1 Basics of DC Machines

Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions : Q.5 A 4-pole dc generator is running at 1500 rpm. The
frequency of current in the armature winding is
Q.1 A 4-pole, separately excited, wave wound DC
(A) 50 Hz (B) 150 Hz [ESE 2012]
machine with negligible armature resistance is
(C) 25 Hz (D) 100 Hz
rated for 230 V and 5 kW at a speed of 1200 rpm. If
the same armature coils are reconnected to form a Q.6 Assertion (A) : When large currents are required,
lap winding, what is the rated voltage (in volts) it is necessary to use lap winding.
and power (in kW) respectively at 1200 rpm of the Reason (R) : In lap winding, equalizing
reconnected machine if the field circuit is left connections are definitely needed. [ESE 2010]
unchanged? [GATE 2015-Kanpur] (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(A) 230 and 5 (B) 115 and 5
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
(C) 115 and 2.5 (D) 230 and 2.5
explanation of A.
Q.2 A 4 pole generator with 16 coils has a two layer
(C) A is true but R is false.
lap winding. The pole pitch is
(D) A is false but R is true.
[GATE 1996-Bangalore]
Q.7 Wave winding is employed in a d.c. machine of
(A) 32 (B) 16 [ESE 2006]
(C) 8 (D) 4 (A) high current and low voltage rating
Q.3 In normal dc machines operating at full-load (B) low current and high voltage rating
conditions, the most powerful electromagnet is (C) high current and high voltage rating
(A) field winding [GATE 1990-Bangalore] (D) low current and low voltage rating
(B) armature winding Q.8 The armature resistance of a 6 pole lap wound dc
(C) interpole winding machine is 0.05 Ω . If the armature is rewound as a
wave winding, what is the armature resistance?
(D) interpole and compensating windings
together [ESE 2005, ESE 1994]
(A) 0.45 Ω (B) 0.30 Ω
Q.4 In a dc machine, for the same number of slots and
same current in the armature conductor, which (C) 0.15 Ω (D) 0.10 Ω
one of the following will induce higher emf? Q.9 The dummy coils in dc machines are useful to
(A) Lap winding [ESE 2014] (A) Increase the efficiency [ESE 2003]

(B) Wave winding (B) Improve the commutation

(C) Reduce the cost of the machine
(C) Compensating winding
(D) Maintain mechanical balance of armature
(D) Pole winding
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 2
Q.10 If two 8 pole dc machines of identical armatures Q.16 The no-load speed of a 230 V separately excited dc
are wound, one with lap winding and the other motor is 1400 rpm. The armature resistance drop
with wave winding, then [ESE 1999] and the brush drop are neglected. The field
(A) wave wound machine will have more rated current is kept constant at rated value. The torque
current and more voltage of the motor in Nm for an armature current of 8 A
(B) lap wound machine will have more rated is _____ [GATE 2014-Kharagpur]
voltage and more current Q.17 In relation to DC machines, match the following
(C) lap wound machine will have more rated and choose the correct combination
voltage and less current [GATE 2005-Bombay]
(D) wave wound machine will have more rated Group – I Group – II
voltage and less current Performance Variables Proportional to
Q.11 The direction of generated emf in the armature
P. Armature emf (E) 1. Flux (φ) , speed
coil of a dc machine is
1. the same as that of the current in a generator
(ω) and armature
2. the same as that of the current in a motor current (Ia )
3. opposite to that of the current in a generator Q. Developed torque (T) 2. φ and ω only
4. opposite to that of the current in a motor
R. Developed power (P) 3. φ and Ia only
The correct answer is,
(A) 1, 3 (B) 2, 3 4. Ia and ω only

(C) 2, 4 (D) 1, 4 5. Ia only

Q.12 A dynamo has a rated armature current at 250 A. (A) P – 3, Q – 3, R – 1 (B) P – 2, Q – 5, R – 4
The machine has 12 poles. What is the current per (C) P – 3, Q – 5, R – 4 (D) P – 2, Q – 3, R – 1
path of the armature if the armature winding is Q.18 An 8 pole, dc generator has simplex wave wound
simplex wave wound or simplex lap wound? armature containing 32 coils of 6 turns each. Its
(A) 20.83 A, 20.83 A (B) 20.83 A, 125 A flux per pole is 0.06 Wb. The machine is running at
(C) 125 A, 20.83 A (D) 125 A, 125 A 250 rpm. The induced armature voltage is
Q.13 A 4-pole dc generator has 48 slots and 8
[GATE 2004-Delhi, ESE 2011]
conductors per slot. The useful flux per pole is 30
(A) 96 V (B) 192 V
mWb and speed is 800 rpm. The generator emf is
(C) 384 V (D) 768 V
E1 if the machine is lap wound and it is E2 if the
Q.19 A 4 pole dynamo with wave wound armature has
machine is wave wound. Find the values of E1
51 slots containing 20 conductors in each slot. The
and E2 .
induced emf is 357 volts and the speed is 8500
Q.14 An 8 pole lap wound armature rotated at 350 rpm rpm. The flux per pole will be
is required to generate 260 V. The useful flux per [GATE 1996-Bangalore]
pole is about 0.05 Wb. If the armature has 120
(A) 3.5 mWb (B) 1.2 mWb
slots, calculate a suitable number of conductors
(C) 14 mWb (D) 21 mWb
per slot and hence determine the actual value of
Q.20 Neglecting all losses, the developed torque (T) of a
flux required to generate the same voltage.
dc separately excited motor, operating under
Q.15 A 4 pole DC motor is lap wound with 400
constant terminal voltage, is related to its output
conductors. The pole shoe is 20 cm long and
power (P) as under
average flux density over one pole pitch is 0.4 T,
the armature diameter being 30 cm. Find the (A) T ∝ P [GATE 1992-Delhi, ESE 2007]
torque and gross mechanical power developed (B) T ∝ P
when the motor is drawing 25 A and running at (C) T 2 ∝ P 3
1500 rpm. (D) T is independent of P
 3 Basics of DC Machines
Q.21 A 10 kW, 6 pole dc generator develops an emf of Codes : A B C D A B C D
200 V at 1500 rpm. The armature has a lap (A) 2 4 1 3 (B) 3 1 4 2
connected winding. The average flux density over (C) 2 1 4 3 (D) 3 4 1 2
a pole pitch is 0.9 Tesla. The length and diameter
Q.27 In a dc machine, for the same values of φ , Z and
of the armature are 0.25 m and 0.2 m respectively.
N, which one of the following statements is
Calculate : [GATE 1991-Madras]
correct? [ESE 2004]
(1) the flux per pole
(A) Armature emf is more with wave winding
(2) the total number of active conductors in the
than with lap winding
armature.
(B) Armature emf is less with wave winding than
(3) the torque developed by the machine when
with lap winding
the armature supplies a current of 50 A.
Q.22 A dc motor develops an electromagnetic torque of (C) Armature emf depends on whether the

150 N-m in a certain operating condition. From machine is running as a motor or a generator

this operating condition, a 10% reduction in field (D) Armature emf is the same as long as the flux
flux and 50% increase in armature current is made. density in the air gap remains the gap
What will be new value of electro-magnetic Q.28 A 220 V dc machine has an armature resistance of
torque? [ESE 2016] 1 Ω . If the full load current is 20 A, the difference
(A) 225 N-m (B) 202.5 N-m in the induced voltages when the machine is
(C) 22.5 N-m (D) 20.25 N-m running as a motor, and as a generator is
Q.23 Determine the flux pole for 6 pole dc machine (A) 20 V (B) zero [ESE 1995]
having 240 wave connected conductors, which (C) 40 V (D) 50 V
generates an open circuit voltage of 500 volt,
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
which is running at 1000 rpm. [ESE 2013]
(A) 0.129 Wb (B) 0.021 Wb Q.1 A 4 pole lap connected dc machine has an
(C) 0.042 Wb (D) 7 mWb armature resistance of 0.15 Ω . The armature
Q.24 The induced emf of a dc machine running at 750 resistance of the machine when rewound for wave
rpm is 220 V. The percentage increase in field flux connection is _____ Ω .
for generating an induced emf of 250 V at 700 rpm Q.2 A 6 pole, 12 kW, 240 V, dc machine is wave
would be [ESE 2013] connected. If the same machine is lap connected,
(A) 7% (B) 11.25% all other things remaining same, its voltage and
(C) 21.7% (D) 42.4% current ratings are
Q.25 At 1200 rpm the induced emf of a dc machine is (A) 150 A, 80 V (B) 50 A, 80 V
200 V. For an armature current of 15 A the
(C) 150 A, 720 V (D) 50 A, 720 V
electromagnetic torque produced would be
Q.3 The voltage drop at each brush in a 6 pole lap
(A) 23.8 Nm (B) 238 Nm [ESE 2013]
connected dc generator is found to be 1 V. Then
(C) 2000 Nm (D) 3000 Nm
total brush drop between armature terminals is
Q.26 Match List-I (DC machine quantity) with List-II
(A) 6 V (B) 2 V
(Relation) and select the correct answer using the
(C) 1 V (D) 4 V
code given below the lists : [ESE 2008]
List-I List-II Q.4 A dc generator is found to develop an armature
voltage of 200 V. If the flux is reduced by 25% and
A. Developed power 1. ∝ Nφ
speed is increased by 40%, the armature generated
B. Torque 2. ∝ Eb I a
voltage will become :
C. Generated emf 3. ∝ Eb / φ
(A) 20 V (B) 107 V
D. Speed 4. ∝ Ia φ (C) 210 V (D) 373 V
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 4
Q.5 A dc generator has an armature emf of 100 V Q.8 The armature of a 4 pole, 200 V lap connected
when the useful flux per pole is 20 mWb and the generator has 400 conductors and runs at 300 rpm.
speed is 800 rpm. The generated emf with a flux If the number of turns in each field coil is 1200,
per pole of 24 mWb and a speed of 900 rpm is what is the average value of the emf induced in
_____ Volt. each coil on breaking the field, if the flux dies
Q.6 A 4 pole, 1800 rpm dc machine has 728 active completely in 0.1 sec?
conductors and flux per pole of 30 mWb. The (A) 600 V (B) 1200 V
voltage induced in the armature windings for lap (C) 2000 V (D) 2400 V
connection and wave connection are respectively :
Q.9 A dc motor runs steadily drawing an armature
(A) 655.2 V, 655.2 V (B) 1310.4 V, 1310.4 V current of 15 A. To develop the same amount of
(C) 1310.4 V, 655.2 V (D) 655.2 V, 1310.4 V torque at 20 A armature current, flux should be :
Q.7 An 8 pole lap connected dc generator has 500 (A) reduced by 25% (B) increased by 25%
armature conductors, a useful flux of 0.05 Wb and (C) reduced by 33% (D) increased by 33%
runs at 1200 rpm. The speed at which it is to be
driven to produce the same emf, if it is wave
wound is _____ rpm.

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. D
153.6,
11. D 12. C 13. 14. * 15. *
307.2
16. 12.55 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. B
21. * 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. A
26. A 27. A 28. A
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. 0.6 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. 135
6. D 7. 300 8. B 9. A

14. 8, 0.0464 Wb

15. 4.7 kW, 29.92 Nm

21. 0.02356 Wb, 340, 63.745 Nm

 Separately Excited
2 DC Machines
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions : Q.5 A 220 V, 10 kW, 900 rpm separately excited DC
motor has an armature resistance Ra = 0.02 Ω .
Q.1 A separately excited DC generator, running at a
When the motor operates at rated speed and with
speed of 1200 rpm delivers 150 A, at 400 V to a
rated terminal voltage, the electromagnetic torque
constant resistive load. The armature resistance of
developed by the motor is 70 Nm. Neglecting the
the generator is 0.12 Ω . If the current is reduced
rotational losses of the machine, the current drawn
to 100 A, and the armature reaction is neglected
by the motor from the 220 V supply is
then find the speed of the generator.
[GATE 2017-Roorkee]
Q.2 A 25 kW, 250 V separately excited DC machine
(A) 34.2 A (B) 30 A
runs at a constant speed of 3000 rpm. The
(C) 22 A (D) 4.84 A
armature resistance is 0.05 Ω and the terminal
Q.6 With an armature voltage of 100 V and rated field
voltage is 248 V. What is the value of
winding voltage, the speed of a separately excited
electromagnetic torque?
DC motor driving a fan is 1000 rpm, and its
Q.3 A separately excited DC generator has an
armature current is 10 A. The armature resistance
armature resistance of 0.1 Ω and negligible
is 1 Ω. The load torque of the fan load is
armature inductance. At rated field current and
proportional to the square of the rotor speed.
rated rotor speed, its open-circuit voltage is 200 V.
Neglecting rotational losses, the value of the
When this generator is operated at half the rated
armature voltage (in Volt) which will reduce the
speed, with half the rated field current, an un-
rotor speed to 500 rpm is ___________.
charged 1000 μF capacitor is suddenly connected
[GATE 2015-Kanpur]
across the armature terminals. Assume that the
Q.7 A 220 V, DC machine supplies 20 A at 200 V as a
speed remains unchanged during the transient. At
generator. The armature resistance is 0.2 ohm. If
what time (in microsecond) after the capacitor is
the machine is now operated as a motor at same
connected with the voltage across it reach 25 V?
terminal voltage and current but with the flux
[GATE 2015-Kanpur]
increased by 10%, then ratio of motor speed to
(A) 62.25 (B) 69.3
generator speed is [GATE 2006-Kharagpur]
(C) 73.25 (D) 77.3
Q.4 A separately excited DC generator supplies 150 A (A) 0.87 (B) 0.95
to a 145 V DC grid. The generator is running at 800 (C) 0.96 (D) 1.06
RPM. The armature resistance of the generator is Q.8 A 200 V, 2000 rpm, 10 A, separately excited dc
0.1 Ω . If the speed of the generator is increased to motor has an armature resistance of 2 Ω . Rated
1000 RPM, the current in amperes supplied by the dc voltage is applied to both the armature and
generator to the DC grid is __________. (Give the field winding of the motor. If the armature draws
answer up to one decimal place.) 5 A from the source, the torque developed by the
[GATE 2017-Roorkee] motor is [GATE 2002-Bangalore]
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 6
(A) 4.3 Nm (B) 4.77 Nm bus. Resistance between bus bar terminals and the
(C) 0.45 Nm (D) 0.50 Nm armature terminals is 0.015 Ω and armature

Q.9 A permanent magnet dc commutator motor has a circuit resistance is 0.015 Ω .

no load speed of 6000 rpm when connected to a (A) −1.1687% (B) −2.1687%
120 V dc supply. The armature resistance is 2.5
(C) +1.1687% (D) +2.1687%
ohms and other losses may be neglected. The
speed of the motor with supply voltage of 60 V Q.2 A separately excited dc generator has no load
developing a torque 0.5 Nm, is : voltage of 120 V at a field current of 2 A, when
driven at 1500 rpm. It is operating on the straight
[GATE 2000-Kharagpur]
line portion of its saturation curve. Calculate the
(A) 3000 rpm (B) 2673 rpm generated voltage when
(C) 2836 rpm (D) 5346 rpm (i) the field current is increased to 2.5 A.
Q.10 A separately excited DC motor is driving a fan
(ii) the field current is increased to 2.84 A and the
load whose torque is proportional to the square of
speed is reduced to 1400 rpm.
the speed. When 100 V is applied to the motor, the
current taken by the motor is 8 A, with the speed Q.3 A separately excited generator, when running at
being 500 rpm. At what applied voltage does the 1000 rpm supplies 200 A at 125 V. The armature
speed reach 750 rpm and then what is the current resistance is 0.04 Ω and brush drop is 2 V. If I f is
drawn by the armature? Assume the armature unchanged and the speed drops to 800 rpm, the
circuit resistance to be 1 Ω . Neglect brush drop load current is _____ Amp.
and mechanical losses. [GATE 1999-Bombay] Q.4 The separately excited dc motor is initially
Q.11 A 220 V, 1.5 kW, 859 rpm separately excited dc running with VT = 250 V, I A = 120 A, RA = 0.03 Ω
motor has armature resistance of 2.5 Ω and it and n = 1103 rpm . The speed of the motor, if VT is
draws a current of 8 A at rated load condition. If reduced to 200 V, is _____ rpm.
the field current and armature voltage are fixed at
Q.5 The armature of a permanent magnet dc motor
the value of the rated speed at rated load, what
has a resistance of 1 Ω and generates a voltage of
will be the no load speed of the motor? Assume
50 V while running at a speed of 500 rpm. If the
losses remain constant between no load and full
armature is connected to a source of 150 V, then
load operation. [GATE 1995-Kanpur]
what are the values of the starting current and
Q.12 A separately excited dc motor has an armature induced emf at 1000 rpm?
resistance of 0.5 Ω . It runs off a 250 V dc supply
(A) 200 A, 200 V (B) 50 A, 25 V
drawing an armature current of 20 A at 1500 rpm.
The torque developed for an armature current of (C) 100 A, 150 V (D) 150 A, 100 V
10 A for the same field current will be _____.
[GATE 1992-Delhi]
Q.13 The current drawn by a 120 V dc motor with back
emf of 110 V and armature resistance of 0.4 ohm is
(A) 4 A (B) 25 A [ESE 2003]
(C) 275 A (D) 300 A

Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :

Q.1 A separately excited dc generator, operating with

fixed excitation, delivers 450 kW to a dc bus at 600
V. Estimate the percentage change in generator
speed required so that 180 kW is delivered to dc
 7 Separately Excited DC Machines

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

667.5 31.83
1. 2. 3. B 4. 550 5. B
rpm Nm
156 V,
6. 47.5 7. A 8. A 9. B 10.
18 A
11. 945 12. 15.28 13. B
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
150 V,
1. B 2. 159. 04 3. 159.4 4. 879 5. D
V
 Shunt Wound
3 DC Machines
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions :
Q.1 A 4 pole, dc shunt generator with lap connected
armature having field and armature resistance of
50 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively supplies a 2400 W
load at a terminal voltage of 100 V. Calculate the
current per armature path and the generated emf.
Q.2 A dc shunt motor takes an armature current of 50
A at its rated voltage of 240 V. Its armature circuit
resistance is 0.2 Ω . If an external resistance of 1 Ω
is inserted in series with the armature and the field
flux remains unchanged, then calculate the
percentage change in speed respectively for the
same load torque and half of the load torque.
Q.3 A belt driven dc shunt generator runs at 1500 rpm
delivering 10 kW, at 220 V bus bars. The belt breaks,
following which the machine operates as a motor
drawing 2 kW power. What will be its speed as a
motor? The armature and field resistance are
0.25 Ω and 55 Ω respectively. Ignore armature
reaction and assume the contact drop at each brush
to be 1 V.
[GATE 2000-Kharagpur]
Q.4 A 120 V DC shunt motor takes 2 A at no load. It
takes 7 A on full load while running at 1200 rpm.
The armature resistance is 0.8 Ω and the shunt
field resistance is 240 Ω . The no load speed, in rpm
is ________. [GATE 2017-Roorkee]
Q.5 A shunt-connected DC motor operates at its rated
terminal voltage. Its no-load speed is 200
radian/second. At its rated torque of 500 Nm, its
speed is 180 radian/second. The motor is used to
directly drive a load whose load torque
depends on its rotational speed
radian/second), such that TL = 2.78 × ωr . Neglecting
rotational losses, the steady-state speed (in
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radian/second) of the motor, when it drives this
load, is ________. [GATE 2015-Kanpur]
Q.6 A 250 V dc shunt machine has armature circuit
resistance of 0.6 Ω and field circuit resistance of
125 Ω . The machine is connected to 250 V supply
mains. The machine is operated as a generator and
then as a motor separately. The line current of the
machine in both the cases is 50 A. The ratio of the
speed as a generator to the speed as a motor is
_____. [GATE 2014-Kharagpur]
Q.7 A 15 kW, 230 V dc shunt motor has armature circuit
resistance of 0.4 Ω and field circuit resistance of
230 Ω . At no load and rated voltage, the motor
runs at 1400 rpm and the line current drawn by the
motor is 5 A. at full load, the motor draws a line
current of 70 A. Neglect armature reaction. The full
load speed of the motor in rpm is _____
[GATE 2014-Kharagpur]
Q.8 A separately excited 300 V DC shunt motor under
no load runs at 900 rpm drawing an armature
current of 2 A. The armature resistance is 0.5 Ω
and leakage inductance is 0.01 H. When loaded, the
armature current is 15 A. Then the sped in rpm is
_____ [GATE 2014-Kharagpur]
Q.9 A DC shunt generator delivers 60 kW at 240 V and
960 rpm. The armature and field resistances are
0.015 Ω and 60 Ω respectively. Calculate the
speed of the machine running as a shunt motor and
taking 60 kW input at 240 V. Allow 1 V per brush
for contact drop. [GATE 1997-Madras]
Q.10 A dc shunt motor with an armature resistance of 0.2
Ω drives a load at 1245 rpm, drawing an armature
TL
current of 125 A from 440 V supply. If the excitation
ωr (in is reduced to 75% of the initial value and the total
torque developed by the armature remains
unaltered, the new speed is _____ rpm.
[GATE 1990-Bangalore]
Online Test Series
http://onlinetestseries.gateacademy.co.in
 9 Shunt wound DC Machines
Q.11 A dc shunt generator is supplying a load of 1.8 kW
at 200 V. Its armature and field resistances are
0.4 Ω and 200 Ω respectively. What is the
generated emf? [ESE 2007]
(A) 190 V (B) 196 V
(C) 204 V (D) 210 V
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
Q.1 A 400 V dc shunt motor takes 5 A at no load
Ra = 0.5 Ω , R f = 200 Ω . What is the ratio of speed
from full load to no load when the dc shunt motor
takes 50 A on full load? [ESE 2005]
(A) 0.94 (B) 0.8
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.4
Q.2 A four pole dc shunt generator having a wave
winding supplies 50 lamps, each of 60 W at 120 V.
The armature and field resistance are 0.2 Ω and 60
Ω respectively. The current in each armature
conductor is _____ Amp.
Q.3 A 4 pole dc shunt generator with lap connected
armature has field and armature resistances of
80 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. It supplies power to
50 lamps rated for 100 V, 60 W each. The generated
emf by allowing a contact drop of 1 V per brush is
_____ V.
Q.4 The armature resistance and brush voltage drop of
a 120 V DC shunt motor are 0.2 Ω and 2 V
respectively. The armature current at the instant of
starting equals to _____ Amp.
Q.5 A 4 pole, 500 V DC shunt motor has a wave-wound
armature winding containing 720 conductors. The
Answer Keys
armature resistance is 0.2 Ω and the voltage drop
across per brush is 1 V. If the full load armature
current is 60 A and the flux per pole is 30 mWb,
then the full-load rpm speed of the motor is _____
Q.6 A six pole 250 V DC shunt generator is supplying
full load current at a speed of 1000 rpm. Its
armature and field resistance are 0.04 Ω and 100 Ω
respectively and it has 700 lap connected
conductors. The voltage across the armature
resistance is 7.2 V. Find the value of load current
and flux per pole.
(A) 182.5 A, 7.33 mWb (B) 177.5 A, 22 mWb
(C) 180 A, 40 mWb (D) 182.5 A, 22 mWb
Q.7 A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm dc shunt motor with
compensating winding has an armature resistance
of 0.06 Ω. Its field circuit has a total resistance of
50 Ω which produces a no load speed of 1200 rpm.
At no load, the motor draws 5 A. Find the speed of
the motor
(i) when its input current is 100 A.
(ii) when its input current is 200 A.
Q.8 A DC shunt motor has 120 V across the terminals of
its armature. The armature resistance is 0.25 Ω and
the brush contact voltage drop is 2 V. If the induced
back emf changes from 110 V to 105 V, the
percentage change in armature current will be
(A) 41.67% (B) 2.20%
(C) 38.46% (D) 62.5%

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

6.5 A, –21.74, – 1387.16 1241.81
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 180
102.6 V 8.7 rpm rpm
6. 1.271 7. 1240.63 8. 880.43 9. 915 10. 1626.7
11. C
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. A 2. 13.5 3. 105.25 4. 590 5. 675
1173rpm,
6. B 7. 8. D
1144rpm
 Series & Compound
4 Wound DC Machines
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions :
Q.1 A 230 V DC series motor draws 90 A at a speed of
975 r/min. It has armature resistance and series-
field resistance of 0.11 Ω and 0.08 Ω respectively.
Due to saturation effects, the flux at an armature
current of 30 A is 48% of that at an armature
current of 90 A. Find the motor speed (rpm) when
the armature voltage is 230 V and the armature
current is 30 A.
Q.2 A dc series motor is rated 230 V, 1000 rpm, 80 A.
The series field resistance is 0.11 Ω and the
armature resistance is 0.14 Ω . If the flux at an
armature current of 20 A is 0.4 times of that under
rated condition, calculate the speed at this reduced
armature current of 20 A. [GATE 2001-Kanpur]
Q.3 A 230 V dc series motor has an armature circuit
resistance of 0.2 Ω and field resistance of 0.1 Ω .
At rated voltage, the motor draws a line current of
40 A and runs at a speed of 1000 rpm. Assume that
the flux at 20 A line current is 60% of the flux at 40
A line current. The speed of the motor for a line
current of 20 A at 230 V is _____ rpm.
Q.4 A 4 pole, lap wound, long shunt, dc compound
generator has useful flux / pole of 0.07 Wb. The
armature consists of 220 turns and resistance per
turn is 0.004 Ω . The resistance of shunt and series
fields are 100 Ω and 0.02 Ω respectively. When
the generator is running at 900 rpm with armature
current of 50 A, calculate the power output.
Q.5 A short compound wound dc generator supplies a
load current of 150 A at 230 V. The armature,
series field and shunt field resistance are 0.15 Ω ,
0.1 Ω and 100 Ω . If the brush drop is 2 V per
brush, the emf generated is _____ V.
Q.6 A 4 pole, long shunt, lap wound generator
supplies 25 kW at a terminal voltage of 500 V. The
armature resistance is 0.03 Ω , series field
resistance is 0.04 Ω and shunt field resistance is
200 Ω . The brush drop is 1 V. The emf generated
is _____ V.
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
Q.1 A 240 V dc series motor has an armature
resistance of 0.42 Ω and a series field resistance of
0.18 Ω . The speed is 500 rpm, when the current is
36 A. Assume 2 V brush drop, and also that the
flux is proportional to current. When the load
reduces the line current to 21 A, the motor speed
becomes _____ rpm.
Q.2 A 250 V dc series motor has armature and series
field resistances of 0.25 Ω and 0.15 Ω . Calculate
(1) the current for developing a torque of 80 Nm
at 1200 rpm.
(2) the percentage reduction in flux when the
motor runs at 1800 rpm at half the current
obtained.
Q.3 In a long shunt compound generator, the terminal
voltage is 230 V when it delivers 150 A. The shunt
field, series field, diverter and armature resistance
are 92 Ω , 0.015 Ω , 0.03Ω and 0.032 Ω . The total
power generated by the armature is _____ kW.
 11 Series & Compound Wound DC Machines
Q.4 A 300 V long-shunt compound generator supplies If the contact voltage drop per brush is 1 V, then
a load current of 200 A. The following values of the generated voltage will be approximately.
resistance are given. (A) 280 V (B) 315 V
Armature resistance, Ra = 0.05 Ω (C) 285 V (D) 320 V
Series field resistance, Rse = 0.04 Ω

Shunt field resistance, Rsh = 200 Ω

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

2140 20.81
1. 2. 2678.6 3. 1713 4. 5. 271.87
rpm kW
6. 504.675
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. 892.79 2. * 3. 36.05 4. D

2. 43.2 A, 30.86 %
 5 Losses in DC Machine
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions :
Q.1 A DC motor has the following specifications: 10
hp, 37.5 A, 230 V; flux/pole = 0.01 Wb, number of
poles = 4, number of conductors = 666, number of
parallel paths = 2. Armature resistance = 0.267 Ω.
The armature reaction is negligible and rotational
losses are 600 W. The motor operates from a 230 V
DC supply. If the motor runs at 1000 rpm, the
output torque produced (in Nm) is _______.
[GATE 2015-Kanpur]
Q.2 The armature resistance of permanent magnet dc
motor is 0.8 ohm. At no load, the motor draws 1.5
A from a supply voltage of 25 V and runs at 1500
rpm. The efficiency of the motor while it is
operating on load at 1500 rpm drawing a current
of 3.5 A from the same source will be :
[GATE 2004-Delhi]
(A) 48.0% (B) 57.1%
(C) 59.2% (D) 88.8%
Q.3 A dc motor running at 2000 rpm has a hysteresis
loss of 500 W and eddy current loss of 200 W. The
flux is maintained constant but the speed is
reduced to 1000 rpm. At the reduced speed the
total iron-loss would be [ESE 2015]
(A) 500 W (B) 400 W
(C) 300 W (D) 200 W
Q.4 When is the mechanical power developed by a dc
motor maximum? [ESE 2008]
(A) Back emf is equal to applied voltage
(B) Back emf is equal to zero
(C) Back emf is equal to half the applied voltage
(D) None of the above
Q.5 A DC shunt generator delivers 45 A at a terminal
voltage of 220 V. The armature and the shunt field
resistances are 0.01 Ω and 44 Ω respectively. The
stray losses are 375 W. The percentage efficiency
of the DC generator is _____________.
[GATE 2016-Bangalore]
Q.6 A 5 kW, 200 V dc shunt motor has armature
resistance of 1 ohm and shunt field resistance of
100 ohm. At no load, the motor draws 6 A from a
200 V supply and runs at 1000 rpm. The rotational
loss of the machine is _____ W and the no load
torque is _____ Nm. [GATE 1997-Madras]
Q.7 A 10 kW, 240 V dc shunt motor draws a line
current of 5.2 A while running at no-load speed of
1200 rpm from a 240 V dc supply. It has an
armature resistance of 0.25 Ω and a field
resistance of 160 Ω . Estimate the efficiency of the
motor when it delivers rated load.
[GATE 1993-Bombay]
Q.8 A 5 kW, 200 V dc shunt motor has armature
resistance of 1 ohm and shunt field resistance of
100 ohm. At no load, the motor draws 6 A from
200 V supply and runs at 1000 rpm. What is the
total copper loss of the machine? [ESE 2007]
(A) 400 W (B) 16 W
(C) 36 W (D) 416W
Q.9 A 200 V dc shunt motor delivers an output of 17
kW with an input of 20 kW. The field winding
resistance is 50 Ω and armature resistance is 0.04
Ω . Maximum efficiency will be obtained when
the total armature copper losses are equal to
 13 Losses in DC Machine
(A) 2632 W (B) 3000 W [ESE 2000] Q.7 A 230 V, 25 hp DC shunt motor draws an
(C) 3680 W (D) 5232 W armature current of 90 A at full rated load. The
armature resistance and field resistance are 0.2 Ω
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
and 216 Ω respectively. The rotational losses ( Pr )
Q.1 A separately excited dc generator operates at a
and the motor efficiency (η) at full load are
voltage V and armature current Ia . The armature
(A) Pr = 430 W, η = 0.89
resistance is Ra and the generator has constant
(B) Pr = 37.73 kW, η = 0.97
loss of Pc (W). For the maximum efficiency of the
(C) Pr = 1620 W, η = 0.90
generator
(D) Pr = 560 W, η = 0.91
Pc Pc
(A) I a = (B) I a =
Ra 4 Ra Q.8 A 220 V DC shunt motor is drawing a current of 2
A on no-load. The armature resistance is 0.2 Ω
2 Pc Pc
(C) I a = (D) I a = and field current is 1 A. If the input current is 12
Ra 2 Ra
A, then output power will be _____ kW.
Q.2 A DC generator is operating at constant speed and
Q.9 A 125 V, 12.5 kW shunt generator is driven by a 20
constant field excitation. If it is supplying
hp motor to generate rated output. The armature
maximum power at a voltage of 220 V its
circuit resistance is 0.1 Ω , and the field circuit
generated emf is _____ V.
resistance is 62.5 Ω . The rated variable electric loss
Q.3 A permanent-magnet dc motor with an applied is 1040 W. At rated power output, the armature
armature voltage of 5 V has an armature resistance current for maximum efficiency is
of 4.6 Ω . The motor draws an armature current of
(A) 102 A (B) 100 A
12.5 mA at no-load speed of 11210 rpm. The motor
(C) 117.5 A (D) 106.3 A
torque constant Km in V/(rad/sec) and the no-load
Q.10 A 100 kW, 230 V shunt generator with armature
rotational losses in mW are to be respectively
resistance 0.05 Ω and shunt field resistance
(A) 0.44 ×10−3 , 62 (B) 0.44 ×10−3 , 5.43
57.5 Ω is operated at rated voltage.
(C) 4.21×10−3 , 62 (D) 4.21× 10−3 , 5.43
(1) Find the induced voltage at half full-load.
Q.4 The applied armature voltage to a DC motor is (2) If the generator has a total mechanical and
equal to 230 V. It draws a full-load armature core loss of 1.8 kW, then what should be the
current of 205 A at a speed of 1750 rpm. The output of prime mover to drive the generator
armature resistance is 0.2 Ω and the rotational at full load?
losses are 1445 W. The value of net output torque
is _____ Nm.
Q.5 A 230 V DC shunt motor has an armature
resistance and a field resistance of 0.3 Ω and
160 Ω respectively. The motor draws a line
current of 3.938 A on no load. The armature
current at full-load is 40 A. The power developed
by the armature on no load is _____ W.
Q.6 A 440 V shunt motor has armature resistance of
0.8 Ω and field resistance of 200 Ω . If the motor
is delivering 7.46 kW at 85% efficiency, then the
value of induced emf will be _____ V.
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 14

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. 57.8 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. 86.94
784,
6. 7. 84.64 8. D 9. A
7.48
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. A 2. 110 3. C 4. 203.53 5. 572.125
241 V,
6. 425.8 7. A 8. 2.176 9. C 10. 112.55
kW
 Armature Reaction
6 & Commutation
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions : Q.4 A 200 V, 10 kW, lap wound dc generator has 10
poles and 500 conductors on its armature. If the
Q.1 A compensated generator has 12000 armature
pole face covers 80% of the pole pitch, the pole
ampere turns per pole. The ratio of pole arc/pole
face conductors require to fully compensate for
pitch is 0.7. Length of interpolar air gap is 1.25 cm
armature reaction in conductors /pole will be
and flux density of interpolar air gap is 0.3 T. Find
ampere turns per pole for compensating winding [GATE 1997-Madras]

and interpolar winding. (A) 4 (B) 40

Q.2 In a DC machine, which of the following (C) 100 (D) 400

statements is true? [GATE 2006-Kharagpur] Q.5 In dc machines, the field-flux axis and armature-

(A) Compensating winding is used for mmf axis are respectively along [ESE 2015]

neutralizing armature reaction while interpole
winding is used for producing residual flux
(B) Compensating winding is used for
neutralizing armature reaction while interpole
winding is used for improving commutation
(C) Compensating winding is used for improving
commutation while interpole winding is used
for neutralizing armature reaction
(D) Compensating winding is used for improving
commutation while interpole winding is used
for producing residual flux
Q.3 The compensating winding in a dc machine
(A) Direct axis and indirect axis
(B) Direct axis and inter-polar axis
(C) Quadrature axis and direct axis
(D) Quadrature axis and inter-polar axis
Q.6 Assuming a uniform distribution of current over
the armature surface conductors, the shape of the
resultant armature m.m.f. in space of a loaded dc
machine is a symmetrical [ESE 2014]
(A) Triangular wave with its peak along the inter-
polar axis
(B) Triangular wave with its peak along the pole
axis

[GATE 2000-Kharagpur] (C) Rectangular wave with its central axis

coinciding with the inter-polar axis
(A) is located on armature slots for compensation
of the armature reaction (D) Rectangular wave with its central axis
coinciding with the pole axis
(B) is located on commutating poles for
Q.7 Consider the following statements [ESE 2013]
improving the commutation
The armature reaction mmf in a dc machine is
(C) is located on pole shoes for avoiding the
flashover at the commutator surface 1. Stationary with respect to the field poles
2. Rotating with respect to the field poles
(D) is located on pole shoes to avoid the sparking
at the brushes 3. Rotating with respect to the armature
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 16
Which of these statements are correct? Q.12 Consider the following statements : [ESE 2001]
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 2 only The use of interpoles in dc machines is to
(C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only counteract the
1. reactance voltage
Q.8 The armature mmf waveform of a dc machine is
2. demagnetizing effect of armature mmf in the
[ESE 2010]
commutating zone
(A) Pulsating (B) Rectangular
3. cross-magnetizing effect of armature mmf in
(C) Triangular (D) Sinusoidal the commutating zone
Q.9 Which of the following are true in respect of Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
interpoles in dc machines? [ESE 2007] (A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3
1. Reduce armature reaction effects in interpolar (C) 1 and 3 (D) 3 alone
region Q.13 The armature mmf of a dc machine has
2. Windings are connected in series with (A) triangular space distribution and rotates at the
armature speed of armature [ESE 2000]
3. Have the same dimensions as main poles (B) trapezoidal space distribution and is
Select the correct answer using the code given stationary in space
below : (C) stepped distribution and rotates at the speed
(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only of the armature
(D) triangular space distribution and is stationary
(C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
in space
Q.10 Consider the following statements in respect of dc
Q.14 Consider the following statements [ESE 2000]
generators : [ESE 2006]
1. Interpole windings are connected in series with
1. Compensating winding are located in teeth cut
armature winding.
out in main poles.
2. Polarity of interpole must be the same as that of
2. Compensating windings are series connected
the main pole in advance.
so that the armature reaction is aided at any
3. Distortion of the main field under the pole
load.
shoes is not affected by the use of interpoles.
3. Compensating windings are series connected
Which of these statements regarding interpole
for cancellation of the armature reaction at any
used in dc motors is/are correct?
load.
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3
4. Compensating windings are shunt connected
(C) 1 and 3 (D) 1 alone
to aid the main poles at any load.
Q.15 A 6 pole lap wound dc machine armature has 720
Which of the statements given above are correct? conductors and it draws 50 A from supply mains.
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 1, 2 and 3 What is the flux distribution produced by the
(C) 1 and 3 (D) 2, 3 and 4 armature reaction per pole? [ESE 2005]

Q.11 What is the form of an air gap flux density (A) Rectangular in wave shape with a peak of 500
waveform of an uncompensated 2-pole d.c. shunt AT
motor at full-load? [ESE 2006] (B) Rectangular in wave shape with a peak of
1000 AT
(A) 0 p 2p (B) (C) Triangular in wave shape with a peak of 500
0 p 2p
AT
(D) Triangular in wave shape with a peak of 1000
(C) 0 p 2p (D) AT
0 p 2p
 17 Armature Reaction & Commutation
Q.16 A 4-pole, lap-connected, separately excited dc (C) It will be doubled
motor is drawing a steady current of 40 A while (D) It will become four times
running at 600 rpm. A good approximation for the Q.19 In a dc machine, the armature is always on the
wave shape of the current in an armature rotor unlike an ac machine where it could be
conductor of the motor is given by either on the stator or rotor, because [ESE 2000]
[GATE 2016-Bangalore]
(A) commutation action would otherwise not be
(A) possible
I
10 A (B) armature reaction demagnetizing action
would otherwise not be possible

t (C) otherwise it would not be possible to place

compensating winding in pole shoes
(B)
40 A (D) self starting of dc motor would not be possible
I otherwise
Q.20 To have sparkless commutation, the armature
t reaction effect in a dc machine is neutralized by
(A) using compensating winding and

(C) I commutating poles [ESE 1997]

10 A
T = 25 ms (B) shifting the brush axis from the geometrical
neutral axis to the magnetic neutral axis
t (C) fixing the brush axis in line with the pole axis
-10 A
T = 25 ms
(D) increasing the field excitation
Q.21 In a dc shunt generator working on load, the
I 10 A brushes are moved forward in the direction of
(D) T = 25 ms
rotation, as a result of this, commutation will
[ESE 1997]
t
T = 25 ms (A) improve but terminal voltage will fall
-10 A (B) worsen and terminal voltage will fall
Q.17 In a dc machine running with a heavy load, and (C) improve and terminal voltage will rise
with the brushes located on the geometrical (D) worsen and terminal voltage will rise
neutral axis sparking occurs at the brushes during
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
commutation because of [ESE 2012]
(A) The high current density at the coil ends Q.1 Consider the following statements about
(B) The centrifugal force exerted on the brushes commutating poles which are fitted on most large
by the commutator dc shunt motors : [ESE 1996]
(C) The shifting of the magnetic neutral axis 1. The commutating poles are placed in the
(D) The reduced main field flux density in the geometric neutral planes and their number is
interpolar region usually equal to the number of main poles.
Q.18 If the armature current is increased to double its 2. The winding on the commutating pole is
previous value, and the time of commutation is connected in series with the shunt field
halved, how will the reactance voltage vary? winding on the main poles.
(A) It will be halved [ESE 2007] 3. The polarity of the commutating pole must be
(B) It will remain the same that of the next main pole further ahead.
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 18
4. The commutating poles neutralize the 2
interpoles is 0.5 Wb/m on full load and the radial
reactance voltage produced in the coil gap length is 0.3 cm. The number of turns required
undergoing commutation. on each interpole are _____.
The correct statements are : Q.8 In a loaded dc motor, if the brushes are given a
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 4 shift from the interpolar axis in the direction of
(C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 4 rotation, then the commutation will

Q.2 In dc machines, the space distribution of air-gap (A) improve and the speed falls
flux density wave at no load is (B) deteriorate and the speed rises
(A) sinusoidal (B) co-sinusoidal (C) deteriorate and the speed falls
(C) flat-topped (D) rectangular (D) improve and the speed rises
Q.3 In a dc shunt machine, compensating winding and Q.9 The introduction of interpoles in between the
interpoles are connected in main poles improves the performance of a dc
(A) series with the armature machine, because

(B) series with the field winding (A) the interpoles produce additional flux to
augment the developed torque
(C) parallel with the armature
(B) the flux waveform is improved with reduction
(D) parallel with the field winding
in harmonics
Q.4 In a dc generator, interpole coil should be
(C) the inequality of air-gap flux on the top and
connected in such a fashion that the polarity of the
bottom halves of the armature is removed
interpole is
(D) a counter-emf is induced in the coil
(A) same as that of main pole ahead
undergoing commutation
(B) same as that main pole behind
Q.10 In a dc shunt motor if the armature is rewound
(C) either of (A) and (B)
with a fewer number of turns of thick wire, then
(D) dependent on armature current
(A) Reactance voltage decreases and commutation
Q.5 In a dc motor, interpole coil should be connected is worsened
in such a fashion that the polarity of the interpole
(B) Reactance voltage decreases and commutation
is
is improved
(A) same as that of main pole ahead
(C) Reactance voltage increases and commutation
(B) same as that of main pole behind is worsened
(C) either of (A) and (B) (D) Reactance voltage increases and commutation
(D) dependent on field current is improved
Q.6 Calculate the number of conductors on each pole
piece required in a compensating winding for a 6
pole lap wound dc armature containing 286
conductors. The compensating winding carries
full armature current. Assume ratio of pole arc /
pole pitch = 0.7.
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 8
Q.7 A 440 V, 4 pole, 25 kW dc generator has a wave
connected armature winding with 846 conductors.
The mean flux density in the air gap under the
 19 Armature Reaction & Commutation

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

8400,
1. 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B
6584.16
6. A 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. C
16. C 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. A
21. A
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B
6. C 7. 74 8. C 9. D 10. B
 Characteristics of
7 DC Generator
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions : Q.4 Match List-I (Characteristic) with List-II (Relation)
and select the correct answer using the code given
Q.1 For a dc shunt generator to self excite, the
below the lists : [ESE 2005]
conditions to be satisfied are that there must be
List-I
some residual magnetism in the field magnet, it
must be in the proper direction and the shunt field A. Open circuit characteristics
resistance must be [ESE 2016] B. Internal characteristics
(A) Above the critical field resistance C. External characteristics
(B) Equal to the critical field resistance D. Load saturation curve
(C) Less than the armature resistance List-II
(D) Less than the critical field resistance 1. V v⋅If 2. E0 v ⋅ I f
Q.2 The graph shown below represents which
3. E v ⋅ Ia 4. V v ⋅ Ia
characteristic of a d.c. shunt generator? [ESE 2008]
Codes : A B C D A B C D
(A) 4 3 2 1 (B) 2 1 4 3
(C) 4 1 2 3 (D) 2 3 4 1
Q.5 In a dc compound generator, flat compound
characteristic, required for certain applications,
may be obtained by connecting a variable
(A) Internal characteristic
resistance [ESE 2005]
(B) External characteristic
(A) Across the series field
(C) Open-circuit characteristic
(B) In series with the series field
(D) Magnetic characteristic
(C) In parallel with the shunt field
Q.3 A shunt generator has a critical field resistance of
200 Ω at a speed of 800 rpm. If the speed of the (D) In series with the shunt field

generator is increased to 1000 rpm, what is the Q.6 Four types of d.c. generators at constant speed are
change in the critical field resistance of the considered (List-I) Their external characteristics at
generator? [ESE 2008] constant speed are given in List-II. Match List-I
(A) Decrease to 160 Ω (Types of d.c. generator) with List-II (External
characteristics) and select the correct answer using
(B) Remains the same at 200 Ω
the codes given below the lists [ESE 2004]
(C) Increases to 250 Ω
List-I (Types of d.c. generator)
(D) Increases to 312.5 Ω
(A) Separately excited
 21 Characteristics of DC Generator
(B) Series excited

(C) Shunt excited 3.

(D) Over-compound excited

List-II (External characteristics)

4
Terminal voltage V

3
2 4.

Armature current Ia
Codes : A B C D A B C D Codes : A B C D A B C D

(A) 2 3 1 4 (B) 1 4 2 3 (A) 3 1 4 2 (B) 3 1 2 4

(C) 1 3 2 4 (D) 2 4 1 3 (C) 1 3 2 4 (D) 1 3 4 2

Q.7 Match List-I (Ways of compounding series and
shunt field windings of a dc compound generator)
with List-II (Volt-ampere characteristics at
constant speed) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the Lists : [ESE 1997]
Q.8 The external load characteristic of a dc generator
at rated speed is assumed to be linear and is as
shown in figure. The load circuit comprises only
resistance. When the load current is 50 A, the
value of the load circuit resistance will be

List-I

A. Over compound

B. Level compound

C. Differentially compounded

D. Under-compounded

(A) 0.9 ohm (B) 1.0 ohm [ESE 1996]

1.
(C) 1.9 ohm (D) 2.0 ohm

Q.9 A cumulatively compounded dc generator is

supplying 20 A at 200 V. Now if the series field
winding is short circuited, the terminal voltage

(A) Will remain unaltered at 200 V [ESE 1992]

2. (B) Will rise to 220 V

(C) Will shoot upto a very high value

(D) Will become less than 200 V

Q.10 A dc shunt generator builds up 230 V when driven

in clockwise direction. In case it is driven in
anticlockwise direction, other things remaining
unchanged, then the voltage build up is
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 22
(A) 230 V 4. becomes less than 230 V, it is differentially
(B) somewhat less than 230 V compounded generator
(C) somewhat more than 230 V 5. becomes less than 230 V, it is level
(D) not possible compounded generator
Q.11 Flashing the field of dc generator means,
The correct answer is
(A) neutralizing residual magnetism
(A) 1, 4, 5 (B) 2, 3, 5
(B) creating residual magnetism by a dc source
(C) making the magnetic losses of force parallel (C) 1, 4 (D) 2, 3
(D) increasing the flux density by adding extra Q.4 A 100 kW, 1800 rpm generator operating at rated
turns of windings on poles load has a terminal voltage of 240 V. If the voltage
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions : regulation is 2.3%, the no-load voltage will be

(A) 311.7 V (B) 195.12 V

Q.1 A dc shunt generator having a shunt field of 50 Ω
was generating normally at 1000 rpm. The critical
resistance of this machine was 80 Ω . Due to some
reason, the speed of the prime-mover became such
that the generator just failed to generate. The
speed at that time, must have been
(A) 1000 rpm (B) 800 rpm
(C) 245.5 V (D) 184.8 V
Q.5 A dc generator develops 200 V across its armature
terminals with a certain polarity. To reverse the
polarity of the armature voltage :
(A) direction of field current should be reversed
(B) direction of rotation should be reversed

(C) 625 rpm (D) 500 rpm
Q.2 A dc shunt generator builds up to a voltage of 220
V at no load while running at its rated speed. If
the speed of the generator is raised by 25% Q.6
keeping the circuit conditions unaltered, then the
voltage to which the machine would build up will
(C) either of (A) and (B)
(D) direction of both field current and rotation
should be reversed
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the Lists :
List-I

(A) not change and remains constant at 220 V
(B) increase to 1.25 times 220 V
(C) increase to a value lying between 220 V and
1.25 times 220 V
(D) increase to a value greater than 1.25 times
220 V
Q.3 A compound dc generator is delivering full load
current at a terminal voltage of 230 V. Its series
field winding gets short circuit. If its terminal
voltage,
A. both direction of rotation and field terminals
are reversed
B. the direction of residual magnetism and
rotation are reversed
C. the direction of residual magnetism and field
terminals are reversed
D. the direction of residual magnetism, direction
of rotation and field terminals are reversed
List-II
1. build up of voltage with same polarity
2. build up of voltage with reverse polarity

1. becomes more than 230 V, it is over 3. no build up of voltage

compounded generator Codes : A B C D A B C D

2. becomes more than 230 V, it is differentially (A) 1 2 2 3 (B) 3 2 3 1

compounded generator (C) 2 3 2 1 (D) 2 3 3 1

3. becomes less than 230 V, it is over

compounded generator
 23 Characteristics of DC Generator

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A
6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. D
11. B
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B
6. D
 Characteristics of
8 DC Motor
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions : (A) be a cumulatively compounded generator but
the interpole coil connections are to be
Q.1 The dc motor, which can provide zero speed
reversed
regulation at full load without any controller, is
(B) be a cumulatively compounded generator
(A) series [GATE 2007-Kanpur]
without reversing the interpole coil
(B) shunt
connections
(C) cumulative compound
(D) differential compound (C) be a differentially compounded generator
Q.2 A dc series motor fed from rated supply voltage is without reversing the interpole coil

overloaded and its magnetic circuit is saturated. connections

The torque speed characteristic of this motor will (D) be a differentially compounded generator but
be approximately represented by which curve of the interpole coil connections are to be
figure. [GATE 2002-Bangalore] reversed
Q.5 Consider the following statements : [ESE 2010]
In the below figure, the curves pertain to the dc
motor.

(A) Curve A (B) Curve B

(C) Curve C (D) Curve D
Q.3 An electric motor with constant output power will
have a torque speed characteristics in the form of a
[GATE 2001-Kanpur] A. Speed vs armature current characteristic of a
(A) straight line through the origin dc shunt motor.
(B) straight line parallel to the speed axis B. Torque vs armature current characteristic of a
(C) circle about the origin dc shunt motor.
(D) rectangular hyperbola C. Speed vs armature current characteristic of a
Q.4 A differentially compounded dc motor with dc series motor.
interpoles and with brushes on the neutral axis is
D. Torque vs armature current characteristic of a
to be driven as a generator in the same direction
dc series motor.
with the same polarity of the terminal voltage. It
What is the correct sequence of characteristics?
will then [GATE 1995-Kanpur]
 25 Characteristics of DC Motor
Codes : A B C D A B C D List-II (Characteristics labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4)
1 2
(A) 4 1 3 2 (B) 2 1 3 4 3
(C) 4 3 1 2 (D) 2 3 1 4

Q.6 Which one of the following curves represents the

4
speed-torque characteristic of a dc series motor?
Torque
[ESE 2008]

(A) (B)
Armature I
a
Current
Codes : A B C D A B C D
(A) 3 2 1 4 (B) 4 1 2 3
(C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 4 2 1 3
(C) (D)
Q.10 A series motor drawing an armature current of Ia
is operating under saturated magnetic conditions.
The torque developed in the motor is proportional
to [ESE 2000]
Q.7 The direction of rotation of a dc series motor can 1 1
(A) (B)
be reversed [ESE 2003] Ia I a2
(A) By interchanging supply terminals 2
(C) Ia (D) Ia
(B) By interchanging field terminals Q.11 If the speed of dc motor increases with load
(C) Either by interchanging supply terminals or torque, then it is a [ESE 1999]
by interchanging field terminals (A) series motor
(D) By interchanging supply terminals as well as (B) permanent magnet motor
field terminals (C) differentially compounded motor
Q.8 A dc series motor is accidentally connected to (D) cumulatively compounded motor
single-phase ac supply. The torque produced will Q.12 A dc over compounded generator was operating
be [ESE 2002] satisfactorily and supplying power to an infinite
(A) of zero average value bus when the prime mover failed to supply any
mechanical power. The machine would then act as
(B) oscillating
a [ESE 1997]
(C) steady and unidirectional
(A) cumulatively compounded motor with speed
(D) pulsating and unidirectional reversed
Q.9 Match List I (dc motor) with List II (Characteristics (B) cumulatively compounded motor with
labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4) and select the correct answer direction of rotation as before
using the codes given below the lists : (C) differentially compounded motor with speed
List-I (dc motors) [ESE 2001] reversed

A. Shunt motor (D) differentially compounded motor with

direction of speed as before
B. Series motor
Q.13 A belt-driven cumulative compounded dc
C. Cumulative compound motor generator is delivering power to the dc mains. If
D. Differential compound motor the belt snaps, then the machine will run as a
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 26
(A) Cumulative compounded motor in the same Q.3 What will happen if the supply terminals of a dc
direction [ESE 1994] shunt motor are interchanged?
(B) Differentially compounded motor in the same (A) Motor will stop
direction (B) Motor will run at its normal speed in the same
(C) Cumulative compounded motor in the direction as it was running
opposite direction (C) The direction of rotation will reverse
(D) Differentially compounded motor in the (D) Motor will run at a speed lower than the
opposite direction normal speed in the same direction
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions : Q.4 A DC series generator is supplying the power to a
DC bus bar. If the prime mover fails then the
Q.1 If the armature of a dc motor is supplied from a machine will behave as
constant current source, and its field from a
(A) Series generator rotating with reduced speed
constant voltage source, then the Torque-Speed
(B) Series motor rotating in the same direction
characteristics of the motor will [ESE 1994]
(C) Series motor rotating in opposite direction
(A) (B) (D) Would come to stop
Q.5 In a differentially compounded DC motor if shunt
field suddenly opens :
(A) the motor will first stop and then run in
opposite direction as series motor
(C) (D) (B) the motor will work as series motor and run at
slow speed in the same direction
(C) the motor will work as series motor and run at
high speed in the same direction
(D) the motor will not work and come to stop
Q.2 A DC shunt generator is supplying the power to a Q.6 The no load and the full load speed of a DC motor
DC bus bar. If the prime mover fails then the are 1400 rpm and 1200 rpm respectively. What is
machine will behave as the percentage speed regulation of the motor?
(A) Shunt generator rotating with reduced speed (A) 14.28% (B) 15.30%
(B) Shunt motor rotating in the same direction (C) 18.25% (D) 16.67%
(C) Shunt motor rotating in opposite direction
(D) Would come to stop
Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. D 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C
6. D 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D
11. C 12. D 13. B
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A
6. D
 Speed Control of
9 DC Motor
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions :
Q.1 A separately excited dc motor has an armature
resistance Ra = 0.05 Ω . The field excitation is kept
constant. At an armature voltage of 100 V, the
motor produces a torque of 500 Nm at zero speed.
Neglecting all mechanical losses, the no-load
speed of the motor (in radians) for an armature
voltage of 150 V is ________ (up to 2 decimal Q.3 The armature resistance of the motor is :
places.) [GATE 2018-Guwahati] (A) 2 Ω (B) 3.4 Ω
Q.2 A separately excited DC motor runs at 1000 rpm (C) 4.4 Ω (D) 7.7 Ω
on no load when its armature terminals are
Q.4 For the motor to deliver a torque of 2.5 Nm at 1400
connected at a 200 V DC source and the rated
rpm, the armature voltage to be applied is :
voltage is applied to the field winding. The
armature resistance of this motor is 1 Ω. The no- (A) 125.5 V (B) 193.3 V
load armature current is negligible. With the (C) 200 V (D) 241.7 V
motor developing its full load torque, the Q.5 A 50 kW dc shunt motor is loaded to draw rated
armature voltage is set so that the rotor speed is armature current at any given speed. When driven
500 rpm. When the load torque is reduced to 50% (i) at half the rated speed by armature voltage
of the full load value under the same armature control and
voltage conditions, the speed rises to 520 rpm.
(ii) at 1.5 times the rated speed by field control
Neglecting the rotational losses, the full load
The respective output powers delivered by the
armature current (in Ampere) is _______.
motor are approximately :
[GATE 2015-Kanpur]
[GATE 2005-Bombay, ESE 2006]
Common Data For Questions Q.3 & 4
(A) 25 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
A separately excited DC motor runs at 1500 rpm (B) 25 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
under no load with 200 V applied to the armature.
(C) 50 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
The field voltage is maintained at its rated value.
(D) 50 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
The speed of the motor, when it delivers a torque
of 5 Nm, is 1400 rpm as shown in the figure. The Q.6 The speed/torque regimes in a dc motor and the
rotational losses and armature reaction are control methods suitable for the same are given
neglected. [GATE 2010-Guwahati] respectively in Group II and Group I
[GATE 2003-Madras]
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 28
Group I Group II Q.11 A 250 V, dc shunt motor has an armature current
P. Field control 1. Below base speed of 20 A when running at 1000 rpm against some
Q. Armature control 2. Above base speed load torque. The armature resistance is 0.5 Ω and

3. Above base torque brush contact drop is one volt per brush. By how
much must the main flux be reduced to raise the
4. Below base torque
speed by 50% if the developed torque is constant?
The match between the control method and the
Ignore effects of armature reaction and magnetic
speed/torque regime is as follows
saturation. [GATE 1990-Bangalore]
(A) P–1, Q–3 (B) P–2, Q–1
(A) 34.8% (B) 29.6%
(C) P–2, Q–3 (D) P–1, Q–4
Q.7 The field flux method of speed control of dc shunt (C) 52.5% (D) 42.3%
motor is generally used for which one of the Q.12 A 220 V, DC shunt motor is operating at a speed of
following? [ESE 2007] 1440 rpm. The armature resistance is 1 Ω and
(A) Constant hp drive below the base speed armature current is 10 A. If the excitation of the
(B) Constant torque drive above the base speed machine is reduced by 10%, the extra resistance to
(C) Constant torque drive below the base speed be put in the armature circuit to maintain the same
(D) Constant hp drive above the base speed speed and torque will be : [GATE 2011-Madras]
Q.8 For a constant supply voltage, what are the effects (A) 1.79 Ω (B) 2.1 Ω
of inserting a series resistance in the field circuit of
(C) 3.1 Ω (D) 18.9 Ω
a dc shunt motor, on its speed and torque?
(A) Speed will decrease and the torque will Q.13 A 240 V dc shunt motor with an armature
decrease [ESE 2006] resistance of 0.5 Ω has a full load current of 40 A.
(B) Speed will increase and the torque will Find the ratio of the stalling torque to the full load
increase torque when a resistance of 1 Ω is connected in
(C) Speed will increase and the torque will series with the armature? [GATE 1998-Delhi]
decrease (A) 4 (B) 12
(D) Speed will decrease and the torque will
(C) 6 (D) None of these
increase
Q.14 A 440 V DC shunt motor has a no-load ( I a = 0)
Q.9 A 220 V, 15 kW, 1000 rpm shunt motor with
armature resistance of 0.25 Ω , has a rated line speed of 2000 rpm. It is running at 1000 rpm at full
load torque, reduced armature voltage and full
current of 68 A and a rated field current of 2.2 A.
field. If load torque is reduced to 50% of rated
The change in field flux required to obtain a speed
value with armature voltage and field voltage held
of 1600 rpm while drawing a line current of 52.8 A
constant at previous values, the speed increases to
and a field current of 1.8 A is [GATE 2012-Delhi]
1050 rpm. Find the armature voltage drop at full
(A) 18.18% increase (B) 18.18% decrease
load. Neglect effect of armature reaction.
(C) 36.36% increase (D) 36.36% decrease
[GATE 1994-Kharagpur]
Q.10 At 50% of full load, the armature current drawn
by a dc shunt motor is 40 A when connected to a Q.15 A dc shunt motor is running at 1200 rpm, when
200 V dc mains. By decreasing the field flux, its excited with 220 V dc. Neglecting the losses and
speed is raised by 20%, this also causes a 10% saturation, the speed of the motor when connected
increase in load torque. Calculate the percentage to a 175 V dc supply is [GATE 1999-Bombay]
change in field current. The armature resistance (A) 750 rpm (B) 900 rpm
including the brushes is 1 Ω . Neglect saturation
(C) 1050 rpm (D) 1200 rpm
and armature reaction. [GATE 1997-Madras]
Gate Academy Shop Address : Street 04, Narsingh Vihar, Katulbod, Bhilai 490022 (C.G.), Contact : 97131-13156 Online Test Series
https://www.gateacademy.shop/ Live class room: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gateacademy1 http://onlinetestseries.gateacademy.co.in
 29 Speed Control of DC Motor

Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions : Codes : A B C D A B C D

Q.1 The speed of a separately excited dc motor is (A) 1 3 2 4 (B) 1 3 4 2

varied by varying the armature voltage in the (C) 4 1 3 2 (D) 3 1 2 4

range zero to base speed and by varying the field Q.5 For a DC shunt motor, the no-load speed is
current above the base speed. It is suitable for
(A) Directly proportional to flux per pole and
constant [ESE 2013]
inversely proportional to armature voltage
(A) Torque drive at all speeds
(B) Inversely proportional to flux per pole and
(B) Power drive at all speeds
directly proportional to armature voltage
(C) Torque drive till base speed and constant
(C) Independent of flux per pole and armature
power drive beyond base speed
voltage
(D) Power drive till base speed and constant
(D) Directly proportional to flux per pole and
torque drive beyond base speed
armature voltage
Q.2 A separately excited dc generator is feeding a dc
shunt motor. If the load torque on the motor is Q.6 A 220 V DC shunt motor is running at 500 rpm
reduced to half then [ESE 2012] with an armature current of 50 A. The armature
resistance of the motor is 0.2 Ω . If the torque is
(A) The armature current of both motor and
generator are reduced to half. doubled while the flux remains constant, the
(B) The armature current of motor is halved and speed of the motor will be _____ rpm.

the generator remains unchanged. Q.7 A 125 V DC shunt motor runs at a speed of 1180
(C) The armature current of the generator is rpm. When the motor is operated un-loaded but
halved and that of motor remains unchanged. an additional resistance of 5 Ω is connected in
(D) The armature current of both machines series with the shunt field, the speed is observed
remains unchanged. to be 1250 rpm with the same terminal voltage.
Q.3 The speed of a d.c. shunt motor may be varied by The value of shunt resistance is _____ ohm.
varying [ESE 2003] Q.8 A dc shunt motor takes 50 A armature current on
1. Field current full load from 250 V mains. Its speed is to be
2. Supply voltage raised by 40% by weakening of the field flux. If the
3. Armature circuit torque at the increased speed is 20% more than
that at the initial speed, the percentage change in
Select the correct answer using the codes given
field flux is _____. The armature resistance
below :
(including brushes) is 0.5 Ω .
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) l and 2
(C) 1 and 3 (D) 2 and 3 Q.9 A 230 V DC shunt motor is operated at rated

Q.4 Match List-I (Types of electrical loads) with List-II voltage and driving a constant-torque load.

(Torque-speed characteristics) and select the Neglect the effects of rotational losses and

correct answer : [ESE 2002] armature reaction. If an external resistance of 1 Ω

List-I List-II is now inserted in series with the armature while

the shunt field current is kept constant, then the
A. Hoist 1. Torque ∝ (speed) 2
armature current will
B. Fans 2. Torque ∝ (speed)
(A) Increase (B) Decrease
C. Machine Tools 3. Constant Torque
(C) Not change (D) None of these
(Lathe, Milling machine etc)
Q.10 A 230 V DC shunt motor draws an armature
D. Loads with fluid 4. Torque ∝ 1/ (speed)
current of 60 A while driving a constant-torque
Friction
load. An external resistance of 1 Ω is now inserted
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 30
in series with the armature whose resistance is
0.25 Ω while the shunt field current is unchanged.
If the armature reaction and rotational loss effects
are to be neglected, then the fractional change in
motor speed will be _____.
Q.11 A 400 V DC shunt motor drives a load whose
torque varies as the cube of the speed. The motor
draws 40 A armature current at a certain speed.
The armature resistance is 0.35 Ω . The additional
resistance required to be connected in series with
the armature circuit, to reduce the speed to 60% of
the original speed, is _____ ohm.

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. 600 2. 8 3. B 4. B 5. B
6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. –27.4
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. 22 15. D
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B
6. 47.6 7. 84.2 8. 35.3 9. C 10. 0.72
11. 19.23
 Speed Control of
10 DC Series Motor
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions :
Q.1 A 200 V DC series motor, when operating from
rated voltage while driving a certain load, draws
10 A current and runs at 1000 rpm. The total series
resistance is 1 Ω . The magnetic circuit is assumed
to be linear. At the same supply voltage, the load
torque is increased by 44%. The speed of the
motor in rpm (rounded to the nearest integer) is
______. [GATE 2018-Guwahati]
Q.2 What is the increase in the torque expressed as
percentage of initial torque, if the current drawn
by a dc series motor is increased from 10 A to 12
A. (Neglect saturation)? [ESE 2004]
(A) 21% (B) 25%
(C) 41% (D) 44%
Q.3 A 220 V DC series motor runs drawing a current
of 30 A from the supply. Armature and field
circuit resistances are 0.4 Ω and 0.1 Ω terminals is 1.3 Ω . If the speed is raised to 600
respectively. The load torque varies as the square
of the speed. The flux in the motor may be taken
as being proportional to the armature current. To
reduce the speed of the motor by 50%, the
resistance in ohms that should be added in series
with the armature is ________. (Give the answer
up to two decimal places.) [GATE 2017-Roorkee]
Q.4 A 240 V dc series motor takes 40 A when giving its
rated output at 1500 rpm. Its resistance is 0.3
ohms. The value of resistance which must be
added to obtain rated torque at 1000 rpm is
[GATE 2000-Kharagpur]
(A) 6 Ω (B) 5.7 Ω
(C) 2.2 Ω (D) 1.9 Ω
Q.5 A dc series motor of resistance 1 Ω across
terminals runs at 1000 rpm at 250 V taking a
current of 20 A. When an additional resistance of
6 Ω is inserted in series and taking the same
current, the new speed would be [ESE 2014]
(A) 142.8 rpm (B) 166.7 rpm
(C) 478.3 rpm (D) 956.6 rpm
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
Q.1 A dc series motor drives a load. The motor is
unsaturated and the load torque is proportional to
square of speed. For a speed of 400 rpm motor line
current is 20 A. For a speed of 800 rpm the line
current will be ______ A.
Q.2 A 220 V DC series motor runs at 500 rpm and 40 A
current while driving a load. The load varies as
the square of the speed. The resistance between
rpm, the required value of terminal voltage is ____
V. Assume flux varies directly with current.
Q.3 A dc series motor with a resistance between
terminals of 1 Ω , runs at 800 rpm from a 200 V
supply taking 15 A. If the speed is to be reduced to
475 rpm for the same supply voltage and current
the additional series resistance to be inserted
would be approximately [ESE 2014]
(A) 2.5 Ω (B) 3 Ω
(C) 4.5 Ω (D) 5 Ω
Q.4 A 220 V DC series motor draws a currents of 50 A
while running at 1500 rpm and rated torque. The
total resistance of armature and series field
Electrical Machines [Workbook] 32
winding is 0.2 Ω . To obtain the rated torque at a
speed of 1000 rpm, the value of resistance which
must be inserted in series is _____ ohm.
2
Q.5 A dc series motor running a fan (T ∝ n ) at 1000
rpm, takes 50 A from 250 V mains. The armature
plus field resistance is 0.6 Ω . If an additional
resistance of 4.4 Ω is inserted in series with the
armature circuit, in case the field flux is
proportional to the armature current, the motor
speed is _____ rpm.

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. 825 2. D 3. 10.75 4. D 5. C
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. 40 2. 304.2 3. D 4. 1.4 5. 640
 Braking & Starting
11 of DC Motor
Objective & Numerical Ans Type Questions : Q.4 A 4-point starter is used to start and control the
speed of a [GATE 2011-Madras]
Common Data for Q.1 & Q.2 :
(A) dc shunt motor with armature resistance
A 240 V, dc shunt motor draws 15 A while control
supplying the rated load at a speed of 80 rad/s. (B) dc shunt motor with field weakening control
The armature resistance is 0.5  and the field
(C) dc series motor
winding resistance is 80  . [GATE 2008-Bangalore]
(D) dc compound motor
Q.1 The net voltage across the armature resistance at
Practice (objective & Num Ans) Questions :
the time of plugging will be
(A) 6 V (B) 234 V Q.1 A 500 V, 45 kW, 600 rpm DC shunt motor has a
full load efficiency of 90%. The field resistance is
(C) 240 V (D) 474 V
200  and armature resistance is 0.2  . The field
Q.2 The external resistance to be added in the
current is maintained constant and armature
armature circuit to limit the armature current to reaction and the brush drop may be neglected. The
125% of its rated value is motor develops an electromagnetic torque equal
(A) 31.1  (B) 31.9  to rated value.
(C) 15.1  (D) 15.9  (1) Find the speed under regenerative braking
Q.3 A 36.775 kW, 440 V dc shunt motor is braked by with no limiting resistance.
plugging. Assume armature resistance as 0.1  , (2) Find the speed under plugging with limiting
armature current 100 A and full load speed 600 resistance of 5.5 ohm inserted.
rpm. Calculate the value of resistance to be placed
in series with the armature circuit to limit the (3) Find the speed under dynamic braking with
initial braking current to 150 A, and the braking limiting resistance of 2.6 ohm inserted.
torque at the instant of plugging.
(A) 5.8 , 877.95 Nm (B) 5.7 , 877.95 Nm

(C) 5.8 , 585.3 Nm (D) 5.7 , 585.3 Nm

Answer Keys

Objective & Numerical Answer Type Questions

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B
Practice (Objective & Numerical Answer) Questions
1. 31.25 A, 290 V, 25 A, 357 V