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The Science of Meditation Practice Hidden in Shaolin Kung Fu

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 Proceeding Report: Shaolin Monastery Publication
(July 2018): 312-326.

The Science of Meditation Practice Hidden in

Shaolin Kung Fu

Sanu Mahatthanadull, Ph.D.1

Abstract

This paper aims to understand the science of meditation

practice that hidden in Shaolin Kung Fu. The Theravāda insight
meditation method named “Body posture practice” (iriyāpatha
Satipaṭṭhāna) is closely related to what’s in the Kung Fu
implemented by Shaolin monastery. The history of Shaolin Temple
spans for fifteen hundred years from the Buddhabhadra, the first
abbot to the present. The unique identity is the Shaolin Kung Fu,
the martial arts with bare hands originated from the application of
the natural environment to the unique style of Prānic fighting
obtained from practicing of insight meditation. The science of
meditation practice that has been imprinted into the DNA of this
legendary temple is still standing to be proved in all ages.

Key Words: Hidden, Meditation Practice, Shaolin Kung Fu, The

Science of.

11
Assistant Professor in Buddhist Studies. A regular Lecturer at the
International Buddhist Studies College, Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya
University.
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少林功夫隱藏的禪修實踐科學

Sanu Mahatthanadull, 博士.2

抽象

本研究旨在了解隱藏在少林功夫中的冥想練習科學。
名為“身體姿勢練習”（iriyāpatha Satipaṭṭhāna）的Theravāda洞
察力冥想方法與少林寺實施的功夫密切相關。
少林寺的歷史跨越了一千五百年，從第一位方丈到現
在的佛陀哈德拉（Buddhabhadra）。 獨特的身份是少林功夫，
赤手空拳的武術起源於自然環境的應用，以及從洞察冥想練習
中獲得的獨特的Prānic鬥爭風格。冥想練習的科學已經印在這
個傳說中的神廟的DNA中，但仍然可以在所有年齡段得到證
明。

關鍵詞: 隱, 冥想練習, 少林功夫, 科學的.

22
佛教研究助理教授。國際佛教研究學院的常規講師,
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya 大學.
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1. Introduction
The Shaolin Temple:
A special transmission outside the scriptures.
Not dependence upon words and letters.
Direct pointing to the human mind.
Seeing into one’s own nature and attaining Buddhahood.
Bodhidharma
The aim of this paper is not to superficially justify
whether Shaolin monks, with their monastic military training,
violated the Buddhist monastic code, but rather to understand the
science of meditation practice that hidden in Shaolin Kung Fu.
When discussing about the meditation practice, the author
will focus to only the context of Theravāda tradition that
particularly narrow down to the insight meditation method called
“Kāyānupassanā Satipaṭṭhāna” which locates some practice named
“Body posture practice” (iriyapatha Satipaṭṭhāna) that closely
related to what’s in the Kung Fu implemented by Shaolin
monastery. However the author will discuss respectively the
following sequences: Historical background of Shaolin monastery,
Shaolin Kung Fu: A Brief Introduction, and What is Hidden in the
Shaolin Kung Fu?
2. Historical Background of Shaolin Monastery
The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple is a temple
with Zen3 School Buddhism. Its notable history spans fifteen
hundred years. The monastery was built during the last decade of
the fifth century in 495 CE. (1038 BE.) The first abbot was
Buddhabhadra4, who is referred to in the Chinese sources as Batuo,
or Fotuo. It is situated in mountainous Dengfeng Country, Central

3
Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism originated in China in
which is recognized as other name called “Chan Buddhism”.
4
Bodhidhamma or Bodhidharma.
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Henan, some thirty miles southeast of Luoyang, the former capital

of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534), and forty-five miles
southwest of Zhengzhou, the modern capital of Henan Province.5
The legend of the temple began to appear clearly when it was
inscribed in Hollywood filmmaking. With Bruce Lee’s (Li
Xiaolong) (1940-1973) legendary films in the 1960s and
culminating with Li Lianjie’s (Jet Li) (b.1963) spectacular features,
the Shaolin Temple has been celebrated in numerous Kung Fu
movies, which have played a major role in the propagation of its
legend.6
Nowadays, Shaolin Temple becomes a tourist attraction
among tourists from around the world. Shaolin Temple Complex is
the place where large-scale ritual activities take place and the
living accommodation of monks. It contains seven courtyards,
followed by the Mountain Gate with a plaque of “Shaolin Temple”
Characters, King Hall, Daxiong Hall, Fatang, Abbot Room, Li Xue
Pavilion and Qianfo Hall. Shaolin Monastery and its Pagoda Forest
were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010 as part
of the “Historic Monuments of Dengfeng”. Apart from the
authentic Buddhist activities that tourists will experience, the
legendary Shaolin Kung Fu is definitely one of the most attractive
thing to explore.
3. Shaolin Kung Fu: A Brief Introduction
Kung Fu is one of the oldest fighting arts known to
mankind. In China, the term “Wu Shu” refers to Martial Art or
“Chuan Fa” which means First Fighting. Gung Fu has been
practiced and revised in China for over 4,000 years. It has evolved
into an implement for health and self-defense.7 Meanwhile Shaolin

5
Meir Shahar, The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and
the Chinese Martial Arts, (Honolulu: University of Hawai 'i Press, 2008), p.
9.
6
Ibid., p. 1.
7
Douuglas L.Wong, Shaolin Fighting: Theories & Concepts,
(Burbank: Unique Pulbications INC., 1982), p. 14.
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is the most famous Temple in China and abroad. It is said

extensively about the story of the martial arts, boxing arts, Prānic
practice and Kung Fu Shaolin. The Kung Fu Shaolin training
consists of traditional forms that tap into the innate harmony and
energy of our mind and body, strength-training techniques, and
cardiovascular training. As mentioned earlier that the term “Kung
Fu” means the science on techniques of fighting against the enemy.
The form of this fighting characterize a dancing style and tactics in
combat. Kung Fu is in fact not only just for fighters or martial
artists who seriously study and train themselves for the purpose of
being a great fighter in the battleground or battlefield but also for
anyone who wants to achieve optimum fitness. Not only does
Shaolin Kung Fu preserve muscle and bone mass as we grow older
but it also increases our confidence as we discover that we have
much greater abilities than we thought we had.8 Both physical body
and internal mind must be simultaneously healthy.
The beginning of the foundation of the martial arts differs
from other schools particularly the art of combating with bare
hands which is the most famous among the whole postural process.
It originated from the application of the natural environment to the
unique style of Prānic fighting obtained from practicing of insight
meditation.9 It is a traditional transmission from generation to
generation for over a thousand years. Kung Fu training together
with the study of the Dharma teachings are a great combination
between learning and practicing process inventing a remarkable
style of training so called “Shaolin Kung Fu”. The training is, as a
matter of fact, not to fight or hurt others but to discover the self-
practice in order to attain the Dharma as a skillful way to enter to
the Dharma. The methodological practices allow a trainer in

8
Shifu Yan Lei, Instant Health: The Shaolin Qigong Workout
for Longevity, (Henan: Yan Lei Press, 2009), p. 17.
9
National Geographic Documentary “Kung Fu Dragons of
Wudang”, Pongsab Public Company Limited, DVD with English/Thai
Subtitle, 2550.
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obtaining extensive knowledge, keeping one’s mind tranquil and

calm, and developing concentration and mindfulness at the final, so
that one can live one’s life more harmony to the nature. The truth is
that the underlined purpose of training Kung Fu according to the
traditional Shaolin Temple is to progress the insight meditation
practice of monks at that time. As being told in the history that
after the Bhodhidhamma had traveled to disseminate Zen
Buddhism in China and resided at Shaolin Temple. He observed
that the majority monks who lived in the Temple were weak, not in
healthy condition. So that when they had meditated for a long
period, the physical pain was often caused which may cause health
deterioration due to lacking of proper exercise. For that reason, he
created Kung Fu and boxing arts for those monks to practice. With
the movement and calm of the physical body, together with
purifying one’s mind in order to get into the core of the Dhamma.
And it is also used for self-defense to protect oneself from the
danger both from animals in the nature and human beings. That is
to say Shaolin Kung Fu does not aims to get a victory from any
exterior battle but to win one’s interior mind. As stated in the
discourse of the tutor Miao Xing 10, the head monk of the Shaolin
Temple during 1923-1927 CE., about training exercises (Lien
Gong) and training of combat technique (Di):
One must not use his strength for deception of people.
One must not rise over other people.
One must not use this Art for suppression of people.
If there are achievements, there should be flaws.

10
“Venerable Miao Xing (1891-1927) was born during the latter
part of the Qing Dynasty, in the Xieran (谢湾) area of Henan’s Ruzhou City
(today Xieran is part of Ruzhou City)” - Adrian Chan-Wyles (tr.), “Great
Master Miao Xing (妙兴): Head Monk of the Shaolin Temple”, Ch’an Dao
Martial Arts Association. Online: [Source]. http://www.chandao.co.uk/ven-
miao-xing-1891-1927.html Retrieved on July, 6, 2018.
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It is necessary to know about flaws to attain higher

achievements.
It is necessary to breed the true greatness of Spirit.11
The above passage shows how well the Shaolin Temple
preserve and maintain the core purpose of the Training. If we
carefully take a look into his teachings, there are various vital
Buddhist teachings available from the principle of Moral (sīla),
ethics (cariya) and virtue (kuna-dhamma) to the concept of mind-
body or mentality and corporeality (nāma-rūpa). And at the end,
the issue of attaining to the true Dhamma or Nibbana is also shown
as the highest level of humankind’s goal. In addition, what he
really emphasized is not fighting to win but practicing to control as
quoted the tutor Miao Xing:
For that one who embarked on the study of a combat
technique, Virtue that does not bend down before force is of
great importance, makes much of defense and does not rely
on aggression. Virtue is present in the heart and in feelings. If
there is an effort, thoughts are in disarray. Therefore, defense
is birth, attack is death.12
A critical point here is to understand the essence of his
teaching “Always keep control your mind and thoughts. Avoid
those distracted ideas which are the enemy of concentration”
Absolutely, all forms of killing an enemy are not the way of this
training. Although there are some secular benefit frequently gain
from the training which is the Psychic Strength from the psychic
Center, is the part that gives certain people their ESP 13 ability, the
ability to move objects with their mind, to heal, and many other
such phenomena. To the Chinese people however, this is very

11
Andrew Timofeevich (ed.), Jin Jing Zhong: Training Methods
of 72 Arts of Shaolin, (Tanjin: Shaolin Kung Fu OnLine Library, 2004), p.
19.
12
Ibid, p. 19.
13
Extrasensory Perception
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normal. The Masters of Kung Fu can perform many of these feats,

but they are very reluctant to teach this phase of the art. 14 In
Buddhism, such those supernatural phenomena can be normally
explained through the doctrine of mind-body and their capabilities.
4. What is Hidden in the Shaolin Kung Fu?
It is undeniable that the training of Shaolin Kung Fu
basically requires movements of a practitioner no matter what type
of training posture and level of speed of such movements. Thus the
“posture” is a key consideration to this context. Due to the fact that
the posture is one of the five factors contributing to the life, as
stated in the Buddhist scripture “The Path of Purification”
(Visuddhimagga):15 (1) in and out breath: assāsa passāsa, (2)
posture: iriyāpada, (3) the heat (tejo dhātu), (4) the four great
elements: mahābhūtarūpa, (5) edible food: kavaḷiṅkārāhāra. Of
those, the iriyāpada was emphasized “A life only with consistent
of the Four Postures: standing, walking, sitting and lying, is
possible. Having exceeded any posture can destroy one’s age”16
The Paramatthajotika Mahāabhidhammatthasaṅgaha Tīkā shows
the cause of this problem “premature death is because of lack of
looking after of the body. Particularly the neglect in regularly
change the main posture. Ignorance with the power of passion that
are satisfaction, dissatisfaction, benighted or ignorance.17 Even if
one is not dead, it will cause “sickness which caused by feeling
(vedanā) as the enemy to the postures.18 As the Buddha said to the
Bhikkhus: “When painful feeling (dukkha vedanā) has arisen in
which caused by the imbalanced of the main postures change, one

14
Douuglas L.Wong, Shaolin Fighting: Theories & Concepts,
(Burbank: Unique Pulbications INC., 1982), p. 36.
15
Visuddhimagga was composed by Venerable Bhaddhanta
Acariya Buddhaghosa, an Indian Monk, in the late 10th century BE.
16
Vism. (Thai) 173/406.
17
Ven. Saddhammajotika Dhammācariya, Paramatthajotika
Mahāabhidhammatthasaṅgaha Tīkā Chapter 5 Vol.II (Kamma Catukka
and Maranuppatti Catukka, p. 270.
18
M.M.A. (MCU) 19/478/226.
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is sick thus”19 It is because the human being’s body was not

designed to withstand any posture solely, different from some of
the being named Asaññīsatta Brahma, a being who lives in the
Brahmin world in the form-plane (Rūpāvacara-bhūmi). . .
originated with any posture and continue a life with that posture for
a life time.20
From this point of view, the ingenuity of the inventor of
the Shaolin Science is to put the meditation on the body postures
into an account. Under the concept that the body postures need to
be shifted to the right balance to prevent illness. For example, in
the case of bedsore that occurs with patients who are physically
unable to move their body and stay in lying down motion all the
time.21 It shows that posture is a direct factor contributing to life.
If not regularly move or unbalanced, the sickness or even death is
called:
Irregular Posture  Absent of Sickness or
Death
In addition, the Shaolin’s unique style of Kung Fu
meditation also deals with mixture of the Buddhist teachings,
such as breathing control meditation, Prānic manipulating
technique, tranquil meditation, etc. in which they are appropriate
not only to the Monastic but secular life either. Most Venerable
Phra Brahma Pandita shows a viewpoint that supports the truth
that the human development must deal, in overall picture, with

19
Look in A.Pañcak. (Pali) 22/104/122; A.Pañcak. (MCU)
22/104/181.
20
M.M.A. (Pali) 1/3/38; M.M.A. (Thai) 17/9/84.
21
Hao Xiaoxia, “Development of a bedsore prevention system
based on Lab VIEW”, Information Technology and Applications in
Biomedicine, (International Conference on ITAB, 30-31 May 2008): 506-
509., Aung Aung Phyo Wai, Kow Yuan Wei, Foo Siang Fook et al., “Sleeping
patterns observation for bedsores and bed-side falls prevention”, Engineering
in Medicine and Biology Society, (2009): 6087-6090., P. Barsocchi,
“Position Recognition to Support Bedsores Prevention”, Biomedical and
Health Informatics, Vol. 17 No. 1 (January 2013): 53-59.
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relationship among the management of posture, breathing and

edible food.22
The management of the four postures is a way to balance.
In meditation practice of walking, standing, sitting and lying.
In fact, when the monks sit and meditate for a long time, to
stretch by walking is the management of the posture that has
designed excellently. Walking for alms food in the morning
alike to manage the balance to fit the physical body system.
Even the Buddha, the self-enlightened one, himself took
alms by walking out of the raven in the morning into the
village. It's all balancing that including breath in and out
(assāsa passāsa) in the morning for good air, finding edible
food (kavaḷiṅkārāhāra), managing of postures (iriyāpada),
etc. All of the above mentioned represents a corresponding
life system.23
As same as in the Shaolin Kung Fu practice that focuses
on manipulating the breath the natural resource every human
beings all have. In the Qixigong:
If an enemy attacks, peace right in my soul, my breath is
concentrated, I am courageous and brave. When thoughts and
breath are in peace and steadiness, only then Qi, flourishing
and powerful, is born. If an enemy attacks, there should be no
place for worry. The enemy, full of fury, attacks; if “six souls”
fly into a rage, then no readiness in defense is available, it
means spirit becomes weaker and Qi dissipates.24
From the passage, in the practice of Qixigong, using
breathing as a tool to get his mind peaceful and concentrated. Kung

22
Kavaḷiṅkārāhāra is categorized in āhāra-rūpa mode among the
twenty four derivative materiality. Look in Upādā-rūpa. - Dhs.127; Vism.443;
Comp.155.
23
Interview with Most Ven. Brahmapundita, Prof. Dr. Rector of
Mahachulalongkornraavidyalaya University, September 2556 BE.
24
Cai Liuhai (Chief ed.), Shaolin Kang-fu, (Henan: East Asia
Ad. & Press Co., 1992), p.20.
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Ku fighter refers to “practitioner”, Qi refers to his “internal wind

element”, Spirit refers to his “mind”, Worry refers to his
“obstacle”, and Enemy refers to his “internal enemy”. This is truly
a self-battle within one’ own mind. The term enemy here does not
mean anything but an object of meditation.
Even though Buddhist Monks who live in different
countries around the world have different lifestyles, the way of life
of Chinese Buddhist Monks are under the Mahāyāna criterion
while Thai Buddhist Monks are under Theravāda one. But both
schools are under the same Buddhist religion. As the spiritual
disciple to the same founder, their behaviors must be controlled
and depended on the same criterion. As long as monks
intentionally follow the monastic rules and try not to transgress
them, the universal way of life of Buddhist Monks will never be
blameworthy.
The Saṅgha society has been established well on the
activities relating to the self-posture in the daily activities, from
alms food walking (piṇdapāda) in the early morning to organizing
and cleaning the monastery in the evening. This implicit exercise is
radically different from secular exercises that aim to gain power,
including good physical shape and strong, etc. It is surely not the
proper behavior of the monks (samanasārūpa). Thus the
management of the monk’s posture is thus an ideal balance of
posture so far.
Finally, Shaolin Kung Fu has produced practitioner good
health, peace and contentment are our birthright. Many of the
exercises at the Shaolin Temple were aimed at helping the monks
realize enlightenment but today we can use these exercises for
health and happiness in our everyday life. If we look after our
body, this takes care of our mind and that in turn has a beneficial
effect on our family and friends.25

25
Shifu Yan Lei, Instant Health: The Shaolin Qigong Workout
for Longevity, (Henan: Yan Lei Press, 2009), p. 23.
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5. Conclusion
While Buddhism still adjusts to survive itself in the
changing world as long as possible. In the name of all practitioners
both Buddhists and non-Buddhists, we should try to understand the
true identity of Shaolin Temple in terms of history, the principles,
objectives, and true goals of the science of Shaolin Kung Fu, in
order to help sustaining the Buddhist heritage.
What hidden in the Shaolin Kung Fu science is the
science of meditation practice is the perfect integration of the
various Buddhist teachings to the way of living, the way of
thought, the philosophy of life, the religious practice, and so on for
multiple levels of purpose which are ranging from the purpose of
the therapeutic result, the longevity of health, and finally the
liberation is the highest goal when one truly understand the
Dhamma and living harmoniously with the Nature.

Bibliography
I. Primary Sources:
Anuruddha, Ācariya A Comprehensive Manual of
Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha.
Venerable Mahāthera Nārada (tr.). Bhikkhu Bodhi, Allan
R. Bomhard (eds.). Charleston: Charleston Buddhist
Fellowship, 2007.
Buddhaghosa, Bhadantācariya. The Path of Purification
(Visuddhimagga). tr. Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli. Kandy:
Buddhist Publication Society, 2010.
Davids, C.A.F. Rhys (ed.). The Visuddhi-Magga of
Buddhaghosa. London: PTS, 1975.
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. The Pali Canon.
Mahachula Press, 2539 BE. (Thai Version).

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Mahamakut Buddhist College. A Translation Series of 91

Volume of Pali Canon and Commentaries. Bangkok:
Mahamakut Press, 2534 BE. (Thai Version).
Morris, Richard, The Rev. (ed.). The Aṅguttara- Nikāya. Part II.
Catukka Nipāta. London: PTS, 1976.
Muller, Edward (ed.). The Atthasālinī Buddhaghosa’s
Commentary on the Dhammasaṅganī. London: PTS,
1979.
Woods, J. H.; Kosambi, D. (eds.) Papancasudani
Majjhimanikayatthakatha of Buddhaghosacariya.
Part I Suttas 1-10. London: PTS, 1977.
II. Secondary Sources:
Hai, Cai Liu (Chief ed.). Shaolin Kang-fu. Henan: East Asia Ad.
& Press Co., 1992.
Interview with Most Ven. Brahmapundita, Prof. Dr. Rector of
Mahachulalongkornraavidyalaya University, September
2556 BE.
Lei, Shifu Yan. Instant Health: The Shaolin Qigong Workout
for Longevity. Henan: Yan Lei Press, 2009.
National Geographic Documentary “Kung Fu Dragons of
Wudang”, Pongsab Public Company Limited, DVD with
English/Thai Subtitle, 2550.
Barsocchi, P. “Position Recognition to Support Bedsores
Prevention”. Biomedical and Health Informatics. Vol.
17 No. 1 (January 2013): 53-59.
Shahar, Meir. The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and
the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of
Hawai 'i Press, 2008.
Timofeevich, Andrew (ed.). Jin Jing Zhong: Training Methods
of 72 Arts of Shaolin. Tanjin: Shaolin Kung Fu OnLine
Library, 2004.
~ 324 ~
 Proceeding Report: Shaolin Monastery Publication
(July 2018): 312-326.

Ven. Saddhammajotika Dhammācariya. Paramatthajotika

Mahāabhidhammatthasaṅgaha Tīkā Chapter 5 Vol.II
(Kamma Catukka and Maranuppatti Catukka.
Wai, Aung Aung Phyo; Wei, Kow Yuan Foo; Fook, Siang et al.,
“Sleeping patterns observation for bedsores and bed-side
falls prevention”, Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society. (2009): 6087-6090.
Wong, Douuglas L. Shaolin Fighting: Theories & Concepts.
Burbank: Unique Pulbications INC., 1982.

Wyles, Adrian Chan (tr.). “Great Master Miao Xing (妙兴):

Head Monk of the Shaolin Temple”. Ch’an Dao Martial
Arts Association. Online: [Source].
http://www.chandao.co.uk/ven-miao-xing-1891-
1927.html Retrieved on July, 6, 2018.
Xiaoxia, Hao. “Development of a bedsore prevention system
based on Lab VIEW”. Information Technology and
Applications in Biomedicine. International Conference
on ITAB, 30-31 May (2008): 506-509.
Biography

Mahatthanadull, Sanu, Ph.D. Regular Lecturer in Buddhist

Studies, International Buddhist Studies College,
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. Wani Noi,
Ayutthaya, Thailand. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: B.A.
(Advertising), M.A. (Buddhist Studies), Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies).
MAJOR INTERESTS: Theravāda Buddhism; Integrated
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Buddhism; Buddhist Physiology; Buddhist Biology; Buddhist

Ecology. RESEARCH PROJECTS: Buddhist Biology: Systemic
Relation of Life and Environment, and the Creation of Supportive
Factors for Development of Life According to the Seven Suitable
(Sappāya); A Study of the Holistic Health Promotion for Balanced
Living according to Buddhist Psychology; Human Behavior in
Promoting Balance of Life and Family according to Buddhist
Psychology.
Contact: Mobile phone 081 407-9000; E-mail:
petchsanu@gmail.com;
Facebook: petchsanu@hotmail.com

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