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    Mathematics Progress 12

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    hiddenconnection22

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    , Progress in Mathematics LEARNER’S BOOK Hl u We eer A oN prea aos aN wd MeN A Contents JOW to use this book. Sab-topic bic functions. Sub-topic 2 Inverse functions Summary, revision and assessment topic 1 Linear programming.. Summary, revision and assessment elocity-time graphs revision and assessment. Sab-topic 1 Introduction to vectors. 2. Addition and subtraction 3. Translations. F 4 Scalar multiplication. 5 Collinearity Ic Vector geometry revision and assessment {troduction to transforma Translation: 3 Reflection... 4 Rotation 5. Enlargement... 6 Stretch, Shear : 8 Combined transformations 9 Find area scale factor of a stretch by determinant method revision and assessment ed Coc rs Sub-topl¢ 1. Introduction to Earth geometry 146 Sub-toplc 2. Great and small circles. 150 Sub-topic 3. Latitudes and longitudes ..... 153 Sub-topic 2 Speed in knots and time. 153 Summary, revision and assessment : 166 eae 7 Sub-topic 1 Differentiation .... ae Sub-topic 2. Integration . me Ise Summary, revision and assessment a ee 195 197 Glossary, How to use thi Welcome to the Prag This series is based Ministry of Education knowledge, skills and in Mathematics Grade success in this subjeE This page will heig The book is divides covered in your Matin On the first page at The topic summary will help you to revi key learning points i the topic quickly Revision exercises help you revise the topic’s work and, check your understanding Assessment help you pega tests and exam fe and new tions of ions are © book. Functions ‘Draw graphs of cubic functions. + Use graphs to find eolution + Determine gradients of curves Figure 1.1 Volume is moae: 1 Given the equations of functions ({x) = x and gix) = x, complete the following table of values. iw=x §Q)=x Draw graphs of these functions on the same set of axes by plotting the points and connecting them with a smooth curve Discuss with a partner the similarities and the differences of the two graphs you have drawn. For both graphs, use the coordinates of the points to calculate the average gradient of the curve between x= 1 and x =2 Topic 1 Functions SuB-ToPIG1 Cubic functions Determine gradients of curves To draw the graphs of functions, we need to know which parts of increasing, decreasing and stationary (have a gradient of zero). Figure 1.2 Let's revise how to find the gradient m of line sogment. The average gradient of 2 curve between two points is the gradient of the Ime segment conaccting these 1 wo point. So In the raph below. the average gradient ofthe function fet Aand Bism= 22 Topie 1 Fanctio 2: the tangent to imngent straght ine® find the gradient f the chan ge in te ed the derivative gradient of a curved ‘derivative: te Gert Gtierentiate: 10 fed the How would we calculate the gradient of the curve at a point, say at C? We cannot use the same calculation as for the average gradient, because we can't subtract the ind x-values of a single point. What we really want is the value of the gradient Of the tangent to the curve at Tangent: straight Ine that touches a cirve at a single poin' To find the gradient of the tangent we use a special calculation that fins the value ofthe change in the p-values asthe change in the xvalues approgches 20. This i called the derivative ofthe function and is indicated by F(x) or 2 The derivative (x) at any point x on the curve of f(a) gives: + the gradient of the curve at that poin + the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point To determine the gradient ofa curve ata particular point, we need + the equation of the curve + the s-coordinate ofthe point The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation. You will learn more about differentiation in Topic 7. For now, you will use differentiation to find the gradient of a curve at a poin’ dorivative: the derivatve of fle) at the pont x is equal 10 the gradient of the tangent to fix) atx eeecsent of dlflerentiate: 1 Find the dettvatve of a fu fhecting those Hon fbewween Rules for differentiation f any constant xample: [ fx) = kx", thon FO = 1s works for any power: Fracton. Wye = 729 + $8, then HQ) =f'ix1=¢"x) | Diflerentate each term Jaye) = fe) = (2), thon li'x) = f"0).—g") | Differentiate each term seperately, | Note that all of the following can be used to indicate differentiation: re = Ai) = Dfen =D, Substopie 1 Cubic (ere 1 Find the derivatives of the following functions. 3 Determine th a) fa) = 43 +9 a) 1=2 b) s=200- +9 4 Given that fg 2 Determine: waph where | a) Za@x-13x+5)] Answers b) FQ) if ha) =x - 6x + 9x4 16 1 fi5x+6)=5 Answers This is a cons 1a) P@)=-3e + 6x (without usin b) 3(2)=204-2) +9 vith a gradies ‘sG) =2x— 2249 Write the equation in standard form. 2 fix) =Sx*— 4s g(o)=8e-2 PG) = 102-4 2 a) Lfei2x-N@x+5)] a) Where x= Ce a £2) 0 = Fox + 78-59 vrte the equation in standard form. = = Oe + 78-50 ‘Write the equation in standard f i Wie 18x + 14x—S FS) = 108 b) A'G9) if hi) = x 6x + 9x + 16 Sothegal GQ) =34-12x+9 3 six) = 235 4a sa) =38 +8 [Activity 1 | a) Where r= 1 Determine a) y=-x4 b) y=" ©) y=4et @) y=3x=10 e) y= 4xe—3x-7 D y= 3x4 3x + 20x g) y= G4 142x413) x The gradient at a point The derivative of a function gives us an expression that we can use to find the gradient at a particular point. To calculate the gradient at a point, substitute the s-value ofthe point into the derivative. Wererocurs isa tern tatfon tind tie pale poses hap SOE > Te gadertcte x=0. 2 Te oemetota 2 Determine the gradient of the tangent to the curve f(x) = Sx? —4x at the. points where: a) x=2 b) x=5. Topic 1 Functions 3 Determine the gradient of the function x(2) = x° + 4x? ~ 31 ~ 5 at the points a) x=~2 b) x-3 4 Given that h(x) = x*— S—4, determine the value of x at the polnt on the graph where the gradient is equal to 0 This is a constant, so the gradient is 5 at every point on the function (Without using differentiation, we can also see that this is a linear function with a gradient of 5) fx) = 5x2 — 4 fx) = 10x Find the derivative of /lx) a) Where x= 2, gradient = (2) f'2) = 102) -4=16 Substitute x= 2 into the de So the gradient of /(x) at x=2is 16. b) Where x= 5, gradient P'S) = 108) -4=46 So the gradient of f(x) at x =5 is 46. 80) =) + 4° 3x $= 3x +8x-3 a) Where x=-2, gradient = "(2 8'-2) = 3-2)" + 8-2) -3 =12-16-3 So the gradient of g(x) at x = 2 is — b) Where x=3, gradient ~ 313) £13) = 3G +8@)-3=27 + 243-48 So the gradient of glx) at x = 3 is 48. ha) = x8 ~ 5x- a) =2x~5 gradient = h(x) =2x-5=0 Beto find the 2 substitute the So the gradient of h(x) is 0 at the point where x ~ 2, yaalent of @ linear function is described by a constart. * The gradiont of a quadratic function is described by a linear expression. * The gradient of a cubic function is described by « quadratic expression, int where wat the Substopic 1 Cubic functions = Where the gradient of the tangent to the curve is positive, the curve is incxeasing + Where the gradient of the tangent to the curva is negative, the curve is decreasing. Figure 1.4 ‘= Aline with a gradient of 0 is.@ horzontal line. So in Worked example 2 Question 4, the horizontal tangent touches the graph where x = 24 and this tells us that the point with the x-coordinate 21 1s the turning point of the graph. What is a cul Figure 1.5 “This point is also called the stationary point of the quadratic function: at this point, the gradient is equal to zero and the graph is nelther decreasing nor increasing, 6 Topic 1 Functions 1 a) Determine the gradient of the curve fix) = 4° — 6x —4at Ue point b) Is the graph increasing or decreasing at this point? 2 Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve g at the point where x -—4 if s(x) - Be +55 +2, Given that x) = x° — Sx — 4, determine the value of x at the point an the graph where the gradient is equal to 1. a) Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve =1oe+a)ar the point A where x — D) Give the cooutinates oF A, Given that g(a) = x' ~ 637 + 9x, is ¢ increasing, decreasing or stationary a each of the following x-values? a) x b) x1 Ox d) x= e) a= 0 x Given f(x) = xix - 3)(2x + 4), is h increasing, decreasing o¢ stationaty at each of the following a-vatues: a) x=-3 b) x ° PBQuestion 4, the d) x-0 ° f the pont with — What is a cubic function? Ve know that a quadratic function has the standard form fla) = ax! + by 4 ¢ A cubic function has the standard form f(s) = ax? + bi? + ox +d, Or fix) to bea cubic function, the formula must have the teim ¥°, so a+ 0. His point. the eubic function: an equaton having @ power of 3. Sub-topic 1 Cubic functions Fig. 1.7 shows the graph of the basic function f(x) = x*with gix) = x2 — 2 being The value of aan shifted two units down and ix) being shifted two units to the right Bees ‘The Graph of fla) = x° itersects the axes in only one place. Compare this to the graph of fle) = x2. What do you notice? | . / ae ie \ | ! cu se E enue Bare The features of cubic functions \ The graph of a cubic function has: © a printercept © betwe one and three 2-intercepts at most two stationary points, which may be the local minimum and the Iocal maximum, ar else the point of inflection one point of inflection, which may or may not also be 2 stationary point Figure 1.9 8 Topic 1 Functions, mum and the mary point, The value of a and the shape of the graph pe frst part of the graph of a cubic function fix) behaves as follows * Metis positive, asx increases the first part of the graph goes up. a0 Statorarypeint wer ve tlepe // j local minim statonary point 1.108 Figure 1.106 * Haris negative, as x increases the first part of the graph goes down. a 1 ¥ 12 a8 fz) will be the point of oe I For each of these quadratic functions: (®) Use differentiation to show whether they are concave up or down. Gi) Determine the coordinates of the turning point. a) flay=(r-37-8 b) gay =—e - 2x- 9 Mae + 4ax-5 2 For each function: (i) Determine the stationary (tuming) point(s) (ii) Calculate the coordinates of the point of inilection. (ii) Draw a rough sketch of the shape of the graph, showing where it is concave up and where it is concave down a) f= 4 P-12 b) goo =~ 3x +9: The zeros of a cubic function So far we have worked out how to determine the shape of a cubte graph. We still eed to determine the x-intercepts of the graph. What is a real zero? There are three possible situations when you find the zetos of a quadratic function fis) = ax? + bx +c, depending on the value of the discriminant (A or b? — 4ac) A quadratic function always has either no real zeros or two real zeros (which May be equal). This gives us three possibilities, sho ‘To solve an equation in the quadratic formula x ==! VP —40 we take the square root Of ~ 4ac. The square root of a negative number is not a real number, so the equation Fas no real solutions it b* — 4ac-< 0. This means that the parabola does rot intersect with the x-axis. Sub-topic 1 Cubic fanctions 13 A cubic function has either one real zero, or three real zeros. Unlike 4 quadratic equation, which may have no real solution, a cubic function always has at least yne real 2er0. Ifa cubic function does have New words f@)>0ifa< + /'@)<0#f4< raph in Fig, Cand E are int Band D are turn a) Calculate th b) Calculate th © Write down d) For which ¥ be decreas ©) Find the coord of inflec f) Is this a station Explain Steen the graph of the function fix) = -@+ Ii2e' — 7x4 3) into your exercise Books and complete the labels, cs a shve of bees Rens) ia Beep 2: What is me j-imtercept? J'e)=0m ie poten Nafta soy Began. = BS it ee te inert? | Factorise the Srwy> xt Bie ne = | Dovaugat(0es 2657 a: Nak porto the rah, ‘Step 5: Differentiate again Bp 11(1.42)-6 Figur 1.23 1 Draw a sketch graph of /(x) = ax" + bx! + 0r+ d, given the following information: = The graph intersects the x-axis at x =-1 and x = 2. FCA) =F) =0 f(1) =-4; RO) =-2 P@)>0ifx<-1or fj

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