactive way to quickly summarize large amounts of data. You can
use a PivotTable to analyze numerical data in detail, and answer unanticipated questions

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about your data. A PivotTable is especially designed for: Querying large amounts of data

in many user-friendly ways.

Advantages: -

1. They allow you to see how the data works.

Pivot tables are one of the only tools available to users that can provide deep insights

into analytics data. Multiple reports can be generated with this tool off the same

collected data within a single file.

2. It can work with SQL exports.

If the pivot table is being used on Microsoft Excel, then the tool is able to work with any
SQL export.

3. The data is easier to segment.

Analytics that are gathered into a spreadsheet or database are easier to segment thanks
to pivot tables.

4. You can create instant data.

Whether you program equations directly into the pivot table or you rely on formulas,
instant data can be created with this tool.

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