INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING

Lesson #1 / First Semester Midterm

COUNSELING AND COUNSELOR
• Developed the first systematic
THE 1800s REFORM MOVEMENT and comprehensive approach
1. Social Workers – working with the to psychotherapy
destitute • First to develop a complex theory
2. Psychiatrists – trying to help the to explain emotional problems
disturbed • Ushered a new way of viewing
3. Educators – for more humanistic the person
teaching and access to public • “Id, Ego, Superego” and
education “Psychosexual Development” is a
psychological way of viewing the
* Common desire to help people in more
world
human and “modern” ways
2. Alfred Alder
* Counseling profession bore the fruits of
these reform movements, embracing • Developed his own school of
many of their ideals and basic premises Psychology
• Individual Psychology
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE IN THE • emphasized the importance of
1800s social interest in mental health
3. Carl Jung
• Set the stage for the
• Analytical Psychology –
establishment of the counseling
influenced by various disciplines,
profession
including theology, philosophy,
• Saw the beginnings of the
and anthropology, Eastern
Industrial Revolution, social
religion
reform movements and increase
4. Carl Rogers
in immigration
• Large scale need for vocational • Influenced the development of
guidance contemporary counseling
approaches
BEGINNINGS OF THE TESTING • Person-centered approach –
MOVEMENT testament to the belief and
dignity and worth of the
• Emerged together with the rise of individual
vocational guidance movement • Influential in the development of
• Laboratory science in Europe the “third force” in psychology
and USA: an increased interest in known as the Humanistic School
examining individual differences 5. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
• Alfred Binet’s (1896) intelligence
• Popularized the Cognitive
test – used to assist individuals
Behavioral Approaches in
and institutions in decision-
Counseling
making
6. Victor Frankl
• CONTRIBUTIONS IN COUNSELING
BIG • Logotherapy – incorporated the
spirit dimension in counseling
1. Freud and his Psychoanalysis
7. Fritz Perls
INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING
Lesson #1 / First Semester Midterm
• Gestalt Counseling – emphasized
the whole person
8. Transpersonal Counseling – usually person to person but
psychospiritual approaches with a body-
mind-spirit paradigm
9. Eastern Psychology – Asian
perspective adapted by transpersonal
psychology
OTHER POSTMODERN TRENDS
Post-Modern Theories of Constructivism
(Mahoney, 1995)
• the role of cognition
interpreting external events
Social Constructivism (Gergen, 1994)
• Impact of social forces in
constructing reality
Brief Solution Focused Approach (de
Shazer, 1994)
• Focus on strengths and solutions
as opposed to problems,
weakness, and pathology
* All created an opportunity for a
paradigm shift that recognizes the roles
of cognition, language, and narratives in
understanding a person
* Recognized that truth, knowledge, and
reality are reflected contextually in terms
of physical, social, political, cultural, and
spiritual forces that can impact on
personal experience
* Offered opportunities for integrating
diversity issues
WHAT IS COUNSELING?
• Skilled and principled use of
relationship to facilitate self-
knowledge, emotional
acceptance and growth, and
the optimal development of
personal resources
• Aims to provide an opportunity to
work towards living more
satisfyingly and resourcefully
• Professional relationship between
a trained counselor and client;
sometimes more than 2
• Designed to help clients to
understand and clarify their views
of their life space, and to learn to
reach their self-determined goals
through meaningful, well-
informed choices and through
resolution of problems of an
emotional or interpersonal nature
• A professional service for people
in in distress or in some degree of
confusion who wish to discuss
and resolve these in a
relationship which is more
disciplined and confidential that
friendship, and perhaps less
stigmatizing than helping
relationships offered in traditional
medicine or psychiatric setting
(Feltham and Dryden, 1993:6)
• An intimate form of learning;
demands a practitioner who is
willing to shed stereotype roles
and be a real person in a
relationship
• Addresses the emotional, social,
work, school, and physical health
concerns people may have at
different stages in their lives,
focusing on typical life stresses
and more severe issues with
which people may struggle as
individuals and as a part of
families, groups, and
organizations (APA Division 17:
Society of Counseling Psychology
[SCP])
• Process of re-enchantment of a
life devoid of meaning