Collins - Cambridge - Further Pure Maths 1 - Worked Solutions

Cambridge International
AS & A Level Further Mathematics
Further Pure Mathematics 1

STUDENT’S BOOK: Worked solutions
Tom Andrews, Helen Ball,

Chris Chisholm, Michael Kent
Series Editor: Dr Adam Boddison
Pure Mathematics 1 International Students Book Title page.indd 1 14/11/17 10:46 pm

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AM
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Worked solutions
1 Roots of polynomial equations
Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering the
question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
All sample answers have been written by the authors. Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this
publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge 1 20 150 500
= + + 2 + + 625
x4 x3 x x
1 If (x – 2) is a factor of f(x) then f(2) = 0 (by factor
y y 2x + y
theorem). 8 a x + = 2x + =
2 4 4 4 4
f(2) = 23 − 4(2)2 + 2 + 6 = 8 – 16 + 8 = 0 so (x − 2) is a
y2 x2 y3 x2 + y3
factor of f(x). b x+ = + =
y x xy xy xy
2 If (x – 3) is a factor of f(x) then f(3) = 0 (by factor x 2y xz x 3yz
theorem). c × = = x3
z y yz
f(3) = 33 − 2(3)2 − 23(3) + 60 = 27−18 − 69 + 60 = 0
so (x – 3) is a factor of f(x).
Exercise 1.1A
3 x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 b c
1 a α = 4, β = –2 so α + β = 2 = − and αβ = –8 =
a a
−4 ± 42 − 4 × 1 × 5
x= If a = 1, then b = –2 and c = –8.
2
So quadratic equation could be z2 – 2z – 8 = 0
−4 ± −4
x= b c
2 b α = 6, β = –1 so α + β = 5 = − and αβ = –6 =
a a
x = −4 ± 2i If a = 1, then b = –5 and c = –6
2
x = −2 ± i So quadratic equation could be z2 – 5z – 6 = 0
So x = −2 + i or x = −2 − i b c
c α = 2 + i, β = 2 – i so α + β = 4 = − and αβ = 5 =
a a
4 If x = 2 and x = 3 + i are roots, then x = 3 – i is also a
If a = 1, then b = –4 and c = 5
root.
So quadratic equation could be z2 – 4z + 5 = 0.
So the cubic = (x – 2) (x – (3 + i)) (x – (3 – i))
= (x − 2)(x2 − x(3 − i) −x(3 + i) 2 a α + 5 + β + 5 = (α + β) + 10
+ (3 + i)(3 − i)) (α + 5)(β + 5) = αβ + 5α + 5β + 25
= (x − 2)(x2 − 6x + 10) = αβ + 5(α + β) + 25
= x3 − 6x2 + 10x − 2x2 + 12x − 20 b 2α + 5 + 2β + 5 = 2(α + β) + 10
= x3 − 8x2 + 22x − 20 (2α + 5)(2β + 5) = 4αβ + 10α + 10β + 25

= 4αβ + 10(α + β) + 25
5 (x + 4)3 = x3 + 3 × x2 × 4 + 3 × x × 42 + 43
c (α + β)2 = α2 + 2αβ + β2 so α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ
= x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64
α2 β2 = (αβ)2
6 (2x − 3)4 = (2x)4
+ 4(2x)3(−3)
+ 6(2x)2(−3)2 d α2 + 2 + β2 + 2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ + 4
+ 4(2x)(−3)3 + (−3)4
(α2 + 2)(β2 + 2) = α2 β2 + 2α2 + 2β2 + 4
= 16x4 − 96x3 + 216x2 − 216x + 81
= (αβ)2 + 2(α2 + β2) + 4
( 1x + 5) = ( 1x ) + 4( 1x ) × 5 + 6( 1x ) × 5
4 4 3 2
7 2 = (αβ)2 + 2((α + β)2 – 2αβ) + 4
= (αβ)2 + 2(α + β)2 – 4αβ + 4
+ 4( ) × 5 + 5
1 3 4
x 1
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Further Pure Mathematics 1 9780008257774 © HarperCollinsPublishers 2018
1 1 β α =α +β 3
e + = + If a = 1 then b = − and c = 1
α β αβ αβ αβ 2
1 1 1 3
× = So quadratic equation could be z 2 − z +1= 0
α β αβ 2
1 1 β2 α2 = α2 + β2 or 2z2 – 3z + 2 = 0.
f α2 + β2 = 2 +
(αβ ) (αβ )2 (αβ )2 f Sum of roots =
1
=−
b
4 a
=
(α + β ) − 2αβ
2
c
(αβ )2 Product of roots = 1 =
a
1 1 1 1
× = If a = 1 then b = − and c = 1
α 2 β 2 (αβ )2 4
1
b 3 So quadratic equation could be z 2 − z +1 = 0
3 From equation, α + β = − = 4
a 2 or 4z2 – z + 4 = 0.
w
αβ = c = 1 4 a w = 4α so α =
a 4
Using results from question 2, b w = α – 2 so α = w + 2
23 b w +1
a Sum of roots = = − c w = 4α – 1 so α =
2 a 4
67 c 1 1
Product of roots = = d w= so α =
2 a α w
23 67 5 a 2z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
If a = 1, then b = − and c =
2 2
( w4 ) − 3( w4 ) + 2 = 0
2
2
So quadratic equation could be
23 67 1 2 3
z2 − z+ = 0 or 2z2 – 23z + 67 = 0 w − w +2=0
2 2 8 4
b or z2 – 6z + 16 = 0
b Sum of roots = 13 = −
a b 2z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
c 2 (w + 2)2 – 3(w + 2) + 2 = 0
Product of roots = 44 =
a
2w2 + 8w + 8 – 3w – 6 + 2 = 0
If a = 1 then b = −13 and c = 44
2w2 + 5w + 4 = 0
So quadratic equation could be z2 – 13z + 44 = 0.
1 b 2z2 + 5z + 4 = 0
c Sum of roots = =−
4 a c 2z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
c
( w 4+ 1 ) − 3( w 4+ 1 ) + 2 = 0
2
Product of roots = 1 = 2
a
1
If a = 1 then b = −
4
and c = 1 1 2
8 ( 3
)
w + 2w + 1 − (w + 1) + 2 = 0
4
1 2
So quadratic equation could be z − z + 1 = 0 1 2 1 11
4 w − w+ =0
8 2 8
or 4z2 – z + 4 = 0.
2
or z – 4z + 11 = 0
17 b
d Sum of roots = =−
4 a d 2z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
( w1 ) − 3 w1 + 2 = 0
2
11 c
Product of roots = = 2
2 a
17 11
If a = 1 then b = − and c = 2 3
− +2=0
4 2
w2 w
17 11
So quadratic equation could be z 2 − z+ =0 2 – 3w + 2w2 = 0
4 2
or 4z2 – 17z + 22 = 0. 2z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
3 b
e Sum of roots = = − 6 Sum of roots α + β = 2 = −
b
so b = –2
2 a a
c c
Product of roots = 1 = Product of roots, αβ = = c since a = 1
a a
2
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ b
10 a α + β = − a = 6
c = 13
αβ = a
52 = 22 – 2 αβ
b (α2 – β)(β2 – α) = (αβ)2 – α3 – β3 + αβ
αβ = –24 so c = –24
= (αβ)2 – (α3 + β3) + αβ
b b
7 Sum of roots = α + 2α = 3α = − so α = − (α + β)3 = α3 + 3α2β + 3αβ2 + β3
a 3a
c α3 + β3 = (α + β)3 – 3αβ(α + β)
Product of roots = 2α 2 =
a
( )
b
2
c = 63 – 3(13)(6)
So 2 − =
3a a = –18
2b 2 c So (α2 – β)(β2 – α)= (13)2 + 18 + 13 = 200
=
9a 2 a 2 2
2ab2 = 9a2 c c α + 2 + β + 2 = (α + 2) + (β + 2)
β+2 α+2 (α + 2)(β + 2)
2b2 = 9ac α 2 + 4α + 4 + β 2 + 4β + 4
=
2b2 – 9ac = 0 αβ + 2α + 2β + 4
a α + β = −b = 2 c = −15 α 2 + β 2 + 4(α + β ) + 8
8 αβ = a =
a αβ + 2(α + β ) + 4
So a possible quadratic has a = 1, b = –2 and
Since α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ we get
c = –15
α + 2 + β + 2 = (α + β) − 2αβ + 4(α + β ) + 8
2
Solving z2 – 2z – 15 = 0
β+2 α+2 αβ + 2(α + β ) + 4
(z – 5)(z + 3) = 0
6 2 − 2(13) + 4( 6 ) + 8 42
z = –3 or z = 5 = =
13 + 2( 6 ) + 4 29
So the roots will both be real.
lways true (α and β must be complex
11 a A
α + β is an imaginary number, so roots must
b
conjugates).
both be complex.
−b = 2 αβ = c = 7 b Always true (if α was not real then β would
c α+β = be its complex conjugate. There are no
a a 2
o a possible quadratic has a = 2, b = –4 and
S complex values of α which satisfy α = α ).
c=7 c Sometimes true (α and β could also be
complex conjugates with positive real part).
Solving 2z2 – 4z + 7 = 0
d Never true (would need 2αβ).
using the quadratic formula,
z = 1 + 1.58i or z = 1 – 1.58i Exercise 1.2A
So the roots will both be complex.
1 α = –1, β = 1, γ = 2
d The other root must be real. If one root is b
α+β+γ=2=−
complex the other one must be. a
e Cannot tell – for example, roots could be 5 c
αβ + αγ + βγ = –1 =
and 1 or 2 + i and 2 – i. a
d
9 We want (α – β)2 = α2 – 2αβ + β2 αβγ = –2 = −
a
α + β = − 13
6
Putting a = 1 you get b = –2, c = –1, d = 2.
(α + β)2 = α2 + 2αβ + β2 So cubic equation could be z3 – 2z2 – z + 2 = 0.
α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ 2 α = i, β = –i, γ = 2
( ) − 2(1)
2
b
= − 13 α+β+γ=2=−
a
6
c
αβ + αγ + βγ = 1 =
= 97 a
36
d
(α – β)2 = α2 + β2 – 2αβ αβγ = 2 = −
a
= 97 − 2 Putting a = 1 you get b = –2, c = 1, d = –2.
36
So cubic equation could be z3 – 2z2 + z – 2 = 0.
= 25
36
3
w 1 1
3 w = 2α so α = c w= so α =
2 α2 w
( w2 ) − 3( w2 ) − w2 + 2 = 0
3 2
2 3
 1   1 
So  − 2 +4=0
 w   w 
1 3 3 2 1
w − w − w+2=0
4 4 2 1 2
3 2 − +4=0
w – 3w – 2w + 8 = 0 w w w
So cubic equation could be z3 – 3z2 – 2z + 8 = 0. 1 − 2w + 4w w = 0
w+3
( 4w w )
2
= ( 2w − 1)
2
4 w = 2α – 3 so α =
2
( w 2+ 3 ) − 3( w 2+ 3 ) + 4 = 0
3 2
16w3 = 4w2 – 4w + 1
So 4
16w3 – 4w2 + 4w – 1 = 0
1 3
2 ( 3
)
w + 9w 2 + 27w + 27 − w 2 + 6w + 9 + 4 = 0
4 ( ) So cubic equation could be
16z3 – 4z2 + 4z – 1 = 0
2(w3 + 9w2 + 27w + 27) – 3(w2 + 6w + 9) + 16 = 0
7 z3 + bz2 + cz + 2 = 0
2w3 + 15w2 + 36w + 43 = 0
b
So cubic equation could be 2z3 + 15z2 + 36z + 43 = 0. α+β+γ=− = 5 so b = –5
a
w −1 c
5 w = 2α + 1 so α = αβ + αγ + βγ =
2 a
( w 2− 1 ) − 2( w 2− 1 ) − w 2− 1 − 1 = 0
3 2
(α + β + γ)2 = α2 + αβ + αγ + αβ + β2 + βγ + αγ + βγ + γ2
So 3
3
(w − 1)3 − 12 (w − 1)2 − 12 (w − 1) − 1 = 0
So αβ + βγ + αγ =
2 (
1 2
)
5 − 21 = 2
8 So c = 2
3 3
8 ( 1
) (
w − 3w 2 + 3w − 1 − w 2 − 2w + 1
2 ) 8 a For these to be possible roots α and β would
1 need to be complex conjugates.
− (w − 1) − 1 = 0
2
b There is no complex conjugate for γ (and this
3(w3 – 3w2 + 3w – 1) – 4(w2 – 2w + 1) would also imply the cubic did not cross the
– 4(w – 1) – 8 = 0 x-axis).
3w3 – 13w2 + 13w – 11 = 0 c Either α would need to be 5i or γ would need
So cubic equation could be 3z3 − 13z2 + 13z – 11 = 0. to be 6 – 7i so the two complex roots were
complex conjugates.
6 a w = α2 so α = w
( w) Exercise 1.3A
3
So −2 w +4=0
w w −2 w +4=0 b
1 α+β+γ+δ=− = – 1 so if a = 1, then b = 1.
a
w (w − 2) = −4
c
Squaring both sides αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + β δ + γ δ = = –19 so c = –19.
a
w(w – 2)2 = (–4)2
αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ = − d = –11 so d = 11.
w(w2 – 4w + 4) = 16 a
e
w3 – 4w2 + 4w – 16 = 0 αβγδ = = 30 so e = 30
a
So cubic equation could be z3 – 4z2 + 4z – 16 = 0. So quartic could be z4 + z3 – 19z2 + 11z + 30 = 0.
1 1 2 Roots are 2, 4, 3i – 1 and –3i – 1.
b w= so α =
α w
b
( ) ( ) α+β+γ+δ=− = 4 so if a = 1, then b = –4.
3
1 1 a
So −2 +4=0
w w
c
1 2 αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + β δ + γ δ = = 6 so c = 6.
− +4=0 a
w3 w
αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ = − d = 44 so d = –44.
1 – 2w2 + 4w3 = 0 a
So cubic equation could be 4z3 – 2z2 + 1 = 0.
4
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
e 7 a Rafaella has written down the complex

αβγδ = = 80 so e = 80
a conjugates incorrectly. They should be 2 + i and
So quartic is z4 – 4z3 + 6z2 – 44z + 80 = 0. 3 – 2i.
3 w = α – 3 so α = w + 3 b Quartic has roots 2 + i , 2 – i, 3 – 2i, 3 + 2i.
So (w + 3)4 + (w + 3)3 + (w + 3)2 + 2(w + 3) – 1 = 0. (z – (2 + i))(z – (2 – i))(z – (3 – 2i))(z – (3 + 2i)) = 0
(w4 + 12w3 + 54w2 + 108w + 81) + (w3 + 9w2 + 27w ( z2 – (2 – i)z – (2 + i)z + (2 + i)(2 – i))(z2 – (3 + 2i)z
+ 27) + (w2 + 6w + 9) + (2w + 6) – 1 = 0 – (3 – 2i)z + (3 – 2i)(3 + 2i)) = 0
w4 + 13w3 + 64w2 + 143w + 122 = 0 (z2 – 4z + 5)(z2 – 6z + 13) = 0
So quartic is z4 + 13z3 + 64z2 + 143z + 122 = 0. z4 – 6z3 + 13z2 – 4z3 + 24z2 – 52z + 5z2 – 30z + 65 = 0
z4 – 10z3 + 42z2 – 82z + 65 = 0
w +1
4 w = 2α – 1 so α =
2 Exam-style questions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
w +1 w +1 w +1 w +1
2 + −2 + +1 = 0 1 α+β+γ=3
2 2 2 2
αβ + αγ + βγ = 4
8 (
1 4 1
) (
w + 4w 3 + 6w 2 + 4w + 1 + w 3 + 3w 2 + 3w + 1
8 ) αβγ = 2
1 2
( 1
)
− w + 2w + 1 + (w + 1) + 1 = 0
2 2 a 1 1 1 βγ + αγ + αβ = 4 =
α +β +γ = αβγ 2
2
(w4 + 4w3 + 6w2 + 4w + 1) + (w3 + 3w2 + 3w + 1) –
4(w2 + 2w + 1) + 4(w + 1) + 8 = 0 b 1 + 1 + 1 = γ + β +α = 3
αβ αγ βγ αβγ 2
w4 + 5w3 + 5w2 + 3w + 10 = 0
1 1
So quartic is z4 + 5z3 + 5z2 + 3z + 10 = 0. c αβγ = 2
w−3
5 w = 2α + 3 so α = For the new cubic equation:
2
( w 2− 3 ) − 2( w 2− 3 ) − 3( w 2− 3 ) + 2( w 2− 3 ) + 5 = 0
4 3 2 Let a = 2
−b = 4 ⇒ b = –4
a 2
1 4 c =3
(w − 12w 3 + 54w 2 − 108w + 81) ⇒ c=3
16 a 2
1
4 (
− w 3 − 9w 2 + 27w − 27 ) −d = 1
a 2
⇒ d = –1
3
( )
− w 2 − 6w + 9 + (w − 3) + 5 = 0
4
∴ 2x3 – 4x2 + 3x – 1 = 0
(w4 – 12w3 + 54w2 – 108w + 81) – 4(w3 – 9w2 + 27w – b 3

2 α + β + γ =− =
a 2
27) – 12(w2 – 6w + 9) + 16(w – 3) + 80 = 0
c 1
w4 – 16w3 + 78w2 – 128w + 113 = 0 αβ + αγ + βγ = =
a 2
So quartic is z4 – 16z3 + 78z2 – 128z + 113 = 0. d 1
αβγ = − =
w a 2
6 w = 2α so α =
2 a (2α – 1) + (2β – 1) + (2γ – 1) = 2 (α + β + γ) – 3 = 2
2 3 2 3 b
z− + 2 + 3 +2=0 × – 3 = 0 = − for the cubic equation of part d
z z z 2 a
z4 – 2z2 + 3z + 2 + 2z3 = 0 If a = 1, then b = 0.
z4 + 2z3 – 2z2 + 3z + 2 = 0 b (2α – 1)(2β – 1) + (2α – 1)(2γ – 1) + (2β – 1)(2γ – 1)
( w2 ) + 2( w2 ) − 2( w2 ) + 3( w2 ) + 2 = 0
4 3 2 = 4αβ – 2α – 2β + 1 + 4αγ – 2α – 2γ + 1 + 4βγ
– 2β – 2γ + 1
= 4 (αβ + αγ + βγ) – 4(α + β + γ) + 3
1 4 1 3 1 2 3
w + w − w + w+2=0 1 3
16 4 2 2 =4× –4× +3
4 3 2 2 2
w + 4w – 8w + 24w + 32 = 0
So quartic is z4 + 4z3 – 8z2 + 24z + 32 = 0. = – 1 = c for the cubic equation of part d
a
If a = 1, then c = –1.
5
c (2α – 1)(2β – 1)(2γ – 1) = (4αβ – 2α – 2β + 1) (2γ – 1) p p

5 a (α − d ) + α + (α + d ) = 3α = − ⇒α= −
1 3
= 8αβγ – 4αγ – 4βγ + 2γ
2 2
b (α − d ) α(α + d ) = α(α − d ) = − r
– 4αβ + 2α + 2β – 1 1
= 8αβγ – 4 (αβ + αγ + βγ) p  p2 
+ 2(α + β + γ) – 1 −  − d 2  = −r
3 9 
1 1 3 p2
=8× –4× +2× –1
2 2 2 − d 2 = 3r
9 p
d
=4=−
for the cubic p 2 3r
a d2 = −
9 p
equation of part d
So if a = 1 then d = – 4. p = –2 ⇒ α = 2
3
d So cubic is z3 – z – 4 = 0.
(−2)2 3(1) 4 3 35
r = 1 ⇒ d 2 = 9 − (−2) = 9 + 2 = 18 ⇒ d = ±1.3944
3 a α + β + γ = 72 = 18
4
So the solutions to the equation are
b (α + β + γ)2 = (α2 + β2 + γ2) + 2(αβ + αγ + βγ)
x = –0.728, 0.667, 2.06 (3 s.f.).
18 2 = (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2) + 2 × 431 q q
4 6 a (α − d ) + α + (α + d ) = 3α = − ⇒ α = −
1 3
431
2 2 2
α + β + γ = 324 − = 217 (α – d)α(α + d) = α(α2 – d2) = q
2 2
431 q  q2 
βγ + αγ + αβ −  − d 2 = q
c 1+1+1 = = 4 = 431 3 9 
α β γ αβγ 858 858
4 q2
− d 2 = −3
4(y + 5)3 – 72(y + 5)2 + 431(y + 5) – 858 = 0 9
q2 q 2 + 27
4(y3 + 3y2(5) + 3y(52) + 53) – 72(y2 + 10y + 25) d2 = +3=
9 9
+ 431y + 2155 – 858 = 0
2
y3 + 60y2 + 300y + 500 – 72y2 – 720y – 1800
4 b α – d + α + α + d = 3α = – 2 so α = −
3
+ 431y + 1297 = 0
α(α – d)(α + d) = α(α2 – d2) = 2
4y3 – 12y2 + 11y – 3 = 0
2 2
( ) − d  = 2
2
2
(y – 1) (4y2 – 8y + 3) = 0 − 
3 3
(y – 1)(2y – 1)(2y – 3) = 0
31
y = 1, 1 , 3 d2 =
2 2 9
(α – d)α + α(α + d) + (α – d)(α + d) = α2 – α d + α2
x = y + 5 = 6, 11 , 13
2 2 + α d + α2 – d2
b p
4 a α + β + γ = − = − = 3.5 so p = –7 = 3α2 – d 2 = p
a 2
( 32 ) − 319 = − 199
2
(α + β + γ)2 = (α2 + β2 + γ 2 ) + 2(αβ + αγ +βγ) p=3 −
3.52 = 29.25 + 2(αβ + αγ + βγ)
7 a α + β + γ = –2
2(αβ + αγ + βγ) = –17
αβ + αγ + βγ = 1
αβ + αγ + βγ = –8.5
c q αβγ = 1
αβ + αγ + βγ = = = – 8.5 so q = –17
a 2 (α + β + γ)2 = α2 + αβ + αγ + αβ + β2 + βγ + αγ + βγ + γ2
b 5 + β + γ = 3.5, so β + γ = –1.5 So α2 + β2 + γ2 = (α + β + γ)2 – 2 (αβ + αγ + βγ)
5β + 5γ + βγ = –8.5 =2
5(β + γ) + βγ = – 8.5
βγ = –1
r
So αβγ = 5 × – 1 = –5 = −
2
So r = 10
6
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b (αβ + αγ + βγ)2 = α2 β2 + α2 βγ + αβ2 γ + α2 βγ + α2 γ2 10 a Let w = α then α = 2w

2
+ αβγ2 + αβ2 γ + αβγ2 + β2 γ2 (2w)4 + (2w)3 – 2(2w)2 + 3(2w) + 1 = 0
α2 β2 + α2 γ2 + β2 γ2 = (αβ + αγ + βγ)2 – 2(α2 βγ 16w4 + 8w3 – 8w2 + 6w + 1 = 0
+ αβ2 γ + αβγ2)
So quartic could be 16z4 + 8z3 – 8z2 + 6z + 1 = 0.
= (αβ + αγ + βγ)2 – 2αβγ(α + β + γ)
=5 b α + β +γ +δ = − 8
2 16
c α2 β2 γ2 = (αβγ)2 = 1 αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ
=− 8
d a = 1, 4 16
b b
− = 2 so b = –2 11 α + β + γ = 4 = − = – p so p = –4
a a
c = 5 so c = 5 αβ + βγ + αγ = q
a (α + β + γ)2 = α2 + αβ + αγ + αβ + β2 + βγ + αγ + βγ + γ2
d So 2(αβ + αγ + βγ) = (α + β + γ)2 – (α2 + β2 + γ2)
− = 1 so d = –1
a
So αβ + αγ + βγ = 5
So cubic could be z3 – 2z2 + 5z – 1 = 0.
So q = 5.
8 a ( y )3 + 2( y ) + 1 = 0
p q q
12 x + + + +p=0
y y + 2 y +1 = 0 x x2 x3
y( y + 2) = −1 ⇒ x 4 + px 3 + px 2 + qx + q = 0
Squaring both sides: e =q
αβγδ = a
y(y2 + 4y + 4) = 1
y3 + 4y2 + 4y – 1 = 0 α + β +γ +δ = −b
a
= −p
α + β +γ +δ p
b Use the substitution y = 1 =−
z αβγδ q
() () ()
3 2
1 + 4 1 + 4 1 −1 = 0 1 1 1 1 p
z z z + + + =−
βγδ αγδ αβδ αβγ q
1 + 4 + 4 −1 = 0
z3 z2 z b
13 α + β + γ = − = –2
a
1 + 4z + 4z2 – z3 = 0
c
1 + 1 + 1 = −b = 4 αβ + αγ + βγ = =–3
c a
α2 β2 γ 2 a
d
αβγ = − = –2
a
9 a x + 1 − 22 + 3 = 0 ⇒ x3 + 3x2 + x – 2 = 0
x x 1 1 1 1 1
a = = = =
3 2
 y  + 3 y  +  y  − 2 = 0 (αβ )( βγ )(αγ ) α 2β 2γ 2 (αβγ )2 (−2)2 4
 3  3  3 γ
b 1
+
1
+
1
= +
α + β =α +β +γ
y 3
y y 2 αβ βγ αγ αβγ αβγ αβγ αβγ
+ + − 2 = 0 ⇒ y3 + 9y2 + 9y – 54 = 0
27 3 3 −2
= =1
−2
b i 3α + 3β + 3γ = − b = −9
a 1 1 1
c + +
ii ( 3α + 3β + = 3γ)2
+ (9α2 9β2 + 9γ 2) α 2βγ αβ 2γ αβγ 2
+ 2(9αβ + 9αγ + 9βγ) βγ αγ αβ
= 2 2 2+ 2 2 2+ 2 2 2
(–92) = (9α2 + 9β2 + 9γ 2) + 2 × 9 α βγ α βγ α βγ
αβ + βγ + αγ
9α2 + 9β2 + 9γ 2 = 63 =
(αβγ )2
27(α + β + γ)(α2 + β2 + γ 2)
iii
3
= (3α + 3β + 3γ) (9α2 + 9β2 +9γ 2) =−
4
= –9 × 63 = –567
7
b Mathematics in life and work

d − = 1 so if a = 1 then b = –1
a
c 3 3 1 2W3 – 4W + 2 = 0
= − so if a = 1 then c = −
a 4 4 x
2 x = 2.2α so α =
d 1 1 2.2
− = so if a = 1 then d = −
( 2.2x ) − 4( 2.2x ) + 2 = 0
a 4 4 3
So cubic could be 2
3 1
z 3 − z 2 − z − = 0 or 4z 3 − 4z 2 − 3z − 1 = 0. 250 3 20
4 4 x − x+2=0
1331 11
14 a w = α2 so α = w 2750x3 – 26620x + 29282 = 0
2( w )3 − ( w )2 + 2 ( )
w −3=0 125x3 – 1210x + 1331 = 0
So equation could be P = 125W 3 – 1210W + 1331 = 0.
2w w − w + 2 w − 3 = 0
w ( 2w + 2) = ( 3 + w )
Squaring both sides
w(4w2 + 8w + 4) = 9 + 6w + w2
4w3 + 8w2 + 4w = 9 + 6w + w2
4w3 + 7w2 – 2w – 9 = 0
So cubic equation could be 4z3 + 7z2 – 2z – 9 = 0.
(α ) = (α )
2 2
b + β2 + γ 2 4
+ β4 + γ 4
(
+ 2 α 2 β 2 + α 2γ 2 + β 2γ 2 )
(− 74 ) = (α ( )
2
4
)
+ β4 + γ 4 + 2 − 2
4
(
49 = α 4 + β 4 + γ 4 − 1
16 )
65
α 4 + β 4 + γ 4 = 16
15 The roots are the same as α, α + p and α + 2p.

The sum of the roots 3α + 3p = –p so 3α = –4p.
The product of the roots α (α + p)(α + 2p) = –q.
This gives
α(α2 + 3pα + 2p2) = –q
4p
Since α = −
3
4p   4p  
2
 4p 
−   −  + 3p  −  + 2p 2  = −q
3  3   3 
4p  16 2
−p − 4p 2 + 2p 2  = −q
3  9 

−  16 p 2 − 2p 2  = −q
4p
 
3 9
− 64 p 3 + 8 p 3 = −q
27 3
8 p 3 = −q
27
8p3 + 27q = 0
8
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 Rational functions and graphs

Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering
the question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in
this publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge Crosses y-axis at (0, −2).

Max TP at (0, −2).
1 a x∈R
b x>0
c x0 y
2
d x∈R
1
2 a e.g. f(x) = x2
0 x
b e.g. f(x) = x2 + 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
c e.g. f(x) = x2 + 5 –2
2
d e.g. f(x) = −x2 − 1 –3
e e.g. f(x) = sin x –4
f e.g. f(x) = cos x + 1 –5
3 a y= x2 +5 –6
Does not cross x-axis. –7
Crosses y-axis at (0, 5). –8
Min TP at (0, 5). –9
–10
y –11
14
–12
13
c y = x2 + 5x + 6
12
Crosses x-axis when y = 0.
11
(x + 3)(x + 2) = 0
10
9
x = −3 or x = −2
8
Crosses at (−3, 0) and (−2, 0).
7 Crosses y-axis at (0, 6).
dy
6 Min TP, =0
dx
5
dy
4 = 2x + 5
dx
3 2x + 5 = 0
2 x = −2.5
1 f(− 2.5) = −0.25
0 x Min TP at (−2.5, −0.25).
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
b y = −x2 − 2
Does not cross x-axis.
9
2 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
y Graph of y = x2 + 5x
10 y
9 8
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
–6 –5
5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 x
–1
0 x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2
–1 –2
2
––3
d y = x3 + 5
–4
Crosses x-axis at (3 −5, 0).
–5
Crosses y-axis at (0, 5).
–6
Point of inflection at (0, 5).
–7
y
–8
10
9
So if x2 + 5x  0
8
Then x  −5 or x  0
7
b x2 + x − 2 = 0
6
(x + 2)(x − 1) = 0
5
x = −2 or x = 1
4
3
Graph of y = x2 + x – 2
2
y
8
1
7
–3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 x 6
–1
5
–2
4
4 a (2, 5)
3
b (0, 3)
2
c (1, 3) 1
d (2, 6)
–5 –4 –3 –2
2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
e (0, 5) –1
5 a x2 + 5x = 0 –2
x(x + 5) = 0 –3
x = 0, x = −5 –4
So if x2 +x−20
Then −2  x  1
c 2x2 − 5x − 3 = 0
(2x + 1)(x − 3) = 0
−1
x= or x = 3
2
10
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Graph of y = 2x2 – 5x – 3 x2 + 2x

b
y x + 1 x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 1
5 x3 + x2
4
2x 2 + 2x + 1
3
2x 2 + 2x
2
1
1
So (x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1) ÷ (x + 1) = x2 + 2x remainder 1
–2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x c
–1 2x 2 + 3
2x + 1 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 6x + 1
–2
–3 4x 3 + 2x 2
–4 6x + 1
–5 6x + 3
–6 −2
So (4x3 + 2x2 + 6x + 1) ÷ (2x + 1) = 2x2 + 3 remainder –2
So if 2x2 − 5x − 3 < 0
7 a y = x3 + 2x2 + 1
1 dy
Then – < x < 3
2 = 3x 2 + 4x
dx
d 6x2 + 11x − 10 = 0 Turning point, dy = 0
dx
(3x − 2)(2x + 5) = 0 3x2 + 4x = 0
2 5 x(3x + 4) = 0
x= or x = −
3 2
Graph of y = 6x2 + 11x – 10 x = 0 or x = − 4
3
y
d 2y
1 = 6x + 4
dx 2
–3 –2 –1
0
1 2 x d 2y
When x = 0, > 0 so min TP at (0,1).
dx 2
( )
–5
d 2y 4 59
When x = − 4 , < 0 so max TP at − ,
3 dx 2 3 27
–10 3 2
b y = 3x + 2x – 6x + 2
dy
= 9x 2 + 4x − 6
–15
1 dx
Turning point, dy = 0
dx
So if 6x2 + 11x − 10 < 0 9x2 + 4x – 6 = 0
5 2 Using the quadratic formula
Then − <x<
2 3 x = –1.068 or x = 0.6240.
6 a x2 + 4x + 3 d 2y
= 18x + 4
x + 2 x 3 + 6x 2 + 11x + 6 dx 2
d 2y
x 3 + 2x 2 When x = –1.068, < 0 so max TP at
dx 2
4x 2 + 11x + 6 (–1.07,7.03).
4x 2 + 8x d 2y
When x = 0.6240, 2 > 0 so min TP at
3x + 6 dx
(0.624, – 0.236).
3x + 6
0
So (x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6) ÷ (x + 2) = x2 + 4x + 3
11
c y = 2x + 1 + (x + 2)–1 1
5x + 1 5 + x
dy −2 1 e y= = .
= 2 − 1( x + 2 ) = 2 − x −2 1− 2
dx (x + 2)2 x
As x → ±∞ , y → 5 so y = 5 is a horizontal
Turning point, dy = 0
dx asymptote.
1 f As x → ∞ , y → 5+
2− =0
( x + 2 )2
As x → −∞ , y → 5−
1 =2 g y
(x + 2)2 x=2
20
( x + 2) =1
2
2 15
So x = −2 ± 1
10
2 5
y=5
d 2y 2
= 2(x + 2)−3 = –25 –20 –15 –10 –5
0
5 10 15 20 25 x
dx 2 (x + 2)3 –5
2 –10
When x = −2 − 1 , d y2 < 0 so max TP at Crosses y-axis at (0, – 1 )
2 dx –15 2
Crosses x-axis at (– 1 , 0)
(–2,71, –5.83). –20 5
d 2y
When x = −2 + 1 , > 0 so min TP at 2 Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
2 dx 2
(–1.29, –0.172). When x = 0, y = 6 so crosses at (0, 6).
Exercise 2.1A
7x + 6
So =0
5x + 1 2x + 1
1 a y=
x−2 7x + 6 = 0
Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
x =−
6 6
(
so crosses at − , 0 . )
So at point 0, −(1
2 ) 7 7
Vertical asymptote, 2x + 1 = 0 so at x = −
1
b Crosses x-axis when y = 0. 2
5x + 1 1−
0= As x → − , y → −∞
x−2 2
5x + 1 = 0 1+
As x → − ,y→∞
2
1
x=− Horizontal asymptote
5
1
5 ( )
So crosses at − , 0 .
y=
7x + 6 7 + x
=
2x + 1 2 + 1
6
.
c Vertical asysmptote, x − 2 = 0 x
So x = 2 is a vertical asymptote. As x → ±∞, y → 3.5 so y = 3.5 is a horizontal
asymptote.
d As x → 2−, y → −∞
As x → ∞, y → 3.5+
As x → 2+, y→∞
As x → −∞, y → 3.5−
12
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
y Oblique asymptote
x = –0.5
10 2
y =x +4−
9 x+2
8 (0, 6) As x → ±∞, y → x + 4
7 y
6 x = –2 14
5 y=x+4
12
4
10
3 y = 3.5
2 8
–6,0
( ) 1 6
7
0 x 4
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (–4.73, 0) (0, 3)
–1
2
–2
–3 0 x
–16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–2
–4
–4
(–1.27, 0)
–5
–6 –6
–8
3 a x+4 –10
x + 2 | x2 + 6x + 6 –12
x2 + 2x –14
4x + 6
4 Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
4x + 8
When x = 0, y = 0 so crosses at (0, 0).
−2
x 2 + 6x + 6 2
so = x+4− 4x
( x + 2) ( x + 2) So
2x + 3
=0
2
b y =x +4− 4x = 0
x+2
Crosses y-axis when x = 0. x = 0 so crosses at (0, 0)
When x = 0, y = 3 so crosses at (0, 3). 3
Vertical asymptote, 2x + 3 = 0 so at x = −
2
−
x 2 + 6x + 6 As x → − 3 , y → ∞
So =0 2
x+2
x2 + 6x + 6 = 0 3 + , y → −∞
As x → −
2
Using quadratic formula Horizontal asymptote
x = −4.73 or x = −1.27 4x 4
y= = .
Crosses x-axis at (−4.73, 0) or (−1.27, 0). 2x + 3 2 + 3
x
Vertical asymptote, x + 2 = 0 so at x = −2
As x → ±∞, y → 2 so y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
As x → −2−, y → ∞
As x → ∞, y → 2−
As x → −2+, y → −∞
As x → −∞, y → 2+
13
y So 1 = 30
x = –3 (x − 3)2
2 14
12 ( x − 3) = ± 30
10
x = 3 ± 30
8
f(–2.477) = 0.0455
6
f(8.477) = 22.0
4 So turning points at (–2.48, 0.0455) and (8.48, 22.0).
2
y=2 d 2y
= 60(x − 3)−3
–12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 x dx 2
–2 d 2y
When x = –2.477, 2 < 0 so max TP at (–2.48, 0.0455).
–4 (0, 0) dx
–6 d 2y
When x = 8.477, > 0 so min TP at (8.48, 22.0).
–8 dx 2
–10 y
–12 50 x=3
45
–14
40
y=x+8
5 x+8 35
30
x – 3 | x2 + 5x + 6
25
x2 − 3x 20
8x + 6 15
10
8x − 24
5
30
–45–40–35–30–25–20–15–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 x
x 2 + 5x + 6 30 –5
So y = = x+8+
x−3 x−3 –10
Crosses y-axis when x = 0. –15
Crosses x-axis at (–3, 0) and (–2, 0)
–20
When x = 0, y = −2 so crosses at (0, −2). Max TP (–2.48, 0.0455)
–25 Min TP (8.48, 22.0)
Crosses x-axis when y = 0. –30
x 2 + 5x + 6 –35
So =0
x−3 –40
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 –45
–50
(x + 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = −3 or x = −2 6 Vertical asymptote is at x = 2.
Crosses x-axis at (−3, 0) and (−2, 0). So 2 + c = 0
Vertical asymptote, x − 3 = 0 so at x = 3 So c = −2
As x → 3−, y → −∞ b
ax + b a + x
y= =
As x → 3+, y → ∞ x − 2 1− 2
x
Oblique asymptote
As x → ∞, y → a
30
y = x+8+ Since y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote, a = 3.
x−3
As x → ±∞, y → x + 8 3x + b
So y =
x−2
y = x + 8 + 30
x−3 Crosses x-axis at (1, 0).
dy
= 1 − 30 ( x − 3)
−2 So 0 = 3 + b
dx 1− 2
3+b=0
For turning points, dy = 0 b = −3.
dx
14
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
ax + b 2
7 y=
cx + d c y = x −x+4
2x + 2
1
Vertical asymptote at x = − 1
3 x −1
2
So 3x + 1 = 0
2x + 2 x 2 − x + 4
So c = 3 and d = 1
ax + b x2 + x
y=
3x + 1 − 2x + 4
Crosses y-axis at (0, 4). − 2x − 2
a×0+b
4= 6
3× 0 +1
b=4 6
So y = 1 x – 1 +
2 2x + 2
ax + 4
y=
3x + 1 So y = 1 x – 1 is an oblique asymptote.
2
Crosses x-axis at (−2, 0).
a ( −2) + 4 Exercise 2.2A
0=
3 ( −2) + 1
1 y=
(5x + 1)( x + 2)
−2a + 4 = 0
( x − 2)( x + 4 )
a=2
a Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
8 y = x is an oblique asymptote, x = −2 is a vertical (1)( 2) 2 1
y= = =−
asymptote so curve is of the form ( −2)( 4 ) −8 4
( 14 )
a
y=x+
x+2 Crosses at 0, −
Passes through (0, 2).
a b Crosses x-axis when y = 0.
2=0+
0+2
0=
(5x + 1)( x + 2)
a ( x − 2)( x + 4 )
2=
2
(5x + 1)(x + 2) = 0
a=4
1
4 x = −2 or x = −
So y = x + 5
x+2
9 The curves in b and c will have oblique asymptotes
1
Crosses at (−2, 0) and − , 0 .
5 ( )
(the degree of the numerator is greater than the
c Vertical asymptotes
degree of the denominator).
2 (x − 2)(x + 4) = 0
b y = x − 3x
2x − 2 x = −4 and x = 2 are asymptotes.
1 x −1 d As x → −4−, y → ∞
2
As x → −4+, y → −∞
2x − 2 x 2 − 3x
As x → 2−, y → −∞
x2 − x
As x → 2+, y → ∞
− 2x
− 2x + 2
y=
(5x + 1)( x + 2) = (5 + 1x )(1 + x2 )
(1 − x2 )(1 + x4 )
e
−2 ( x − 2)( x + 4 )
So y = 1 x – 1 – 2 As x → ±∞ , y → 5 so y = 5 is a horizontal
2 2x − 2
asymptote.
So y = 1 x – 1 is an oblique asymptote.
2 f As x → ∞ , y → 5+
As x → −∞ , y → 5–
15
g To find out if the curve crosses the horizontal

asymptote y = 5, solve the equation
Crosses at (−1, 0) and ( 32 , 0).
Vertical asymptotes
(5x + 1)(x + 2) = 5
(x − 2)(x + 4) (x + 3)(x − 2) = 0
(5x + 1)(x + 2) = 5(x − 2)(x + 4) x = −3 and x = 2 are asymptotes.
2
5x + 11x + 2 = 5x + 10x − 40 2 As x → −3−, y → ∞
x = −42 As x → −3+, y → −∞
The curve crosses the horizontal asymptote As x → 2−, y → −∞

at x = −42. As x → 2+, y → ∞
h
y=
(3x − 2)( x + 1) = (3 − x2 )(1 + 1x )
(1 + x3 )(1 − x2 )
y
15
14
( x + 3)( x − 2)
x = –4 13
x=2
As x → ±∞ , y → 3 so y = 3 is a horizontal asymptote.
12
11
10
9 As x → ∞ , y → 3−
8
7 As x → −∞ , y → 3+
6
5 Does the curve cross y = 3?
4 y=5
3 (3x − 2)( x + 1) = 3
( x + 3)( x − 2)
2
1
–50–48–46–44–42 –40 –38–36–34–32–30–28–26–24–22–20–18–16–14–12–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0

–1
2 4 6 8 10 12
(3x − 2)(x + 1) = 3(x + 3)(x − 2)
–2
–3 3x2 + x − 2 = 3x2 + 3x − 18
–4
–5
–6
x − 2 = 3x − 18
–7
–8
2x = 16
–9
–10
x=8
Crosses asymptote at x = 8.
y
x = –3 16
x=2
14
12
10
–50 –48 –46 –44 –42 –40 –38 –36 –34 –32–30–28–26–24 8
6
4
2 y=3
2 y=
(3x − 2)( x + 1) –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x
( x + 3)( x − 2) –2
Crosses x-axis at
–4
Crosses y-axis when x = 0 –6
(–1, 0) and ( 2 , 0)
3
Crosses y-axis at (0, 1 )
y=
( −2)(1) = 1 –8 3
(3)( −2) 3 –10
Crosses at 0, ( 13 ) 3 y=
( 2x + 3)( 2x + 1)
( x − 3)( x − 1)
Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
0=
(3x − 2)( x + 1)
( x + 3)( x − 2) y=
(3)(1) =1
( −3)( −1)
(3x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
2 Crosses at (0, 1).
x = −1 or x =
3 Crosses x-axis when y = 0.
16
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
0=
( 2x + 3)( 2x + 1) 4 y=
2x
( x − 3)( x − 1) ( x + 1 )2
(2x + 3)(2x + 1) = 0 Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
0
x = − 3 or x = −
1 y= =0
2 2 (1)2
( 3 1
)
Crosses at − , 0 and − , 0
2 2 ( ) Crosses at (0, 0).
Vertical asymptotes Crosses x-axis when y = 0.

2x
(x − 3)(x − 1) = 0 0=
( x + 1 )2
x = 1 and x = 3 are asymptotes.
x=0
As x → 1−, y → ∞
Crosses at (0, 0)
As x → 1+, y → −∞
Vertical asymptotes
As x →3−, y → −∞
(x + 1)2 = 0
As x → 3+, y → ∞
x = −1 is an asymptote.
y=
( 2x + 3)( 2x + 1)
=
2+ 3 2+ 1
x x( )( ) As x → −1−, y → −∞
( x − 3)( x − 1) 1− 3
x
1− 1
x( )( ) As x → −1+, y → −∞
As x → ∞, y → 0+
As x → ∞, y → 4+
As x → −∞, y → 0−
As x → −∞, y → 4−
Does the curve cross y = 4? Does the curve cross y = 0?
2x
( 2x + 3)( 2x + 1) = 4 =0
( x − 3)( x − 1) ( x + 1)2
(2x + 3)(2x + 1) = 4(x − 3)(x − 1) x=0
4x2 + 8x + 3 = 4x2 − 16x + 12 So crosses this asymptote at x = 0.
y
8x + 3 = − 16x + 12 x = –1 2
24x = 9 1
y=0
3
x= –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
8 –1
3
Crosses asymptote at x = . –2
8 (0, 0)
–3
y –4
x=3 –5
40
35
x=1 –6
–7
30
–8
25
–9
20
–10
15
10
5 y=
(3x − 1)( x + 1)
y=4 5 x 2 + 2x + 5
–20 –15 –10 –5
0
5 10 15 20 x Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
–5
–10 y=
( −1)(1) 1
=−
5 5
( )
–15
1
–20 Crosses at 0, − .
5
–25
Crosses x-axis at Crosses x-axis when y = 0.
–30 (– 3 , 0) and (– 1 , 0)
–35
2 2
Crosses y-axis at (0, 1) 0=
(3x − 1)( x + 1)
–40
x 2 + 2x + 5
–45 (3x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
1
–50 x = or x = − 1
3
17
Crosses at ( 13 , 0) and (−1, 0). y(2x2 + 3x + 5) = (x − 2)(x − 1)

2yx2 + 3yx + 5y = x2 − 3x + 2
Vertical asymptotes
(2y − 1)x2 + (3y + 3)x + (5y − 2) = 0
None, as denominator does not have real roots
For real roots, b2 − 4ac  0
(discriminant is negative)
(3y + 3)2 − 4 × (2y − 1)×(5y − 2)  0
To find horizontal asymptote (easier method)
When x = 10000, y = 2.9995… so as x → ∞, y → 3− 9y 2 + 18y + 9 − 4(10y 2 − 9y + 2)  0
When x = −10000, y = 3.0003… so as x → –∞, y → 3+ − 31y 2 + 54y + 1  0
Range of function Using the quadratic formula,
To find the range, you need to find the values of x y = −0.0183 or y = 1.76
that give us real roots. So the range of the function is −0.0183  y  1.76.
y(x2 + 2x + 5) = (3x − 1)(x + 1)
7 y=
( ax − 2)( x − 4 )
yx2 + 2yx + 5y = 3x2 + 2x − 1 ( x − b )( x − c )
(y − 3)x2 + (2y − 2)x + (5y + 1) = 0 Vertical asymptotes are x = 2 and x = 5.
For real roots, b2 − 4ac  0 So b = 2 and c = 5 (or other way around).
(2y − 2)2 − 4 ×(y − 3) × (5y + 1)  0
y=
( ax − 2)( x − 4 )
4y 2 − 8y + 4 − 4(5y 2 − 14y − 3)  0 ( x − 2)( x − 5)
− 16y 2 + 48y + 16  0
( ax − 2)( x − 4 ) ( )( )
4
a − x2 1 − x
( )( )
y=
y 2 – 3y – 1 < 0 ( x − 2)( x − 5) = 1 − 2 1 − 5
Using the quadratic formula, x x
y = −0.303 or y = 3.30 As x → ±∞, y → a so y = a is a horizontal asymptote.
So the range of the function is −0.303  y  3.30. So a = 4
y
So y =
( 4x − 2)( x − 4 )
4
y=3 ( x − 2)( x − 5)
3
2 ( 13 , 0) ( x − a )( x − b )
8 y=
(–1, 0) 1
( x − c )( x − d )
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
–1
(0, –0.2)
Vertical asymptotes are x = −2 and x = 1.
So c = −2 and d = 1 (or other way around).
6 a y=
( 2x + 3)( 2x + 1)
2
x + 3x + 3 y=
( x − a )( x − b )
( x + 2)( x − 1)
To find the range, you need to find the values of
x that give us real roots. Passes through (2, 0) and (4, 0).
y(x2 + 3x + 3) = (2x + 3)(2x + 1) a = 2 and b = 4 (or other way round)
yx2 + 3yx + 3y = 4x2 + 8x + 3 y=
( x − 2)( x − 4 )
(y − 4) x2 + (3y − 8)x + (3y − 3) = 0
( x + 2)( x − 1)
For real roots, b2 − 4ac  0 9 From graph asymptotes are x = −1, x = 2 and y = 1.
(3y − 8)2 − 4 × (y − 4) × (3y − 3)  0 Crosses x-axis at (1, 0) and (−5, 0).
9y2 − 48y + 64 − 4(3y2 − 15y + 12)  0 So if y =

( x − a )( x − b )
( x − c )( x − d )
− 3y2 + 12y + 16  0
c = −1 and d = 2 (using asymptotes)
Using the quadratic formula,
a = 1 and b = −5 (using x-intercepts)
y = −1.06 or y = 5.06
( x − 1)( x + 5)
So the range of the function is −1.06  y  5.06. So y =
( x + 1)( x − 2)
b y=
( x − 2)( x − 1)
10 Axis intercepts
2x 2 + 3x + 5
When x = 0, y = 4 = 0.5 so y-intercept is (0, 0.5).
To find the range, you need to find the values of 8
x-intercept is correct but b2 – 4ac = –12
x that give us real roots.
18
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Vertical asymptotes b y = |x2 − 2|

Although he has the correct answer, he has
substituted into the discriminant incorrectly. y
Remember it is important to check that your 7
working is accurate as well as the final answer. 6

Horizontal asymptotes 5
The horizontal asymptote is y = 1 although he 4
should have divided all terms in the numerator and 3
denominator by x2 instead of x3, and y → 1 not ∞ . 2
∞
Oblique asymptotes 1
Crosses x-axis at (–√2, 0) and (√2, 0)
This section is correct 0 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 Crosses y-axis at (0, 2)
Intersection with horizontal asymptote –1
The equation in line 2 simplifies to give 4x = –4 so

x = –1. c y = |(x − 3) (x − 4)|
The means the curve crosses the horizontal
asymptote at (–1, 1). y
12
Range of the function
11
There is a sign error in the second bracket in line 3.
10
The correct solution is:
9
y(x2 + 2x + 8) = x2 – 2x + 4
(y – 1) x2 + (2y + 2)x + (8y – 4) = 0 8
For this to have real roots the discriminant must be 7
greater than or equal to zero. 6
(2y + 2)2 – 4(y – 1)(8y – 4)  0 5

4y2 + 8y + 4 – 4(8y2 – 12y + 4)  0 4
–28y2 + 56y – 12  0 3
Solving –28y2 + 56y – 12 = 0 using the quadratic 2
formula gives y = 0.244 or y = 1.76. 1
So 0.244  y  1.76. Crosses x-axis at (3, 0) and (4, 0)
0 x Crosses y-axis at (0, 12)
The curve looks like this. 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 Turning point at (3.5, 0.25)
y
3
(0, 0.5) d y = |x|3 − 2
2
y=1
1
y
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10 x 5
(–1, 1) 4
3
Exercise 2.3A 2
1
1 a y = |2x|
–2 –1
0
1 2 x
y –1
7 –2 Crosses x-axis at (–1, 0) and (1, 0)
Crosses y-axis at (0, –2) (minimum TP)
6 –3
4
e y = |cos x|
3 y
1.5
2
1
1 0.5
0 x –360˚ –270˚ –180˚ –90˚ 0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚x

–3 –2 –1 1 2 –0.5
–1
19
f y = cos |x|
To turn this into y =
( x − 2)( x − 5) you need to
( x − 4 )( x − 1)
y
1.5 reflect anything below the x-axis above the
1 x-axis. This gives
0.5 y
10
–360˚ –270 –90˚ 0
–270˚ –180˚ –90 90˚
90 180˚ 270˚
270 360˚x
–0.5 9
–1 8
–1.5 7
6
2 a First draw y =
( x − 2)( x − 5) 5
( x − 4 )( x − 1) 4
Crosses y-axis when x = 0. (x – 2)(x – 5) 3
y=
(x – 4)(x – 1) 2
When x = 0, y = 2.5 so crosses at (0, 2.5). y=1
1
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 x
So
( x − 2)( x − 5) =0 –1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
( x − 4 )( x − 1) –2
(x − 2)(x − 5) = 0 –3
x=1 x=4
–4
x = 2 or x = 5 so crosses at (2, 0) and (5, 0).
–5
Vertical asymptotes, (x − 4)(x − 1) = 0 so at x = 1
and x = 4. b To draw y =
(x − 2)( x − 5)
you reflect the
As x → 1−, y → ∞ (x − 4 )( x − 1)
As x → 1+, y → −∞ curve y =
( x − 2)( x − 5) for x  0 in the
( x − 4 )( x − 1)
As x → 4−, y → ∞
y-axis to give
As x → 4+, y → −∞
y
Horizontal asymptote 10
y=
( x − 2)( x − 5) = (1 − x2 )(1 − x5 ) . 9
y=
( x – 2)( x – 5)
(1 − x4 )(1 − 1x )
8 ( x – 4)( x – 1)
( x − 4 )( x − 1) 7
6
As x → ±∞ , y → 1 so y = 1 is a horizontal 5
asymptote. 4
As x → ∞ , y → 1− 3
x = –4 x = –1 2
x=1 x=4
As x → −∞ , y → 1+ y=1
1
y
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
10 –1
9 –2
8 –3
(x – 2)(x – 5)
y= 7 –4
(x – 4)(x – 1)
–5
6
x=1 x=4 1
5 3 The roots of y = f(x) become asymptotes of y =
f (x )
4
and the vertical asymptotes of y = f(x) become the
(0, 2.5) 3
1 1
roots of y = . So the roots of y = are x = −2
2
y=1 f (x ) f (x )
1 and x = 4.
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 4 Roots of f(x) become vertical asymptotes of
–1 1
y= .
–2 (2, 0) (5, 0) f (x )
–3
Vertical asymptotes of y = f(x) become roots of
–4
1
y= .
–5 f (x )
20
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Horizontal asymptote does not move (because As x → − 2−, y → ∞

1 As x → − 2+, y → −∞
= 1).
1
y As x → 2− y → −∞
As x → 2+, y → ∞
15
14
Horizontal asymptote
13
As x → ±∞ , y → 1 so y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
12 As x → ∞ , y → 1+
11 As x → −∞ , y → 1+
10 x = –2
9 y
5
x=2
8
y= x2 + 1
4
7 (x – 2)(x + 2)
3
6
2
5
1
4 y=1
x=0 x=1
3 0 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
2
y=1 –2
1
–3
(0, – 14 )
0 x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
1
For y = :
–2 f (x )
–3 Roots of f(x) become vertical asymptotes of
–4 1
y= so there are none.
f (x )
–5
–6 Vertical asymptotes of y = f(x) become roots of

1
y= .
–7
f (x )
–8
Horizontal asymptote does not move (because
–9
1
= 1).
–10 1
x2 + 1 y
5 First draw f ( x ) = .
( x − 2)( x + 2) y= 1 2
f(x) y=1
Crosses y-axis when x = 0. 1
When x = 0, y = −
1
4
so crosses at 0, −
1 .
4 ( ) –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
x2 + 1
So =0 –3
( x − 2)( x + 2)
–4
x2 + 1 = 0 (0, –4)
–5
So does not cross the x-axis.
Vertical asymptote, (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0 so at x = 2 and
x = −2.
21
2 Where 0 < y < 1 , y2 = f(x) is above y = f(x).

6 First draw f ( x ) = x +
( x + 1)( x + 2) Where y > 1, y2 = f(x) is below y = f(x).
x = –2 y 2 Once you have done this you need to reflect

y = x+
6 (x + 1)(x + 2) the graph in the x-axis. This gives us the
x = –1 5 x
y2 = graph which is shown in red.
4
( x + 1)( x − 2)
3 y
(0, 1) y=x
2 y2 = x
4
(x + 1)(x – 2)
1 3
(–2.5, 0)
0 2
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1 1 y=0
–2
0 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–3 –1
–4 –2
–5 –3
x = –1 x=2
–6 –4
–7
8 The original curve is below the x-axis when
–8
−1 < x < 0 and when 0.5 < x < 2 so y2 = f(x) is not
–9 defined on these intervals.
–10
y2 = f(x) will pass through the point where
–11 y = f(x) = 0 or 1.
–12 Where 0 < y < 1, y2 = f(x) is above y = f(x).
For y =
1
, Where y > 1, y2 = f(x) is below y = f(x).
f (x )
Once you have done this you need to reflect
Roots of f(x) become vertical asymptotes of the graph in the x-axis. This gives graph of
1 x ( x + 1)
y= . y2 = which is shown in red.
f (x ) ( 2x − 1)( x − 2)
Vertical asymptotes of y = f(x) become roots of
1 y
y= .
f (x ) 4 y2 = x(x + 1)
(2x – 1)(x – 2)
y 3
4 2
y= 1
3 f(x) 1
x = –2.5
2 0
(–1, 0) –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
(–2, 0) 1 –1
y=0
–2
0 x x=2
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x = 0.5
–1 –3
–2 –4
–3
–4
7 The original curve is below the x-axis when x < −1

and when 0 < x < 2 so y2 = f(x) is not defined on
these intervals.
y 2 = f(x) will pass through the point where
y = f(x) = 0 or 1.
22
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
( x − 1)( x + 1) . Exercise 2.4A

9 First draw the curve y =
x ( x − 3)
y 1 First you need to draw the graph of
8 f(x) = |(x − 3)(x − 4)|.
(x – 1)(x + 1) 7
y= y
x(x – 3) 6
x=3 6
5
x=0 4 5
3 4
2
3
1
y=1 2
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1 1
–2
0 x
–3 1 2 3 4 5 6
–4 From the graph you can see that |(x − 3)(x − 4)|  0
–5
when x = 3 and x = 4.
–6 x
2 First draw y = .
–7 ( x + 1)( x − 2)
–8
y
The original curve is below the x-axis when 4
−1 < x < 0 and when 1 < x < 3 so y2 = f(x) is not 3
x = –1 x=2
defined on these intervals. 2
y 2 = f(x) will pass through the point where 1
y = f(x) = 0 or 1. y=0
0 x
Where 0 < y < 1, y 2 = f(x) is above y = f(x). –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Where y > 1, y 2 = f(x) is below y = f(x). –2

Once you have done this you need to reflect the –3
graph in the x-axis. This gives the graph of
–4
y2 =
( x − 1)( x + 1) which is shown in red.
x ( x − 3) By looking at the graph you can see it crosses
the x-axis at (0, 0) so x = 0 is the only solution to
y x
8 =0
(x – 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x − 2)
7
y2 = x
6 x(x – 3) To solve < 0, see which points are
x=0
5
x=3 ( x + 1)( x − 2)
4
below the x-axis.
3 So x < −1 or 0 < x < 2
2
3 First draw y =
( x + 1) .
1 ( x − 1)( 2x − 1)
y=1
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x (x + 1)
–1 y y=
–2 15 (x – 1)(2x – 1)
(0.3, 5)
–3 10
–4
(1.3, 5) y=5
5
–5
–6 0 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–7 –5
–8 –10
–15
By drawing the line y = 5 onto the graph of
y=
( x + 1) you can see they intersect at
( x − 1)( 2x − 1)
23
(0.3, 5) and (1.3, 5). This means the solutions to x

To solve x + > 0 , you need to know
( x + 1) = 5 are x = 0.3 and x = 1.3 (both to ( x + 1)( x − 2)
( 1)( 2x − 1)
x − where the curve crosses the x-axis.
1 decimal place). From the graph you can see it crossed the x-axis
( x + 1) when x = –0.6 and x = 1.6.
To solve < 0, see which points are
( x − 1)( 2x − 1) Alternatively, solving algebraically:
below the x-axis. x
So x + =0
( x + 1)( x − 2)
So 1 < x < 1
2
x ( x + 1)( x − 2) x
+ =0
4 y ( x + 1)( x − 2) ( x + 1)( x − 2)
60
x = –3 x ((x + 1)(x − 2) + 1) = 0
50
x = –2 So x = 0 or (x + 1)(x − 2) + 1 = 0
40
30 x2 − x − 2 + 1 = 0
20
(–1, 0) (5, 0) x2 − x − 1 = 0
10
0 x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x = −0.618 or x = 1.62.
x
–20 So x + > 0 when −1 < x < −0.6,
–30
( x + 1)( x − 2)
–40
0 < x < 1.6 and x > 2.
–50 6 Draw the graph of y =
( x + 1) and y = 1 − x
–60
( x + 2)( x − 3)
on the same axes.
To solve
( x + 1)( x − 5) 0, see from the graph
y
( x + 2)( x + 3) y=1–x x=3 (x + 1)
4 y=
which points are above the x-axis. (x + 2)(x – 3)
3
Alternatively, solving algebraically:
2
You can see from graph that this is true for x < −3 x=–2
1
However, you also need to solve

( x + 1)( x − 5) = 0
( x + 2)( x + 3) –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1
to see where else it crosses the x-axis.
–2
So (x + 1)(x − 5) = 0
–3
So x = −1 and x = 5.
–4
So inequality holds when x < −3, −2 < x  −1 and
x  5. First you need to know where the curve and line
x intersect.
5 y=x+
( x + 1)( x − 2)
This is when x = −1.9, 1.5, 2.5 (can be read off
y approximately from the graph or worked out
5 algebraically)
4 To solve
( x + 1) > 1 − x , you need points
( x + 2)( x − 3)
3
x=–1 x=2 y=x where the red curve is above the black line
2
1
This is when −2 < x < −1.9, 1.5 < x < 2.5 and x > 3.
(–0.6, 0) (1.6, 0) x
7 First you need to draw f ( x ) = then
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x ( x + 1)( x + 2)
–1 1
use it to draw y = .
–2 f (x )
(0, 0)
–3
–4
–5
24
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
y 2
So range −2 y .
8 3
b Crosses y-axis at (0, − 4 ).
7
6 3
5
Crosses x-axis at (1, 0).
x = –2 Horizontal asymptote y = 0
4
3 Turning points
x = –1
2 x dy −4x 2 + 8x + 12
y= = (using the quotient
1 (x + 1)(x + 2) dx (x 2 + 3)2
rule)
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1 dy
For turning points, =0
–2 dx
2
–4x + 8x + 12 = 0
–3
–4
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
–5 (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
–6 x = –1 or x = 3
y By substituting into the original function you
14 find these turning points are at (–1, –2) and
12  3, 2  .
 3 
10
8 This means the first is a min TP and the

(–2, 0) second is a max TP.
6
x=0 The curve is as follows.
4
(x + 1)(x + 2) y
y= 2 (–1, 0)
x 3
4x – 4
–12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x y= 2
–2 x2 + 3
1
(1, 0) ( 3, 23 )
–4
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
–8
–10 (–1, –2)

–2
(0, – 43 )
–3
1
So > 0 for −2 < x < −1 and x > 0.
f (x ) Exam-style questions
8 Many possible solutions e.g. f(x) = (x − 2)(x − 5)
2x 2 + 4x + 3.5 2
9 Many possible solutions e.g. f(x) = (x + 4)(x − 2) 1 a By long division: ≡ x + 1.5 +
2x + 1 2x + 1
10 a y = 4x2 − 4 As x → ∞,
2
→ 0.
x +3 2x + 1
2
y(x + 3) = (4x – 4) Therefore, the equation of the oblique
yx2 – 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 asymptote is y = x + 1.5
For this to have real roots the discriminant The denominator 2x + 1 is zero when x = –0.5, so
must be greater than or equal to zero. the equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –0.5.
16 – 4y(3y + 4)  0 b y(2x + 1) = 2x2 + 4x + 3.5
16 – 12y2 – 16y  0 2xy + y = 2x2 + 4x + 3.5
Solving 16 – 12y2 – 16y = 0 0 = 2x2 + (4 – 2y)x + (3.5 – y)
3y2 + 4y – 4 = 0 For real solutions for x, you require:
(3y – 2)(y + 2) = 0 (4 – 2y)2 – 4(2)(3.5 – y)  0
16 – 16y + 4y2 – 28 + 8y  0
y = −2 or y = 2
3 4y2 – 8y – 12  0
25
y2 – 2y – 3  0 4p − 1
As x → ∞, → 0.
(y – 3)(y + 1)  0 x−2
Therefore, the equation of the oblique
y  –1 or y  3
asymptote is y = px + (2p – 1).
So there is no point on C for which –1 < y < 3.
x≠2 ⇒ x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
2 3x 3x
a y= =
(x + 1)(x + k) x 2 + kx + x + k 2
0.1x − x + 1
b y=
2 x−2
dy 3(x + kx + x + k) − 3x(2x + k + 1)
= dy (x − 2)(0.2x − 1) − (0.1x 2 − x + 1)
dx (x 2 + kx + x + k)2 =
dx (x − 2)2
dy
At the stationary points =0
dx At the turning points:
∴ 0= 3(x2 + kx + x + k) – 3x(2x + k + 1) 0 = (x – 2)(0.2x – 1) – (0.1x2 – x + 1)
0 = 3x2 + 3kx + 3x + 3k – 6x2 – 3kx – 3x 0 = 0.2x2 – x – 0.4x + 2 – 0.1x2 + x – 1
0 = 3x2 – 3k 0 = 0.1x2 – 0.4x + 1
x2 =k 0 = x2 – 4x + 10
x=± k ‘b2 – 4ac’ = 16 – 4(1)(10) = –24 < 0
So there are no stationary points if k < 0. ⇒ there are no turning points.
3x c y
b y= .
( x + 1)( x + 2) 10
0.1x2 – x + 1
Crosses x-axis when y = 0. y= x=2
x–2
So 3x = 0, x = 0 ie at (0, 0). 5
Crosses y-axis when x = 0 y = 0.1x – 0.8

i.e. at (0, 0). 0 x
–15 –10 –5 5 10 15 20
Vertical asymptotes are x = −1 and x = −2. –5

Horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
As x → −2−, y → −∞ The graph intersects the y-axis when x = 0
As x → −2+, y → ∞ ⇒ y=−
1
2
⇒ (0, − 12 )
As x → −1−, y → ∞
The graph intersects the x-axis when y = 0
As x → −1+, y → −∞ ⇒ 0.1x2 – x + 1 = 0
As x → −∞, y → 0− 0.1x2 – x + 1 = 0
As x → ∞, y → 0+ x2 – 10x + 10 = 0
y 10 ± 100 − 4(1)(10) 10 ± 60 10 ± 2 15
3x x= = = = 5 ± 15
y = 2 2 2
25
(x + 1)(x10
10 ± 100 − 4(1)(10) + 2)
± 60 10 ± 2 15
x = 20 = = = 5 ± 15
2 2 2
So the coordinates are:
( )
15 x = –1
x = –2 1
10 0, − , (5 + 15, 0), (5 − 15, 0).
2
5
y=0
4 y=
( ax + 1)( x + 1)
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x ( 2x + b )( x + c )
–5
a b = 4, c = −3
–10
–15
b y=
(a + 1x )(1 + 1x ) As x → ±∞, y → a .
–20
–25
(2 + x4 )(1 − x3 ) 2
So y = a is a horizontal asymptote.
3 a By long division: 2
So a = 12.
px 2 − x + 1 4p − 1
≡ px + (2p − 1) +
x−2 x−2
26
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
c As x → −2−, y → ∞ b As x → ∞, y = 1−
As x →−2+, y → −∞ As x → −∞, y = 1+
As x → 3−, y → −∞ So y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
As x →3+, y → ∞ c To find the range, you need to find the
As x → −∞, y → 6− values of x that give real roots.
As x → ∞, y → 6+ y(x2 + 1) = (x − 2)(x + 1)
Crosses x-axis, (12x + 1)(x + 1) = 0 so when yx2 + y = x2 − x − 2
1
x = −1, x = − . (y − 1) x2 + x + (y + 2) = 0
12
1 For real roots, b2 − 4ac  0
Crosses y-axis when x = 0 so y = − .
12 12 − 4 × (y − 1) × (y + 2)  0
y (12x + 1)(x + 1) 1 − 4y 2 − 4y + 8  0
20 y=
(2x + 4)(x – 3)
−4y 2 − 4y + 9  0
– 1 ,0 Using the quadratic formula, solve
10 12
−4y2 − 4y + 9 = 0
x = –2 y =6
y = −2.08 or y = 1.08
0 x
–20 –10 10 20 30 So the range of the function is −2.08  y  1.08.
(–1, 0)
–10 0, – 1 d Crosses x-axis when (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0 so
12 when x = 2 and x = −1
x=3
Crosses y-axis when x = 0 so at the point (0, −2).
(12x + 1)(x + 1)
d y=
(2x + 4)(x − 3) (x – 2)(x + 1) y
y= 2
12x 2 + 13x + 1 x2 + 1 y=1
y= 1
2x 2 − 2x − 12
dy (2x 2 − 2x − 12)(24x + 13) − (12x 2 + 13x + 1)(4x − 2) 0 x
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
= –1
1
dx (2x 2 − 2x − 12)2
–2
dy
At stationary points, =0 –3
dx
(2x2 – 2x – 12) (24x + 13) – (12x2 + 13x + 1)(4x – 2) = 0
6 a Graph of y = |x3 + 5|
48x3 – 48x2 – 288x + 26x2 – 26x – 156 – 48x3 – 52x2
y
– 4x + 24x2 + 26x + 2 = 0 15
50x2 + 292x + 154 = 0 14
25x2 + 146x + 77 = 0 13
2 12
−146 ± 146 − 4(25)(77)
x= 11
50
10
−146 ± 13616
x= 9
50
8
x = –0.586 or x = –5.25
7
x < –2 ⇒ minimum point at x = –5.25
6
(12(−5.25) + 1)(−5.25 + 1)
∴ y 5
(2(−5.25) + 4)(−5.25 − 3)
4
y  4.91 (3 s.f.) 3
5 y=
( x − 2)( x + 1) . 2
2 1
x +1
a For a vertical asymptote, we need x2 + 1 = 0. –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
This has no real solutions so the curve will
have no vertical asymptotes.
27
Graph of y = |x|3 + 5 d y
4 1
y x=0 y=
3
f(x)
15
14 2
13 (–2, 0) 1
(1, 0)
12
0 x
11 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
10
–2
9
–3
8
–4
7
6 Vertical asymptotes of y = f(x) become roots of
1
5 y= .
f (x )
4
3 8 y=
( x + 2)( x + 3)
( x − 2)( x − 3)
2
a Vertical asymptotes are x = 2 and x = 3.
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x y=
(1 + 2 )(1 + 3 )
x x
These graphs show that for this function

(1 − x )(1 − x3 )
2
|f(x)| ≠ f(|x|). As x → ∞ , y → 1 so y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

b The largest possible domain would be x  0 b Crosses x-axis when y = 0 so when x = −2 or x = −3
Crosses y-axis when x = 0 so at (0, 1).
2x
7 f(x) =
( x − 1)( x + 2) As x → 2−, y → ∞
As x → 2+, y → −∞
a Vertical asymptotes x = −2 and x = 1
As x →, 3−, y → −∞
As x → ∞, y = 0+
As x → 3+, y → ∞
As x → −∞, y = 0−
As x → ∞, y = 1+
So y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. As x → −∞, y = 1−
b When x = 0 , y = 0 so crosses through (0, 0). y
120
As x → − 2−, y → −∞
110
As x →− 2+, y → ∞ 100
(x + 2)(x + 3)
As x →1−, y → −∞ 90 y=
80
(x – 2)(x – 3)
As x →1+, y → ∞ 70
60
y
50
4 40
2x
3 y= (0, 1) 30
x = –2 (x – 1)(x + 2)
20
2 (–3, 0) 10 y=1
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
–10
0 x (–2, 0) –20
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 –30
–40
–2 x=3
x=1 –50
–3 –60
x=2
–4 –70
–80
c Vertical asymptote, x = 0 –90
–100
–110
–120
28
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Zoomed-in view of graph near the two roots 10 a x = −2, x = 4

x = –3 and x = –2: b (−1, 0) and ( 3, 0)
y c x = 3, x = −3, y = 2
1.4
d (0, 5), (4, 0) and (−4, 0)
1.2
11 a f(x) = (x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
1
f(x) = x3 + 2x2 − x − 2
0.8
f ′(x) = 3x2 + 4x − 1
0.6
0.4
For a turning point, f ′(x) = 0.
0.2
3x2 + 4x − 1 = 0
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0 x x = −1.549 and x = 0.2153.
c
( x + 2)( x + 3) > 0 when x < –3, –2 < x < 2 or x > 3. When x = −1.549, y = 0.631 and when x = 0.2153,
( x − 2)( x − 3) y = −2.11.
9 a b = 2, c = −3 So turning points are at (−1.55, 0.631) and

(0.215, −2.11).
x
b y = 2x + a +
( x + 2)( x − 3) b
y
4
0 = 2( 4) + a + 4
( 4 + 2)( 4 − 3) y = (x – 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
3
2
0=8+a+ 2
3
26 (–2, 0) 1 (1, 0)
0=a+
3
26 0 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
a= − –1
1
3
26 x –2
c 2x − + =0
3 ( x + 2)( x − 3)
(0, –2) –3
6x(x + 2)(x − 3) − 26(x + 2)(x − 3) + 3x
=0 –4
3(x + 2)(x − 3)
6x(x + 2)(x – 3) – 26(x + 2)(x – 3) + 3x = 0 c The original curve is below the x-axis when
6x(x2 – x – 6) – 26(x2 – x – 6) + 3x = 0 x < −2 and when −1 < x < 1 so y2 = f(x) is not
defined at these points.
6x3 – 6x2 – 36x – 26x2 + 26x + 156 + 3x = 0
y2 = f(x) will pass through the point where
6x3 – 32x2 – 7x + 156 = 0
y = f(x) = 0 or 1.
From the question, you know that (4, 0) is a
Where 0 < y < 1, y2 = f(x) is above y = f(x).
point on C, so (x – 4) is a factor. Factorising by
inspection: Where y > 1, y2 = f(x) is below y = f(x).
(x – 4)(6x2 – 8x – 39) = 0 Once you have done this you need to reflect
the graph in the x-axis. This gives the
x = 4 or 6x2
– 8x – 39 = 0
y2 = (x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) graph which is shown in
8 ± 64 − 4(6)(−39) 8 ± 1000 8 ± 10 10 4 ± 5 10 red.
x= = = =
12 12 12 6
8 ± 1000 8 ± 10 10 4 ± 5 10
= =
12 12 6
Therefore, C intersects the x -axis at
 4 − 5 10   4 + 5 10 
(4, 0),  , 0 ,  , 0 .
 6   6 
26 0 26
When x = 0, y = 2 ( 0 ) − + =−
3 2 × −3 3
Therefore, C intersects the y-axis at 0, − ( 26

3 )
29
y (y + 6)(y + 2)  0
4 y  –6 or y  –2
3 Therefore, there is no point on C for which
2
–6 < y < –2.
y 2 = f(x)
1
c
y
10
0 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–2 x2 – 3
5 y=
–3 x+2
x = –2
–4
12 The original curve is below the x-axis when A B

−2 < x < −1 and when 1 < x < 2 so y2 = f(x) is not –10 –5 0 5 10 x
C
defined on these intervals.
y2 = f(x) will pass through the point where –5
y = f(x) = 0 or 1. y = x –2
Where 0 < y < 1, y2 = f(x) is above y = f(x).
Where y > 1, y2 = f(x) is below y = f(x). –10
Once you have done this you need to reflect the

graph in the x-axis. This gives y2 = f(x), which is
shown in red.
At A and B, y = 0 ⇒ x2 – 3 = 0 ⇒ x=± 3
y
6 A(− 3, 0) and B( 3, 0)
5
y 2 = f(x)
3
4 At C, x = 0 ⇒ y=−
2
3
y=1
2 C  0, − 3 
1
 2
d From the graph:
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1
y = –1 −2 < x − 3 or x 3
–2
–3
14 f ( x ) =
( 2x − 1)( x + 1)
–4 ( x − 2)( x − 3)
–5
x = –1 x=2 a Vertical asymptotes are x = 2 and x = 3.
–6
Horizontal:
13 a x = –p is a vertical asymptote.
y=
( 2 − 1 )(1 + 1 )
x x
(1 − x )(1 − x )
2
x2 − 3 p −3 2 3
By long division: ≡x−p+
x+p x+p
p2 − 3 As x → ±∞, y → 2
As x → ∞, →0
x+p b Crosses x-axis when y = 0.
⇒ y = x – p is an oblique asymptote.
2
x −3
So crosses at the points ( 12 , 0) and (−1, 0).
b y=
x+2 Crosses y-axis when x = 0.
yx + 2y = x2 – 3
0 = x2 – yx + (–3 – 2y)
So crosses at the point 0, − ( 1
6 )
.
‘b2 – 4ac’  0 ⇒ y2 – 4(1)(–3 – 2y)  0 As x → 2−, y → ∞

y2 + 8y + 12  0 As x → 2+, y → −∞
30
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
As x → 3−, y → −∞ y
As x → 3+, y→∞ 60
(2x – 1)(x + 1)
As x → ∞, y = 2+ 50 y2 =
(x – 2)(x – 3)
40
As x → −∞, y = 2−
30
Turning points:
20
Using the quotient rule,
10
dy −11x 2 + 26x + 1 y=2
=
dx (x − 3)2(x − 2)2
–14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
–10
For turning points, dy = 0
dx –20
x=3
So –11x2 + 26x + 1 = 0 –30
x=2
Using the quadratic formula, –40
x = –0.03786 and x = –2.4015 –50
f(–0.03786) = –0.167 –60

f(2.4015) = –53.8
So turning points at (–0.0379, –0.167) and 15 a Curve has vertical asymptote x = 2.
(2.40, –53.8).
x+3
By considering the value of dy either side x − 2 x2 + x − 2
dx
of the turning points you find that (–0.0379, x 2 − 2x
–0.167) is a min TP and (2.40, –53.8) is a max TP. 3x − 2
3x − 6
y (2x – 1)(x + 1)
y= 4
(x – 2)(x – 3)
80
x=2 x=3
60 4
So y = x + 3 + x − 2
40
So oblique asymptote is y = x + 3.
20 2
b y = x +x−2
y=2
0
x−2
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 x
–20 dy x 2 − 4x
= (using the quotient rule)
–40
Crosses x-axis at dx (x − 2)2
(–1, 0) and ( 1 , 0)
2
–60 Crosses y-axis at (0, – 1 ) dy
6 For turning point, =0
dx
–80 x(x – 4) = 0
c The original curve is below the x-axis when So x = 0 or x = 4
1
−1 < x < and when 2 < x < 3 so y2 = f(x) is When x = 0, y = 1
2
not defined on these intervals. When x = 4, y = 9
y2 = f(x) will pass through the point where Looking at the values of the function either
y = f(x) = 0 or 1. side of zero you find (0,1) is a max TP.
Where 0 < y < 1, y2 = f(x) is above y = f(x). Looking at the value of the function either
Where y > 1, y2 = f(x) is below y = f(x). side of 4 you find (4,9) is a min TP.
Once you have done this you need to reflect the This means that y  1 and y  9.
graph in the x-axis. kx 2 + 3x
16 a y = x − 1
This gives graph of y 2 =
( 2x − 1)( x + 1) , which is
( x − 2)( x − 3) dy ( 2kx + 3)( x − 1) − (kx 2 + 3x)
shown in red. =
dx (x − 1)2
2
= kx − 2kx2 − 3
(x − 1)
31
Mathematics in life and work

For a stationary point, dy = 0
dx
So kx2 – 2kx– 3 = 0 1 Cost as a function of hours = 40h + 50.
For no stationary values, the discriminant 40h + 50
would be less than zero. Mean cost per hour, M(h) = .
h
(–2k)2 – 4k(–3) < 0 2 If h is not greater than zero then there would be
4k2 + 12k < 0 a callout charge for no callout.
4k(k + 3) < 0 3 Vertical asymptote is h = 0.
This gives –3 < k < 0. Horizontal asymptote is y = 40.
So when these conditions for k are met, the 4 h = 0 means that if the plumber works for no
curve will have no stationary point. hours there is no mean cost.
The horizontal asymptote shows that the longer the
−x 2 + 3x x(3 − x) plumber is working on a job, the closer the average
b y = x −1 = x −1
cost per hour will be to $40.
When x = 0 and x = 3, y = 0 so crosses axes at
(0,0) and (3, 0); x = 1 is a vertical asymptote.
As x → 1– , y → –∞ and as x → 1+ , y → ∞
−x + 2
x − 1 −x 2 + 3x
−x 2 + x
2x
2x − 2
2
So y = –x + 2 + 2
x −1
So oblique asymptote is y = –x + 2.
So sketch of curve is as follows.
y
12 x(3 – x)
y=
10 x–1
x=1
8
–12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 x
–2
–4
–6
y=2–x
–8
–10
32
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3 Summation of series
this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge n
n
b ∑r = 2 [n + 1]
1 a
a = 14 and d = 2.8, 20th term = 14 + 19 × 2.8 = 67.2 r =1
100 100 29
b a = 14 and r = 16.8 ÷ 14 = 1.2, 100 [100 + 1] − 29[2
20th term = 14 × 1.219 = 447.272 ∑ r = ∑r − ∑r = 2 2
29 + 1]
r =30 r =0 r =0
2 The 12th $400 has 1 month’s interest, = 4615
The 11th $400 has 2 month’s interest and so on.
{ 202 [20 + 1]} + 3(1 × 20)

20 20 20
Total = 400 × 1.005 + 400 × 1.0052 + ...+ 400 × 1.00512 2 a ∑ (5r + 3) = 5∑r + 3∑1 = 5
r =1 r =1 r =1
This is a geometric series with a = 400 × 1.005 = 402
= 1110
and r = 1.005.
402(1.00512 − 1)
{ 402 [40 + 1]}
40 40 40
S12 =
1.005 − 1
= 4958.90, so she has $4958.90. b ∑ (3 − 4r ) = 3∑1 − 4∑r = 3(1 × 40) − 4
r =1 r =1 r =1
3 a a = 20 and d = 4 = −3160
n (40 + 4(n − 1)) = 504 n n n
2 3 ∑ (5r + 3) = 5∑r + 3∑1
r =1 r =1 r =1
n(4n + 36) = 1008
n2 + 9n = 252 { }
= 5 n [n + 1] + 3(1 × n)
2
b n2 + 9n – 252 = 0
= 1 (5n 2 + 5n + 6n)
(n – 12)(n + 21) = 0 2
n = 12 or –21. You want the positive root so there = 1 (5n 2 + 11n)
are 12 terms. 2
10(1.5n − 1) 2n 2n 2n
4 a = 10 and r = 1.5. If Sn > 107 solve = 107 4 a ∑3 − 4r = 3∑1 − 4∑r
1.5 − 1
r =1 r =1 r =1
107 × 0.5
{ }
1.5n = + 1 = 500001
10
= 3(1 × 2n) − 4 2n [2n + 1]
2
Take logs: n ln 1.5 = ln 500 001
= 6n – 8n2 – 4n
ln 500001
n= = 32.4 so you need 33 terms. = 2n – 8n2
ln1.5
n +1 n +1 n +1
Exercise 3.1A b ∑ (6r + 1) = 6∑r + ∑1
r =1 r =1 r =1
{ }
n
a ∑r = n [n + 1]
= 6 n + 1[n + 1 + 1] + (1 × (n + 1))
1
2 2
r =1
1000 = 3(n + 1)(n + 2) + (n + 1)
∑ r = 1000
2
[1000 + 1] = 500 500
= 3(n2 + 3n + 2) + (n + 1)
r =1
= 3n2 + 9n + 6 + n + 1
= 3n2 + 10n + 7
33
2n +1 2n +1 2n +1 2n 2n 2n
5 a ∑ (7r − 5) = 7 ∑ r − 5 ∑ 1 9 a ∑ (5r − 2) = 5 ∑ (r ) − 2 ∑ (1)
r =1 r =1 r =1 r = n +1 r = n +1 r = n +1
=7 { 2n2+ 1[2n + 1 + 1]} − 5(1 × (2n + 1)) Yes this is equivalent to the original expression.
2n 2n
b ∑ (5r − 2) = 5 ∑ (r ) − 2n
= 1 (28n 2 + 22n + 4) r = n +1 r = n +1
2
Yes this is equivalent to the original expression.
= 14n2 + 11n + 2
 2n n 
b 2n + 1 = 101 c n (3n + 1) − 2 ∑(1) − ∑(1)
2  r =1 r =1 
n = 50
No this is not equivalent to the original
101
∑ (7r − 5) = 14(50) 2
+ 11(50) + 2 = 35 552 expression.
r =1
d 3n (n + 1)
3n + 2 3n + 2 3n + 2 2
6 a ∑ (3r + 10 ) = 3 ∑ r + 10 ∑ 1 No this is not equivalent to the original
r =1 r =1 r =1 expression.
=3 {3n2+ 2[3n + 2 + 1]} + 10(1 × (3n + 2)) 10

n
n
∑r = 2 (n + 1)
r =1
= 1 (27n 2 + 105n + 58) 2n −1 2n −1 n
2 ∑ r = ∑ r − ∑r
r = n +1 r =1 r =1
b 3n + 2 = 77
n = 25 = (2n − 1)(2n − 1 + 1) − n (n + 1)
2 2
77
2n(2n − 1) n
∑ (3r + 10 ) = 12  27 ( 25)2 + 105(25) + 58  =
2
− (n + 1)
2
r =1
= 9779 = n (4n – 2 – n – 1)
2
n n n
= 3n (n − 1)
7 ∑ (6r + 5) = 6∑r + 5∑1 2
r =1 r =1 r =1 2n −1
{ }
3n (n − 1)
n
= 6 [n + 1] + 5(1 × n) ∑r= 2
2 r =n +1
= 3n2 + 8n n n n
n n 14 11 ∑ (5r − 4 ) = 5∑r − 4∑1
∑ (6r + 5) = ∑ (6r + 5) − ∑ (6r + 5) r =1 r =1 r =1
r =15 r =1 r =1
= 5n (n + 1) – 4n
= 3n2 + 8n – 3(14)2 – (8 × 14) 2
2
= 3n2 + 8n – 700 = 5n + 5n − 8n
2 2 2
n n n n
8 a ∑5 − 7r = 5∑1 − 7∑r = (5n − 3)
2
r =1 r =1 r =1
{ }
n n 4
= 5(1 × n) − 7 n [n + 1]
2
∑ (5r − 4 ) = ∑ (5r − 4 ) − ∑ (5r − 4 )
r =5 r =1 r =1
2
= 3n − 7n = n (5n − 3) − 4 (20 − 3)
2 2 2 2
2n 2n 11
∑ 5 − 7r = ∑5 − 7r − ∑5 − 7r = n (5n – 3) – 34
2
r =12 r =1 r =1
1
= [n (5n – 3) – 68]
=
3(2n) 7(2n)2 1
2
−
2
− (3 × 11) − 7(112)
2 { } 2
1
= (5n2 – 3n – 68)
= 3n – 14n2 + 407 2
n
1
b
26
∑ 5 − 7r = (3 × 13) − 14(13 ) + 407 = −1920 2 ∑5r − 4 = 2(5n 2 − 3n − 68)
r =5
r =12
34
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exercise 3.1B 2n −1 2n −1 2n −1
n
5 a ∑ 4r 2 − r = 4 ∑ r 2 − ∑ r
r =1 r =1 r =1
n
1 a ∑r 2 = 6 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
r =1
= 4  2n − 1(2n − 1 + 1)(2(2n − 1) + 1)
30  6 
30 (31)(61) = 9455
∑r 2 = 6 − 2n − 1(2n − 1 + 1)
r =1
2
n
n 2 (n + 1)2 = 4 (2n − 1)(2n)(4n − 1) − 1 (2n − 1)(2n)
b ∑r 3 = 4 6 2
r =1
40 = 4 (16n 3 − 12n 2 + 2n) − 3 (4n 2 − 2n)

(40)2 6 6
∑r 3 = 4
(41)2 = 672 400
= 1 (64n 3 − 48n 2 + 8n − 12n 2 + 6n)
r =1
6
n
2 a ∑r 2 = n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
6 = 1 (64n 3 − 60n 2 + 14n)
r =1 6
20 20 9 b 2n – 1 = 99
∑ r 2 = ∑r 2 − ∑r 2 n = 50
r =10 r =1 r =1
99
1
= 20 (20 + 1)(40 + 1) − 9 (9 + 1)(18 + 1) ∑4r 2 − r = 6 (64(50)3 − 60(50)2 + 14(50))
6 6 r =1
= 2585 = 1 308 450
n
n2 6 nth term given by (n) (2n + 3) = 2n2 + 3n
b ∑r 3 = 4 (n + 1)2 n n n
∑2r 2 + 3r = 2∑r 2 + 3 ∑r
r =1
60 60 20 r =1 r =1 r =1
∑ r 3 = ∑r 3 − ∑r 3
= 2  n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 3  n (n + 1)
r = 21 r =1 r =1
2 2 6  2 
60 20
= (60 + 1)2 − (20 + 1)2 = 3 304 800
4 4 2 9
= (2n 3 + 3n 2 + n) + (n 2 + n)
6 6
2
3
n  n 
∑r 3 =  ∑r  =
1
6
(4n 3 + 6n 2 + 2n + 9n 2 + 9n)
r =1 r =1
1
n = (4n 3 + 15n 2 + 11n)
∑r = n2 [n + 1] 6
r =1 n n n
 n 
2
2 n
7 ∑3r 2 + 4r = 3∑r 2 + 4∑r
n  n2 r =1 r =1 r =1
 ∑r  =  2 (n + 1) = 4 (n + 1) = ∑r
2 3
 r =1    r =1
{
= 3 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 4 n [n + 1]
6 2 } { }
20 20 20 20
4 a ∑ ( 4r 2 − 4r − 3) = 4∑r 2 − 4 ∑r − 3 ∑1 = n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 2n(n + 1)
2
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
= 4  20 (20 + 1)(40 + 1) − 4  20 (20 + 1) − (3 × 20)

6  2 
2 {
= n(n + 1) 1 (2n + 1) + 2 }
1
= 10 580 = n(n + 1)(2n + 5)
2
60 60 60 n n 14
b ∑(5r 3 − 1) = 5∑r 3 − ∑1 ∑ 3r 2 + 4r = ∑3r 2 + 4r − ∑3r 2 + 4r
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =15 r =1 r =1
1 1
 60 2  = n(n + 1)(2n + 5) − (14)(15)(33)
= 5 (60 + 1)2  − (1 × 60) = 16 744 440 2 2
 4 
= 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 5) – 3465
2
35
n n n n n
8 a ∑5r 2 − 7r = 5∑r 2 − 7∑r 10 a ∑(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) = ∑r 3 + 6r 2 + 11r + 6
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
6 { } {
= 5 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) − 7 n [n + 1]
2 } =
n n n
∑r 3 + 6∑r 2 + 11∑r + 6∑1
r =1 r =1 r =1
n
r =1
= 5n (n + 1)(2n + 1) − 7n (n + 1) 2
6 2 = n (n + 1)2 + 6  n  (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 11n (n + 1) + 6n
 6
{ }
4 2
= n(n + 1) 5 (2n + 1) − 7
6 2 = n(n + 1) n (n + 1) + 2n + 1 + 11  + 6n
4 2
= 1 n(n + 1)(5n – 8) n(n + 1)(n 2 + n + 8n + 4 + 22)
3 = + 6n
2n 2n 5
4
∑5r 2 − 7r = ∑5r 2 − 7r − ∑5r 2 − 7r n
n(n + 1)(n 2 + 9n + 26) + 6n
r =6 r =1 r =1 ∑(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) = 4
r =1
= 1 2n(2n + 1)(10n − 8) − 1 (5)(6)(17)
3 3 99
b ∑ (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) = 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5
= 2 n(2n + 1)(10n – 8) – 170 r =1
3
+ 4 × 5 × 6 + … + 100 × 101 × 102.
b n = 15
30
99(100)((99)2 + (9)(99) + 26)
∑5r 2 − 7r = 32 (15)(31)(142) − 170 = 43 850 =
4
+ (6)(99)
r =6
= 26 527 644
2n
n n
9 a ∑(6r 3 − 3r ) 11 ∑r 2(r + 1) = ∑r 3 + r 2
r =8
r =1 r =1
When n = 3, 2n = 6 so cannot do a summation 2
from r = 8 to 6. = n (n + 1)2 + n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
4 6
n3
b ∑(r 3 − 2r 2) = n (n + 1) n(n + 1) + (2n + 1) 

2  2 3 
r =n
When n = 4, n3 = 64 so can do a summation. = n (n + 1)[3n (n + 1) + 2(2n + 1)]

n n n
12
∑(r 3 − 2r 2) = ∑(r 3) − 2 ∑(r 2) = n (n + 1)[3n2 + 3n + 4n + 2]
12
r =1 r =1 r =1
{ } = n (n + 1)[3n2 + 7n + 2]
n
 n2  n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
∑(r 3 − 2r 2) =  4 (n + 1)2  − 2 6
12
= n (n + 1)(3n + 1)(n + 2)
r =1
12
= n (n + 1)(3n – 5n – 4)
2
12 70 70 20
64 64 3 ∑ r 2(r + 1) = ∑r 2(r + 1) − ∑r 2(r + 1)
∑(r 3 − 2r 2) = ∑(r 3 − 2r 2) − ∑(r 3 − 2r 2) r = 21 r =1 r =1
r =4 r =1 r =1 = 70 (71)(211)(72) − 20 (21)(61)(22)
12 12
= 64 (64 + 1) (3(64)2 − 5(64) − 4) − 3 (3 + 1) (3(3)2 − 5(3) − 4)
12 12 = 6 292 020 – 46 970
2 3 2
3(64) − 5(64) − 4) − (3 + 1) (3(3) − 5(3) − 4) = 6 245 050
12
12 a The series begins with 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + …
=  64  (65)(11964) −  3  (4)(8)
 12   12  It can be written as the sum of two sub-series:
= 4 147 512 Series A: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + …
n3 Series B: – (2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + …)
c ∑ (3r + 1) For n even, there will be n terms from series
r = 2n 2
1
When n = , 2n = 1 and n 3 = 1 so cannot do n
A and terms from series B.
2 8 2
a summation from r = 1 to 1 .
8
36
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
n
∑ (−1) r +1
r=
n
2
∑ (2r − 1) − ∑ (2r )
n
2 = −2 ( n2 )( n 2+ 2 ) + n2
r =1 r =1 r =1 n
n n n = − (n + 2 − 1)
2 2 2
2
= 2 ∑r − ∑ 1 − 2 ∑r n
= − (n + 1)
r =1 r =1 r =1 2
n
2 n +1
b
For n odd, there will be terms from series
= −∑ 1 2
r =1 n −1
A and terms from series B.
n 2
=−
2 n
n +1 n −1
2 2
b
For n odd, there will be
n +1
2
terms from series ∑ (−1) r+ 1 2
r = ∑ (2r − 1) 2
− ∑ (2r )2
r =1 r =1 r =1
n −1
A and terms from series B. n +1 n −1
2 2 2
n
n +1
2
n −1
2
= ∑ (4r 2 − 4r + 1) − ∑ (4r 2)
∑ (−1) ∑ (2r − 1) − ∑ (2r )
r +1 r =1 r =1
r=
r =1 r =1 r =1 n +1 n +1 n +1 n −1
2 2 2 2
n +1
2
n +1
2
n −1
2 =4 ∑r 2
−4 ∑ 4+ ∑ 1 − 4 ∑ r2
=2 ∑ r− ∑ 1− 2 ∑r r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
( )(
r =1
2 n +1 n +1 +1 ) ( ) ( )(
r =1
2 n −1 n −1 +1
r =1
) =
2 2 ( )( −
)
4 n + 1 n + 1 + 1 (n + 1 + 1) 4 n + 1 n + 1 + 1
2 2 ( )(
+
n+ )
2 2 n +1 2 2 6 2 2
= − −
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ( ) )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
4 n + 1 n + 1 + 1 (n + 1 + 1) 4 n + 1 n + 1 + 1 4 n − 1 n − 1 + 1 (n − 1
n +1 n + 3 n +1 n − =1 n +21 2 2 2 n +1 2 2
= − − − + −
2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 6
= ( 4( n
2 )( 2 2)( 2 2) ) ( 2 )( 2 ) + n + 1 − 4 ( n 2− 1 )( n 2− 1 + 1)(n − 1 + 1)
n +1 n + 1+ 3n−+11− +n1−(1n + 1 + 1) 4 n + 1 n + 1 + 1
= −
=(
2 )( )
n + 1 n + 3 − 2 6− n + 1 2 2 6
= (
3 2 )( 2 )
(n + 2) − 2 (
2 )( 2 ) ( 2 ) 3 (
2 2 n +1 n + 3 n +1 n + 3 n +1 2 n
+ −
n +1
=
= + (25 – 36)(+ … )(n + 2) − 2 (
2 )( 2 ) ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 )( 2 )
2
2 n +1 n + 3 n +1 n + 3 n +1 2 n −1 n +1
13 a The series begins with 1 – 4 + 9 – 16 + − n
3 2 2
=(
2 )
It can be written as the sum of two sub-series:
n + 1  (n + 3)(n + 2) n(n − 1) 
Series A: 1 + 9 + 25 + … − (n + 3) + 1 −
3 3 
=(
2 )
Series B: – (4 + 16 + 36 + …) n + 1  (n + 3)(n + 2) − 3(n + 3) + 3 − n(n − 1) 
n 3 
For n even, there will be terms from series A
2
=(
2 ) 
n n + 1  n + 5n + 6 − 3n − 9 + 3 − n + n 
2 2
and terms from series B.
2 3 
n n
=(
2 )( 3 )
n 2 2
∑ (−1) r = ∑ (2r − 1) − ∑ (2r )
r +1 2 2 n + 1 3n
2
r =1 r =1 r =1
n n n (n + 1)
2 2 =
= ∑ (4r 2 − 4r + 1) − ∑ (4r 2) 2
r =1 r =1 Exercise 3.2A
n n n n
2 2 2 2 n
= 4 ∑ r 2− 4 ∑ 4 + ∑ 1 − 4 ∑ r 2 1 ∑ r +1 2 − r +1 3 = 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + +
1
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 n+2
r =1
n n 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 − − − − − −
4 5 6 7 n+3
= −4∑ 4+∑ 1
r =1 r =1 1 1
= −
=
− 4 n n +1
2 2
+
n( )( ) 3 n + 3
= n
2 2 3(n + 3)
37
2 a 1 = 1 − 1
n
1 1 n n
(r + 3)(r + 4) r + 3 r + 4 ∑ r (r + 1) − (r + 1)(r + 2) = n + 1 − 2(n + 2)
r =1
n n
1 1 1
b ∑ (r + 3)(r + 4) = ∑ r + 3 − r + 4 = [2n(n + 2) − n(n + 1)]
r =1 r =1 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + − − − − − n(n + 3)
4 5 6 7 n+3 5 6 7 8 =
2(n + 1)(n + 2)
1
−
n+4 2 1 1
6 a = −
1 1 (r + 3)(r + 5) r + 3 r + 5
= −
4 n+4 n n
n ∑ (r + 3)(2r + 5) = ∑ r +1 3 − r +1 5
= r =1 r =1
4(n + 4)
n
20 ∑ r +1 3 − r +1 5 = 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + +
1
n+3
∑ (r + 3)(1r + 4) = 4(2020+ 4) = 0.208 333 to
c r =1
r =1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − − − −
6 decimal places. 6 7 8 9 n+4 n+5
1 1 1 1
3 Given that r = 1 [r (r + 1) − r (r − 1)], = + − −
4 5 n+4 n+5
2
n n
1 n(9n + 41)
∑r = 2 ∑[r (r + 1) − r (r − 1)],
=
20(n + 4)(n + 5)
r =1 r =1
30
2 30(311) 
= 1 (1)(2) + (2)(3) + (3)(4) + + (n)(n + 1) − (1)(0) ∑
b = = 0.392 017 to
2 (r + 3)(r + 5)  20(34)(35) 
r =1
− (1)(0) − (2)(1) − (3)(2) − − n(n − 1)] 6 decimal places.
= 1 [(n)(n + 1) − (1)(0)]
2
7 1 =1 1− 1 {
r(r + 3) 3 r r + 3 }
= n (n + 1)
n n
2 ∑ r(r 1+ 3) = 13 ∑ 1r − r +1 3
r =1 r =1
1 = 1 1 − 1 
4
( )( )( )( )( )
n
r (r + 2) 2  r r + 2  1 1 − 1 = 1  1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 +…+
3 ∑ r r + 3 3  1 4 2 5 3 6 4 7 5 8
r =1
n n
∑ r (r 1+ 2) = 12 ∑11r − r1 +1 2 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 ∑ r r + 3 3 ( 1 4 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 3 6 ) ( 4 7 ) ( 5 8 )
− + − + … + ( 1 − 1 ) + ( 1 − 1 ) 
n
r =1 − =
r =1 − + − + − +
n −1 n + 2 n n+3 
r =1
1 1 1 1 1
= 1+ + + + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 
2  2 3 4 n = 1+ + − − −
3  2 3 n + 1 n + 2 n + 3 
1 1 1 1 1  1  11 1 1 1 
− − − − − − = − − −
3 4 5 n + 1 n + 2  3  6 n + 1 n + 2 n + 3 
1 1 1 1  20 20 4
=
2 
1+ − −
2 n + 1 n + 2  ∑ r(r 1+ 3) = ∑ r(r 1+ 3) − ∑ r(r 1+ 3)
r =5 r =1 r =1
20
∑ r (r 1+ 2) = 12 1 + 12 − 21
1
−
1 
22 
= 0.703 463 =
1  11 1
− −
1
−
1  1  11 1 1 1 
− − − −
3  6 21 22 23  3  6 5 6 7 
r =1
to 6 decimal places. = 0.124 324
n n 8 1 = 1 − 1
1 1 1 n (r + 5)(r + 6) r + 5 r + 6
5 ∑ r (r + 1) = ∑ r − r + 1 = n + 1 (see Example 7) n n
r =1 r =1
n n
∑ (r + 5)(1r + 6) = ∑ r +1 5 − r +1 6
r =1 r =1
1 1 − 1 = n
Similarly, ∑
(r + 1)(r + 2) ∑ r + 1 r + 2 2(n + 2)
=
( 16 − 17 ) + ( 17 − 18 ) + ( 18 − 19 ) + … + ( n 1+ 4 − n 1+ 5 ) + (
n
r =1 r =1
∑ r +1 5 − r +1 6 =
r =1
38
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
( )( )( ) ( )( )
–6 = C(–2)(–1) ⇒ C = –3
= 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + − +…+
1 1 1 − 1 + 1 − 1
n+4 n+5 n+5 n+6 r−2
6 7 7 8 8 9 So ≡− 2 + 5 − 3
(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) r +2 r +3 r +4
=1− 1
(− r +2 2 + r +5 3 − r +3 4 )
n n
6 n+6
n
∑ (r + 2)(rr −+ 3)(
2
r + 4) ∑
≡
= r =1 r =1
6(n + 6)
50 50 18 = (− 2 + 5 − 3 ) + (− 2 + 5 − 3 ) + (− 2 + 5 − 3 )
∑ (r + 5)(1r + 6) = ∑ (r + 5)(1r + 6) − ∑ (r + 5)(1r + 6) 3 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 7
+ (− 2 + 5 − 3 ) + … + (− 2 + 5 − 3 )
r =19 r =1 r =1
6 7 8 n n +1 n + 2
50 − 18
+ (− 2 + 5 − 3 ) + (− 2 + 5 − 3 )
=
6(50 + 6) 6(18 + 6)
n +1 n + 2 n + 3 n+2 n+3 n+4
= 0.023 810
All terms cancel except for
9 a The summation is not valid when p = 2 because
2 5 2 3 5 3
when r = 4 and r = 6 the summation will be − + − − + −
3 4 4 n+3 n+3 n+4
undefined.
2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 =− + + −
b (r − 6)(r − 4) = 2  r − 6 − r − 4  3 4 n+3 n+4
 
n + 3)(n + 4) + 24(n + 4) − 36(n + 3)
=(
n n
12(n + 3)(n + 4)
∑ (r − 6)(1r − 4) = 12 ∑ r −1 6 − r −1 4
r =10 r =10 n 2 + 7n + 12 + 24n + 96 − 36n − 108
=
n 12(n + 3)(n + 4)
1 1 − 1
2 ∑ r −6 r −4
2
n − 5n
=
r =10 12(n + 3)(n + 4)
  1 − 1 
= 1  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +…+  1 − 1  + n (n−−65) n − 4  
2  4 6   5 7   6 8   7 9   n − 7 n −=5   n
12(n + 3)(n + 4) 

− 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +…+  1 − 1  +  1 − 1   n n
7  6 8  7 9  n − 7 n − 5  n − 6 n − 4  11 ∑ r 3 − 6rr2 ++111r − 6 = ∑ (r − 3)(rr −+ 12)(r − 1)
r =5 r =5
= 1 1 + 1 − 1 − 1  r +1
2  4 5 n − 5 n − 4  ≡ A + B + C
(r − 3)(r − 2)(r − 1) r − 1 r − 2 r − 3
1  9(n − 5)(n − 4) − 20(n − 4) − 20(n − 5) 
= Multiply through by (r – 3)(r – 2)(r – 1).
2  20(n − 5)(n − 4) 
r + 1 ≡ A(r – 2)(r – 3) + B(r – 1)(r – 3) + C(r – 1)(r – 2)
9n 2 − 121n + 360 Substitute r = 1.
=
40(n − 5)(n − 4) 2 = A(–1)(–2)
= (9n − 40)(n − 9)
A=1
40 (n − 5)(n − 4) Substitute r = 2.
40 3 = B(1)(–1)
(360 − 40)(40 − 9)
c ∑ (r − 6)(1r − 4) = 40 (40 − 5)(40 − 4) B = –3
r =10
Substitute r = 3.
(320)(31) 9920 62 4 = C(2)(1)
= = =
40(35)(36) 50400 315
C=2
10 First state the fraction as the sum of partial State the partial fractions.
r +1
fractions with unknown numerators to be found. ≡ 1 − 3 + 2
(r − 3)(r − 2)(r − 1) r − 1 r − 2 r − 3
r−2 A B C
≡ + + n n
(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) r + 2 r + 3 r + 4
∑ r 3 − 6rr2 ++111r − 6 = ∑ r 1− 1 − r −3 2 + r −2 3
r =5 r =5
Multiply through by (r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4).
r – 2 = A(r + 3)(r + 4) + B(r + 2)(r + 4) + C(r + 2)(r + 3) =  1 − 3 + 2  +  1 − 3 + 2  +  1 − 3 + 2 
 4 3 2  5 4 3  6 5 4
Substitute r = –2.
–4 = A(1)(2) ⇒ A = –2 +…+  1 − 3 + 2 
 n − 2 n − 3 n − 4
+  1 − 3 + 2 
–5 = B(–1)(1) ⇒ B = 5  n − 1 n − 2 n − 3
Substitute r = – 4.
39
onsequently, the series is convergent.

C
= 2− 2 + 1
3 n − 2 n −1 Therefore
= 2(n − 1)(n − 2) − 6(n − 1) + 3(n − 2) 9 + 41 9
3(n − 1)(n − 2)
n → = 9

20 1 + 4   1+ 5  (20)(1)(1) 20
2
= 2n − 6n + 4 − 6n + 6 + 3n − 6  n n
3(n − 1)(n − 2) ∞
2
= 2n − 9n + 4
∑ (r + 3)(2r + 5) = 20
9
3(n − 1)(n − 2) r =1
n
1 (9n − 40)(n − 9)
= (2n − 1)(n − 4) 4 ∑ (r − 6)(r − 4) = 40(n − 5)(n − 4)
3(n − 1)(n − 2) r =1
 9 − 40   1 − 9 
Exercise 3.3A  n   n 
=
1 a 2, 4, 6, 8, … As n, the position number, increases 40  1 − 5   1 − 4 
 n n
so each term increases. This sequence is
divergent. As n → ∞
40 → 0, 9 → 0, 5 → 0 4 → 0
b 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, … As n, the position n n n ,n
number, increases so each term alternates
Consequently, the series is convergent.
between positive and negative but stays the
Therefore
same size. This sequence is divergent.
 9 − 40   1 − 9 
c 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, … As n, the position  n  n
= → (9)(1) = 9
number, increases so each term decreases 
40 1 − 5   1− 4  (40)(1)(1) 40
towards zero. This sequence is convergent.  n n
∞
1 1 1 1
2 a 1 : , , , ,… As n, the position number, ∑ (r − 6)(1r − 4) = 40
9
n+2 3 4 5 6
r =1
increases so each term decreases towards zero.
This sequence is convergent. 5 a First state the fraction as the sum of partial
1 1 1 1
−n fractions with unknown numerators to be found.
b 2 : , , , ,… As n, the position number,
2 4 8 16 4
increases so each term decreases towards ≡ A + B
(r + 3)(r + 4) (r + 3) (r + 4)
zero. This sequence is convergent.
Multiply through by (r + 3)(r + 4).
c 3(–1)n : –3, 3, –3, 3, … As n, the position
4 ≡ A(r + 4) + B(r + 3)
number, increases so each term alternates
between positive and negative but stays the Substitute r = –4.
same size. This sequence is divergent. 4 = B(–1)
d 6 – n : 5, 4, 3, 2, … As n, the position number, B = –4
increases so each term decreases and then Substitute r = –3.
becomes negative where the absolute values
4 = A(1)
are increasing. This sequence is divergent.
()
n A=4
1 1 1 1 1
e 2 + 4 : 2 4 , 2 16 , 2 64 , 2 256 ,… As n, the State the partial fractions.
position number, increases so each term 4 ≡ 4 − 4
(r + 3)(r + 4) (r + 3) (r + 4)
decreases towards 2. This sequence is
n n
convergent. 4 4 4
n
∑ (r + 3)(r + 4) = ∑ (r + 3) − (r + 4)
2 n(9n + 41) r =1 r =1
∑ (r + 3)(r + 5) = 20(n + 4)(n + 5)
( )( )( )( ) ( )
3
r =1 = 4 − 4 + 4 − 4 + 4 − 4 + 4 − 4 +…+ 4 − 4
4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 n+3 n+4
9 + 41
n = (4 − 4) + (4 − 4) + (4 − 4) + (4 − 4) +…+ ( 4 − 4 )
( )( )
= 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 n+3 n+4
4 1+ 5
20 1 + n n
All the terms cancel except for the following.
As n → ∞ 4
1−
41 → 0, 4 → 0 5 → 0 n+4
,
n n n
40
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Simplify. State the partial fractions.

3 ≡1− 1
= n+4−4 r (r + 3) r r + 3
n+4
n n n
4 n
∑ (r + 3)(r + 4) = n + 4 3 1
∑ r (r + 3) = ∑ r − r + 3
1
r =1 r =1 r =1
n
b
4 n
∑ (r + 3)(r + 4) = n + 4 =  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1 
 1 4  2 5  3 6  4 7  5 8
r =1
1 +  1 − 1  +…+  1 − 1 
 6 9  n − 2 n + 1
(1 + n4 )
=
+  1 − 1  +  1 − 1 
 n −1 n + 2  n n + 3
As n → ∞
4 →0 All the terms cancel except for the following.
n
1+ 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 − 1
Consequently, the series is convergent. 2 3 n +1 n + 2 n + 3
c Therefore Simplify.
1 → 1 =1 = 3+1− 1 − 1 − 1
( )
=
4 (1) 2 3 n +1 n + 2 n + 3
1+ n
∞ [11(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) − 6(n + 2)(n + 3)
4
∑ (r + 3)(r + 4) = 1 =
−6(n + 1)(n + 3) − 6(n + 1)(n + 2)]
r =1 6(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
n 2
3r + 4 5n + 9n
6 ∑ (r )(r + 1)(r + 2) = 2(n + 1)(n + 2) [11n 3 + 66n 2 + 121n + 66 − 6n 2 − 30n − 36
r =1
−6n 2 − 24n − 18 − 6n 2 − 18n − 12]
9
5+ n =
6(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
( )( )
=
1 1+ 2
2 1+ n 3 2
n = 11n + 48n + 49n
6(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
As n → ∞
9 → 0, 1 → 0, 2 → 0 n
3 11n 3 + 48n 2 + 49n
n n n ∑ r (r + 3) = 6(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
9 r =1
5+
= n → 5+0 = 5 n
 1   1  (2)(1)(1) 2 3 11n 3 + 48n 2 + 49n
2 1+
 n
1+
n b ∑ r (r + 3) = 6(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
r =1
∞
3r + 4 5
∑ (r )(r + 1)(r + 2) = 2 11 + 48 + 492
n n
r =1 =
7 a First state the fraction as the sum of partial ( )( )( )
6 1+ 1
n
1+ 2 1+ 3
n n
fractions with unknown numerators to be
As n → ∞
found.
3 ≡ A+ B 48 → 0, 49 → 0, 1 → 0, 2 → 0, 3 → 0
r (r + 3) r r + 3 n n2 n n n
Multiply through by r(r + 3). Consequently, the series is convergent.

3 ≡ A(r + 3) + Br
c Therefore
Substitute r = 0.
11 + 48 + 492
→ 11 + 0 + 0 = 11
3 = A(3) n n
=

6 1+ 1   1+ 2   1+ 3  (6)(1)(1)(1) 6
A=1  n n n
Substitute r = –3. ∞
3 11
3 = B(–3) ∑ r (r + 3) = 6
r =1
B = –1
41
8 irst state the fraction as the sum of partial

F As n → ∞,
fractions with unknown numerators to be found. 11 2 3
3r + 7 → 0, → 0, → 0
≡ A + B + C n n n
(r + 3)(r + 2)(r + 1) r + 1 r + 2 r + 3 n
3r + 7 4+0 4
Multiply through by (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3). so ∑ → =
r =1
(r + 3)(r + 2)(r + 1) 3 (1)(1) 3
3r + 7 ≡ A
(r + 2)(r + 3) + B (r + 1)(r + 3)
+ C (r + 1)(r + 2)
Exam-style questions
n
4 = A(1)(2)
A=2
1 ∑r = n2 [n + 1]
r =1
Substitute r = –2. n
n
1 = B(–1)(1) ∑r 2 = 6 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
r =1
B = –1 n
n 2 (n + 1)2
Substitute r = –3. ∑r 3 = 4
r =1
–2 = C(–2)(–1)
n n n n
C = –1
∑2r 2 − 3r + 2 = 2∑r 2 − 3∑r + 2∑1
State the partial fractions. r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
3r + 7 2 1 1 = n (n + 1)(2n + 1) − 3n [n + 1] + 2n
≡ − − 3 2
(r + 3)(r + 2)(r + 1) r + 1 r + 2 r + 3 18
18 (19)(37) − 3 (18)(19) + 36 = 3741
n
3r + 7 ∑2r 2 − 3r + 2 = 3 2
∑ (r + 3)(r + 2)(r + 1) r =1
r =1
n n n
n
∑r 3 − 21
4 ∑
= r 3 − 21 ∑1
= ∑ r +2 1 − r +1 2 − r +1 3 r =1
4
r =1 r =1
r =1 2
= n (n + 1)2 − 21n
= ( 22 − 13 − 14 ) + ( 32 − 14 − 15 ) + ( 42 − 15 − 16 ) 4 4
( ) = ∑ (r − 214 ) − ∑ (r − 214 )
12 12 8
∑ r 3 − 21 3 3
+( − − ) + … + (
n − 1 n n + 1)
2 1 1 2 1 1 4
− − r =9 r =1 r =1
5 6 7
= 144 (13)2 − (21)(12) − 64 (9)2 + (21)(8) = 4767
+( −
n n + 1 n + 2) (n + 1 n + 2 n + 3)
2 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 4 4
− + − −
All the terms cancel except for the following. 2 a u5 = 2 − 2

13 11
2 1 2 1 1 1
= − + − − −
u6 = 2 − 2
2 3 3 n+2 n+2 n+3
15 13
Simplify.
4 2 1 u7 = 2 − 2
= − − 17 15
3 n+2 n+3
.
4(n + 2)(n + 3) − 6(n + 3) − 3(n + 2)
= .
3(n + 2)(n + 3)
.
2
= 4n + 20n + 24 − 6n − 18 − 3n − 6 un −1 = 2 − 2
3(n + 2)(n + 3) 2n + 1 2n − 1
= 4n 2 + 11n 2 2
un = −
3(n + 2)(n + 3) 2n + 3 2n + 1
n n
2 2 + 2
∑ (r + 3)(3rr ++ 27)(r + 1) = 3(n4n+ 2)(
+ 11n
n + 3)
∑uk = − 11 2n + 3
r =1 r =5
∞
2 + 2
4 + 11
n ∑uk = − 11 2n + 3
=
( )( )
r =5
3 1+ 2 1+ 3
n n

42
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b As n → ∞ Substitute r = –1.
(2n + 3) → ∞, 2 →0 3 = A(1)
2n + 3
∞
A=3
2
∑uk = − 11
State the partial fractions.
r =5 3 ≡ 3 − 3
(r + 1)(r + 2) r + 1 r + 2
3 a S1 = 8
n n
3 3 3
S2 = 21 b ∑ (r + 1)(r + 2) = ∑ r + 1 − r + 2
S3 = 39 r =1 r =1
S4 = 62 =  3 − 3  +  3 − 3  +  3 − 3  +  3 − 3 
 2 3  3 4  4 5  5 6
b u1 = 8
+ +  3 − 3 
u2 = 13  n + 1 n + 2
u3 = 18 All the terms cancel except for the following:
u4 = 23
=3−
3
2 n+2
8, 13, 18, 23 is an arithmetic sequence with
n
nth term 5n + 3.
Therefore ∑ (r + 1)(3r + 2) = 32 − n 3+ 2
2n r =1
n
c ∑ ur = 2 (5n + 11) 3 ( n + 2) − 6
r =n −1 3 3 3n
c − simplifies to =
2 n+2 2(n + 2) 2(n + 2)
= 2n (10n + 11) − n − 2[5(n − 2) + 11]
2 2 n
3 3n
So ∑ =
(r + 1)(r + 2) 2(n + 2)
= 1 (15n2 + 31n + 2) r =1
2
n
3
1
= (15n + 1)(n + 2) Therefore ∑
2 r =5
(r + 1)(r + 2)
4 a 1 = 1 − 1
n 4
(r + 5)(r + 6) r + 5 r + 6 = ∑ (r + 1)(3r + 2) − ∑ (r + 1)(3r + 2)
r =1 r =1
n n
1 1 1 3( 4)
b ∑ (r + 5)(r + 6) = ∑ r + 5 − r + 6 =
3n
− =
3n
−1
r =1 r =1 2 ( n + 2) 2 ( 4 + 2) 2 ( n + 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= + + +…+ − − − − = −1
( )
6 7 8 n+5 7 8 9 n+6
2 1+ 2
1 1 n
= −
6 n+6 As n → ∞
n 2 → 0, 3 → 0
=
6(n + 6) n n
20 Therefore
c ∑ (r + 5)(1r + 6) = 6(2020+ 6) = 0.128 205 3 3 1
( )
−1→ −1 =
r =1 2 (2)(1) 2
to 6 decimal places 2 1+ n
∞
5 a
First state the fraction as the sum of partial
fractions with unknown numerators to be
∑ (r + 1)(3r + 2) = 12
r =5
found.
3
6 a  −(r + 3)(r + 4) + 3(r + 2) × 
≡ A + B  (r + 4) − 2(r + 2)(r + 3) 
(r + 1)(r + 2) r + 1 r + 2 − 1 + 3 − 2 =  
r +2 r +3 r +4 (r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4)
Multiply through by (r + 1)(r + 2).
3 ≡ A(r + 2) + B(r + 1)  −r 2 − 7r − 12 + 3r 2 + 18r + 24 − 2r 2 − 10r − 12 
= 
Substitute r = –2. (r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4)
3 = B(–2 + 1) = r
(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4)
B = –3
43
n n n n
r 1 3 2
b ∑ (r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) = ∑ − r + 2 + r + 3 − r + 4 8 a ∑(r + 2)(r + 3) = ∑r 2 + 5r + 6
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
n n n
=  − 1 + 3 − 2  +  − 1 + 3 − 2  +  − 1 + 3 − 2  = ∑r 2 + 5 ∑r + 6∑1
 3 4 5  4 5 6  5 6 7
r =1 r =1 r =1
+  − 1 + 3 − 2  +…+  − 2 + 3 − 2  = n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 5n [n + 1] + 6n
 6 7 8  n n +1 n + 2
6 2
+  − 2 + 3 − 2  +  − 2 + 3 − 2  3 2 2
 n +1 n + 2 n + 3  n + 2 n + 3 n + 4 = 2n + 3n + n + 15n + 15n + 36n
6 6 6 6 6 6
All terms cancel except for the following: n
= (n + 9n + 26)
2
3
−1 + 3 − 1 − 2 + 3 − 2
3 4 4 n+3 n+3 n+4 b (n + 3) log 5n + 2 = (n + 2)(n + 3) log 5
Simplify:
4 log 53 + 5 log 54 + … + (n + 3) log 5n + 2
1+ 1 − 2
6 n+3 n+4 = log 5  n (n 2 + 9n + 26)
(n + 3)(n + 4) + 6(n + 4) − 2 × 6(n + 3) 3 
=
6(n + 3)(n + 4) n n n
2
= n + 7n + 12 + 6n + 24 − 12n − 36
9 a ∑4r + 7 = 4 ∑r + 7∑1
6(n + 3)(n + 4) r =1 r =1 r =1
n +n 2 = 4n [n + 1] + 7n
= 2
6(n + 3)(n + 4)
n 2
= 2n(n + 1) + 7n
Hence ∑ (r + 2)(r +r 3)(r + 4) = 6(n +n 3)(+nn + 4) 3n − 2
r =1 ∑ 4r + 7 = 2(3n – 2)(3n – 1) + 7(3n – 2)
r =1
7 a f(r) = r2(r + 1) = (3n – 2)(6n + 5)
f(r) – f(r – 1) = r2(r + 1) – (r – 1)2(r – 1 + 1) 3n − 2
= r3 + r2 – r3 + 2r2 – r
b ∑ 4r + 7 > 180
r =1
= r(3r – 1) (3n – 2)(6n + 5) > 180
n
n n
n
b ∑ 44rr(3 − 1)
(3rr − =4
1) = 4∑ rr(3 − 1)
(3rr − 1) 18n2 + 3n – 190 > 0
rr =
=1 r =1
1 r =1 (6n – 19)(3n + 10) > 0
From part a
From part a,,
n n n > 19
n n 6
∑ rr(3
(3rr − 1) =
− 1) = ∑ (( f(f(rr )) −− f(f(rr −− 1)
1)))
=1
rr = 1 =1
rr = 1 or n < − 10 (not a valid solution)
3
= f(1)
= f(1) −− f(0) + f(2)
f(0) + − f(1)
f(2) − + f(3)
f(1) + − f(2)
f(3) − f(2)
+ Therefore the minimum value of n is 4.
+ ... + f(n − 1) − f(n − 2) + f(n) −
... + f(n − 1) − f(n − 2) + f(n ) − f(n−
f(n − 1)
1)
n n
=
=− f(0) +
−f(0) f(n
+ f(n))
2
2(0 + 1) + n 2
10 a ∑(2r − 1)2 = ∑4r 2 − 4r + 1
= −
= −0 (0 + 1) + n 2((n
0 n++ 1) =n
1) = n 22((n
n++ 1)
1) r =1 r =1
n n n n
= 4∑r − 4∑r + ∑1
n
So ∑ 4
2
So 4rr(3 − 1)
(3rr − =4
1) = n 22((n
4n n++ 1)
1)
rr = r =1 r =1 r =1
=11
= 4n (n + 1)(2n + 1) − 4n (n + 1) + n
c The sum of the first n terms of 6 2
4 × 5 × 14 + 4 × 6 × 17 + 4 × 7 × 20 + 4 × 8 × 23 + ...
= n [2(n + 1)(2n + 1) – 6(n + 1) + 3]
can be written as 3
n
n+4 n+4 4 = (4n2 – 1)
∑ 4r(3r − 1) = ∑ 4r(3r − 1) − ∑ 4r(3r − 1) 3
= n (2n + 1)(2n – 1)
r =5 r =1 r =1
= 4(n + 4) (n + 5) − 4 × 4 2 × 5
2 3
by part b b 2r – 1 > 100
3
= 4n + 52n + 224n 2 r > 50.5
r = 51
44
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2r – 1 < 150 13 F
irst state the fraction as the sum of partial
r < 75.5 fractions with unknown numerators to be found.
1 ≡ A + B
r = 75
75 75 50 (r + 7)(r + 8) r + 7 r + 8
∑ (2r − 1)2 = ∑(2r − 1)2 − ∑(2r − 1)2 Multiply through by (r + 7)(r + 8).
r = 51 r =1 r =1
1 ≡ A(r + 8) + B(r + 7)
= 75 (151)(149) − 50 (101)(99) Substitute r = –8.
3 3
B = –1
= 395 825
1 1 1
11 a = − A=1
(r + 1)(r + 3) 2(r + 1) 2(r + 3)
n n State the partial fractions.
∑ (r + 1)(1r + 3) = 12 ∑ r 1+ 1 − r +1 3 1 ≡ 1 − 1
r =1 r =1 (r + 7)(r + 8) r + 7 r + 8
(
n n n
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2∑r +1 r + 3 2 2 3 4
− = + + +…+
1
n +1
∑ (r + 7)(1r + 8) = ∑ r +1 7 − r +1 8
r =1 r =18 r =18
−
1 1 1
− − −
1
−
1
4 5 6 n+2 n+3 ) =  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +  1 − 1  +
 25 26   26 27   27 28 
= (
1 1 1
+ −
1
−
1
2 2 3 n+2 n+3 ) +…+  1 − 1  +  1 − 1 
 n + 6 n + 7  n + 7 n + 8
All the terms cancel except for the following:
5n 2 + 13n
=
12(n + 2)(n + 3) = 1 − 1
25 n + 8
n
+ 13n2 5 + 13
b ∑ (r + 1)(1r + 3) = 12(5nn+ 2)( n Simplify:
( )( )
=
n + 3)
r =1 12 1 + 2 1 + 3 = n − 17
n n 25(n + 8)
As r → ∞, 13 → 0, 2 → 0 and 3 → 0
n
n − 17
n n n ∑ (r + 7)(1r + 8) = 25(n + 8)
∞ r =18
so ∑ (r + 1)(1r + 3) = 12
5
n 1 − 17
∑ (r + 7)(1r + 8) = n
( )
r =1
15 2 25 1 + n8
+ (13)(15) r =18
c ∑ (r + 1)(1r + 3) = 5(15)
12(17)(18)
r =10
As n → ∞
5(9)2 + (13)(9)
− 17 → 0, 8 → 0
12(11)(12)
n n
= 0.359 477 – 0.329 545 = 0.030 Therefore
to 3 decimal places.
1 − 17
3 = n → 1− 0 = 1
12 = 1 − 1
25 1 + 8 

(r + 5)(r + 8) r + 5 r + 8 (25)(1) 25
 n
n n ∞
∑ (r + 5)(3r + 8) = ∑ r +1 5 − r +1 8 ∑ (r + 7)(1r + 8) = 25
1
r =1 r =1 r =18
= (
1 1 1 1
+ + + +
6 7 8 9
+
1
n+5 Mathematics in life and work
1 1
− − −
1
−
1
−
1
−
1
9 10 11 n + 6 n + 7 n + 8 ) 1
Let N be the population in millions n years after
6 7 8 n + 6 n + 7 n + 8)
=( + + −
1 1 1 1 1 1 2015.
− − The updated data suggests that the world
population in 2016, 2017 and 2018 is now
∑ (r + 5)(3r + 8) = ( 16 + 17 + 18 − 16 17 18 )
10
1 1 1
− − estimated to be 7467m, 7555m and 7635m people
r =1 respectively.
= 0.257 645 to 6 decimal places n = 1 ⇒ N = 7371 + (142 – 102) = 7467
45
n = 2 ⇒ N = 7371 + (142 – 102) n
+ (132 – 92) = 7555 ∑ ((15 – r)2 – (11 – r)2) = 104n – 4n(n + 1)

r =1
n = 3 ⇒ N = 7371 + (142 – 102) = 104n – 4n2 – 4n = 100n – 4n2
+ (132 – 92) + (122 – 82) = 7635 So for the new model we have:
∴ Model 3 accurately estimates the size of the N = 7371 + 100n – 4n2
population for 2015, 2016 and 2017 using the In 2050, n = 35 ⇒ N = 7371 + 100 × 35
updated data. – 4 × 352 = 5971
There are two methods for establishing the nth
2 ∴ Using the new model, the population in 2050 is
term of the sum. estimated to be 5971m people.
Method 1: Method of differences: N = 7371 + 100n – 4n2
n dN = 100 − 8n
∑ ((15 – r)2 – (11 – r)2) dn
r =1
= (142 – 102) + (132 – 92) + (122 – 82) + (112 – 72) When dN = 0 , n = 12.5 ⇒ N = 7996
dn
+ (102 – 62) + (92 – 52) + (82 – 42) + (72 – 32) d 2N = −8
⇒ Maximum
+ (62 – 22) + (52 – 12) + (42 – 02) + (32 – 12) dn 2
+ (22 – 22) + (12 – 32) + (02– 42) + (12 – 52) Solving 7371 + 100n – 4n2 = 0
+ (22 – 62) + (32 – 72) + (42– 82) + (52 – 92) −100 ± 100 2 − 4(−4)(7371)
n=
... −8
+ ((15 – (n – 3))2 – (11 – (n – 3))2) n = 57.21 or n = –32.21
∴ Using this model, the population will reach a
+ ((15– (n – 2))2 – (11– (n – 2))2)
maximum of ≈7996m people in 2027/28 and will
+ ((15 – (n – 1))2 – (11 – (n – 1))2) then reduce to zero by 2072/73.
+ ((15 – n)2 – (11 – n)2)
n
∑ ((15 – r)2 – (11 – r)2)
r =1
= 142 + 132 + 122 + 112 – (14 – n)2

– (13 – n)2 – (12 – n)2 – (11 – n)2
n
∑ ((15 – r)2 – (11 – r)2) = 142 + 132 + 122 + 112
r =1
– 142 + 28n – n2
– 132 + 26n – n2
– 122 + 24n – n2
– 112 + 22n – n2
n
∑((15 − r )2 − (11 − r )2) = 100n − 4n 2

r =1
Method 2: Summation formulae:

n
∑((15 − r )2 − (11 − r )2)
r =1
n
= ∑ (152 − 30r + r 2 − 112 + 22r − r 2 )
r =1
n
= ∑(104 − 8r )
r =1
n n n
∑((15 − r )2 − (11 − r )2) = ∑104 − 8∑r

r =1 r =1 r =1
= 104n − 8n (n + 1)
2
46
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 Matrices
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge to
1
1 a Area = (5 + 1) × 2 = 6 units2 L H M
2
1 1 2 a L  − 12 23 b Hong Kong
b Area = (2 + 1) × 1 + × 1 × 1 = 2 units2  13 − 9 
2 2 from H
 
2 a (1, –1); (1, 4); (3, 3); (3, 2) M  22 10 − 
b (8, 1); (7, 3); (6, 3); (6, 1); (7, 2) 3 y
3 a 3x = –7 5
−7 4
F
x= C
3 D
3 W
b (x – 2)(x + 5) = 0 so x = 2 or –5
2 E
c x2 + 2x – 3 = 21 U
1 A B
x2 + 2x – 24 = 0
0 x
(x + 6)(x – 4) = 0 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1
So x = –6 or 4
Yes, they coincide.
d 4x + 6y = 30 and 4x – y = 9
4 a No, 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 do not multiply.
so subtracting these gives 7y = 21, y = 3
b No, only add if rows and columns match.
so 4x – 3 = 9, 4x = 12, x = 3
 0.5 −10 1 
4 a 10y
c  −3 8 −2 
b 6x5  
 2 −1 1 
3x
c
4y d No, 3 × 3 and 2 × 3 do not multiply.
Exercise 4.1A  5 −4 −3 
e 
 2.5 −0.75 5.5
 −6 2
1 a 
 −17 4 f
 13 −8 
 −1.5 6.5
 −0.5 −7 
b  g No, as BC is 3 × 3 and 2A is 2 × 2.
 −2.5 −15
 2.5 −11.5 0 
 −6.5 −5  h  −2.5 8 0
c   
 −19.5 −11  3.5 −2 −2
i No, as 3 × 2 and 3 × 2 do not multiply.
 −3 −22
d  −8.5 −59  1.75 −2 −6 
j
 4 −2.75 1.5 
 
 −9 −2   4 −3.25 −2.5
e  5 −10
 1 0 3
 −2 −28
f both are equal to  5 R =  3 1 0
 −10 −60  
 1 1 2
47
4 Matrices
The sum tells you the number of points each team

 −13 −1 42
has.  −21 21 28 
 3 e
 
Points totals =  10 
 −7 −7 28 
 
 4 (d) and (e) are not equal, and so AB × AB is
not AA × BB but instead ABAB.
 ak + cl am + cn 
6 a PQ = 
 bk + dl bm + dn  8 6 + x2 = – 5x which gives x2 = – 6 – 5x
x + 2x2 = 6 which gives x + 2(– 6 – 5x) = 6
 ak + bm ck + dm 
QP =  x – 12 – 10x = 6
 al + bn cl + dn 
– 9x = 18
So matrix multiplication is not commutative. x = –2
b  ak + cl am + cn   w y = Exercise 4.2A
 bk + dl bm + dn   x z 
1  −6 4 
 w(ak + cl) + x(am + cn) y(ak + cl) + z(am + cn)  1 a
8  5 −2
 w(bk + dl) + x(bm + dn) y(bk + dl) + z(bm + dn)
 akw + clw + amx + cnx

=
aky + cly + amz + cnz  1  −4 2 
b
 bkw + dlw + bmx + dnx bky + dly + bmz + dnz  10  3 1 
Same result for P(QR) c det = 0.
So matrix multiplication is associative.
 0.875 −0.625
 a + k c + m  w y d  −0.125 0.375 
c ( P + Q)R =  b + l d + n   x z 
e det = 0
 w ( a + k ) + x ( c + m ) y ( a + k ) + z ( c + m )
= 
 w (b + l ) + x (d + n ) y (b + l ) + z (d + n ) 
f det = 0
 aw + cx ay + cz  1  3 0
g
PR + QR =  + 3  0 1 
 bw + dx by + dz 
 kw + mx ky + mz   1 −2 
h 
 lw + nx ly + nz  0 1 
The two expressions are equal, which

1  1 −b 
i
shows the distributive property of matrix a  0 a 
multiplication over addition.
 −5 7 2  1  2a −2
j
7 a  −5 1 2  2a − 2  −1 a 
2
 
 −4 5 3
2 a DetA = 24 + 56 = 80
 1 2 8 1  6 8
b A–1 =
 0 7 0 80  −7 4 
b
 
 0 0 7
 6 8 
80 80 
 1 1 2 c A =
−1
 −7 4 
 −3 3 4   
c
  80 80 
 −1 −1 4  6 4 −7 8
det A −1 = × − ×
80 80 80 80
 −18 −18 10  =
24 + 56
=
1
 12 −24 −2 80 2 80
d
   4 −8 
 −17 −8 11  −1 −1 1  80 80 
(A ) =
1  7 6 
48 80  80 80 
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Further Pure Mathematics 1 97800082577744 −8 © HarperCollinsPublishers 2018
 
 80 80   4 − 8
80 80 
A −1 = 
 −7 4 
 
80 80 
det A −1 =
6
×
4 −7
− ×
8 4
80 80 80 80 WORKED SOLUTIONS
24 + 56 1
= =
80 2 80
 4 −8  1  d −c 
e as AB = I, B = A–1 and B =
−1 −1
(A ) =
1  80 80  ad − bc  −b a 
1  7 6 
80  80 80   5.5 3.5
7 a C= 
 4 −8   4.5 2 
80 80   4 − 8
= 80  =
 7 6   7 6   68 
 
80 80  b T=  
 47 
So ( A −1)−1 = A
3 a 5x – 4x = x c det C = 11 – 15.75 = –4.75
b x2 – 15x2 = –14x2
1  −2 3.5 
c x6 – x5 = x5(x – 1) C–1 =
4.75  4.5 −5.5
d (x2 – 4) – (x2 + 5x + 4) = –5x – 8
a bc 1  −2 3.5   68  =  6 
e − d
4.75  4.5 −5.5  47  10
c ad
4 a n=1 So 6 adults and 10 children
10
b n=– Exercise 4.3A
6
c n = ± 12
 14 −22 24 
d n2 + 2n + 1 = n2 – 1 1 1
1 a det = 78. Inverse = 4 −15
2n = – 2, so n = – 1 78  
 4 16 18 
e 4n2 = 6n2, so n = 0
f 2n6 + 2n5 = 0  3 −6 −3 
10 0 2
2n5 (n + 1) = 0 b det = –6. Inverse =
6 
So n = 0 or –1  0 6 2 
5 a X = A–1B  −47 −18 10
1 
 7 −5  c det = –34. Inverse = 34  −18 −4 6 
b A–1 =   17 0 
 −4 3  0
 2 0 0
 p   7 −5   4   3   
c   = = , so 2 a AB = 0 2 0
 q   −4 3   5  −1  
 0 0 2
p = 3 and q = –1
1 2 8 
 aw + cx ay + cz  1 0 1 0 0 1 
6 a AB =  =  b Hence A–1 = B=  
 bw + dx by + dz  0 1  2  0 −1 −4
So by first column, aw + cx = 1 and bw + dx = 0

3 AA = I so A = A–1
b w=
(1 − cx ) 4 a If any row or column is entirely zero then the
a
b (1 − cx ) det = 0, hence singular.
so bw + dx = 0 gives + dx = 0
a b If m = –2 then the top row is entirely zero.
b(1 – cx) + adx = 0
 0 1 0  3 0 4  2 2 3
b – bcx + adx = 0     
SK =  1 0 0   2 2 3  =  3 0 4 
5 a
b −b  0 0 1   0 −1 1   0 −1 1 
x = =
bc − ad ad − bc
d as required.
c w=
ad − bc b detK = 3(2 + 3) − 0 + 4(–2+0) = 7
−c
d y= c detSK = –7 and det SnK = (–1)n det K.
ad − bc
a This is because each time swapping the rows
z=
ad − bc changes the sign of the determinant of the
matrix.
49
4 Matrices
 n − 1 n − 2 3n − 6   2 0
c 
6 a AB =
 0 1 n−2 0 2
 
 n − 2 n − 2 4n − 7 2 0 
d 
 1 0 0 0 0.5

b If n = 2, then AB = 0 1 0

   1 3
e 
 0 0 1 0 1
 1 1 −1
 1 3 3 2 1
So A–1 =  −2 −1 2  3 a columns can be in any order.
 
 6 2 −5
  0 0 1 2 1
b Area = 3 units2
 2 3k + 6 5k + 10
7 AB =  0
 4 0
2 k+2  c 
  0 3
0 0 2 
When k = –2, AB = 2I. Hence: d New area = 3 × 12 = 36 units2
 2 −6 −2  1 −3 −1  2 4  1 3 3 2 1
e  =
A = 0.5B =  0 2 0  =  0 1 0 
−1 1 0 2  0 0 1 2 1
2   
 0 0 2   0 0 1   2 6 10 12 6
 0 0 2 4 2
 0 15 −34
1  0 3  f Enlargement scale factor 2 about (0, 0)
8 Inverse matrix is 5
215  
 215 −80 38  followed by a shear with scale factor 4
parallel to x-axis.
 x  0 15 −34  87   645   3
g New area = 3 × 4 = 12 units2.
So  y  = 1  0 5 3   281 = 1  1720 =  8
  215    215    
 z   215 −80 38   105   215   1 4 a Coordinate (r, 2r) has x = r and y = 2r,
so y = 2(x) = 2x.
15 −34  87   645   3
   1  1720 =  8  2 2  r   2r + 4r   6r   6
5 3 281 = b  = =   = r 
  215      −1    
4  2r   −r + 8r   7r   7
 
−80 38   105   215   1 
7x
so y =
x = 3, y = 8, z = 1 6
5 a Reflection in the x-axis and in the y-axis (or
Exercise 4.4A enlargement scale factor –1 about (0, 0)).
1 a Shear factor 2 parallel to the x-axis  1 0

b 
b Enlargement scale factor 2 about (0, 0), and 0 1 
rotation by 180 degrees about (0, 0) c Identity transformation, no change.
(or enlargement scale factor –2 about (0, 0)) d Reflection in x-axis.
c Reflection in y-axis
 1 0
d Enlargement scale factor 4.5 about (0, 0) e 
0 1 
e Enlargement scale factor 3 about (0, 0) and
reflection in the line y = x f Identity transformation, no change.
f Shear factor 2 parallel to the x-axis and g Reflection in x-axis.
Shear factor 3 parallel to the y-axis h Identity transformation, no change.
1 0 6 Using two of the points gives:
2 a 
0 −1  p r   1 1   2 2
 0 1  q s   0 2 =  1 7
b 
 −1 0 
50
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 p p + 2r   2 2  −1 −1
 q q + 2s  =  1 7 6 a 
1 1 
p=2 b If we look at a few points:
p + 2r = 2 so r = 0 A(1, 2) → A′ (–3, 3)
q=1 B(3, 2) → B′ (–5, 5)
q + 2s = 7 so s = 3 C(3, 3) → C′ (–6, 6)
 p r   2 0 D(1, 3) → D′ (–4, 4)
Giving:  =
 q s   1 3 So y = –x.
Exercise 4.5A
 −1 −1
c det  = 0 , so it has no inverse. Also
 0 1 1 1 
1 M= 
1 0 more than one point will be transformed to
the same new point (e.g. (1, 1) and (1.5, 0.5)
 1 0 both are transformed to (–2, 2)) so it is not
M2 =  = I, so it is self-inverse.
0 1  possible to reverse.
1 0  2 2 3   x   25
2 a   1 1 0  y  =  11 
−1
7
0     
 5 0 0   z   15 
 0 −1
b   2 2 3  0 0 −3 
1 0 
Inverse of  1 1 0 is − 1  0 −15 3 
 
 5 0 0 15  
 −5 10 0 
 0.5 0   x  0 0 −3  25 5
c 
 0 0.5 So  y  = − 1  0 −15 3   11 
  15   
 z   −5 10 0   15 
 0.5 0
d 
 0 2  −45   3
1    
= −  −120 =  8

15 
 1 −3   −15   1 
e 
0 1   2 0 0  x   2x 
 0 0 0  y  =  0  so all points are projected
1  6 −3  8 a
    
3 Inverse transformation matrix =  or
3  −3 2   0 0 0  z   0 
 2 −1 to the x-axis.
 
 −1 2   1 0 0  x   x 
3 b  0 1 0  y  =  y  all points are projected
    
 0 −1  0 0 0  z   0 
4 a R= 
1 0  to (‘dropped’ to) the x – y plane.
b Rotation of 270° clockwise will have the  2 0 0  x   2x   x
same effect, as –90 + 360 = 270.
c  0 2 0  y  =  2y  = 2 y  so all points are
      
 −1 0  3  0 1  4  1 0  0 0 2  z   2z   z 
c R2 = ,R =  R =
 0 −1  −1 0  0 1  moved twice as far away from the origin in
all directions.
d RR = rotation of 180° about (0,0)
RRR = rotation of 270° anticlockwise about (0,0)
Exercise 4.6A
RRRR = no transformation (identity). 1 a y = −x, (λ, −λ)
5 pq = 1 b 3y = x, (3λ, λ)
c y = x, (λ, λ)
51
4 Matrices
d All points aλ + (d – 1)λ = λ

e x = 2y, (2λ, λ) (a – 1)λ + dλ = λ
Both equation give a + d = 2.
f Only (0, 0)
So a matrix which has a line of invariant
g y = 4x, (λ, 4λ) points along y = x is of the form
2 a line of invariant points is x = 0  a 1 − a   2 − d d − 1
b invariant lines are of the form y = k  a − 1 2 − a  or  1 − d d 
 1 0 Exam-style questions
c 
0 0
 −4 0
1 a AB = 
1  −2x + 3y 12
3 a Line of invariant points is y = x
2 −4
 0
b Invariant lines are of the form y = –2x + c b BA = 
 2y + 4x 12
 −3 2   x   x  c –2x + 3y = 2y + 4x
4 a
 = gives –3x + 2y = x so y = 2x
 2 0  y   y  y = 6x
And 2x = y so all points on the line y = 2x, or So x = 1 and y = 6
with coordinates (λ, 2λ) are invariant.
2 a (a – 3)(a + 2) + 4 = 0
b CBA or BCA or BAC
a2 – a – 6 + 4 = 0
−3 2 a2 – a – 2 = 0
c = –4, so the area of the image is
2 0
(a – 2)(a + 1) = 0
four times the size.
a = –1 or 2
5 a 4 × (–3) – 6 × (–2) = 0  0 −2  1  5 2
b M=   , so M–1 =  .
b y = –0.5x 2 5 4  −2 0
 4 6   x  4x + 6y 
c  gives so y = –0.5x 3 a DetQ = –0.36 – 0.64 = –1
 −2   
−3   y   −2x − 3y 
 1 0
for all points. b QQ =  =I
0 1 
 4 6   x   12 
d solve  = c Q–1 = Q
 −2 −3  y   −6  −0.6 0.8  10  −2
d (10, 5) moves to  =
gives 4x + 6y = 12 and –2x – 3y = –6, in both  0.8 0.6  5   11 
2
cases these rearrange to y = 2 − x so (10, 5) → (–2, 11). Plotting these two points
3
e as detM = 0, there is no inverse; all points on and the line joining them:
the plane are mapped to a line and so lose y
some information; it is not a one-to-one
20
mapping but a many-to-one mapping.
15
6 a ax + cy = x, so (a – 1)x + cy = 0.
10
bx + dy = y so bx + (d – 1)y = 0 5
b (a – 1)x + cy = bx + (d – 1)y giving b = a – 1
0 x
and c = d – 1 –2.5 –20 –15 –10 –5 5 10 15 20
–5
 a d − 1
Gives  –10
a −1 d 
–15
The line y = x consists of points (λ, λ) –20
For these points to be invariant, require
Gradient = –0.5, so gradient of mirror line is 2,
 a d − 1  λ   λ 
 a − 1 = and hence y = 2x
d   λ   λ 
52
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 1 − m 2 2m   1 − m 2 2m   −0.8 0.6
e    6 a
 0.6 0.8 is in the form of
 2m m 2 − 1  2m m 2 − 1

( ) ( ) ( )  cos 2θ sin 2θ 
2
1 − m 2 + 4m 2 2m 1 − m 2 + 2m m 2 − 1 a matrix 

=  sin 2θ − cos 2θ 

( ) ( ) + ( m − 1)
2
 2m 1 − m 2 + 2m m 2 − 1 4m 2 2

which represents reflection in the line y = (tan θ)x
=  sin 2θ
 1 − 2m 2 + m 4 + 4m 2
=
( )
2m 1 − m 2 − 2m 1 − m 2 

( ) so tan 2θ =
cos 2θ
= − 0.6 = − 3
0.8 4
(
 2m 1 − m 2 − 2m 1 − m 2
 ) ( ) 4m 2 + m 4 − 2m 2 + 1 

By the double angle formula:
 1 + 2m 2 + m 4  tan 2θ = 2t 2 where t = tan θ

0 1−t
= 
 0 4 2
m + 2m + 1 3 2t
− =
4 1−t2

( ) 
2
1 + m2 0 −3 + 3t 2 = 8t
 
=
2
 0 ( 1 + m 
2
) 3t 2 − 8t − 3 = 0
(3t + 1)(t − 3) = 0

( ) 
2
1 + m2 0 ⇒t = 3
1  
So RR = ×
(1 + m )(1 + m )
2 2
 0 ( 2
2
1 + m  )
Reflection in the line y = 3x.
b y = 3x
 1 0  −0.8 0.6
=
 0 1  c 
 0.6 0.8
(self-inverse)
f Rotation about (0,0) of 180° or enlargement

 0.6 0.8   x   x 
about (0,0) scale factor –1 or 1-way stretch 7  0.8 −0.6  y  =  y 
parallel to either x or y of scale factor –1.
0.6x +0.8y = x giving 8y = 4x or 2y = x
4 a m = –2, n = –5
0.8x – 0.6y = y giving 8x = 16y or x = 2y
b Det = –1
So invariant points are (2λ, λ)
 2 1 −1 
 8 a
Two-way stretch parallel to the x-axis scale
c A = 5
–1 2 −4 
  factor 2 and parallel to the y-axis scale factor 3.
 −9 −4 7  b Reflection in the line y = x .
 2a − 2 5  2 0   0 1   0 2
c AB =  =
5 a AB = 
 a+8 7  0 3  1 0  3 0
b 7(2a – 2) – 5(a + 8) = 0 d det (AB) = –6

 0 −2
14a – 14 – 5a – 40 = 0 (A B)−1 = − 1 
6  −3 0 
9a – 54 = 0
9a = 54 4 4 3
 0 −2  2 8 3 1  −8 −8 −18 =  3 3 
−1 = −
a=6 6  −3 0   4 4 9 6  −6 −24 −9   3 
 1 4
2
1  4 1 
c A–1 = 
9  −1 2  0 −2  2 8 3
4 4 3
−1 = − 1  −8 −8 −18 =  3 3 
6  −3 0   4 4 9 6  −6 −24 −9   3 
1  1 −3   1 4 2 
B–1 =
a − 6  −2 a  So the coordinates of the original triangle are:
(AB)–1 = B–1 A–1=

4
( ) ( ) 4
P , 1 , Q , 4 and R 3,
3 3
3
2
. ( )
1  1 −3  × 1  4 1  The area of the new triangle is 6 × 5 = 15 units2
a − 6  −2 a  9  −1 2 2
and det (AB) = –6.
Therefore, the area of PQR is 15 = 2.5 units2.
6
53
4 Matrices
c
1 −4  y
9 a A–1 = 
 −1 5  5
4
 1 −4   3 4   −1 0 
b B=  =
 −1 5   1 1   2 1 
3
2
10 a For 6 co-factor = 28, for 5 cofactor = –8 1
 2 3 −8 
0 x
1 0 0 3 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b DetB = 3, so inverse B = 3 –1
 
 −1 −3 10 
base = 4, height = 2 so area = 4 units2
11 a detH = –1 + 8 = 7 so area = 70 units2
 3 3 1
1  −1 − 4 
b H–1 = d M =  5 4 1
7  2 1  
 7 k 1
 0 1 det (M) = 3(4 – k) – 5(3 – k) + 7(3 – 4) = 2k – 10
c 
1 0 Area of triangle is 3 units2
1
∴ 3= 2k − 10 ⇒ 2k − 10 = 6
 0 1  1 4   −2 −1 2
d  = 
 1 0  −2 −1  1 4  2k – 10 = 6 ⇒ k=8
2k – 10 = –6 ⇒ k=2
12 a (15 – t)(–5t) = 0
e Because it gives det M = 0 so the shape is three
5t(t – 15) = 0 points which are collinear, i.e. it is not a triangle.
t = 0 or 15
 10 0 0   −4 2 5
14 a M = 1

b A= 0 5 0
 6  2 5 
4 
 
 0 0 −5 
 4 2 
5
N =  5
detA = 10(–25) = –250 5
6 2 
 −25 0 0  − 4
  5
adjA = 0 −50 0  5
   4 2 
 0 0 50   2 5 5  5 5
b MN = 1 −4
6  2 5 ×  
1 0 0  4  6 2 − 4
1    5 5
A–1 = 10 0 2 0
   4 − 16 
 0 0 −2  = 5 5 5
36  16 4
13 a detA = x1 (y2 – y3) – x2 ( y1 – y3) + x3 ( y1 – y2)  5 
 5
 2 2 1 1
  This is a reflection in the line y = x
b A= 6 2 1 5
 
 3 4 1 followed by a reflection in the line y = 5x .
detA =
2 × (2 – 4 )– 6 × (2 – 4) + 3 × (2 – 2)
1 1 − m 2m   x 
2
= – 4 + 12 + 0 = 8 c
2 
1 + m  2m m 2 − 1  mx 
so area = 0.5 × 8 = 4 units2
= 1  (
 x 1 − m 2 + 2m 2x 

)
1 + m 2  2mx + mx m 2 − 1 
  ( )
54
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS

1  x − xm + 2m x 
2 2
=
1 + m  2mx + m x − mx 
2 3
1 Using trigonometry
1  x + xm   
2
= coordinates of A′ : (cos30°, sin 30°) =  3 , 1 
2 3   2 2
1 + m  mx + m x 
 
coordinates of B′ : (− sin 30°, cos30°) =  − 1 , 3 
1 
 x 1 + m2 ( )  =  x   2 2 
 
= 1 + m2 
 mx 1 + m
2
( )  mx  2 
 0 −1  1 0  0 −1
= so (1, 0) is
1 0   0 1   1 0 
 2  transformed to (0, 1) and (0, 1) transformed to
 − 2
15 a M =  2 2 (–1, 0). Therefore this is a rotation of 90°

 2 2  anticlockwise about (0, 0).
 2 2 
3 For 0 < θ < 90 (1, 0) will be rotated so that it has a
 2  y-coordinate of sin θ and an x-coordinate of cos θ.
 − 2   1 9 5
2 2 For 90 < θ < 180 the value of y remains positive as
  
 2 2   1 1 5 sin θ > 0 and the x-coordinate is negative as cos θ <
 2 2  0 for this region. Similarly for 180 < θ < 270 and
 270 < θ < 360.
2− 2 9 2− 2 5 2 − 5 2

= 2 2 2 2 2 2  B′ = ( − sinθ , cosθ )

 2+ 2 9 2+ 2 5 2 + 5 2
 2 2 2 2 2 2   cosθ − sinθ 
4 
 0  sinθ cosθ 
4 2 0 
= 
 2 5 2 5 2 5 det = cos θ cos θ – (–sinθ sinθ) = cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
( ) (
So A 0, 2 , B 4 2, 5 2 , C 0, 5 2 ) ( )
2
b − 2    
2 2
=  2 × 2 −  2 × − 2 = 1 + 1 = 1
2 2  2 2   2 2  2 2
2 2
− 2    
2
=  2 × 2 −  2 × − 2 = 1 + 1 = 1
2  2 2
  2 2  2 2
2 1
Area of T is 2 × 8 × 4 = 16 units2
So area of T' is 16 as well.
c Rotation of 45° about (0,0).
M2020 represents 2020 rotations of 45° this is
d
2020 ÷ 4 = 505 full rotations, so M2020 = I
 3 0  0 4 2 0 
NT′ =    
 0 3  2 5 2 5 2 
 0 12 2 0 
= 
 3 2 15 2 15 2 
So the coordinates of T″ are
(0, 3 2 ), (12 )(
2,15 2 , 0,15 2 )
The area of T" is 9 × 16 = 144 units2
55
5 POLAR COORDINATES
5 Polar coordinates
this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge Exercise 5.1A
1 a i y
π π
1 a 30 × 180 = 6
π 5π
b 150 × 180 = 6
c 270 × π = 3π
180 2
π
d 315 × = π
7
180 4
π 0 x
e 720 × = 4π
180
2 a Period π and amplitude 4

b
y
(−7, −24)
4
ii (– 7, – 24) is in the 3rd quadrant

2
r = x2 + y2
0 x r = (−7)2 + (−24)2 = 25
π π
tan θ = −24
2
–2 −7
θ = 180° + 73.7°
–4
iii So the polar coordinates are (25, 253.7°).
3 a Period π and amplitude 10 b i y

2
b y
10
(1, 1)
0 x
π 2π
0 x
–10
4 LHS = cos 2θ + 2 cos θ + 1

= 2 cos2 θ – 1 + 2 cos θ + 1 = 2 cos2 θ + 2 cos θ
= 2 cos θ(cos θ + 1) = RHS
56
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
ii (1, 1) is in the first quadrant  π

iii So the polar coordinates are  1,  .
2 2  2
r= x +y
2 a r= x2 + y2
r = 12 + 12 = 2
tan θ = 1 r = 32 + 4 2 = 5
θ = 45°
tan θ = 4
iii So the polar coordinates are ( )
2, 45° . 3
c i y θ = 53.1°
So the polar coordinates are (5, 53.1°).
b r= x2 + y2
r = 52 + 122 = 13
0 x tan θ = 12
5
θ = 67.4°
So the polar coordinates are (13, 67.4°).
c r= x2 + y2
r = 12 + 12 = 2
ii (– 3, 4) is in the 2nd quadrant tan θ = 1

1
r = x2 + y2
θ=π 4
r = (−3)2 + 4 2 = 5
tan θ = 4
( )
So the polar coordinates are 1, π .
4
−3
d r= x2 + y2
θ = –53.1° + 180°
( )
2
iii So the polar coordinates are 2, 126.9° . r= 3 + 12 = 2
d i
y tan θ = 1
3
θ=π 6
( )
So the polar coordinates are 2, π .
6
(0, 1) 3 a (4, π3 )
0 x r = 4, θ = π
3
x = r cos θ
= 4cos π
3
=2
y = r sin θ
ii (0, 1) is on the positive y-axis = 4sin π

3
r = x2 + y2 =2 3
r = 0 2 + 12 = 1
(
So the Cartesian coordinates are 2, 2 3 . )
57
5 Polar coordinates
( ) π
b 10, 4 θ=π
6 but point in third quadrant so
π 7π
r = 10, θ = π θ = π+
6
=
6
4
x = r cos θ
π
So the polar coordinates are 2, ( 7π
6
. )
= 10cos 3π
4 5 a r = 4, θ = 4
=5 2 x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
π 3π
= 10sin = 4cos
4 4
= −2 2
=5 2
(
So the Cartesian coordinates are 5 2, 5 2 . ) y = r sin θ
4 a r= x2 + y2 = 4sin 3π
4
r = (−3)2 + (−4)2 = 5 =2 2
tan θ = −4
(
So the Cartesian coordinates are −2 2, 2 2 . )
−3
θ = 53.1° but point in third quadrant ( −5π
b 10, 6 )
so θ = 180° + 53.1° = 233.1
r = 10, θ = −5π
So the polar coordinates are (5, 233.1°). 6
x = r cos θ
b r= x2 + y2
−5π
= 10cos
2 2 6
r = 5 + (−12) = 13
= −5 3
tan θ = −12 y = r sin θ
5
θ = – 67.4° = 10sin −5π
6
So the polar coordinates are (13, –67.4°). = –5
c r= x2 + y2
(
So the Cartesian coordinates are −5 3, −5 . )
6 a Always true. Polar coordinates are in the form
r = (−1)2 + 12 = 2 (r, θ) consequently the point with coordinates
 a, − bπ  has r = a. So OA = a.
tan θ = 1  3 
−1
π but point in second quadrant so
θ=−  aπ 
4 b  a, −  ⇒ a  3
 3 
π 3π
θ = π− =
4 4 Never true as need a , 3
So the polar coordinates are  1, 3π  . to be within the limits (− π , θ  π) defined at
 4 
the start of the chapter.
d r= x2 + y2 c When b = 2 polar coordinates of point are
 a, − 2π 
r = (− 3)2 + (−1)2 = 2  3 
−2π
tan θ = 1 r = a, θ =
3
3
x = r cos θ
58
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
So y2 = r2 sin2 θ
= acos −2π
3 Substitute x2 + y2 = r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ
a
=− x2 + y2 = r2(cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
2
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
y = r sin θ
x 2 + y 2 = r2
= asin −2π x2 + y2 = 49
3
So r2 = 49
y = −a 3
2 So the polar equation is r = 7 (r ≠ – 7 as r  0).
So the Cartesian coordinates are always
b x2 – 1 = 0
 a −a 3 
− , . x = r cos θ
 2 2 
x2 – 1 = r2 cos2 θ – 1
Exercise 5.2A r2 cos2 θ – 1 = 0
r 2 = 12
1 x2 + y2 = 3 cos θ
x = r cos θ r = sec θ
So x2 = r2 cos2 θ c x2y = 1
y = r sin θ x = r cos θ
So y2 = r2 sin2 θ y = r sin θ
Substitute x2 + y2 = r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ x2y = r2 cos2 θ × r sin θ
x2 + y2 = r2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) r2 cos2 θ × r sin θ = 1
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 1 r 3 cosθ sin 2θ = 1
2
x2 + y2 = r2
( )
1
2 3
x2 + y2 =3 r=
cosθ sin 2θ
So r2 = 3
So the polar equation is r = 3 (as r  0). 4 a y = x(x – a)
r sin θ = r cos θ (r cos θ – a)
2 r = sin 2θ
r(sin θ + a cos θ) = r2 cos2 θ
r = 2 sin θ cos θ (sinθ + a cosθ ) = r
cos2θ
x = cos θ
r tan θ sec θ + a sec θ = r
y sec θ (tan θ + a) = r
= sin θ
r
r = 2  x
y
r r () b y = bx + 2
r sin θ = br cosθ + 2
2xy
r= 2
r2 r=
sin θ − b cosθ
r = x2 + y2
2
c x2 – y2 = 1
r3 = 2xy
3 r2 cos2 θ – r2 sin2 θ = 1
(x 2
+y )
2 2
= 2xy
r2(cos2 θ – sin2 θ) = 1
3 a (x2 + y2) = 49 r2(cos2 θ) = 1
x = r cos θ r2 = sec 2θ
So x2 = r2 cos2 θ r = sec2θ
y = r sin θ
59
5 POLAR COORDINATES
2 Exercise 5.3A
5 a x2 + y2 = x2
y
π
1 2
2 2 2π π
r 2 = r 2cos2 θ 3 3
r sin θ
5π
π
2
r = cos2 θ
6
6
sin θ
r = cot2 θ
π 0 initial line
4 O 20 40
b x + y =  y
2 x 2
 
4 4
r 2 = r 4cos4 θ
π
7π
11
6
6
r sin θ
4π
2 5π
r = cos2 θ
3 3
3π
sin θ 2
r = cot2 θ
2 a
c y2(x2 + y2) = x4
r2 sin2 θ(r2) = r 4 cos4 θ = 0
r cancels out, so this is not r = cot2 θ.
6 x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ π
6
x2 + y2 = r2 0
θ =0
y = 3 (x + 1)
3
r sinθ = 3 (r cosθ + 1)
3
 
r  3 sin θ − cosθ  = 1
 3 
3 b
r=
3sin θ − 3 cosθ
7 r = cosec2 θ – 1
r = 12 − 1
sin θ
1 − sin 2θ 2π
r=
sin 2θ 3
0
cos2θ θ =0
r=
sin 2θ
2
r = x2
y
2
x2 + y2 = x2
y
8 r = sec2 θ + 1
r = 2 + tan2 θ
y2
x2 + y2 = 2 +
x2
60
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
c r = 2 cos θ centre (1, 0)

Maximum value of cos θ is 1 so greatest value of
r is 2.
Minimum value of cos θ for 0  θ  π is 0 so least
value of r is 0.
π
2
2π π
3 3
0 −π θ =0
5π
π
4
6
6
π 0 initial line
O 1 2
π
7π
11
6
6
3 π
4π 5π
2 π
2π 3 3
3 3 3π
2
Both circles have a radius of 1 unit but different

5π
π
6
6
centres.
5 a r = 2(1 + cos θ)
π 0 initial line
O 10 20 Maximum value of cos θ is 1 so greatest value of
r is 4.
Minimum value of cos θ is –1 so least value of r is 0.
π
7π
11
6
π
4π 2
5π 2π π
3 3
3π 3 3
2
Coordinates of the point of intersection with the

5π
π
6
6
initial line are (0, 0).

4 r = 2 sin θ centre (0, 1)
Maximum value of sin θ is 1 so greatest value of π O 0 initial line
2 4
r is 2.
Minimum value of sin θ for 0  θ  π is 0 so least
value of r is 0.
π
7π
11
6
π
6
2
2π π
3 4π
3 5π
3 3
3π
2
5π
π
6
6
b r = 2(1 – cos θ)
Minimum value of cos θ is –1 so greatest value of
π 0 initial line r is 4.
O 1 2
Maximum value of cos θ is 1 so least value of
r is 0.
π
7π
11
6
4π 5π
3 3
3π
2 61
5 POLAR COORDINATES
π a is the reflection of b in the vertical axis.

2 π
2π c is the reflection of d in the horizontal axis.
3 3
All graphs related by rotations about the origin.
5π
π
6 a r = sin 3θ
6
6
π
2
2π π
3 3
π 0 initial line
O 2 4
5π
π
6
6
π
7π
11
6
4π
5π π 0 initial line
3 3 O 1 2
3π
2
c r = 2(1 + sin θ)
π
7π
Maximum value of sin θ is 1 so greatest value of
11
6
6
r is 4.
4π
Maximum value of sin θ is –1 so least value of 3
5π
3
r is 0. 3π
π 2
2 π
2π Coordinates of the point of intersection with the
3 3
Tangents through the pole at
5π
π
6
6
π 2π 4π 5π
θ = 0, θ = , θ = , θ = π, θ = , θ = .
3 3 3 3
π 0 initial line b r = cos 2θ

O 2 4 π
2
2π π
3 3
π
7π
11
6
5π
π
6
6
4π
5π
3 3
3π
2
π 0 initial line
d r = 2(1 – sin θ) O 1 2
Minimum value of sin θ is –1 so greatest value of

r is 4.
π
Maximum value of sin θ is 1 so least value of

7π
11
6
r is 0.
π
2 4π 5π
2π π 3 3
3 3 3π
2

5π
π
6
6

θ = π , θ = 3π , θ = 5π , θ = 7π .
π 0 initial line
O 2 4
4 4 4 4
π
7π
11
6
4π
5π
3 3
3π
2
62
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
c r = cos 3θ
The graphs are related by a rotation through π
π 8
2
π
radians (22.5°) about the pole.
2π
3 3
8 Reflection in the horizontal axis or rotation by π
radians (180°) about the pole.
5π
π
6
6
Exercise 5.4A
π 0 initial line 1 π
O 1 2 2
2π π
3 3
θ = π
2
π
7π
5π
11
π
6
6
6
6
r = 5θ
4π 5π
3 3
3π π 0 initial line
2 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
π
7π
11
6
6
θ = π , θ = π , θ = 5π , θ = 7π , θ = 3π , θ = 11π . 4π
6 2 6 6 2 6 5π
3 3
3π
7 r = sin 4θ 2
π Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
2
π 2
2π
3 3 π
1 2
2 ∫0 ( )
2
Area = 5θ dθ
π
5π
π
6
6
25  θ 3  2
=
2  3 
0
25  π 3  
π 0 initial line
= − (0)
O 1 2 2  24  
25π3
=
48
π
7π
11
6
2 π
2 π
4π 5π 2π
3 3 3 3
3π
2
r = cos 4θ
5π
π
6
6
π r = 3 cos θ
2
2π π
3 3
π 0 initial line
O 2 (3, 0) 4
5π
π
6
6
π
7π
11
6
π 0 initial line
O 1 2
4π
5π
3 3
3π
2
π
7π
11
1
6
a Area = 2 ∫r 2 dθ
4π π
5π
Area = 1 ∫ 2 ( 3cosθ ) dθ
3 2
3
3π 2 0 63
2
5 POLAR COORDINATES
π The cardiod is symmetrical about the initial line.

2
9 cos2θ dθ You need to find the area between 0 and π then
2∫
0 double it.
1 + cos2θ
Substitute cos2θ = for cos2 θ.
2 Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
π 2
9 21+ cos2θ
2∫
= dθ Substitute r and the limits.
0 2
π
Area = 2 × 1 ∫ ( a(1 + cosθ )) dθ
π 2
9 2
=
4 ∫0
(1 + cos2θ ) dθ 2 0
Expand the brackets.
π
( )
π
= 9 θ + 1 sin 2θ 
2
= a 2∫ 1 + 2cosθ + cos2 θ dθ
4  2 0 0
1 + cos2θ
  Substitute cos2θ =
= 9  π + 0 − (0) 2
4  2 
( )

2 π 3 1
=a ∫ + 2cosθ + cos2θ dθ
9π 0 2 2
=
8 π
3 1
= a 2  θ + 2sin θ + sin 2θ 
b π  2 4 0
2
2π π 2
 
3 3 = a 2  3π + 0 + 0 − (0) = 3a π
  2   2
4
5π
π
6
r = 3 cos θ 2
2π π
3 3
π 0 initial line
O 2 (3, 0) 4
5π
π
6
6
r = cos 2 θ
π
7π
11
6
π 0 initial line
6
O 1
4π 5π
3 3
3π
2
π
7π
11
6
In part a, you found the area of the semi-

4π 5π
circle. Multiplying this value by 2 gives the 3 3
3π
entire area enclosed by this curve. 2
3 π
2 π Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
2π 2
3 3
Substitute r and the limits.
π
Area = 1 ∫ 4 (cos 2θ )2 dθ
5π
π
6
r = 1 + cos θ
2 0
Expand the brackets.
π
π 0 initial line = 1 ∫ 4 cos2 2θ dθ
O 2 4 2 0
Substitute cos2 2θ = 1 + cos4θ
2
π
1
= ∫4 1 + cos4θ dθ
2 0 2
π
7π
11
6
π
= 1 θ + 1 sin 4θ 
4
4π
3
5π 4  4 0
3
( )
3π
1 π π
2 = + 0 − (0) =
4  4  16
64
Area =
1 2
π
2 ∫6π
1
π
(cos3θ )2 dθ = ∫π2 cos2 3θ dθ
2 6SOLUTIONS
5
WORKED
1 + cos6θ
Substitute cos2 3θ =
2
5 a r = sin 4θ π
1 2 1 + cos6θ
2 ∫6π
Area = dθ
π 2
2
2π π π
3 3
1
θ + 1 sin 6θ 
2
=
4  6  π
6
( ) ( )
5π
π
1 π π
+0 
6
6
= +0 −
4 2 6 
1 π π
= × =
π 0 initial line 4 3 12
O 1 2
7 From question 5b we know that the area enclosed
by the loops of the curve r = sin 4θ is π .
4
π
7π
11
6
6 Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
2
4π 5π
3 3 3π
3π
2 Area = 4 × 1 ∫π8 (cos2 4θ )dθ
2 8
1
b Area = 2 ∫r 2 dθ
3π
π = 2∫π8 cos2 4θ dθ
Area = 4 × 1 ∫ 4 (sin 4θ )2dθ 8
2 0 1 + cos8θ
π Substitute cos2 4θ = .
2
= 2∫ sin 4θ dθ
4 2
0
3π
1 − cos8θ . 8 1 + cos 8θ
Substitute sin 2 4θ = 2 = 2⌠
π dθ
⌡ 2
8
π
= 2∫ 4 1 − cos 8θ dθ
0 2 3π
= θ + 1 sin 8θ 
8
π
 8 π
= θ − 1 sin 8θ  4 8
 8 0
 
 
=  π − 0 − (0) = π =  3π  −  π   = π
 4    8   8   4
  4
6 a π
2
π
2π
3 3
1 a x2 + y2 = 2
x = r cos θ
5π
π
6
6
So x2 = r2 cos2 θ
r = cos 3 θ
y = r sin θ
π 0 initial line So y2 = r2 sin2 θ
O 1 2
Substitute: x2 + y2 = r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ
x2 + y2 = r2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
π
7π
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
11
6
x2 + y2 = r2
4π 5π
3 3 x2 + y2 = 2
3π
2
So r2 = 2
b Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ So the polar equation is r = 2 (r ≠ − 2 as r  0).
2
π π
1 2 1
Area = ∫π (cos3θ )2 dθ = ∫π2 cos2 3θ dθ
2 6 2 6
1 + cos6θ
Substitute cos2 3θ =
2
π
1 2 1 + cos6θ
2 ∫6π
Area = dθ 65
2
Cambridge International AS & A Levelπ Mathematics: Further Pure Mathematics 1 9780008257774 © HarperCollinsPublishers 2018
1
θ + 1 sin 6θ 
2
=
5 Polar coordinates
b r= 2 For maximum r, –4k sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ sin 4θ = 0

π π π 3π
7π 5π ⇒ 4θ = 0, π, 2π, 3π ⇒ 4θ = 0, , ,
2π 12 2 12 π 4 2 4
3 3 rMAX = k(1 + cos 0) = 2k
3π π
4 4
Therefore, intersection with the initial line is (2k, 0).
5π
π
6
6
2
2π π
3 3
11π
π
12
12
π 0 initial line
5π
π
O 1 (√2, 0) 2 3 4
6
6
r = k(1 + cos 4q )
13π
23π
12
12
π 0 initial line
11π
7π
O
6
6
k 2k
5π
4
7π
4
4π
5π
3 17π 3
19π
π
3π
7π
11
12 12
6
2
The coordinates of the point of intersection 4π 5π

of the curve with the initial line are (√2, 0) 3
3π
3
2
2 a y = cos 2x
π
y 1 4
2 ∫0 [
k(1 + cos 4θ )] dθ
2
Area = 2 ×
1.0
π
0.5
= k 2∫ 4 (1 + 2cos 4θ + cos2 4θ ) dθ
0
cos 8θ + 1
Double angle formulae: cos24θ =
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π x 2
4 2 4 4 2 4 π
–0.5
2⌠ 4  cos 8θ + 1 
= k  1 + 2cos 4θ + dθ
⌡0  2 
–1.0
π
k2 4
2 ∫0
= (2 + 4cos 4θ + cos 8θ + 1) dθ
b r = cos 2θ
π
cos 2θ = cos2 θ – sin2 θ k2 4
2 ∫0
= (3 + 4cos 4θ + cos 8θ ) dθ
r = cos2 θ – sin2 θ π
k2  1
3θ + sin 4θ + sin 8θ 
4
x = cosθ =
r 2  8 0
y
r
= sin θ =
2  4 ( )
k 2  3π
− (0)

x2 + y2 = r2 2
3k π
= units2
2
y2 8
r = x2 − 2
r r
4 Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
r3 = x2 – y2 2
3
Cartesian equation is x 2 + y 2 ( ) 2
= x2 − y2
Area = 1 ⌠
 eθ dθ
π
3
( )
2
2 ⌡π
3 When r = 0 ⇒ 1 + cos 4θ = 0 4
⇒ cos 4θ = –1 ⇒ 4θ = π, 3π, 5π, 7π π
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ θ= , , , . This shows the directions of 2
3
π
4
( )
= 1 ∫ e 2θ dθ
4 4 4 4
π
C as it passes through the pole. 1  1 2θ  3
= e
dr = −4k sin 4θ 2  2  π
4
dθ
1  23π 2π 
1  2π π
= e − e 4  = e 3 − e2
4   4 
66
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
5 Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ 7 a r = 1 + sin θ where 0  θ < 2π

2 π
π
Area = 1 ∫π (6θ )2dθ 2π
2
π
2 2 3 3
π
= 1 ∫π 36θ 2 dθ
2 2
5π
π
6
6
π
= 18∫π θ 2 dθ
2
π
1
= 18  θ 3  (1, 0)
 3  π π
O 1 2
0 initial line
2
1 1 π3 
= 18  π3 − × 
3 3 8
π
7π
11
6
 7π3  21π3
6
= 18  =
 24  4
4π 5π
3 3
6 a r = tan θ 3π
2
r = sin θ
cosθ b Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
2
x = cosθ π
r 1 2
2 ∫− π2
Area = 2 × (1 + sinθ )2 dθ
y
= sin θ
r π
∫ (1 + 2sin θ + sin θ ) dθ
y 2
= 2
−π
r= r 2
x
r Substitute sin 2θ = 1 − cos2θ
2
y
r=
( )
π
x
=⌠
2 3 1
r2 = x2 + y2  2 + 2sin θ − 2 cos2θ dθ
⌡− π
2 2
y
x2 + y2 = π
x2 3 1
=  θ − 2cosθ − sin 2θ 
2
x4 + x2 y2 = y2  2 4  − π
2
x4
4
= y2(1 – x2) =  ( ) ( )
3π
 4
−
−3π  3π
=
4  2
y = x 2
2
1− x 8 a π
2
2π π
b r = tan θ where – π  θ < π. 3 3
π
2 r = 1 + cos θ
2π π
5π
3
π
3
6
6
5π
π
6
6
(2, 0)
π 0 initial line
O 1 2
π 0 initial line
O 1 2 3 4
π
7π
11
6
4π 5π
π
7π
11
3 3
6
3π
2
4π 5π 1
3 3 b Area = ∫r 2 dθ
3π 2
2
1 π
Area = 2 × ∫ (1 + cosθ ) dθ
2
2 0
67
5 POLAR COORDINATES
∫0 (1 + 2cosθ + cos θ ) dθ
π 2 2π π
= Area between θ = and θ = :
5 2
π
1 + cos2θ 1 2
2 ∫25π
Substitute cos2θ = (4 + 4cosθ )2 dθ
2
π
π
1 + cos2θ  3θ sin 2θ  2
=⌠ 
  1 + 2cosθ + dθ = 8  + 2sin θ +
⌡0 2   2 4  2π
5
{( ) ( )}
π
3π 3π 2π 1 4π
=  3θ + 2sinθ + 1 sin 2θ  =8
4
+2 −
5
+ 2sin
5
+ sin
4 5
2 4 0
  = 3.377 (3 d.p.)
=  3π  − (0) = 3π
  2   2 10 a 1 + cos θ = 1 + sin θ
π π 3π cos θ = sin θ
9 a r = 4 + 4 cos θ where
4θ0=0,θ <, .,
4 2 4 tan θ = 1
π
2
2π
3
π
θ=π
3 4
r = 1 + cos θ
r = 2+ 2
5π
π
6
6
2
The polar coordinates of the point of intersection are
π
 2+ 2 π
 2 , 4  .
0 initial line
O 5 (8, 0) 10
b π
2
2π π
π
7π
11
6
3
6
3
C2
4π C1
5 5π
3 3
5π
π
3π
6
6
1 2
2∫
b Area = r dθ
π 0 initial line
1 2
2 ∫0
O
= (4 + 4cosθ )2 dθ 1 2
π
16 2
2 ∫0
= (1 + 2cosθ + cos2 θ )dθ
π
7π
11
6
π
1 + cos2θ
= 8 ∫ 2 1 + 2cosθ + dθ
0 2
π 4π 5π
3θ sin 2θ  2 3
= 8  + 2sin θ +
3
3π
 2 4 0 2
=8 ( 34π + 2 − 0) = 6π + 16 c Area enclosed by C1, C2 and the lines θ = 0

π
and θ = is 2 × area enclosed by C1 and C2
2
2π :
c Area between θ = 0 and θ = π
5 between θ = 0 and θ = :
2π 4
1 5 (4 + 4cosθ )2 dθ
2 ∫0  
π π
2  1 ∫ 4 (1 + cosθ )2 dθ − 1 ∫ 4 (1 + sinθ )2 dθ 
2π 2 0 2 0
3θ sin 2θ  5  
= 8  + 2sin θ + π
 2 4 0
= ∫ 4 (1 + cosθ )2 − (1 + sinθ )2 dθ
( )
0
3π 2π 1 4π
=8 + 2sin + sin −0 π
5 5 4 5 = ∫ 4 1 + 2cosθ + cos2θ − 1 − 2sinθ − sin 2θ dθ
0
= 31.472 (3 d.p.) π
=∫ 4 2cosθ − 2sinθ + cos2θ − sin 2θ dθ
0
68
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
π
 
= ∫ 4 2cosθ − 2sinθ + cos 2θ dθ = 2  3π + 0 −  π + 0 
0  16   16 
π
= 2× π = π
=  2sinθ + 2cosθ + 1 sin 2θ 
4
8 4
 2 0 13 a r = 3 sin θ and r = sec θ
  
=  2 2 + 2 2 + 1  − (0 + 2 + 0) π
 2 2 2   2 π
2π
3 3
=2 2−3 r = 3 sin θ
2 r = sec θ
11 a r = sin 3θ where r  0 and 0  θ < 2π.
5π
π
6
6
π
2
2π π
3 3
π 0 initial line
O 1 2 3 4
5π
π
6
6
(1, 0)
7π
π
11
6
π
6
0 initial line
O 1 2
4π
5π
3 3
3π
π
7π
2
11
6
b 3 sin θ = sec θ
3
4π 5π
3
3 sinθ = 1
3π cosθ
2
3(2 sin θ cos θ) = 2
b Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ sin 2θ = 3
2
2
π
1 c 2 θ = 0.7297…, 2.4118…
Area = 3 × ∫ 3 (sin 3θ )2 dθ
2 0
π θ = 0.3649, 1.206 (3 s.f.)
3 3
2 ∫0
= sin 2 3θ dθ
∴ Polar coordinates are (1.07, 0.365) and

(2.80, 1.21).
Substitute sin 2 3θ = 1 − cos6θ .
2
π
d We require the area of the yellow segment.
3 3 1 − cos6θ
2 ∫0
= dθ
2 π
π 2
2π π
3
θ − 1 sin 6θ 3 3 3
=
4  6 0 r = 3 sin θ
3 π
( )
=  − 0 − (0) =
π
5π
π
6
6
4 3  4
12 Area = 1 ∫ r 2 dθ r = sec θ
2 π 0 initial line
3π O 1 2 3
Area = 8 × 1 ∫ 16 (cos 8θ )2 dθ
π
2 16
Green area + yellow area:
=1∫
3π 1.206
(3sinθ )2 dθ
= 4∫ 16 2
π cos 8θ dθ 2 0.3649
=9∫
16 1.206
3π sin 2θ dθ
16 1 + cos16θ
2 0.3649
= 4⌠
π dθ 1.206
1 − cos 2θ dθ
⌡ 2 = 9⌠
16 2 ⌡0.3649 2
3π
 sin16θ  16 1.206
= 2 θ +
16  π = 9 θ − sin 2θ 
 4 2 0.3649
16
= 1.89264...
69
5 POLAR COORDINATES
( )
Green area: π
= 2⌠
2 3 1
 2 + 2sin 4θ − 2 cos8θ dθ
= 1 (1.070)(2.803) sin (1.206 – 0.3649) ⌡0
2
π
= 1.1177…
= 2  3θ − 1 cos 4θ − 1 sin 8θ 2
2 2 16 0
∴ Area = 1.892 … – 1.1177 …
= 0.775 units2 (3 s.f.) (
= 2 
3π 1
 4 2
−
1
) ( )
− 0 −  = 3π
2  2
14 r2 = cot 2θ
1 3π 3π
c Area of one loop is × = units2
2 cos2θ 4 2 8
r =
sin 2θ
(cos2θ − sin 2θ )
r2 =
(2sin θ cosθ ) The characteristics of a new cardioid microphone
x = cosθ are being tested. The sound pick-up area of the
r microphone is given by the polar equation r = 1 + sin θ
y where 0  θ < 2π.
= sin θ
r
1 x = cosθ
x2 + y2 = r2 r
y
 x2 y2  = sin θ
 r 2 − r 2  r
x2 + y2 =
()
r2 = x2 + y2
2 r  x
y
  r r = 1 + sin θ
2
x −y 2 y
x2 + y2 = r =1+
2xy r
r2 = r + y
2xy(x2 + y2) = x2 – y2 1
x 2 + y 2 = (x 2 + y 2)2 + y
15 a r = 1 + 4 sin θ
π
2 2 r = 1 + sin θ where 0  θ < 2π
2π π
3 3 π
2
2π π
3 3
5π
π
6
6
5π
π
6
6
π 0 initial line
O 2 4
π
(1, 0)
7π
11
π 0 initial line
6
O 1 2
4π
3 5π
3
3π
2
π
7π
b Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
11
6
2
π 4π
Area = 4 × 1 ∫ 2 (1 + sin 4θ )2 dθ 3
5π
3
2 0 3π
π 2
(
= 2∫ 2 1 + 2sin 4θ + sin 2 4θ dθ
0
)
Substitute sin 2 4θ = 1 − cos8θ .
2
π
1 − cos8θ 
= 2⌠
2
  1 + 2sin 4θ + 2 
dθ
⌡0
70
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3 Area = 1 ∫r 2 dθ
2
1 2π
Area = ∫ (1 + sinθ )2dθ
2 π
=
1 2π
2 ∫π (
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ dθ )
Substitute sin 2θ = 1 − cos2θ
2
= ∫
1 2
2 π 2
π 3
( 1
+ 2sin θ − cos2θ dθ
2 )
2π
1 3
= θ − 2cosθ − 1 sin 2θ 
2  2 4  π
=
1
2 
(3π − 2) −(3π
2 )
+ 2  =
 4
3π
−2
4 f(θ) = 1 + sin θ
Transformations which result in rotations about
the pole:
f(– θ), f  π − θ  , f  θ − π 
2   2
71
6 Vectors
6 Vectors
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge 5 a Scalar product: a • b = ⏐a⏐⏐b⏐cosq

a • b = (4i – j – k) • (i – j – 4k) = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9
1 Magnitude = 4 2 + 12 + 12 = 18 = 3 2
Magnitude of a = 3 2
2 6 2 + 22 + 92 = 121 = 11
Magnitude of b = 12 + 12 + 4 2 = 3 2
1
Unit vector = (6i + 2j – 9k) 9 1
11 cos q = =
1 1 3 2×3 2 2
3 2 ((4i – j – k) + (6i + 2j – 9k)) = 2 (10i + j – 10k)
b AO = – OA = –(4i – j – k) = –4i + j + k
= 5i + 1 j – 5k AC = OC – OA = (6i + 2j – 9k) – (4i – j – k)
2
= 2i + 3j – 8k
4 a BC = OC – OB = (6i + 2j – 9k) – (i – j – 4k)
= 5i + 3j – 5k cos q = AO•AC = −13 = –0.349
AO AC 3 2 × 77
Possible equation for l1:
r = i – j – 4k + t(5i + 3j – 5k) q = cos–1(–0.349) = 110.4°
6 PF = [(7 + 4t)i + (3 – 2t)j + (–1 + 5t)k] – (9i + 2j + 15k)
b AD = OD – OA = (17i + 5j – 8k) – (4i – j – k)
= 13i + 6j – 7k = (–2 + 4t)i + (1 – 2t)j + (–16 + 5t)k]
Possible equation for l2: PF • l = 0
r = 4i – j – k + u(13i + 6j – 7k)  −2 + 4t   4 
 1 − 2t   −2
Equate coefficients of i: 1 + 5t = 4 + 13u 1   •  = 0
Equate coefficients of j: –1 + 3t = –1 + 6u 2  −16 + 5  5 
–8 + 16t – 2 + 4t – 80 + 25t = 0
Equate coefficients of k: –4 – 5t = –1 – 7u 3
45t = 90
Add equations 1 and 3
t=2
–3 = 3 + 6u
P(15, –1, 9)
6u = –6
u = –1
Exercise 6.1A
Substitute u = –1 into equation 1 to find t
1 + 5t = 4 + 13(–1)  0  4  6
5t = –10 1 r =  0 + l  7  +µ  −2
     
 0  −8  −2
t = –2
Check the values of t and u in equation 2  −7  0   −7
–1 + 3(–2) = –1 + 6(–1) 2 a CD = OD – OC =  2  –  4 =  −2
     
 1 
 5   4
Since both sides equal the same value
(–7), the values of t and u satisfy all three
 8  0  8
equations.  
CE = OE – OC = 9 – 4 =  5 
 
Using l1, the point of intersection is given by      
 −2  4  −6
r = i – j – 4k + (–2)(5i + 3j – 5k) = –9i – 7j + 6k
72
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 0  −7  8 Substitute in 2
r =  4 + l  −2 + µ
 
 5
 
5 + 4 + 2µ = 3
 4  1   −6
µ = –3
 3  −5  8  4 w = 4l – 3µ = 4(4) – 3(– 3) = 25
b FG = OG – OF =  4 –  2  =  2 = 2  1
  5 (–i + j + 2k) – (4i + j – 2k) = –5i + 4k
 5  −3  8  4
r = (4i + j – 2k) + l(–5i + 4k) + µ(–i + j + 4k)
 9   −5  14 
 3  −2  2
FH = OH – OF =  −1 –  2  =  −3
a r =  2 – 7
    4 +1  1
 −4  −3  −1 6    
 1   3   −6
 −5  4  14 
(19, –25, –26)
r =  2  + l  1 + µ  −3
    b 3 – 2l + 2µ = 9 1
 −3  4  −1
2 + 4l + µ = 0 2
 −1  8  −9 Multiply 1 by 2 and add to 2
c JK = OK – OJ = 4 – 5 =  −1
   
      8 + 5µ = 18
 9   2  7 
µ=2
 −2  8  −10  −1 Substitute in 2
 −1
JL = OL – OJ =  −5 –  5 =  −10 = 10   2 + 4l + 2 = 0
     1 
 12   2  10 
l = –1
 8  −9  −1 z = 1 + 3(–1) + 2(–6) = –14
r =  5 + l  −1 + µ  −1
    (9, 0, –14)
 2  7   1 
7 Equate coefficients of i: 4 – 3l – µ = 3 1
3 a i
r=
(5i – 2j + 3k) + 2(–2i + j + 9k) – 4(–3i + 4j – k) Equate coefficients of j: 3 + 5l + aµ = –2 2
= 13i – 16j + 25k
Equate coefficients of k: –2 + 6l + bµ = 15 3
ii r = ( 5i – 2j + 3k) – 5(–2i + j + 9k) + 4(–3i
Double 1 and add to 3 to eliminate l and
+ 4j – k) = 3i + 9j – 46k
find an expression for µ in terms of b:
b Equate coefficients of i: 5 – 2l – 3µ = –28 1
6 + (b – 2)µ = 21
Equate coefficients of j: –2 + l + 4µ = 32 2
µ= 15
Equate coefficients of k: 3 + 9l – µ = 50 3 b−2
Add all the equations Multiply 2 by 3 and multiply 1 by 5, then
add the results, to eliminate l in a different way
6 + 8l = 54
and find an expression for µ in terms of a:
l=6
29 + (3a – 5)µ = 9
Substitute l = 6 into equation 2 to find µ
20
µ=
–2 + 6 + 4µ = 32 5 − 3a
µ=7 Put the expressions equal to each other
 0  4  −3 15 = 20
b−2 5 − 3a
4 a r =  5 + l  1 + µ  2
     
 3  6   2  15(5 – 3a) = 20(b – 2)
b Equate coefficients of i: 4l – 3µ = w 1 75 – 45a = 20b – 40
Equate coefficients of j: 5 + l + 2µ = 3 2 45a + 20b = 115
Equate coefficients of k: 3 + 6l + 2µ = 21 3 Hence 9a + 4b = 23 as requested.
Subtract 2 from 3
–2 + 5l = 18
l=4
73
6 Vectors
 −1  3  −4   −1  7  −8

8
 2k  –  5 =  2k − 5
a PQ =     10 a AB =  −3 –  2 =  −5
       
 −4  7  −11   2   3  −1
 5   3  2   4  7  −3
PR =  −k  –  5 =  −k − 5
    AC =  1  –  2 =  −1
     
 5   7  −2   7   3  4 
 3  −4   2   7  8  −3
r =  5 + l  2k − 5 + µ  −k − 5 r =  2 + s  5 + t  −1
         
 7  −11   −2   3  1   4 
Equate i: 7 + 8s – 3t = 8 1
b Equate coefficients of i: 3 – 4l + 2µ = 2 1
Equate j: 2 + 5s – t = 2 2
Equate coefficients of k: 7 – 11l – 2µ = –2 2
From 2 , t = 5s
Add 1 and 2 : Substitute in 1 : 7 + 8s – 3(5s) = 8
10 – 15l = 0 1
s=−
7
l= 2 t=− 5
3
( ) ( )
7
2 Check in k: 3 + − 1 + 4 − 5 = 0
Substitute l = into 1 : 7 7
3
All 3 equations are satisfied, so D(8, 2, 0) lies
2 on the plane.
3 – 4( ) + 2µ = 2
3 b Equate i: 7 + 8s – 3t = k2 1
5 Equate j: 2 + 5s – t = k 2
µ=
6
Equate k: 3 + s + 4t = 2 3
Equate coefficients of j and substitute for l and µ:
2 5 From 3 , s = –1 – 4t
5 + (2k – 5) + (–k – 5) = –1
3 6 Substitute s = –1 – 4t into 1 and 2 :
30 + 8k – 20 – 5k – 25 = –6 7 + 8(–1 – 4t) – 3t = k2 4
k=3 2 + 5(–1 – 4t) – t = k 5
 3p + 5  −2  3p + 7 Substitute 5 into 4 :
9 a  5p  –  3  =  5p − 3 (2 + 5(–1 – 4t) – t)2 = 7 + 8(–1 – 4t) – 3t
      (–3 – 21t)2 = –1 – 35t
 6 − p   4   2 − p 
441t2 + 126t + 9 = –1 – 35t
 −2  4  3p + 7 441t2 + 161t + 10 = 0
r =  3  + t  −1 + s  5p − 3
   
t = −161 ± 91 = – 5 or – 2
   −2  2 − p  882 63 7
 4  5
When t = – , k = –3 – 21 × – 5 = – 4
b Equate i: –2 + 4t + 3ps + 7s = 2 1 63 63 3
2 2 2
When t = – , k = –3 – 21 × – = 3
Equate j: 3 – t + 5ps – 3s = 16 7
7
Equate k: 4 – 2t + 2s – ps = –8 3 k = –4
3
3 × 3 = 4 : 12 – 6t + 6s – 3ps = –24
Exercise 6.1B
4 + 1 = 5 : 10 – 2t + 13s = –22
5 × 3 = 6 : 20 – 10t + 10s – 5ps = –40 i j k
6 + 2 = 7 : 23 – 11t + 7s = –24 1 a 3 4 1 = (12 – 6)i – (9 – 5)j + (18 – 20)k
5 6 3
11 × 5 : = 8 : 110 – 22t + 143s = –242
= 6i – 4j – 2k
2 × 7 = 9 : 46 – 22t + 14s = –48
→ 3i – 2j – k
8 – 9 : 64 + 129s = –194
i j k
s = –2
b 2 −3 1 = (6 – 4)i – (–4 – 3)j + (8 + 9)k
Substitute into 5 or 7 ⇒ t = 3 3 4 −2
Substitute into 1 , 2 or 3 ⇒ p = –1 = 2i + 7j + 17k
74
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
i j k 5  1   4
c 5 7 −3 = (35 + 3)i – (25 – 6)j + (5 + 14)k b SV = OV − OS =  17 −  20 =  −3
     
−2 1 5  5   −5  10 
= 38i – 19j + 19k i j k
→ 2i – j + k c ST × SV = −2 −9 2
4 −3 10
i j k
= (−90 − (−6))i − (−20 − 8)j + (6 − (−36))k
d −1 3 3 = (–3 + 21)i – (1 – 15)j + (7 – 15)k
= −84i + 28j + 42k
5 −7 −1
= 14(−6i + 2j + 3k)
= 18i + 14j – 8k
d ST × SV = 14 (−6)2 + 22 + 32 = 14 49 = 98
→ 9i + 7j – 4k Area of FGH = ST × SV = 98
i j k
i j k
e 1 −3 2 = (–21 + 12)i – (7 + 20)j + (–6 – 30)k
−10 −6 7 6 a × b = 3 p −4 = (pq – 4)i – (3q + 8)j + (–3 – 2p)k
2 −1 q
= –9i – 27j – 36k
→ i + 3j + 4k c = (pq – 4)i – (3q + 8)j + (–3 – 2p)k
i j k
i j k
pq − 4 −(3q + 8) −3 − 2p = 0i – [–(–3 – 2p)]j –
2 −18 −22 5 = (–44 + 10)i – (–36 – 15)j + (36 + 66)k
3 −2 2 1 0 0
(3q + 8)k
= –34i + 51j + 102k
Hence –3 – 2p = –7
= 17(–2i + 3j + 6k)
p=2
Magnitude of –2i + 3j + 6k = 22 + 32 + 6 2 = 7
3q + 8 = 5
Unit vector = 1 (–2i + 3j + 6k)
7 q = –1
3 a × b = a b sinθ i j k
2 2 2
7 a −2 2 3 = (18 – 6)i – (–18 – (–12))j + (–4 – (–8))k
 2  +  − 1  +  1  = (1)(1)sin θ −4 2 9
 5   3   4 
= 12i + 6j + 4k
1201 = sin θ  6
3600  
= 2  3
sin q = 0.577...  2
q = 35.3° (3 s.f.)
b ⏐a⏐ = 22 + 22 + 32 = 17
i j k
4 a FG × FH = ⏐b⏐= 4 2 + 22 + 92 = 101
1 2 6
−1 3 4 ⏐a⏐⏐b⏐ = 17 × 101 = 1717
= (8 − 18)i − (4 − (−6))j + (3 − (−2))k  −2  −4
= −10i − 10j + 5k  2  • 2 
   
 3   9  8 + 4 + 27 39
b a × b = (−10)2 + (−10)2 + 52 = 225 = 15 cos q = = =
17 101 1717 1717
1 15
Area of FGH = a×b =
2 2
sin q = 1 − cos2 θ
 −1  1   −2
2
5 a ST = OT − OS =  11 −  20 =  −9  39 
      1−
 −3  −5  2  =  1717 
75
6 Vectors
1521  1  −2
= 1−
1717  1  
• −1 = –2 – 1 = –3
  
196  0  1 
= 1717
 −2
14  
=
1717 r•  −1 = –3
 1 
14
⏐a⏐⏐b⏐sin q = 1717 × = 14
1717 –2x – y + z = –3
 x
Let n =  y  .  3   −1  4
 
 z 
b KL = 5 – 3 =  2 
   
     
 −4  1   −5
 −2  x 
 2  •  y  = –2x + 2y + 3z = 0 1
     6  −1  7
 3   z 
KM =  −2 –  3  =  −5
 5   1   4 
 −4  x 
 2  •  y  = –4x + 2y + 9z = 0 2
    i j k
 9   z 
4 2 −5 = (8 – 25)i – (16 + 35)j + (–20 – 14)k
Subtract 1 from 2 : 7 −5 4
–2x + 6z = 0 = –17i – 51j – 34k
Hence x = 3z = –17(i + 3j + 2k)
Substitute 3z = x into 1 :
 −1  1
–2x + 2y + x = 0  3 •  3 = –1 + 9 + 2 = 10
   
Hence x = 2y  1   2
Let x = 6
y=3  1
z=2 r•  3 = 10
 2
6 2 + 32 + 22 = 7
x + 3y + 2z = 10
1
n̂ = 7 (6i + 3j + 2k)
 2   −3  5
This can then be multiplied by  
c TU =   –   =  16
12  − 4 
the length 14 to find a × b:  7   3   4 
 6
1 (6i + 3j + 2k) × 14 = 2  3  −9   −3  −6   −3 
7   TV =  −30 –  −4 =  −26 = 2  −13
 2        
 5   3   2   1 
 −2  4  −6  −2
8      
a DE =  4  – 1  =  3  = 3  1  i j k
  
 −3  6   −9  −3 5 16 4 = (16 + 52)i – (5 + 12)j + (–65 + 48)k
−3 −13 1
 1   4  −3  −1
       0 = 68i – 17j – 17k
= 1
DF     – 1 = 0 = 3
    = 17(4i – j – k)
 0  6   −6  −2
 2  4
i j k  12  
• −1 = 8 – 12 – 7 = –11
−2 1 −3 = (–2)i – (4 – 3)j + (0 + 1)k   
 7   −1
−1 0 −2
= –2i – j + k
76
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
11 a (2i + 5j – k) • (13i – 5j + k) = 26 – 25 – 1 = 0.
 4
Since a • b = 0, the vectors are perpendicular.
r•  −1 = –11
 −1 (i + 3j + 2k) • (13i – 5j + k) = 13 – 15 + 2 = 0.
Since a • b = 0, the vectors are perpendicular.
4x – y – z = –11
b (2i + 2j + k) • (13i – 5j + k) = 26 – 10 + 1 = 17
 5  −2  7  Hence (xi + yj + zk) • (13i – 5j + k) = 13x – 5y +
9 PQ = OQ − OP =  9 −  −1 =  10 z = 17
     
 1   −2  3 
i j k
 −3  −2  −1 12 a −2 3 9 = (39 + 9)i – (–26 – 90)j + (2 – 30)k
PR = OR − OP =  4  −  −1 =  5  10 −1 13
     
 6   −2  8 
= 48i + 116j – 28k
i j k
= 4(12i + 29j – 7k)
PQ × PR = 7 10 3  17   12 
−1 5 8  −5  29 = 204 – 145 – 161 = –102
  • 
 23  −7
= (80−15)i − (56−(−3))j + (35−(−10))k
= 65i − 59j + 45k 12x + 29y – 7z = –102
PQ × PR = 652 + (−59)2 + 452 = 9731 b 12(1) + 29(–2) – 7(8) = –102

Hence the point (1, –2, 8) lies on Π.
Area of PQR = 1 PQ × PR = 9731 = 49.3
2 2
 13   7   6  2
 2  3  −1
13 a AB =  −2 –  1  =  −3 = 3  −1
     
10 a AB = OB − OA =  8 −  5 =  3   −6  −3  −3  −1
     
 7  6  1 
 −11  7   −18
 −1
DC = AB =  3  AC =  9  –  1  =  8 
   2   −3  5 
 1 

 −1 i j k
OC − OD =  3  2 −1 −1 = (–5 + 8)i – (10 – 18)j + (16 – 18)k
  −18 8 5
 1 

= 3i + 8j – 2k
 −1  5   −1  4 
so OC = OD +  3  =  10 +  3  =  13  7  3
        1  
 1   9   1   10 • 8  = 21 + 8 + 6 = 35
  
 −3  −2
Coordinates of C are (4, 13, 10)
 5   3   2  3
b AD = OD − OA =  10 −  5 =  5 r•  8  = 35
       −2
 9   6  3
i j k  u  3
AB × AD = −1 3 1 b  −3   8  = 3u – 24 + 2 = 35
  •
 
2 5 3  −1   −2
= (9 − 5)i − (−3 − 2)j + (−5 − 6)k 3u = 57

= 4i + 5j − 11k u = 19
AB × AD = 4 2 + 52 + (−11)2 = 162  6  3
c  7 •
 8  = 18 + 56 – 16 = 58
 
Area of ABCD = AB × AD = 162 = 12.7  8  −2
77
6 Vectors
b 1 – 5t = q 1
 3
r•  8  = 58 5t + 13 – 2t 2 = q 2
 −2 2t2 + 2t + 3 = –3q 3
Solving 1 and 2 : t = 6 or –1
i j k
Solving 2 and 3 : t = 6 or – 7
14 a a × b = 4 2 c = (14 – c2)i – (28 + c)j + (4c + 2)k 4
−1 c 7 Solving 1 and 3 : t = 6 or 1
2
b a × b and vi +5j + 2k are parallel, so
The only value of t which satisfies all three
–(28 + c) = 5t
equations is t = 6
4c + 2 = 2t
2c + 1 = t Exercise 6.2A
–(28 + c) = 5(2c + 1)
 4 + 5t   −3
–28 – c = 10c + 5  −8 − 9t    = –12 – 15t – 8 – 9t + 30 + 24t
1 a • 1
   
11c = –33  −5 − 4t   −6
c = –3 = 10
c a × b = (14 – (–3)2)i
– (28 + (–3))j + (4(–3) + 2)k Since r•n = 10 for all values of t, line lies
= 5i – 25j – 10k = –5(–i + 5j + 2k) within plane.
v = –1
4 + t   −3
 3  4  −1  
b  11 + 4t  • 1  = –12 – 3t + 11 + 4t – 18 – 30t
d i r =  −2 + l  2 +µ  −3   
 −6
     3 + 5t 
 9   −3  7 
= –19 – 29t = 10
 3  −1
  t = –1
ii  −2 • 5  = –3 – 10 + 18 = 5

  2  Line intersects plane at (3, 7, –2)
 9 
 5 − 3t   −3
 −1   = –15 + 9t – 2 – 3t + 12 – 6t
c  −2 − 3t  • 1
r•  5  = 5    
 −6
 2   −2 + t 
= –5
iii –x + 5y + 2z = 5
Since r•n = 10 for no values of t, line is
i j k parallel to the plane.
15 −3 2 5 = (2u + 15)i + (3u + 5v)j + (9 – 2v)k
 15 − 2t   −3
v −3 u  
d  −23 + 3t  • 1  = –45 + 6t – 23 + 3t – 138 + 18t

2u + 15 = 7u    −6
 23 − 3t 
u=3
3(3) + 5v = 7w = –206 + 27t
9 – 2v = 7(2w – 3) = 2(7w) – 21 = 10
9 – 2v = 2(9 + 5v) – 21 t = 8
v=1 Line intersects plane at (–1, 1, –1)
w=2
 −6 + 7t   −3
i j k
e  −2 + 3t  •  1  = 18 – 21t – 2 + 3t – 6 + 18t
16 a t +3 t t −1    
 1 − 3t   −6
2−t t +1 t − 5
= 10
= [t(t – 5) – (t – 1)(t + 1)]i – [(t + 3)(t – 5)
Since r•n = 10 for all values of t, line lies
– (t – 1)(2 – t)]j + [(t + 3)(t + 1) – t(2 – t)]k within plane.
= (1 – 5t)i + (5t + 13 – 2t 2)j + (2t2 + 2t + 3)k
78
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 a•b =⏐a⏐⏐b⏐cos α 4 Find normal of plane.

 9  4 i j k
    3 0 −1 = (0 + 1)i – (3 + 2)j + (3 – 0)k
a•b =  −1 • −9 = 36 + 9 + 4 = 49
 
 4   1  2 1 1
= i – 5j + 3k
⏐a⏐ = 92 + 12 + 4 2 = 98  1 1
2 2 2 a•b =  3  −5 = 1 – 15 + 6 = –8
⏐b⏐ = 4 + 9 +1 = 98   •
 
 2  3 
49 1
Hence cos α = =
98 98 2 Since you need the acute angle you may ignore
()
the minus sign.
α = cos–1 1 = 60°
2 ⏐a⏐ = 12 + 32 + 22 = 14
q = 90° – 60° = 30°
⏐b⏐ = 12 + 52 + 32 = 35
The angle between the plane and the line is 30°.
8
 14 + 4t   2 Hence cos α =
14 35
3 a  −1 − t  • 1  =8
     8 
 1 − 2t   −1 α = cos–1  = 68.8°
 14 35 
28 + 8t – 1 – t – 1 + 2t = 8
q = 90° – 68.8° = 21.2°
t = –2
The angle between the plane and the line is 21.2°.
Position vector of point of intersection
is (6i + j + 5k)  10 + 2t   5
b 6(14 + 4t) – 3(–1 – t) + 4(1 – 2t) = –23    
5 a  −1 − t  •  −1 = 5
t = –6  6 + t   −1
Position vector of point of intersection 50 + 10t + 1 + t – 6 – t = 5
is (–10i + 5j + 13k) t = –4
c Find normal of plane. Point of intersection (2, 3, 2)
i j k  2  5
1 2 3 = (2 – 6)i – (1 – 9)j + (2 – 6)k b a•b =  −1  
• −1 = 10 + 1 – 1 = 10
 
 1   −1
3 2 1
= –4i + 8j – 4k = 4(–i + 2j – k) ⏐a⏐ = 22 + 12 + 12 = 6
Substitute into r•n = p. 2 2 2
⏐b⏐ = 5 +1 +1 = 27
 −1  −1 Hence cos α =
10
 −3   = 1 – 6 + 4 = –1 6 27
  • 2
 −4  
 −1
 −1  
α = cos–1  10  = 38.2°
Equation of plane is given by r•  2  = –1.  6 27 
 −1 q = 90° – 38.2° = 51.8°
 14 + 4t   −1
 −1 − t  •  2  = –1  4  −5  9
         
 1 − 2t   −1 6 a AB =  9 –  11  =  −2
 9  −1  10 
–14 – 4t – 2 – 2t – 1 + 2t = –1
t = –4  −7  −5  −2   −1
   
AC =  −1 – 11 =  −12 = 2  −6
 
Position vector of point of intersection    
 3   −1  4   2 
is (–2i + 3j + 9k).
i j k
9 −2 10
= (–4 + 60)i – (18 + 10)j + (–54 – 2)k
−1 −6 2
79
6 Vectors
= 56i – 28j – 56k = 28(2i – j – 2k)

 13 + 2v   2
 4  2  13 − v   −1 = –19
   • 
r•n =  9
•  −1 = 8 – 9 – 18 = –19  −14 − 2v   −2
 −2
 9
 2 26 + 4v – 13 + v + 28 + 4v = –19
 
Hence equation of Π is given by r•  −1 = –19 9v = –60
 −2
Substitute D into the equation. 20
v=–
3
 −4  2  
 27   −1 13 + 2 − 20   −1
  3 
  •  = –8 – 27 + 16 = –19    3
 −8  −2  13 −  − 20    59 
  3  =  3 
Hence point D(–4, 27, –8) also lies in the    
 −14 − 2 − 20    − 2
 3 
plane Π.   3 
 11 + t  Equate i coefficients for F and line through
  D and P.
b r =  9 + 2t 
 −2 − 6t 
8–u=– 1
3
Equate i coefficients: 11 + t = 13 25
u=
3
t=2
Substitute u = 25 into equation of line
Substitute t = 2 3
through D and P.
 11 + 2   13 
25
 9 + 2 2  =  13 
( )   3 + 2( ) = 59
 3 3
 −2 − 6( 2)  −14
25
16 – 2( )=– 2
Hence X lies on l 3 3
Hence the foot of the perpendicular from X
c Find the coordinates of P. lies on the line segment DP.
 11 + t   2   13   8  5   1
 9 + 2t   −1 = –19  13   3   10   2
 •  d PX =   –   =   =5 
 −2 − 6t   −2  −14  16  −30  −6
22 + 2t – 9 – 2t + 4 + 12t = –19
 1  −1
t = –3    
a •b =  2  •  2  = –1 + 4 + 12 = 15
Coordinates of P are (8, 3, 16).  −6  −2
Find the equation of the line that passes
through D and P. ⏐a⏐ = 12 + 22 + 6 2 = 41
 −4  8   −12  −1 ⏐b⏐ = 12 + 22 + 22 = 3
PD =  27  –  3  =  24  = 12  2 
     
15
 −8  16  −24  −2 Hence cos α =
3 41
 8  −1  15 
α = cos–1  = 38.7°
   2  3 41 
r=  3 +u  
 16  −2 1 1
e Area = absinC = × 5 41 × 12(3) × sin38.7° = 360
2 2
The equation of the line from X perpendicular
 w + 12  35   w − 23
 13   2 7 a FG =  −1  –  w − 14 =  13 − w 
         
to the plane is given by r =  13  + v  −1  −7   −17   10 
 −14  −2
Find the coordinates of F.
80
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 35   w − 23 = 4 – 2t + 3 + 5t – 1 – 3t = 6 for all values of t,

so l lies on Π
r =  w − 14 + t  13 − w 
   
 −17   10   2 − t   5   −3 − t 
c DE =  3 + 5t  –  21 =  5t − 18
b Equate k: –17 + 10t = –1      
 1 + 3t   7   3t − 6 
t= 8
5 DE • l = 0
Equate i: 35 + t(w – 23) = 11
 −3 − t   −1
w=8  5t − 18   
 w − 23  −15  −3
  • 5 =0
c When w = 8, 13 − w = 5 = 5  1 
     3t − 6   3 
     
 10   10   2 
3 + t + 25t – 90 + 9t – 18 = 0
 35   −3
t=3
r =  −6  + t  1   5   −3 − 3 
   
 −17  2  OE = OD + DE =  21 +  5(3) − 18
   
 7   3(3) − 6 
 35 − 3t   3
 −6 + t   
  •  1 = 16  5   −6
 −17 + 2t   1 =  21 +  −3 = (–1, 18, 10)
   
 7   3 
3(35 – 3t) + (–6 + t) + (–17 + 2t) = 16
t = 11 d
AB = 5 ( −1)2 + 52 + 32 = 5 35
 35 − 3(11) 
 −6 + (11)  gives the coordinates (2, 5, 5) DE = ( −6 )2 + ( −3)2 + −32 = 54
 
 −17 + 2(11) Area of ABCD = 5 35 × 54 = 5 1890
= 217 (3 s.f.)
d a•b =⏐a⏐⏐b⏐cos α
9 a, b Equate i: –2 + 4t = 6
 3  −3
t = 2
a•b =  1  
• 1 = –9 + 1 + 2 = –6
     −2 + 4(2)  1 
 1  2   1 + 2   −1 = 10
  • 
|a| = 32 + 12 + 12 = 11  3 + 2p   1 
|b| = ( −3)2 + 12 + 22 = 14 6 – 3 + 3 + 2p = 10
cos α = −6 p = 2
11 14
Equate k: 3 + 2p = q
α = 118.9°
q = 3 + 2(2) = 7
Acute angle = 180° – 118.9° = 61.1°
 3 1
Angle between line and plane = 90° – 61.1° = 28.9°  
c  −6 • −1 = 3 + 6 + 1 = 10
 −3  2  5   0     1 
 1
8 a OC =  28  –  3 +  21 =  46
         −2 + 4t   3   −5 + 4t 
 16   1   7   22
d AC =  1 + t  –  −6 =  7 + t 
 
 −3  2  −5  −1  3 + 2t   1   2 + 2t 
b AB =  28  –  3 =  25 = 5  5 
     
 16   1   15 
 
 3  (–5 + 4t)2 + (7 + t)2 +(2 + 2t)2 = 92
21t2 – 18t – 3 = 0
 2  −1 7t2 – 6t – 1 = 0
Equation of l is r =  3 + t  5  (7t + 1)(t – 1) = 0
   
 1   3 
t = – 17 or 1
2(2 – t) + (3 + 5t) – (1 + 3t) Note that C and D are interchangeable.
81
6 Vectors
  Distance of r.(2i – 4j + 5k) = –6 from origin

−5 + 4  − 1 
  7 −6 −6 5
 3   = =
3 5 15
When t = – 1 , OC =  −6 +  7− 1 
7    7 
 1    8 5 −6 5 14 5
 1  Distance between planes = – =
 2 + 2 − 7   15 15 15
 − 18   
 7 4 Find normal of plane.
( )
 6 
=  , so C − 18 , 6 , 19 i j k
 7  7 7 7
2 0 1 = (0 – 1)i – (6 + 1)j + (2 – 0)k
 19 
 7  −1 1 3
= –i – 7j + 2k
 3   −5 + 4(1)
 
When t = 1, OD =  −6 +  7 + 1   2
     −1
 1   2 + 2(1)   
r•n =  −4 •  −7  = –2 + 28 – 2 = 24
 −1  
 2  −1
 2
=  2 , so D(2, 2, 5) Hence equation of plane is given by r•  −7 = 24
   
 5  2 

Exercise 6.3A Find equation of parallel plane containing (1, –3, 5)
1  −1
 2 + 4t   4
 28 + 12t    r•n =  −3  
• −7 = –1 + 21 + 10 = 30
1 • 12  = 39  5   
    2 
 −11 − 3t   −3
Hence equation of parallel plane is given by
8 + 16t + 336 + 144t + 33 + 9t = 39
 −1
t = –2
r•  −7 = 30
Position vector of point of intersection = –6i + 4j – 5k  2 
2 a 32 + 22 + 12 = 14 ⏐n⏐ = 12 + 7 2 + 22 = 54 = 3 6
7
Distance of 3x – 2y + z = 7 from origin = 30 − 24 6
14 Distance between planes = =
3 6 3
28
Distance of 3x – 2y + z = 28 from origin = 5 a Line normal to the plane passing through G is
14
28 7 21  −7  3
Distance between planes = – =
14 14 14 given by r =  8  + t  −1 .
   
 13   −5
3 14
=
2
 −7 + 3t   3
b 4 2 + 8 2 + 12 = 9  8−t   
• −1 = 11
   
Distance of r•(–4i – 8j + k) = –63 from origin  13 − 5t   −5
= −63 = –7 –21 + 9t – 8 + t – 65 + 25t = 11
9
27 t=3
Distance of r•(–4i – 8j + k) = 27 from origin = =3
9
Point of intersection is (2, 5, –2)
Distance between planes = 3 – (–7) = 10
b For point of reflection, t will be doubled, so t = 6.
3 a 22 + 4 2 + 52 = 3 5
Distance of r.(2i – 4j + 5k) = 8 from origin  −7 + 3(6)
 8 − 6  gives the coordinates (11, 2, –17)
8
= 8 5  
=  13 − 5(6)
3 5 15
 −7  2
1  3  −2  −1
b  3  −4 = –14 – 12 + 20 = –6
  •
 
 5  6 AB =  −1 –  3  =  −4 = 2  −2
 4   1   −5  6   3 
82
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 −2  3  −5 69 + 9u + 136 + 16u + 115 + 25u = 20
AC =  −3 –  3  =  −6
    u = –6
 2   −5  7 
 23 + 3(−6)
Coordinates of F =  34 + 4(−6) = (5, 10, –7)
i j k  
 23 + 5(−6)
−1 −2 3 = (–14 + 18)i – (–7 + 15)j + (6 – 10)k
−5 −6 7  23  5  18   3
= 4i – 8j – 4k = 4(i – 2j – k) b FJ =  34 –  10 =  24 = 6  4
     
 23  −7  30   5
1 1
   
r•n =  −1 • −2 = 1 + 2 – 1 = 2
  ⏐n⏐ = 32 + 4 2 + 52 = 50 = 5 2
 1   −1
Distance of the plane from J = 6 × 5 2 = 30 2 .
Line normal to the plane passing through (3, 17, 9)
8 a Substitute (3, 2, u) into the equation of the plane.
 3 1
  3 + 2 + 4u = 9
is given by r =  17 + t  −2 .
 9    u=1
 −1
Substitute (–22, –13, v) into the equation of
 3+t  1 the plane
 17 − 2t   
  • −2 = 2 –22 – 13 + 4v = 9

 9 − t   −1
v = 11
3 + t – 34 + 4t – 9 + t = 2 b The equation of the line through C perpendicular
t=7  −4  1
Point of intersection is (10, 3, 2). to the plane is given by r =  1  + t  1 
 39   4
 −4 + t   1
7 a Let A be the point (–2, –1, 6).  1+t   
• 1 = 9
  
 9  −2  11   39 + 4t   4
   
AW =  −3 –  −1 =  −2
 1   6   −5 –4 + t + 1 + t + 156 + 16t = 9
t = –8
i j k
Coordinates of F are (–12, –7, 7).
11 −2 −5 = (–2 + 5)i – (11 – 15)j + (11 – 6)k
−3 1 1  −12  3  −15  −5
c  − 7   2   − 9   −3
= 3i + 4j + 5k
AF =   –   =   =3 
 7   1   6   2 
 −2  3
r•n =  −1    −22  −12  −10  −5
• 4  = –6 – 4 + 30 = 20
  
 5
 6  FB =  −13 –  −7  =  −6  = 2  −3
     
 3  11   7   4   2 
Equation of plane is given by r•  4 = 20
 
 5 Since AF and FB are parallel and contain a
Line perpendicular to plane passing through common point, A, F and B are collinear.
 23  3  −22  3   −25 
J is given by r =  34 + u  4
  d AB =  −13 –  2  =  −15 
 23  5    
 11   1   10 
Find point of intersection of line with plane
   3  −4  −12  8
 23 + 3u   4 FC =  1  –  −7  =  8 
   
 34 + 4u  •   = 20  39   7   32
   5
 23 + 5u 
83
6 Vectors
9x – y – z = 8 2
⏐ AB ⏐ = 252 + 152 + 10 2 = 950
Subtract 1 from 2
⏐ FC ⏐ = 8 2 + 8 2 + 322 = 1152 12x – 6z = 24
1 1 1152 = 523 2x – z = 4
Area = bh = × 950 ×
2 2
Let x = t, z = –4 + 2t
Exercise 6.4A
y = 9x – z – 8 = 9t – (–4 + 2t) – 8 = –4 + 7t
1 a 5x + 2y + z = 6 1
 0+t   0  1
r =  −4 + 7t  =  −4 + t  7
–3x + 4y – z = 10 2 
Add 2 to 1  −4 + 2t   −4  2
2x + 6y = 16
 4  2
x + 3y = 8
2 a a•b =  2  
•  1  = 8 + 2 + 4 = 14
Let y = t, x = 8 – 3t  1   4
z = 6 – 5x – 2y = 6 – 5(8 – 3t) – 2t = –34 + 13t
⏐a⏐ = 4 2 + 22 + 12 = 21
 8 − 3t   8   −3
r =  0 + t  =  0  + t  1 
     ⏐b⏐ = 22 + 12 + 4 2 = 21
 −34 + 13t   −34  13 
b 3x + y – 2z = 4 1
 14 
q = cos–1 
 21 21 
= cos–1
2
3
= 48.2° ()
2x + y – z = 3 2  −2 1
   
b a•b =  1  • −3 = –2 – 3 – 8 = –13
Subtract 2 from 1  4   
 −2
x–z=1
Let x = t, z = –1 + t ⏐a⏐ = 22 + 12 + 4 2 = 21
y = 3 + z – 2x = 3 – 1 + t – 2t = 2 – t
⏐b⏐ = 12 + 32 + 22 = 14
 0+t   0 1
 13 
r =  2 − t  =  2  + t  −1

q = cos–1  = 40.7°
  21 14 
 −1 + t  
 −1  1 
i j k
i j k
c 1 2 7 = (10 + 14)i – (5 – 35)j + (–2 – 10)k
c 2 −1 1 = (2 – 5)i – (–4 + 5)j + (10 – 5)k 5 −2 5
−5 5 −2
= 24i + 30j – 12k = 6(4i + 5j – 2k)
= –3i – j + 5k
i j k
 4  −3 7 5 2 = (5 – 14)i – (7 – 10)j + (49 – 25)k
r • n =  −1
  
• −1 = –12 + 1 – 5 = –16 5 7 1

 −1  5 
= –9i + 3j + 24k = 3(–3i + j + 8k)
–3x – y + 5z = –16
 4  −3
i j k    
a •b =  5  • 1  = –12 + 5 – 16 = –23

1 4 5 = (44 – 35)i – (11 – 10)j + (7 – 8)k  −2  8 
2 7 11
= 9i – j – k ⏐a⏐ = 4 2 + 52 + 22 = 45
 3  9 ⏐b⏐ = 32 + 12 + 8 2 = 74
   
r • n =  10 • −1 = 27 – 10 – 9 = 8  23 
 9   
 −1 q = cos–1  = 66.5°
 45 74 
9x – y – z = 8
3 a 2x + 5y – z = 1 1
–3x – y + 5z = –16 1
84
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
x – 2y + z = 5 2
i j k
Add 1 to 2 3 2 3 = (2 – 6)i – (3 + 3)j + (6 + 2)k
3x + 3y = 6 −1 2 1
x+y=2 = –4i – 6j + 8k = 2(–2i – 3j + 4k)
Let x = t, y = 2 – t  −5  −2
z = 5 – x + 2y = 5 – t + 2(2 – t) = 9 – 3t r•n =  5   
• −3 = 10 – 15 + 8 = 3
   
 2   4 
 0+t   0 1
r=  2 − t  =  + t  −1
 2 
 −2
    −3
 9 − 3t   9
Plane Π1 is given by r•  −3 = 3
 
 4 
 2 1
b a•b =  5   
• −2 = 2 – 10 – 1 = –9  1  3   −2
   
 −1  1 
FG =   –   =  3 
 2   − 1
 0  −1  1 
⏐a⏐ = 22 + 52 + 12 = 30
 9  3   6
⏐b⏐ = 12 + 22 + 12 = 6      
FH =  0 –  −1 =  1 
 9   1   −1  2
q = cos–1 
 30 6 
= 47.9°
i j k
4 a 3x – y + 2z = 19 1
−2 3 1 = (6 – 1)i – (–4 – 6)j + (–2 – 18)k
4x + 2y + 11z = 7 2
6 1 2
1 ×2+ 2
= 5i + 10j – 20k = 5(i + 2j – 4k)
10x + 15z = 45
 1  1
2x + 3z = 9
r•n =  2  
• 2  =1+4=5
Let x = t, z = 3 – 2 t  0

 −4
3
2 5  1
y = 3x + 2z – 19 = 3t + 2(3 – t ) – 19 = –13 + t
3 3
Plane Π2 is given by r•  2  = 5
   −4
 0   3
 0+t 
   
r =  −13 + 5 t  =  −13 + s  5   −2  1
     −2   = –2 – 6 – 16 = –24
a•b =  −3
3  3 
  • 2
2    
 3 − t   4   −4
3
 3  4 ⏐a⏐ = 22 + 32 + 4 2 = 29
b a•b =  −1  
• 2  = 12 – 2 + 22 = 32

 2   11 ⏐b⏐ = 12 + 22 + 4 2 = 21
 24 
⏐a⏐ = 32 + 12 + 22 = 14 q = cos–1   = 13.5°
29 21 
b –2x – 3y + 4z = 3 1
⏐b⏐ = 4 2 + 22 + 112 = 141
x + 2y – 4z = 5 2
 32 
q = cos–1  = 44° to the nearest degree
 14 141  Add 1 to 2
–x – y = 8
 −2  −5  3 Let y = s, x = –8 – s
5 a CD =  7  –  5  =  2
      4z = 3 + 2x + 3y = 3 + 2(–8 – s) + 3s = –13 + s
 5   2   3
13 1
z=– + 4 s
 −6  −5  −1 4
CE =   –   =  2 
 7   5 
 3   2   1 
85
6 Vectors
 −8 − s   −8   4
x=
(
10q − t q 2 + 1 )
r=   = 0 + t  −4
  q+3
 0+s     
 −1
 − 13 + 1 s   − 13  10q
c Taking t = 0 for the point A, for x-coordinate 4 =
4 4 4 q+3
4(q + 3) = 10q
q = – 13 , u = –4, v = –1
4 q=2
6 a 3x +2y + uz = 21 1
For y-coordinate, m = 0
2x – y + 2z = 7 2
For z-coordinate, n = 2 − 27 = –5
1 +2× 2 2+3
7x + (u + 4)z = 35 d x=4+
(
−t 22 + 1 )
=4–t
2+3
35 − 7t
Let x = t, z = y=0+t
u+4
z = –5 + (
t 3(2) − 1)
= –5 + t
70 − 14t 2+3
y = 2x + 2z – 7 = 2t + –7
u+4  4  −1
= 2t(u + 4) + 70 − 14t − 7(u + 4) r= 0 +t  1 
 
u+4    
 −5  1 
42 − 7u 2u − 6
= + t
u+4 u+4
Exercise 6.5A
2 (u − 3)
Hence d = .
u+4
i j k
42 − 7u 1 3 1 1 = (–1 – 4)i – (–3 – 2)j + (12 – 2)k
b = –2
u+4
2 4 −1
42 – 7u = –2u – 8
= –5i + 5j + 10k = 5(–i + j + 2k)
u = 10
7 + 3t – v = –4 + 2u 1
 3  2
4 + t + v = 1 + 4u 2
a•b =  2   −1 = 6 – 2 + 20 = 24
  •  3
 10  2  –2 + t + 2v = 3 – u
1 + 2
⏐a⏐ = 32 + 22 + 10 2 = 113 11 + 4t = –3 + 6u
⏐b⏐ = 22 + 12 + 22 = 3 2t – 3u = –7
1 ×2+ 3
 24 
q = cos–1  = 41.2°
 3 113  12 + 7t = –5 + 3u
7 a 3x + y + qz = q 1 7t – 3u = –17
x + qy – z = 9 2 2t – 3u = –7
2 × 3 = 3 : 3x + 3qy – 3z = 27 5t = –10
3 – 1 : (3q – 1)y + (–3 – q)z = 27 – q t = –2
(–3 – q)z = 27 – q – (3q – 1)y u=1
q − 27 + y ( 3q − 1) Using the point with u = 1, the equation of the

z=
q+3 common perpendicular is
b x = 9 + z – qt  −2  −1
q − 27 + t ( 3q − 1) r=  5 +v 1
x=9+ – qt    
q+3  2   2 
9(q + 3) + q − 27 + t ( 3q − 1) − qt(q + 3)
x= i j k
q +3
2 a 8 −1 3 = (–3 – 15)i – (24 + 12)j + (40 – 4)k
9q + 27 + q − 27 + 3qt − t − q 2t − 3qt
x= −4 5 3
q+3
9q + q − t − q 2t = –18i – 36j + 36k = 18(–i – 2j + 2k)
x=
q+3
86
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
–22 + 8t – v = 5 – 4u 1 34 + 3t + 4v = –32 + 5u 1
6 – t – 2v = 31 + 5u 2 39 + 4t – v = 17 – 4u 2
–6 + 3t + 2v = 1 + 3u 3 13 + t – 8v = 3 + 3u 3
2 + 3 1 +4× 2
2t = 32 + 8u 190 + 19t = 36 – 11u
t – 4u = 16 19t + 11u = –154
1 ×2+ 3 1 ×2+ 3
–50 + 19t = 11 – 5u 81 + 7t = –61 + 13u
19t + 5u = 61 7t – 13u = –142
t – 4u = 16 u=5
u = –3 t = –11
t=4 v = 39 + 4(–11) – 17 + 4(5)
Using the point with t = 4, the equation of v = –2
the common perpendicular is
⏐n⏐ = 4 2 + 12 + 8 2 = 9
 10  −1
Distance = 2 × 9 = 18
r =  2  + v  −2
 
 6   2  b Using the point with u = 5, the equation of
the common perpendicular is
b −v = 22 – 8t + 5 – 4u = 22 – 8(4) + 5 – 4(–3) = 7
 −7  4
r =  −3 + v  −1
  
⏐n⏐ = 12 + 22 + 22 = 3
 18   −8
Distance = 7 × 3 = 21
i j k i j k
3 8 15 = (80 – 30)i – (30 + 45)j + (6 + 24)k 5 a 12 −7 e = (e – 70)i + (6e – 120)j + 30k
3
−3 2 10 6 −1 10
= 50i – 75j + 30k = 5(10i – 15j + 6k)  12   13 
–29 + 3t + 10v = 12 – 3u 1 b =  −7 · 18  = 0
   
 e   −6
33 + 8t – 15v = –16 + 2u 2
–20 + 15t + 6v = 90 + 10u 3 156 – 126 – 6e = 0
1× 3 + 2 ×2 e=5
–21 + 25t = 4 – 5u  −14 + 12t   13   20 + 6u 

5t + u = 5 c  38 − 7t  + v  18  =  −23 − u 
     
 −16 + 5t   −6  51 + 10u 
2 ×2+ 3 ×5
–34 + 91t = 418 + 54u Equate i: –14 + 12t + 13v = 20 + 6u 1
91t – 54u = 452 Equate j: 38 – 7t + 18v = –23 – u 2
u = –5 Equate k: –16 + 5t – 6v = 51 + 10u 3
t=2 6 × 2 = 4 : 228 – 42t + 108v = –138 – 6u
–20 + 15(2) + 6v = 90 + 10(–5) 4 + 1 = 5 : 214 – 30t + 121v = –118
v=5 10 × 2 = 6 : 380 – 70t + 180v = –230 – 10u
2 2 2 6 + 3 = 7 : 364 – 65t + 174v = –179
⏐n⏐ = 10 + 15 + 6 = 19
Distance = 5 × 19 = 95 13 × 5 = 8 : 2782 – 390t + 1573v = –1534
6 × 7 = 9 : 2184 – 390t + 1044v = –1074
i j k
3 4 1 = (12 + 4)i – (9 – 5)j + (–12 – 20)k 8 – 9 : 598 + 529v = –460
4 a
5 −4 3 v = –2
t=3
= 16i – 4j – 32k = 4(4i – j – 8k)
P(22, 17, –1) 87
6 Vectors
d Since v = –2, PQ = 2 132 + 18 2 + ( −6 ) = 46

2 i j k
−4 −3 −3 = (27 – 12)i – (36 – 6)j + (16 – 6)k
 −8   37  −45  15
    −2 −4 −9
6 a AB = −28 – 8 = −36 = –3 12
 
       
 1   58  −57  19 = 15i – 30j + 10k = 5(3i – 6j + 2k)
 7  3
 37  15
r•n =  1   
• −6 = 21 – 6 + 6 = 21
r= 8 + t  12  
 3
 
 2 
 
 58  19
 3
i j k Plane Π is given by r•  −6 = 21
 
 2 
b 15 12 19 = (36 – 19c)i + 221j + (15c – 168)k
14 c 3 or 3x – 6y + 2z = 21 in Cartesian form
Equate i: 36 – 19c = kc
 4  3
b r•n =  5  
Equate k: 15c – 168 = kc
• −6 = 12 – 30 + 4 = –14
 
36 – 19c = 15c – 168  2  2 
c=6
⏐n⏐ = 32 + 6 2 + 22 = 7
k = –13
221 = d(–13) Distance = 21 − (−14) = 5
7
d = –17
i j k
 37  15  6   −53  14 3 2 1 = (4 – 3)i – (6 – 1)j + (9 – 2)k
2 a
c  8  + t  12 + v  −17 =  17  + u 6  .
          1 3 2
 58  19  6   −7   3 
= i – 5j + 7k
Equate i: 37 + 15t + 6v = –53 + 14u 1
 2 1
Equate j: 8 + 12t – 17v = 17 + 6u 2 b r•n =  4  
• −5 = 2 – 20 + 42 = 24
   
Equate k: 58 + 19t + 6v = –7 + 3u 3  6   7 
1
3 – 1 : 21 + 4t = 46 – 11u
Hence equation of plane is given by r•  −5 = 24
4t + 11u = 25 4  7 
1 × 17 = 5 : 629 + 255t + 102v = –901 + 238u x – 5y + 7z = 24
2 × 6 = 6 : 48 + 72t – 102v = 102 + 36u c 13 – 5c + 7(3) = 24
5 + 6 = 7 : 327t – 274u = –1476 c = 2
4 × 274 = 8 : 1096t + 3014u = 6850  6  1   5

7 × 11 = 9 : 3597t – 3014u = –16 236 3 AB = 2 – −2 =  4
   
     
 4  2   2
8 + 9 : 4693t = –9386
t = –2  3  1   2
 
u=3 AC =  0  –  −2 =  2
 4  2   2
v = –3
Shortest distance = 3 6 2 + ( −17 ) + 6 2 = 57
2
i j k
5 4 2 = (8 – 4)i – (10 – 4)j + (10 – 8)k
2 2 2
 3  7  −4 Vector perpendicular to plane is given by
1 a AB =  −2 –  1  =  −3 4i – 6j + 2k = 2(2i – 3j + k)
 0   3  −3
 6  2
 5   7  −2 r•n =  2  
• −3 = 12 – 6 + 4 = 10

AC =  −3 –  1  =  −4
     4  1 
 −6  3  −9
88
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 2  3  2
r•n =  2

Plane is given by r•  −3 = 10  
• 1  = 6 + 2 + 4 = 12

 1   2  2
Length of normal given by  2

Plane is given by r•  1  = 12
⏐n⏐ = 22 + 32 + 12 = 14  
 2
10 5
Distance from origin = = 7 14
14  −5  2
 16   9  7 b r•n =  −3  1
  •   = –10 – 3 + 4 = –9
 −1 –  7  =  −8  2   2
4 a AB =      
 3   −6  9 
2x + y + 2z = –9
 11   9   2 1 c ⏐n⏐ = 22 + 12 + 22 = 3
 3
b AC =   –   7  =  − 4  = 2  −2
   
 −4  −6  2   1  Distance = 12 − (−9) = 7
3
i j k 6 a (–1 + t) + 4(2 – t) + 2(–1 + 2t) = 10
7 −8 9 = (–8 + 18)i – (7 – 9)j + (–14 + 8)k t=5
1 −2 1 Point is (4, –3, 9)
= 10i + 2j – 6k = 2(5i + j – 3k)
b (–1 + t) + 3(2 – t) + (–1 + 2t) = –1 + t + 6 – 3t – 1 + 2t = 4
 9  5
 1  1
   
c r•n =  7  •  1  = 45 + 7 + 18 = 70  
 −6  −3 c a•b =  4 • 3 = 1 + 12 + 2 = 15

   1
 2
 5
Plane is given by r•  1  = 70 ⏐a⏐ = 12 + 4 2 + 22 = 21
 −3
 −18  5 ⏐b⏐ = 12 + 32 + 12 = 11
d r•n =  6   
• 1  = –90 + 6 – 21 = –105  15 
   q = cos–1 
 7   −3  21 11 
= 9.27°
 5
i j k
Plane is given by r•  1  = –105
  7 a −1 2 4 = (4 + 4)i – (–2 – 12)j + (1 – 6)k
 −3
3 −1 2
⏐n⏐ = 52 + 12 + 32 = 35 = 8i + 14j – 5k
70 − (−105)  7  8
Distance = = 5 35
35 r•n =  5  
• 14 = 56 + 70 – 15 = 111
   
 3  −5
 7   3  4
     8
5 a AB =  −4 –  2 =  −6
 1   2  −1 Plane is given by r•  14  = 111
 −5
 5  3  2
 2  8
AC =  8  –  2 =  6   
b a•b =  3

 −3  2  −5 •  14  = 16 + 42 – 20 = 38
 4  −5
i j k
⏐a⏐ = 22 + 32 + 4 2 = 29
4 −6 −1 = (30 + 6)i – (–20 + 2)j + (24 + 12)k
2 6 −5 ⏐b⏐ = 8 2 + 14 2 + 52 = 285
= 36i + 18j + 36k = 18(2i + j + 2k)  38 

q = cos–1  = 65°
 29 285 
89
6 Vectors
8 a T
he equation of the line through the point
⏐b⏐ = 12 + 22 + 22 = 3
A perpendicular to the plane is given by
 13  2  21 
q = 90° − cos–1  = 90° − 8° = 82°
 3 50 
r =  7  + t  1
   
 12  2
i j k
10 a 3 −2 −1 = (–4 + 3)i – (6 – 2)j + (9 – 4)k
 13 + 2t   2
 7+t    −2 3 2
  • 1 = 12
  = –i – 4j + 5k = –(i + 4j – 5k)
 12 + 2t   2
 −2 1
26 + 4t + 7 + t + 24 + 4t = 12   = –2 + 4 + 15 = 17
r•n =  1  • 4
t = –5    
 −3  −5
Coordinates of point B are (3, 2, 2)
Hence the plane Π1 is given by x + 4y – 5z = 17
 13  2
so a = 1, b = –5, c = 17
b r•n =  7   
• 1 = 26 + 7 + 24 = 57
   
 12  2
 7 − 5t  1
b  8 + 5t   
⏐n⏐ = 2
2 +1 + 2 2 2
=3 • 4  = 7 – 5t + 32 + 20t – 45 – 15t = –6,
  
 9 + 3t   −5
57 − 12
AB = = 15
3 which is not equal to 17, so the line has no points
in common with the plane Π1
i j k
1  1
9 a 1 2 2 = (8 – 10)i – (4 – 6)j + (5 – 6)k  1 = 1 + 4 – 5 = 0
3 5 4 c a•b =  4  •
   
 −5  1
= –2i + 2j –k
5 + t – 2v = 4 + 3u 1 cos–1 0 = 90°
–8 + 2t + 2v = 23 + 5u 2  −5  1
3    
3 + 2t – v = 13 + 4u d a• b =  5  • 1 = –5 + 5 + 3 = 3

1 + 2  3   1
–3 + 3t = 27 + 8u
⏐a⏐ = 52 + 52 + 32 = 59
3t – 8u = 30
3 ×2+ 2 ⏐b⏐ = 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
–2 + 6t = 49 + 13u  
q = 90° − cos–1  3  = 90° − 77.0° = 13.0°
6t – 13u = 51  59 3 
u = –3
 2  4  −2
t=2  7  −2 11 a DE = 7 – 4 =  3 
   
     
When t = 2, r =  −4 + v
  2  −3  1   −4
 
 7   −1
 5  1  6  4  2
     
b  2    DF =   –   =  −6
− 2 4
•  2 = 5 + 4 – 6 = 3
 −3  2  6   1   5 
x + 2y + 2z = 3 i j k
−2 3 −4 = (15 – 24)i – (–10 + 8)j + (12 – 6)k
 3  1
2 −6 5
c a•b =  5  
• 2 = 3 + 10 + 8 = 21
 
 4  2 = –9i + 2j + 6k
 4  −9
⏐a⏐ = 32 + 52 + 4 2 = 50    
r•n =  4 • 2  = –36 + 8 + 6 = –22

 1   6 
90
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Coordinates of point are (36, –9, 10)

 −9
Plane is given by r•  2  = –22 i j k
 6  e 8 −2 3 = (–18 – 6)i – (72 – 12)j + (16 + 8)k
4 2 9
 5  −9
= –24i – 60j + 24k = 12(–2i – 5j + 2k)
b r•n =  4    = –45 + 8 – 18 = –55
• 2
  12 + 8t – 2w = –2 + 4v 1
 −3  6 
–3 – 2t – 5w = 8 + 2v 2
2 2 2
⏐n⏐ = 9 + 2 + 6 = 11 1 + 3t + 2w = –35 + 9v 3
(−22) − (−55) 1 + 3
Distance = =3
11
13 + 11t = –37 + 13v
c 9x + 3y + 4z = 12 1
11t – 13v = –50
–9x + 2y + 6z = –22 2
3 ×5+ 2 ×2
Add 1 to 2
–1 + 11t = –159 + 49v
5y + 10z = –10
–11t + 49v = 158
y + 2z = –2
v=3
Let z = t, y = –2 – 2t Using the point with v = 3, the equation of
9x = 12 – 3y – 4z = 12 – 3(–2 – 2t) – 4t = 18 + 2t the common perpendicular is
2
x=2+ t  10   −2
9
r =  14  + w  −5
 2 + 92 t   2  2     
 −8  2 
 
r =  −2 − 2t  or  −2 + t  −18
   
 0 + t   0   9   53  −66  −13
13 a OA = OX + XA =  21 +  −23 =  −2 
 12 + qt   60   9   −4   5 
12 a  −3 − 2t  =  −15
 
 1 + 3t   m  12(–13) + 3(–2) – 4(5) = –182
Hence A lies in the plane Π with equation
–3 – 2t = –15 12x + 3y – 4z = –182
t=6 b The equation of the line through X perpendicular
m = 1 + 3(6) = 19  53  12 
60 − 12 to the plane is given by r =  21 + t  3 
b q= =8
 9   
6  −4
 7  1  53 + 12t   12 
c a•b =  −3    21 + 3t   3  = –182
• 1 =7–3+1=5
      • 
 1   1  9 − 4t   −4
⏐a⏐ = 7 2 + 32 + 12 = 59 636 +144 t + 63 + 9t – 36 + 16t = –182

t = –5
⏐b⏐ = 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
Coordinates of F are (–7, 6, 29)
 5 
q = 90° − cos–1  = 90° − 67.9° = 22.1° ⏐n⏐ = 122 + 32 + 4 2 = 13
 59 3 
FX = 13 × 5 = 65
d 12 + 8t = 8 + 7u 1
AX = 66 2 + 232 + 4 2 = 4901
–3 – 2t = 3 – 3u 2
2
AF = 4901 − 65 = 26
1 + 3t = 6 + u 3
1
3 ×3+ 2 Area of triangle FAX = bh = 1 × 26 × 65 = 845
2 2
7t = 21
t=3
c Angle FAX = tan–1 ( 6526 ) = 68.2°
91
6 Vectors
 48  92   −44 c Angle DAF = tan–1 (117

78
) = 33.7°
14 a AB =  37  –  −58 =  95 
   
Angle DAE = 2 × 33.7° = 67.4°
 44  23   21 
i j k
 102   92   10  15 a v v 1 = (v2 – 7)i – (v2 + 2)j + (7v + 2v)k
AC =  −68 –  −58 =  −10 −2 7 v
     
 2   23   −21
= (v2 – 7)i – (v2 + 2)j + 9vk
i j k  v2 − 7   −1
 2   2
−44 95 21 = (–1995 + 210)i – (924 – 210)j b  −v − 2 = k
 9v   
10 −10 −21  c 
+ (440 – 950)k v2 – 7 = –k
–1785i – 714j – 510k
=
–v2 – 2 = 2k
= –51(35i + 14j + 10k)
Hence –v2 – 2 = 2(7 – v2)
 48  35
  –v2 – 2 = 14 – 2v2
r•n =  37  • 14  = 1680 + 518 + 440 = 2638

   10  v2 = 16
 44
v=4  9   −1
c Given that v = 4,  −18 = k
 35   2
 
 36   c 
Plane Π is given by r•  14  = 2638
 10  Hence k = –9
c = –4
The equation of the line through D perpendicular
 132  35  5  −1
d  3  
   14  • 2  = –5 + 6 + 28 = 29
to the plane is given by r =  75
 +t     
 1   10   −7  −4
 132 + 35t   35  −1

 75 + 14t   14  = 2638  3
  •  Hence  6   2  = 29
•
 1 + 10t   10     
 q   −4
4620 + 1225t + 1050 + 196t + 10 + 100t = 2638
–3 + 12 – 4q = 29
t = –2
 132  35 q = –5
OE = OD + DE =  75  – 4  14 
 
 −1  8
 1   10   
e a •b =  2  • −3 = –8 – 6 – 4 = –18

   1 
 −4
Coordinates of E are (–8, 19, –39)
⏐a⏐ = 12 + 22 + 4 2 = 21
b ⏐n⏐ = 352 + 14 2 + 10 2 = 39
2 2 2
DE = 4 × 39 = 156 ⏐b⏐ = 8 + 3 +1 = 74
 
Let F be the foot of the perpendicular q = cos–1  18  = 62.8°
 21 74 
 132  35  62 
OF = OD + DF = 75 – 2  14  =  47 
   −3  7   −10  −2
     
 1   10   −19 16 a AB =  1  –  −4 =  5  = 5  1 
       
 −5  5   −10  −2
 62   92   −30  −10
AF =  47  –  −58 =  105  = 3  35   −6  7   −13
     −42  −14
 −19  23  AC  7  –  −4 =  11 
=
     
 1   5   −4 
AF = 3 × 39 = 117
1 1
Area of triangle DEA = 2 bh = 2 × 156 × 117 = 9126
92
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
i j k b Equate i: 3 + 0.1t = p
−10 5 −10 = 90i + 90j – 45k Equate j: –22 + 1.6t = 2p
−13 11 −4 Equate k: t = 4p
= 45(2i + 2j – k)
Substitute t = 4p into 3 + 0.1t = p
 2  7  2 3 + 0.4p = p
r· 2  =  −4 · 2  = 14 – 8 – 5 = 1 p=5
   
 −1  5   −1
c 6(5 + 2u) – (8 + 6u) + (3 + u) = 40
2x + 2y – z = 1 15
u= 7
 −6  −3  −3  −1
 5  2  65 
b BC =  7  –  1  =  6  = 3  2    15   1  
        For B, 8 + 6 =
 1   −5  6   2    7   7  146
 3 1  
 36 
 2   −1
q = 36
BA · BC = 15 −1 · 2  = 15(– 2 – 2 + 4) = 0
   
 2  2 d 4(5 + 2u) + (8 + 6u) – 2(3 + u) = –10
 12   2
u=–8
c Foot of perpendicular lies on r =  5  + t  2  3
     5
 −3  −1  2  −1 
 12 + 2t   2    8  6 = 
 1 
  3   3  −24
 5 + 2t   2  For C, 8 −
  •  = 1  3 1  
 1 
 −3 − t   −1
24 + 4t + 10 + 4t + 3 + t = 1 Coordinates are  − 1 , −8 ⋅ 1 
 3 3
t = –4
E is the point where t = –8  65   5   30 
e AB = 1  146 –  10  =  76 
1
 12 + 2(−8) 7    7 
 5 + 2(−8)  = (–4, –11, 5)  36   20  −104
 
 −3 − (−8)   −1   5   −16
1  −24  10  1 
d ABCDE consists of two pyramids, each with a AC = – = −54
3    3 
 1   20  −59
base which is a right-angled triangle ABC
Height of pyramid = 4 22 + 22 + ( −1) = 12
2
AB = 1 30 2 + 76 2 + ( −104 ) = 1
2
17492
7 7
AB = 5 ( −2) 2
+ 1 + ( −2) = 15
2 2
AC = 1
3
( −16 )2 + ( −54 )2 + ( −59)2 = 13 6653
BC = 3 ( −1) 2 2
+2 +2 =92
1
1 135 cos q = AB • AC = 21 (1552)
Area of ABC = × 15 × 9 = 2 1
AB AC 7 17492 × 3 6653
1
2
135
Volume of ABCDE = 2 × 1 × 2 × 12 = 540 = 0.14386...
3
q = cos–1(0.14386) = 81.7°
17 a 4x + y – 2z = –10 1
1 1 1
6x – y + z = 40 2 Area = 2 × 17492 × 6653 sin 81.7° = 254
7 3
1 + 2 : 10x – z = 30
Let z = t
x = 3 + 0.1t 1 For a vertical flagpole, only z will be different.
y = –22 + 1.6t 2(11) + 2(5) + z = 6
 3   0.1 22 + 10 + z = 6
r =  −22 + t 1.6  z = –26
   
 0   1 
93
6 Vectors
P(11i + 5j – 26k)
 11 + 2t   2
   2 = 6
2  5 + 2t  •
 
 1 + t   1 
22 + 4t + 10 + 4t + 1 + t = 6
t = –3
Position vector of F = 5i – j – 2k
 5  11  −6
 
XF = −1 –  5  =  −6
     
 −2  1   −3
 5   11   −6
PF =  −1 –  5  =  −6
  
 −2  −26  24 
XF = 6 2 + 6 2 + 32 = 9
PF = 6 2 + 6 2 + 24 2 = 18 2
1 1
Area of triangle XFP = bh = × 9 × 18 2 = 81 2
2 2
 0  −6
3 a•b =  0   
• −6  = 0 + 0 + 648 = 648

 27  24 
⏐a⏐ = 27
⏐b⏐ = 18 2
 648  = 19.5°
q = cos–1 
 27 × 18 2 
4 90° – 19.5° = 70.5°
94
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
7 Proof by induction
this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge  2 x −3   0 2 1 
A−B=  − 
1 a a = 7 and d = 1.4  y −1 6   −x −4 y 
nth term = a + (n – 1)d  2 x−2 −4 

=
= 7 + (n – 1)1.4 x + y 3 6 − y 
= 7n + 5.6
5
Exercise 7.1A
b a = 7 and r = 8.4 ÷ 7 = 1.2 n
(n + 1)th term = arn

1 ∑ (3r − 4 ) = n2 (3n − 5)
r =1
= 7(1.2)n
n=1
n! = 12! LHS:
2 r !(n − r )! 7!(12 − 7)! 1
∑ (3r − 4 ) = 3 − 4 = −1
= 12! r =1
7! 5!
= 792 RHS
n (3n − 5) = 1 (−2) = −1
3 xo = 3 2 2
x1 = 3.240 370 349 LHS = RHS so true for n = 1.
x2 = 3.061 609 094 Assume true for n = k.

k
x3 = 3.191 585 525 ∑ (3r − 4 ) = k2 (3k − 5)
r =1
x3 = 3.192 to 3 d.p.
Show that the summation formula is true for n = k + 1
k +1
4 M5 =  4 3  ×  4 3  ×  4 3  ∑ (3r − 4 ) = k2 (3k − 5) + 3(k + 1) − 4
 3 2  3 2  3 2 r =1
 4 3  4 3 3k 2 5k
= − + 3k + 3 − 4
× × 2 2
 3 2  3 2 2
3k 5k 6k
= − + −1
 25 18  25 18  4 3 2 2 2
M5 =  × ×
 18 13  18 13  3 2 =
3k 2 k 2
+ −
2 2 2
 949 684  4 3 1 2
= (3k + k − 2)
M5 =  ×
 684 493  3 2 2
= 1 (k + 1)(3k − 2)
 5848 4215 2
M5 = 
 4215 3038 There is nothing to compare the above statement
with. The following needs to be added.
 2 x −3   0 2 1 
5 A+B=  +  Substituting k + 1 into the assumptive formula
 y −1 6   −x −4 y  gives:
 2 x + 2 −2 
=
y−x −5 6 + y  95

k +1 So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general

∑ (3r − 4) = (k 2+ 1) [3(k + 1) − 5] statement
r =1
n
(k + 1)
=
2 (
3k + 3 − 5) ∑2r + 1 = n(n + 2)
r =1
1
= (k + 1)(3k − 2) has been proved to be true for any positive integer.
2
which is the same as the expression obtained from 3 The basis (base case):
k +1
∑ (3r − 4) = k2 (3k − 5) + 3(k + 1) − 4 Substitute 1 into the left-hand side (LHS) and the
right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure that
r =1
the formula works for n = 1.
Therefore, the summation is true when n = k + 1 if it
is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1 it is then true for Left-hand side (LHS):
1
all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of mathematical induction.
∑r 3 = 1
r =1
2 The basis (base case):
Right-hand side (RHS):
Substitute 1 into the left-hand side (LHS) and the
n 2 (n + 1)2 = 1 (1 + 1)2 = 1
4 4
So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true for
Left-hand side (LHS):
1
n = 1.
∑(2r + 1) = 3 The inductive step:
r =1
Assume that the summation formula is true for n = k.
Right-hand side (RHS): k 2
n(n + 2) = 1(1 + 2) = 3
∑r 3 = k4 (k + 1)2
r =1
So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true Now you need to show that the summation
for n = 1. formula is true for n = k + 1.
The inductive step: k +1 k

∑r 3 = ∑r 3 + (k + 1)3
r =1 r =1
k
∑(2r + 1) = k(k + 2) k2 (k + 1)2(k + 2)2
= (k + 1)2 + (k + 1)3 =
r =1 4 4
Now you need to show that the summation formula Now substitute k + 1 into the formula.
k +1 2
is true for n = k + 1.
k +1 k
∑r 3 = (k +41) (k + 1 + 1)2
∑(2r + 1) = ∑(2r + 1) + 2(k + 1) + 1
r =1
r =1 r =1 (k + 1)2(k + 2)2
=
4
= k(k + 2) + 2(k + 1) + 1 = k 2 + 4k + 3

This is the same expression as that from:
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula. k +1 k
k +1
∑(2r + 1) = (k + 1)(k + 1 + 2) ∑r 3 = ∑r 3 + (k + 1)3
r =1 r =1
r =1
= (k + 1)(k + 3)
Consequently, the summation formula is true
2 when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k.
= k + 4k + 3 So, since the formula is true for n = 1,
This is the same expression as that from: the general statement
k +1 k n
∑(2r + 1) = ∑(2r + 1) + 2(k + 1) + 1 2
∑r 3 = n4 (n + 1)2
r =1 r =1
r =1
Consequently, the summation formula is true has been proved to be true for any positive integer.
when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k.
96
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 The basis (base case): 5 The basis (base case):

Substitute 1 into the left-hand side (LHS) and the Substitute 1 into the left-hand side (LHS) and the
right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure that right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure that
the formula works for n = 1. the formula works for n = 1.
Left-hand side (LHS): Left-hand side (LHS):
1
∑(r + 1)
1
∑ (r 2 − 16 ) = 1 − 16 = −15
2 2
=2 =4
r =1 r =1
1
6 ( 1
)
n 2n 2 + 9n + 13 = (1)(2 + 9 + 13) = 4
6 n (2n 2 + 3n − 95) = 1 (2 + 3 − 95) = −15
So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true 6 6
for n = 1. So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true
The inductive step: for n = 1.
The inductive step:
k Assume that the summation formula is true for
∑(r + 1)2 = 16 k(2k 2 + 9k + 13) n = k.
r =1
k
Now you need to show that the formula is true for ∑ (r 2 − 16 ) = k6 (2k 2 + 3k − 95)
r =1
n = k + 1.
k +1 k
Now you need to show that the summation
∑(r + 1)2 = ∑(r + 1)2 + ((k + 1) + 1)2 formula is true for n = k + 1.
r =1 r =1
k +1 k

=
1
6 ( )
k 2k 2 + 9k + 13 + (k + 2)2 ∑ (r 2 − 16 ) = ∑ (r 2 − 16 ) + (k + 1)2 − 16
r =1 r =1
2k 3 + 9k 2 + 13k + 6k 2 + 24k + 24
= =
k
(2k 2 + 3k − 95) + (k + 1)2 − 16
6 6

2k 3 + 15k 2 + 37k + 24
=
6 = 1 (2k 3 + 9k 2 − 83k − 90)
Now substitute k + 1 directly into the formula. 6
k +1
= k + 1(2k 2 + 7k − 90)
∑(r + 1)2 = 16 (k + 1)( 2(k + 1)2 + 9(k + 1) + 13) 6
r =1
1
(
= (k + 1) 2k 2 + 4k + 2 + 9k + 9 + 13
6 ) Now substitute k + 1 into the formula.
k +1
(
(k + 1) 2k 2 + 13k + 24 ) ∑ (r 2 − 16 ) = k 6+ 1 ( 2(k + 1)2 + 3(k + 1) − 95)
= r =1
6
= k + 1(2k 2 + 7k − 90)
3 2 2
2k + 13k + 24k + 2k + 13k + 24
= 6
6
2k 3 + 15k 2 + 37k + 24 This is the same expression as that from:
=
6 k +1 k
This is the same expression as that from ∑ (r 2 − 16 ) = ∑ (r 2 − 16 ) + (k + 1)2 − 16
k +1 k r =1 r =1
∑ (r + 1)2 = ∑(r + 1)2 + ((k + 1) + 1)2 Consequently, the summation formula is true
r =1 r =1
Consequently, the summation formula is true for
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k.
statement
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general n
statement ∑r 2 − 16 = n6 (2n 2 + 3n − 95)

n r =1
∑ (r + 1)2 = 16 n ( 2n 2 + 9n + 13) has been proved to be true for any positive integer.
r =1
has been proved to be true for any positive integer.
97
6 The basis (base case): 1

∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = 1
r =1
n2 2 1
Left-hand side (LHS): (n + 1) = (1 + 1) = 1
2 2
1
∑2r (r + 1) = 2(2) = 4 n = 1.
r =1
The inductive step:
Assume that the summation formula is true for
2n (n + 1)(n + 2) = 2 (2)(3) = 4 n = k.
3 3 k 2
So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true for ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = k2 (k 2 + 1)
r =1
n = 1.
The inductive step:
formula is true for n = k + 1.
Assume that the summation formula is true for n = k. k +1 k
k
∑2r (r + 1) = 23k (k + 1)(k + 2) ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 + (k + 1)3 + k 3

r =1 r =1
r =1 k +1 2
Now you need to show that the summation ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = k2 (k 2 + 1) + (k + 1)3 + k 3
r =1
= 1 (k4 + 4k3 + 7k2 + 6k + 2)
k +1 k
∑2r (r + 1) = ∑2r(r + 1) + 2(k + 1)(k + 1 + 1) 2

r =1 r =1
k +1 (k + 1)2(k 2 + 2k + 2)
=
∑2r(r + 1) = 23k (k + 1)(k + 2) + 2(k + 1)(k + 2) 2

r =1 Now substitute k + 1 into the formula.
k +1 k +1
∑2r(r + 1) = 32(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) ((k + 1) + 1)
2
∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = (k +21) 2

r =1 r =1
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula. k +1 2 2
k +1 ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = (k + 1) (k 2+ 2k + 2)
∑2r(r + 1) = 32(k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 + 2) r =1
r =1
= 2 (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) k +1 k
3
∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 + (k + 1)3 + k 3
r =1 r =1
k +1 k
∑2r(r + 1) = ∑2r(r + 1) + 2(k + 1)(k + 1 + 1) when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k.
r =1 r =1
Consequently, the summation formula is true So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general
when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. statement
n 2
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general ∑r 3 + (r − 1)3 = n2 (n 2 + 1)
statement r =1
n
∑2r(r + 1) = 23n (n + 1)(n + 2) has been proved to be true for any positive integer.
r =1 8 The basis (base case):
7 The basis (base case): right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure that
1
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = 12 (2) = 1
r =1
98
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Right-hand side (RHS): b un = 3n – 2

n (n + 1)(n + 2) = 1 (2)(3) = 1 u1 = 3 – 2 = 1
6 6
u2 = 6 – 2 = 4
n = 1. u3 = 9 – 2 = 7
The inductive step: u4 = 12 – 2 = 10
Assume that the summation formula is true for u5 = 15 – 2 = 13
n = k. u6 = 18 – 2 = 16
k
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = k6 (k + 1)(k + 2) The first 6 terms of the sequence are 1, 4, 7, 10,

r =1
13, 16
c un + 1 = un + 3, u1 = 1
k +1 k
un = 3n – 2
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = ∑ 12 r(r + 1) + 12 (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1) Base case:
r =1 r =1
n=1
k +1
1 k 1
∑ 2 r(r + 1) = 6 (k + 1)(k + 2) + 2(k + 1)(k + 2) u1 = 3 – 2 = 1
r =1 n=2
k +1
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = 16 (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) u2 = 6 – 2 = 4
r =1 So un true for n = 1 and n = 2.
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula. Induction step:
k +1
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = k 6+ 1 (k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 + 2)
Assume that when n = k, uk = 3k – 2 is true
r =1 where k ∈ Z+.
Using the recurrence relation uk + 1 = uk + 3.
= 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
6
Substitute in uk to get uk + 1 = 3k – 2 + 3 = 3 k + 1.
Using the general statement, uk + 1 = 3(k + 1) – 2
k +1 k
= 3k + 1 so the two statements are the same.
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = ∑ 12 r(r + 1) + 12 (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)
r =1 r =1 Therefore, the general statement is true when
Consequently, the summation formula is true n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1
when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general mathematical induction.
statement 2 Let f(n) = 24n + 1 + 3 for n ∈ Z+.
n
∑ 12 r(r + 1) = n6 (n + 1)(n + 2) Base case:

r =1 f(1) = 24 + 1 + 3 = 32 + 3 = 35 = 5 × 7
has been proved to be true for any positive integer. Inductive step:
Assume true for n = k.
Exercise 7.1B
f(k) = 24k + 1 + 3 is divisible by 5 for k ∈ Z+.
1 a un + 1 = un + 3 f(k + 1) = 24k + 5 + 3
where n ∈ Z+ and u1 = 1. f(k + 1) – f(k) = 24k + 5 + 3 – 24k + 1 – 3
u1 = 1 = 30(24k)
u2 = 1 + 3 = 4 f(k + 1) = f(k) + 30(24k)
u3 = 4 + 3 = 7 As f(k)is divisible by 5 and 30(24k) is divisible by
u4 = 7 + 3 = 10 5 then f(n) is divisible by 5 when n = k + 1.
u5 = 10 + 3 = 13 Therefore, the general statement is true when
u6 = 13 + 3 = 16 n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As is it true for n = 1
it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of
The first 6 terms of the sequence are 1, 4, 7, 10,
mathematical induction.
13, 16
99
 2 0  2 0  4 0  The first 6 terms of the sequence are 1, 3, 7, 15,

3 a A2 =  =
 0 5  0 5  0 25 31, 63
b un = 2n – 1
3 2 0  4 0   8 0 
A = =
 0 5  0 25  0 125 u1 = 2 – 1 = 1
u2 = 4 – 1 = 3
 2 0  8 0   16 0  u3 = 8 – 1 = 7
A4 =  =
 0 5  0 125  0 625 u4 = 16 – 1 = 15
u5 = 32 – 1 = 31
 2n 0
b An =   u6 = 64 – 1 = 63
0 5n 
The first 6 terms of the sequence are 1, 3, 7, 15,
n 31, 63
 2 0 2 n
0
=  for n ∈ Z .
c  +
 0 5 0 5n  c un + 1 = 2un + 1, u1 = 1
un = 2n – 1
Base case:
n = 1 Base case:
 2 0 n = 1
LHS =  u1 = 2 – 1 = 1
 0 5
n = 2
 2 0 u2 = 4 – 1 = 3
RHS = 
 0 5
So un true for n = 1 and n = 2.
LHS = RHS so the matrix equation is true for n = 1. Induction step:
Inductive step: Assume that when n = k, uk = 2k – 1 is true where
Assume that the matrix equation is true for n = k. k ∈ Z +.
k
 2 0  2k 0 Using the recurrence relation uk + 1 = 2uk + 1.
 0 5 =  0 
5k 
 Substitute in the formula for uk to get
With n = k + 1 the equation becomes uk + 1 = 2(2k – 1) + 1 = 2k + 1 – 1.
k +1 k Using the general statement uk + 1 = 2k + 1 – 1 so
 2 0  2 0  2 0
 0 5 = the two statements are the same.
 0 5  0 5
Therefore, the general statement is true when
 2k 0   2 0 n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1
= 
0 5k   0 5 it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of
k +1
 2 0  2k + 1 0 
 0 5 =  5 Let f(n) = 8n – 3n for n ∈ Z+.
 0 5k + 1 
Base case:
 2n 0
which is the same as   when n = k + 1. f(1) = 8 – 3 = 5
0 5n 
Inductive step:
Therefore, the general statement is true when Assume true for n = k.
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1
f(k) = 8k – 3k is divisible by 5 for k ∈ Z+.
it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of
f(k + 1) = 8k + 1 – 3k + 1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 8k + 1 – 3k + 1 – 8k + 3k
4 a un + 1 = 2un + 1
= 8(8k) – 3(3k) – 8k + 3k
where n ∈ Z+ and u1 = 1. = (5 + 3)(8k) – 3(3k) – 8k + 3k
u1 = 1
= 5(8k) + 3(8k) – 3(3k) – 8k + 3k
u2 = 2 + 1 = 3
= 5(8k) + 2(8k) – 2(3k)
u3 = 6 + 1 = 7
u4 = 14 + 1 = 15 = 5(8k) + 2(8k – 3k)
u5 = 30 + 1 = 31 f(k + 1) = 2f(k) + 5(8k)
u6 = 62 + 1 = 63
100
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
As f(k) is divisible by 5, 2f(k) is divisible by 5 and From the recurrence relation,

5(8k )is divisible by 5 then f(n) is divisible by 5 when u3 = 5u2 – 6u1 = 5(13) – 6(5) = 35
n = k + 1.
So un true for n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3.
Therefore, the general statement is true when
Induction step:
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As is it true for n = 1
it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of Assume that when n = k, uk = 3k + 2k is true where
mathematical induction. k ∈ Z+.
6 Base case: Assume that when n = k, uk + 1 = 3k + 1 + 2k + 1 is true

where k + 1 ∈ Z+.
n=1
Using the recurrence relation uk + 2 = 5(3k + 1 + 2k + 1)
n
 1 2  1 2 – 6(3k + 2k).
LHS =   =
 0 1  0 1  uk + 2 = 5(3k + 1)+ 5(2k + 1) – 6(3k) – 6(2k)
= 5(3k + 1) + 5(2k + 1) – 2(3k + 1) – 3(2k + 1)
 1 2n   1 2
RHS =  = = 3(3k + 1) + 2(2k + 1)
 0 1   0 1 
= 3k + 2 + 2k + 2
LHS = RHS so the matrix equation is true for n = 1. Substitute k + 2 into the formula for uk to get
Inductive step: uk + 2 = 3k + 2 + 2k + 2
Assume that the matrix equation is true for n = k. so the two statements are the same.
 1 2
k
 1 2k  Therefore, the general statement is true when
 0 1  =  0 1  n = k + 2 if it is true for n = k and for n = k + 1.
As it is true for n = 1 and n = 2 it is then true
With n = k + 1 the equation becomes for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of mathematical
k +1 k induction.
 1 2  1 2  1 2
 0 1  =
 0 1   0 1  8 Let f(n) = 3n + 7n – 1 + 8 for n ∈ Z+.
 1 2k   1 2 Base case:
=
 0 1   0 1 f(1) = 3 + 1 + 8 = 12 = 6 × 2
 1 2 + 2k  Inductive step:
=
0 1  Assume true for n = k.
1 2(k + 1) f(k) = 3k + 7k – 1 + 8 is a multiple of 6 for k ∈ Z+.

= 
0 1  f(k + 1) = 3k + 1 + 7k + 8

 1 2n  f(k + 1) – f(k) = 3k + 1 + 7k + 8 – (3k + 7k – 1 + 8)
which is the same as  when n = k + 1.
 0 1  = 3k + 1 + 7k + 8 – 3k – 7k – 1 – 8
Therefore, the general statement is true when = 3(3k) + 7(7k – 1) – 3k – 7k – 1
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for = 2(3k) + 6(7k – 1)
n = 1 it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle
= 6(3k – 1) + 6(7k – 1)
of mathematical induction.
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 6[(3k – 1) + (7k – 1)]
7 un + 2 = 5un + 1 – 6un, u1 = 5 and u2 = 13
f(k + 1) = f(k) + 6[(3k – 1) + (7k – 1)]
un = 3n + 2n
As f(k) is a multiple of 6 and 6 [(3k – 1) + (7k – 1)] is a
Base case:
multiple of 6 then f(n)is a multiple of 6 when
n=1
n = k + 1.
u1 = 3 + 2 = 5
n=2 Therefore, the general statement is true when
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As is it true for
u2 = 9 + 4 = 13
n = 1 it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle
n=3
of mathematical induction.
u3 = 27 + 8 = 35
101
9 Base case: Now you need to show the result for the
n=1 (n + 1)th derivative. The (n + 1)th derivative
n should be:
 2 1  2 1
LHS =   =
 −1 0  −1 0 d n+1(e 2x ) = 2n+1e 2x
dx n+1
n +1 n   2 1
RHS =  = To find the (n + 1)th derivative you need to
 −n 1 − n   −1 0
differentiate the nth derivative.
LHS = RHS so the matrix equation is true for n = 1.
d n+1(e 2x ) = d (2n(e 2x ))
Inductive step:
dx n+1 dx
Assume that the matrix equation is true for n = k. Using the chain rule you can find the (n + 1)th
k derivative.
 2 1 k +1 k 
 −1 0 =  −k 1 − k 
d n+1(e 2x ) = 2(2n)e 2x
dx n+1
With n = k + 1 the equation becomes
Factorise:
k +1 k
 2 1  2 1  2 1
 −1 0 =
 −1 0  −1 0 d n+1(e 2x ) = 2n+1e 2x
dx n+1
k +1 k   2 1
= In the base case you found the first and second
 −k 1 − k   −1 0 derivatives. You then assumed that the general
form of the derivate of e2x holds for the nth
 k + 2 k + 1
= derivative. In the inductive step you then showed
 −k − 1 −k 
that it holds for the (n + 1)th derivative.
(k + 1) + 1 (k + 1)  Consequently, the assumption is valid for any n
= 
 −(k + 1) 1 − (k + 1) because n and consequently n + 1 can have any
positive integer value.
n +1 n 
which is the same as  when 2 The basis (base case):
 −n 1 − n 
n = k + 1. Using the chain rule you are going to find the first
Therefore, the general statement is true when derivative of e3x.
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1 d1(e3x ) = 3e3x
it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of dx 1
mathematical induction. Using the chain rule you can also find the second
derivative of e3x.
Exercise 7.2A
d 2(e3x ) = 9e3x
dx 2
Using the chain rule you are going to find the first The inductive step:
derivative of e2x.
Assume the general form of the nth derivative.
d1(e 2x ) = 2e 2x d n(e3x ) = 3n(e3x )
dx 1 dx n
Using the chain rule you can also find the second Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)th
derivative of e2x. derivative. The (n + 1)th derivative should be:
d 2(e 2x ) = 4e 2x
d n+1(e3x ) = 3n+1e3x
dx 2
dx n+1
The inductive step:
To find the (n + 1)th derivative you need to
Assume the general form of the nth derivative. differentiate the nth derivative.
d n(e 2x ) = 2n(e 2x ) d n+1(e3x ) = d (3n(e3x ))
dx n dx n+1 dx
102
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Using the chain rule you can find the (n + 1)th Using the product rule you can find the (n + 1)th
derivative. derivative.
d n+1(e3x ) = 3(3n)e3x d n+1(xe 2x ) = 2(2n−1)e 2x + 2(2n−1)e 2x(2x + n)
dx n+1 dx n+1
Factorise: d n+1(xe 2x ) = 2ne 2x + 2ne 2x(2x + n)
d n+1 3x
(e ) = 3n+1e3x dx n+1
dx n+1 Factorise:
In the base case you found the first and second
derivatives. You then assumed that the general d n+1(xe 2x ) = 2ne 2x(2x + n + 1)
form of the derivate of e3x holds for the nth dx n+1
derivative. In the inductive step you then showed In the base case you found the first and second
that it holds for the (n + 1)th derivative. derivatives. You then assumed that the general
form of the derivate of xe2x holds for the nth
Consequently, the assumption is valid for any n
derivative. In the inductive step you then showed
because n and consequently n + 1 can have any
Using the product rule you are going to find the positive integer value.
first derivative of xe2x.
d1(xe 2x )
= 1 × e 2x + 2xe 2x Using the product rule you are going to find the
dx 1
d1(xe 2x ) = e 2x + 2xe 2x
dx 1 d1(xe3x )
= 1 × e3x + 3xe3x
dx 1
d1(xe 2x ) = e 2x(2x + 1)
dx 1 d1(xe3x ) = e3x + 3xe3x
dx 1
Using the product rule you can also find the
second derivative of xe2x. d1(xe3x ) = e3x(3x + 1)
dx 1
d 2(xe 2x ) = d  d1(xe 2x ) 
 
dx 2 dx  dx 1  Using the product rule you can also find the
second derivative of xe3x.
d 2(xe 2x )
= 2 × e 2x + 2(2x + 1)e 2x d 2(xe3x ) = d  d1(xe3x ) 
dx 2  
dx 2 dx  dx 1 
d 2(xe 2x ) = 2e 2x(2x + 2)
dx 2 d 2(xe3x )
= 3 × e3x + 3(3x + 1)e3x
The inductive step: dx 2
Assume the general form of the nth derivative. d 2(xe3x ) = 3e3x(3x + 2)
dx 2
d n(xe 2x ) = 2n−1e 2x(2x + n)
dx n The inductive step:
Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)th Assume the general form of the nth derivative.
derivative. The (n + 1)th derivative should be:
d n(xe3x ) = 3n−1e3x(3x + n)
d n+1(xe 2x ) = 2ne 2x(2x + n + 1) dx n
dx n+1
Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)th
d n+1(xe 2x ) = d (2n−1e 2x(2x + n)) d n+1(xe3x ) = 3ne3x(3x + n + 1)
dx n+1 dx dx n+1
103

d 3(x 2e x ) = e x(x 2 + 6x + 6)
dx 3
d n+1(xe3x ) = d (3n−1e3x(3x + n)) Using the product rule you can also find the fourth
dx n+1 dx derivative of x2ex.
Using the product rule you can find the (n + 1)th d 4(x 2e x ) = d  d 3(x 2e x ) 
 
derivative. dx 4 dx  dx 3 
d n+1(xe3x ) = 3(3n−1)e3x + 3(3n−1)e3x(3x + n) d 4(x 2e x ) = (2x + 6)e x + (x 2 + 6x + 6)e x

dx n+1 dx 4
d n+1(xe3x ) = 3ne3x + 3ne3x(3x + n) d 4(x 2e x ) = e x(x 2 + 8x + 12)

dx n+1 dx 4
Factorise: The inductive step:
Assume the general form of the nth derivative.
d n+1(xe3x ) = 3ne3x(3x + n + 1)
dx n+1 d n(x 2e x ) = e x(x 2 + 2nx + n 2 − n)
dx n
derivatives. You then assumed that the general
form of the derivate of xe3x holds for the nth
derivative. In the inductive step you then showed d n +1(x 2e x ) = e x(x 2 + 2(n + 1)x + (n + 1)2 − (n + 1))
that it holds for the (n + 1)th derivative. dx n +1
Consequently, the assumption is valid for any n To find the (n + 1)th derivative you need to
because n and consequently n + 1 can have any differentiate the nth derivative.
positive integer value. d n +1(xe 2x ) = d (e x(x 2 + 2nx + n 2 − n))
dx n +1 dx
Using the product rule you can find the (n + 1)th
Using the product rule you are going to find the
derivative.
first derivative of x2ex.
d n+1(x 2e x ) = (2x + 2n)e x + (x 2 + 2nx + n 2 − n)e x
d1(x 2e x ) = 2x.e x + x 2e x dx n+1
dx 1
Factorise:
1 2 x
d (x e ) = e x(x 2 + 2x) d n +1(x 2e x ) = e x(x 2 + 2(n + 1)x + (n + 1)2 − (n + 1))
dx 1 dx n +1
Using the product rule you can also find the In the base case you found the first and second
second derivative of x2ex. derivatives. You then assumed that the general
form of the derivate of x2ex holds for the nth
d 2(x 2e x ) = d  d1(x 2e x ) 
  derivative. In the inductive step you then showed
dx 2 dx  dx 1 
d 2(x 2e x ) = 2x + 2 e x + (x 2 + 2x)e x
dx 2
( ) Consequently, the assumption is valid for any n
d 2(xe 2x ) = e x(x 2 + 4x + 2)
dx 2 6 The basis (base case):
Using the product rule you can also find the third Find the summation of the series when n = 1.
derivative of x2ex. 1
∑(r × r ! − 1) = 1 × 1! − 1 = 0 = 2! − 2
d 3(x 2e x ) = d  d 2(x 2e x )  r =1
 
dx 3 dx  dx 2  Find the summation of the series when n = 2.
3 2 x 2
d (x e ) = (2x + 4)e x + (x 2 + 4x + 2)e x
dx 3
∑ (r × r ! − 1) = 1 × 1! − 1 + 2 × 2! − 1 = 3 = 3! − 3
r =1
104
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Find the summation of the series when n = 3. n

3 ∑(r × r ! + 1) = (n + 1)! + (n + 1 − 2)
∑ (r × r ! − 1) = 1 × 1! − 1 + 2 × 2! − 1 + 3 × 3! − 1 r =1
r =1 Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)th
= 20 = 4! − 4 term.
n +1
The inductive step:
∑(r × r ! + 1) = (n + 2)! + (n + 2 − 2)
Assume the general form of the summation of the r =1
series for the nth term. To find the sum of the series for the (n + 1)th
n term you need to add the (n + 1)th term to the
∑ (r × r ! − 1) = (n + 1)! − (n + 1) summation of the series for the nth term.
r =1
n +1
Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)th ∑(r × r ! + 1) = (n + 1)! + (n + 1 − 2) + (n + 1) × (n + 1)! + 1
r =1
term.
n +1
Factorise:
∑ (r × r ! − 1) = (n + 2)! − (n + 2) n +1
∑(r × r ! + 1) = (n + 1)!(n + 1 + 1) + n + 1 − 2 + 1
r =1
r =1
To find the sum of the series for the (n + 1)th = (n + 1)!(n + 2) + n + 2 − 2
term you need to add the (n + 1)th term to the = (n + 2)! + (n + 2 − 2)

summation of the series for the nth term.
In the base case you found series summations up
n +1
to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd terms. You then assumed
∑ (r × r ! − 1) = (n + 1)! − (n + 1) + (n + 1) × (n + 1)! − 1 the general form of the series summation for the
r =1
nth term. In the inductive step you then showed
Factorise:
that it holds for the (n + 1)th term.
n +1
∑ (r × r ! − 1) = (n + 1)!(n + 1 + 1) − (n + 1) − 1 because n and consequently n + 1 can have any
r =1 n +1
∑r × r ! = (n + 1)!(n + 2) − n − 2 positive integer value.
r =+11
n
∑r × r ! = (n + 2)!− (n + 2)

r =1

In the base case you found series summations up
to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd terms. You then assumed
the general form of the series summation for the
nth term. In the inductive step you then showed
that it holds for the (n + 1)th term.
1
∑3r + 2 = 5
r =1
7 The basis (base case): Right-hand side (LHS):

Find the summation of the series when n = 1. n (3n + 7) = 1 (3 + 7) = 5
1 2 2
∑(r × r ! + 1) = 1 ×1! + 1 = 2 = 2! + (2 − 2) So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true
r =1
for n = 1.
Find the summation of the series when n = 2.
2 The inductive step:
∑(r × r ! + 1) = 1 × 1! + 1 + 2 × 2! + 1 = 7 = 3! + (3 − 2) Assume that the summation formula is true for
r =1 n = k.
Find the summation of the series when n = 3. k
3
∑3r + 2 = k2 (3k + 7)
∑(r × r ! + 1) = 1 × 1! + 1 + 2 × 2! + 1 + 3 × 3! + 1 = 26 = 4! + (4 − 2) r =1
r =1
The inductive step:
Assume the general form of the summation of the
series for the nth term.
105
k +1 k k +1
∑3r + 2 = ∑3r + 2 + 3(k + 1) + 2 ∑2 − r = k2 (3 − k) + 2 − k − 1 = 12(2 + k − k 2)

r =1 r =1 r =1
k +1 Now substitute k + 1 into the formula.
∑3r + 2 = k2 (3k + 7) + 3(k + 1) + 2 = 12(3k 2 + 13k + 10) k +1
∑2 − r = k 2+ 1 (3 − (k + 1))
r =1
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula. r =1

k +1 k +1
∑3r + 2 = k 2+ 1 (3(k + 1) + 7) ∑2 − r = 12(2 + k − k 2)

r =1 r =1
k +1 This is the same expression as that from:
∑3r + 2 = 12(3k 2 + 13k + 10) k +1 k
r =1
∑2 − r = ∑2 − r + 2 − (k + 1)
This is the same expression as that from: r =1 r =1
k +1 k
∑3r + 2 = ∑3r + 2 + 3(k + 1) + 2 when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k.
r =1 r =1
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general
Consequently, the summation formula is true statement
when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. n
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general ∑2 − r = n2 (3 − n)

statement r =1
n has been proved to be true for any positive integer.

∑3r + 2 = n2 (3n + 7) 3 a un + 1 = un + 4
r =1
where n ∈ Z+ and u1 = 1.
u1 = 1
u2 = 1 + 4 = 5
u3 = 5 + 4 = 9
the formula works for n = 1. u4 = 9 + 4 = 13
Left-hand side (LHS): u5 = 13 + 4 = 17
1 u6 = 17 + 4 = 21
∑2 − r = 1 The first 6 terms of the sequence are 1, 5, 9,
r =1
13, 17, 21
Right-hand side (LHS): b un = 4n – 3
n (3 − n) = 1 (2) = 1 u1 = 4 – 3 = 1
2 2
u2 = 8 – 3 = 5
So as LHS = RHS the summation formula is true
u3 = 12 – 3 = 9
for n = 1.
u4 = 16 – 3 = 13
The inductive step:
u5 = 20 – 3 = 17
n = k. u6 = 24 – 3 = 21
k The first 6 terms of the sequence are 1, 5, 9,
∑2 − r = k2 (3 − k) 13, 17, 21
r =1
c un + 1 = un + 4, u1 = 1
Now you need to show that the summation un = 4n – 3
Base case:
k +1 k
∑2 − r = ∑2 − r + 2 − (k + 1) n=1
r =1 r =1 u1 = 4 – 3 = 1
n=2
u2 = 8 – 3 = 5
106
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
So the formula for un is true for n = 1 and n = 2. Base case:

Induction step: n=1
Assume that when n = k, uk = 4k – 3 is true  2 0
LHS = 
where k ∈ Z+.  0 3
Using the recurrence relation uk + 1 = uk + 4,
 2 0
uk + 1 = 4k – 3 + 4 = 4k + 1. RHS = 
 0 3
Using the general statement,
uk + 1 = 4(k + 1) – 3 = 4k + 1 LHS = RHS so the matrix equation is true for
so the two statements are the same. n = 1.
Therefore, the general statement is true Inductive step:
when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is Assume that the matrix equation is true for
true for n = 1 it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by n = k.
the principle of mathematical induction. k
 2 0  2k 0
 0 3 =  0 
3k 
4 Let f(n) = 32n – 1 for n ∈ Z+. 
Base case: With n = k + 1 the equation becomes
f(1) = 32 – 1 = 8 is divisible by 2 k +1 k
 2 0  2 0  2 0
Inductive step:  0 3 =
 0 3  0 3
Assume true for n = k:
f(k) = 32k – 1 is a multiple of 2  2k 0   2 0
= 
f(k + 1) = 32(k + 1) – 1 0 3k   0 3

f(k + 1) – f(k) = 32(k + 1) – 1 – (32k – 1) k +1
 2 0  2k + 1 0 
 0 3 = k +1 
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 32(k + 1) – 32k  0 3 
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 32 32k – 32k
 2n 0
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 32k(9 – 1) = 8(32k) which is the same as   when n = k + 1.
0 3n 
f(k + 1) = f(k) + 8(32k)
Therefore, the general statement is true
As f(k) is a multiple of 2 and 8(32k)is a multiple of
when n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is
2 then f(n)is a multiple of 2 when n = k + 1.
true for n = 1 it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by
Therefore, the general statement is true when the principle of mathematical induction.
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As is it true for
n = 1 it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle 6 The basis (base case):
of mathematical induction. Substitute 1 into the left-hand side (LHS) and the
right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure
 2 0  2 0  4 0 that the formula works for n = 1.
5 a A2 =  =
 0 3  0 3  0 9  Left-hand side (LHS):
1
 4 0  2 0  8 0 
A3 =  =
∑r (r + 1) = 1(2) = 2
 0 9  0 3  0 27 r =1

 8 0   2 0  16 0  n (n + 1)(n + 2) = 1 (2)(3) = 2
A4 =  =
 0 27  0 3  0 81 3 3
 2n 0 for n = 1.
b An =  
0 3n  The inductive step:
n
 2 0  2n 0 n = k.
 for n ∈ Z .
c  +
 = k
 0 3 0 3n 
∑r (r + 1) = k3 (k + 1)(k + 2)
r =1
107
Now you need to show that the summation 8 Let f(n) = 24n – 1 for n ∈ Z+.
formula is true for n = k + 1. Base case:
k +1 k
f(1) = 24 – 1 = 15 is divisible by 5
∑r (r + 1) = ∑r (r + 1) + (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)
r =1 r =1 Inductive step:
k +1 Assume true for n = k.
∑r (r + 1) = k3 (k + 1)(k + 2) + (k + 1)(k + 2) f(k) = 24k – 1 is a multiple of 5 for k ∈ Z+.
r =1
k +1 f(k + 1)= 24(k + 1) – 1
∑r (r + 1) = 13(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) f(k + 1) – f(k) = 24k + 4 – 1 – (24k – 1)
r =1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 24k + 4 – 1 – 24k + 1
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula. f(k + 1) – f(k) = 24k(16 – 1) = 15(24k)
k +1
f(k + 1) = f(k) + 15(24k)
∑r (r + 1) = 13(k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 + 2)
r =1 As f(k) is a multiple of 5 and 15(24k) is a multiple
of 5, f(n) is a multiple of 5 when n = k + 1.
= 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
3 Therefore, the general statement is true when
This is the same expression as that from: n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1
k +1 k it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of
∑r (r + 1) = ∑r (r + 1) + (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1) mathematical induction.
r =1 r =1
9 Base case:
n = 1
n
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general  1 6  1 6
LHS =  =
statement  0 1   0 1 
n
 1 6n   1 6
∑r (r + 1) = n3 (n + 1)(n + 2) RHS =  =
 0 1   0 1 
r =1
has been proved to be true for any positive integer. LHS = RHS so the matrix equation is true for n = 1.
7 un + 1 = 4un + 3, u1 = 3, so u2 = 4 × 3 + 3 = 15 Inductive step:

Assume that the matrix equation is true for n = k.
un = 4n – 1
k
Base case:  1 6  1 6k 
 0 1  =  0 1 
n=1
u1 = 4 – 1 = 3 With n = k + 1 the equation becomes
n=2 k +1 k
 1 6  1 6  1 6
 0 1  =
u2= 16 – 1 = 15  0 1   0 1 
So formula for un is true for n = 1 and n = 2.
 1 6k + 6
Induction step: =
0 1 
Assume that when n = k, uk = 4k – 1 is true.
1 6(k + 1)
Using the recurrence relation uk + 1 = 4uk + 3, = 
uk + 1 = 4(4k – 1) + 3 = 4k + 1 – 1. 0 1 
Using the general statement, uk + 1 = 4k + 1 – 1  1 6n 

which is the same as  when n = k + 1.
so the two statements are the same.  0 1 
Therefore, the general statement is true when Therefore, the general statement is true when
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1 n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As it is true for n = 1
it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of
mathematical induction. mathematical induction.
108
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
n 11 Find the nth derivative of x2ex where n ∈ Z+.

n
10 ∑r − r = 12 (n − 1)(n + 1)(3n + 2)
3 2
The basis (base case):
r =1
The basis (base case): first derivative of x2e2x.
right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure that d1(x 2e 2x )
= 2x × e 2x + 2x 2e 2x
the formula works for n = 1. dx 1
d1(x 2e 2x )
1 = 2e 2x(x 2 + x) So the result is true for n = 1
dx 1
∑r 3 2
−r =0
r =1 Using the product rule you can also find the
Right-hand side (LHS): second derivative of x2e2x.
n (n − 1)(n + 1)(3n + 2) = 1 (0)(2)(5) = 0
d 2(x 2e 2x ) = d  d1(x 2e 2x ) 
12 12  
dx 2 dx  dx 1 
for n = 1. d 2(x 2e 2x ) = 2(2x + 1)e 2x + 4(x 2 + x)e 2x
The inductive step: dx 2
Assume that the summation formula is true for The inductive step:
n = k. Assume the general form of the nth derivative.
k
k (k − 1)(k + 1)(3k + 2) d n(x 2e 2x ) = 2e 2x(x 2 + (2n − 1)x + (n − 1)2)
∑r 3 − r 2 = 12 dx n
r =1
Now you need to show that the summation derivative. The (n + 1)th derivative should be:
k +1 k d n+1(x 2e 2x ) = 2e 2x(x 2 + (2(n + 1) − 1)x + (n + 1 − 1)2)
∑r 3
− r = ∑r − r + (k + 1) − (k + 1)
2 3 2 3 2
dx n+1
r =1 r =1
k +1
k (k − 1)(k + 1)(3k + 2) + (k + 1)3 − (k + 1)2 differentiate the nth derivative.
∑r − r = 12
3 2
r =1 d n+1(x 2e 2x ) = d (2e 2x(x 2 + (2n − 1)x + (n − 1)2))

dx n+1 dx
= k(k + 1)(k + 2)(3k + 5)
12 Using the product rule you can find the (n + 1)th
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula. derivative.
k +1 d n +1(x 2e 2x ) = 2(2x + 2n − 1)e 2x
(k + 1)(k + 1 − 1)(k + 1 + 1)(3(k + 1) + 2)
∑r − r =
3 2
12 dx n +1
r =1
+ 2(x 2 + (2n − 1)x + (n − 1)2)e 2x
Factorise:
= k(k + 1)(k + 2)(3k + 5)
12
d n +1(x 2e 2x ) = 2e 2x(x 2 + 2nx − x + 2x + n 2 − 2n + 1 + 2n − 1)
This is the same expression as that from: dx n +1
k +1 k d n+1(x 2e 2x ) = 2e 2x(x 2 + 2nx + x + n 2)
∑r 3 − r 2 = ∑r 3 − r 2 + (k + 1)3 − (k + 1)2 dx n+1
r =1 r =1
d n+1(x 2e 2x ) = 2e 2x(x 2 + (2n + 1)x + n 2)
Consequently, the summation formula is true dx n+1
So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general which is the same as:
statement d n+1(x 2e 2x ) = 2e 2x(x 2 + (2(n + 1) − 1)x + (n + 1 − 1)2)
k dx n+1
k (k − 1)(k + 1)(3k + 2)
∑r 3 − r 2 = 12 In the base case you found the first and second
r =1
derivatives. You then assumed that the general
has been proved to be true for any positive integer. form of the derivative of x2e2x holds for the nth
109
derivative. In the inductive step you then showed So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general
that it holds for the (n + 1)th derivative. statement
n
Consequently, the assumption if valid for any n
∑r (r + 3) = n3 (n + 1)(n + 5)
because n and consequently n + 1 can have any r =1
12 (1 × 4) + (2 × 5) + (3 × 6) + … + n(n + 3) = n (n + 1)(n + 5)
n
3 13 a s n = ∑(r × r ! − 2) = (n + 1)! − 2n − 1
The basis (base case): r =1
b The basis (base case):

right-hand side (RHS) of the formula to ensure that Find the summation of the series when n = 1.
the formula works for n = 1. 1
Left-hand side (LHS): ∑(r × r ! − 2) = 1 × 1! − 2 = −1 = 2! − 3

r =1
1
∑r (r + 3) = 1(4) = 4 Find the summation of the series when n = 2.

r =1 2
∑(r × r ! − 2) = 1 × 1! − 2 + 2 × 2! − 2 = 1 = 3! − 5
Right-hand side (RHS): r =1
n (n + 1)(n + 5) = 1 (2)(6) = 4 Find the summation of the series when n = 3.

3 3 3

∑(r × r ! − 2) = 1 × 1! − 2 + 2 × 2! − 2 + 3 × 3! − 2
r =1
for n = 1. = 17 = 4! − 7
The inductive step: The inductive step:
Assume that the summation formula is true for Assume the general form of the summation of
n = k. the series for the nth term.
k n
∑r (r + 3) = k3 (k + 1)(k + 5) s n = ∑(r × r ! − 2) = (n + 1)! − 2n − 1
r =1 r =1
Now you need to show that the summation Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)
formula is true for n = k + 1. th term.
n +1
k +1 k
s n +1 = ∑(r × r ! − 2) = (n + 2)! − 2(n + 1) − 1
∑r (r + 3) = ∑r (r + 3) + (k + 1)(k + 1 + 3) r =1
r =1 r =1
To find the sum of the series for the (n + 1)
k +1
th term you need to add the (n + 1)th to the
∑r (r + 3) = k3 (k + 1)(k + 5) + (k + 1)(k + 4) summation of the series for the nth term.
r =1
n +1
k +1
n +1
∑(r × r ! − 2) = (n + 1)! − 2n − 1 + (n + 1) × (n + 1)! − 2
∑r (r + 3) = 13(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 6) ∑(r × r ! − 2)
r =1
= (n + 1)! − 2n − 1 + (n + 1) × (n + 1)! − 2
r =1 r =1
Factorise:
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula.
n +1
k +1
∑(r × r ! − 2) = (n + 1)!(n + 1 + 1) − 2n − 1 − 2
∑r (r + 3) = 13(k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 + 5) r =1
r =1 = (n + 1)!(n + 2) − 2n − 3

= 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 6) ! = (n + 2)! − 2(n + 1) − 1
3
This is the same expression as that from: In the base case you found series summations
k +1 k up to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd terms. You then
∑r (r + 3) = ∑r (r + 3) + (k + 1)(k + 1 + 3) assumed the general form of the series
r =1 r =1 summation for the nth term. In the inductive
step you then showed that it holds for the (n + 1)
th term.
110
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Consequently, the assumption if valid for any n Using the product rule you can also find the
because n and consequently n + 1 can have any second derivative of xe4x.
d 2(xe 4x ) = d  d1(xe 4x ) 
 
14 Base case: dx 2 dx  dx 1 
n=1
d 2(xe 4x )
n = 4 × e 4x + 4(4x + 1)e 4x
 1 1  1 1 dx 2
LHS =  =
 0 2  0 2
(
d 2 xe 4x )
= 4e 4x(4x + 2)
 1 2n − 1  1 1  dx 2
RHS =  = The inductive step:
0 2n   0 2
Assume the general form of the nth derivative
LHS = RHS so the matrix equation is true for n = 1. (
d n xe 4x )=4
n −1 4x
e (4x + n)
n
Inductive step: dx
Assume that the matrix equation is true for n = k. Now you need to show the result for the (n + 1)th
k derivative. The (n + 1)th derivative should be:
 1 1  1 2k − 1
 0 2 =  0
 2k 
 (
d n +1 xe 4x )
= 4ne 4x(4x + n + 1)
dx n +1
With n = k + 1 the equation becomes To find the (n + 1) th derivative you need to
k +1 k differentiate the nth derivative.
 1 1  1 1  1 1
 0 2 =
 0 2  0 2 d n +1(xe 4x ) = d (4n −1e 4x(4x + n))
dx n +1 dx
 1 2k − 1  1 1  Using the product rule you can find the (n + 1)th
= 
0 2k   0 2 derivative.
 1 1 + 2(2k − 1) d n +1(xe 4x ) = 4(4n −1)e 4x + 4(4n −1)e 4x(4x + n)

=  dx n +1
0 2(2k) 
d n +1(xe 4x ) = 4ne 4x + 4ne 4x(4x + n)
k +1
 1 2 − 1 dx n +1
= 
 0 2k +1  Factorise:
d n +1(xe 4x ) = 4ne 4x(4x + n + 1)
 1 2n − 1
which is the same as  dx n +1
 when n = k + 1.
0 2n 
Therefore, the general statement is true when derivatives. You then assumed that the general
n = k + 1 if it is true for n = k. As is it true for n = 1 form of the derivative of xe4x holds for the nth
it is then true for all n ∈ Z+ by the principle of derivative. In the inductive step you then showed
mathematical induction. that it holds for the (n + 1)th derivative.
Consequently, the assumption if valid for any n
d1(xe 4x ) Mathematics in life and work

= 1 × e 4x + 4xe 4x
dx 1
1 n = 1, 2n – 1 = 1
d1(xe 4x ) = e 4x + 4xe 4x n = 2, 2n – 1 = 2
dx 1
n = 3, 2n – 1 = 4
1 4x
d (xe ) = e 4x(4x + 1) n = 4, 2n – 1 = 8
dx 1
n = 5, 2n – 1 = 16
111
n = 6, 2n – 1 = 32 So, since the formula is true for n = 1, the general

n = 7, 2n – 1 = 64 statement
n = 8, 2n – 1 = 128 n
n = 9, 2n – 1 = 256
∑2r −1 = 2n − 1
r =1
n = 10, 2n – 1 = 512
10
2 ∑2r −1 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 + 256 + 512
r =1
= 1023
1
∑2r −1 = 1
r =1
Right-hand side (LHS):

2n – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1
for n = 1.
The inductive step:

n = k.
k
∑2k −1 = 2k − 1
r =1

k +1 k
∑2k −1 = ∑2k −1 + 2k +1−1
r =1 r =1
k +1
∑2k−1 = 2k − 1 + 2k = 2(2k) − 1 = 2k+1 − 1

r =1
Now substitute k + 1 into the formula.

k +1
∑2r −1 = 2k +1 − 1
r =1

k +1 k
∑2k −1 = ∑2k −1 + 2k +1−1
r =1 r =1

112
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Summary Review
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers that are contained in this
publication.
Warm-up Questions x2 + 4x + 3
2 i x 2 − x + 1 x 4 + 3x 3 + 0x 2 + ax + 3
2 1  2 x4 − x3 + x2

1 i AB =  −2 ⇒ r =  2 + λ  −2
      4x 3 − x 2
 1   0 1 
4x 3 − 4x 2 + 4x
2
3x 2 + ( a − 4 ) x + 3
ii r ⋅  −2 = p
  3x 2 − 3x + 3
1 
( a − 1) x
1  2 Remainder = 0 ⇒ a=1
1  ⋅  −2  = p ⇒ p=4
    ii (x2 – x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 3) = 0
 4 1 
x2 – x + 1 = 0 ⇒ discriminant is –3
2 ⇒ no real roots
∴ r ⋅  −2 = 4 ⇒ 2x – 2y + z = 4 x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 ⇒ (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
  ⇒ x = –1 or x = –3
1 
7x 2 − 3x + 2 A Bx + C
 1 + 2λ   2  3 ≡ + 2
iii  2 − 2λ  ⋅  −2  = 4 x x2 + 1( x )
x +1
   
 λ   1  7x2 – 3x + 2 ≡ A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x
7x2 – 3x + 2 ≡ Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Cx
⇒ 2 + 4λ – 4 + 4λ + λ = 4
7x2 – 3x + 2 ≡ (A + B)x2 + Cx + A
⇒ 9λ – 2 = 4 ⇒ λ=2 Equating coefficients:
3
A+B=7
 4   7 
 1+ 3   3  C = –3
   
At N, r =  2 − 4  =  2  A=2
 3   3  Therefore, B = 5
 2   2 
 3   3  7x 2 − 3x + 2 2 5x − 3
≡ + 2
⇒ N ( 73 , 32 , 32 ) x x2 + 1( )
x x +1
A Level Questions
 4 
 3  n n n n
 1 
CN =  −  1 ∑ (3r 2 − 5r + 1) = 3∑r 2 − 5∑r + ∑1
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
 3
 − 10 
 3  = 3 n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1) − 5 n ( n + 1) + n
6 2
13
⇒

CN = 16 + 1 + 100 = 117 = 13
∑ (3r 2 − 5r + 1) = 3 × 13
6
× 14 × 27 − 5 × 13 × 14 + 13
2
9 9 9 9 r =1
= 245
57 − 455 + 13 = 2015
113
SUMMARY REVIEW
n n n Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is also

∑ (r 3 − 1) = ∑r 3 − ∑1 = n4 (n + 1)2 − n
2
true for n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 0, so
r =1 r =1 r =1
it is also true for n = 1, n = 2, etc. Therefore, by the
9 0 9 principle of mathematical induction, the result is
∑ ( r 3 − 1) = ∑ ( r 3 − 1) + ∑ ( r 3 − 1) true for n ⩾ 0, n ∈ Z .
r =0 r =0 r =1
2
= −1 + 9 × 10 2 − 9 = 2015 4 i
2
y = 10x −2 11x − 6 =
(5x + 2) ( 2x − 3)
4
x −4 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
2 α + β + γ = 15 = –p ⇒ p = –15 x-intercepts: (5x + 2)(2x – 3) = 0
α2 + β2 + γ2 = 83 2 3
⇒x = − or x =
5 2
( ) ( )
Since α2 + β2 + γ2 = (α + β + γ)2 – 2(αβ + αγ + βγ) 2 3
x-intercepts are at − , 0 and , 0 .
5 2
83 = 152 – 2q ⇒ q = 71
2 × −3 3
You are told that αβ + αγ = 36. y-intercepts: When x = 0, y = = .
2 ×−2 2
α (β + γ) = 36
α (15 – α) = 36 since α + β + γ = 15,
y-intercept is at 0, ( 32 ) .
β + γ = 15 – α Vertical asymptotes: cannot divide by zero,
vertical asymptotes are x = ±2.
15α – α2 = 36
Horizontal asymptotes: dividing by highest
α2 – 15α + 36 = 0 power of x.
(α – 3) (α – 12) = 0 10 − 11 − 62
x x
y=
α = 3 or α = 12 1 − 42
x
However, you know that α2 + β2 + γ2 = 83, so
α = 12 is not a valid solution. So α = 3. As x → ∞, y →
10 = 10
1
αβ + αγ + βγ = 71
So horizontal asymptote is y = 10.
36 +βγ = 71
dy
=
( ) (
x 2 − 4 ( 20x − 11) − 10x 2 − 11x − 6 ( 2x ) )
βγ = 35 dx
( )
2
x2 − 4
αβγ = –r
At turning points,
3 × 35 = –r
0 = (x2 – 4)(20x – 11) – (10x2 – 11x – 6)(2x)
r = –105
0 = 20x3 – 11x 2 – 80x + 44 – 20x3 + 22x2 + 12x
3 Base case (n = 0)
0 = 11x2 – 68x + 44 ⇒ x = 0.73 or x = 5.45
110 + 250 + 22 = 24 = 24 × 1 2
dy 11x − 68x + 44
The result is true for n = 0. =
dx (x 2 − 4)2
Suppose the result is true for n = k :
112k + 25k + 22 = 24p where p ∈Z. d 2y (x 2 − 4)2 ( 22x − 68 ) − (11x 2 − 68x + 44) × 2(x 2 − 4)(2x)
=
dx 2 (x 2 − 4)4
Consider the case for n = k + 1.
112(k + 1) + 25k + 1 + 22 d 2y (x 2 − 4)( 22x − 68 ) − 4x(11x 2 − 68x + 44 )
=
dx 2 (x 2 − 4)3
= 112k + 2 + 25k + 1 + 22
= 112 × 112k + 25 × 25k + 22 d 2y 272 − 264x + 204x 2 − 22x 3
=
= (120 + 1) × 112k + (24 +1) × 25k + 22 dx 2 (x 2 − 4)3
= (120 × 112k + 24 × 25k) + (112k + 25k + 22)
= 24(5 × 112k + 25k) + 24p from our assumption
for n = k
= 24(5 × 112k + 25k + p)
= 24q where q ∈ Z .
114
WORKED SOLUTIONS
( )
π
d 2y
πa + a 2⌠
When x = 0.73, <0 ⇒ maximum 1 2 2 3 1
dx 2 A=
2  2 − 2cosθ + 2 cos2θ dθ
⌡0
d 2y π
When x = 5.45, >0 ⇒ minimum
A = 1 π a 2 + a 2  3θ − 2 sin θ + 1 sin 2θ 
2
dx 2 2  2 4 0
y
A = 1 πa 2 + a 2   3π − 2  − [ 0 ]
2   4  
y = 10x –2 11x – 6
2
2 2
x –4 A = πa + 3πa − 2a 2
2 4
2
y = 10
x=2 A = 5πa − 2a 2
(0, 1.5) 4
(–0.4, 0) (1.5, 0) x
(
A = a 2 5π − 2
4 )
x = –2 6 i The vector product can be used to find a vector
that is perpendicular to both l1 and l2.
ii From the graph:
i j  −3 
k
−2 < x < − 2 or 3<x<2 1 −2 −3 =  3  .
5 2  
−2 1 3  −3 
5
You are only interested in the direction of
1
this vector, so you can ‘simplify’ it to  −1 .
 
 1 
 3  1
initial line
l1 : r =  3  + t  −2
0 (a, 0)    
 −4  −3
 −3   −2 
 
l 2 : r = −1 + u  1 
   
 2  3
To find points P and Q, solve
 3  1  1   −3  −2
 3  + t  −2 + v  −1 =  −1 + u  1 
2 ( ) ( )
The points of intersection are a, π and a, 3π
2
 
 −4 
 
 − 3
   
 1   2
 
 3
NB: you are not using − π since the question
2 3 + t + v = −3 − 2u (1)
specifies that 0 ⩽ θ < 2π. 3 − 2t − v = −1 + u (2)
Total area = area of semicircle + 2 × sector area of −4 − 3t + v = 2 + 3u (3)
cardioid (0 to π ) (1) + (2) : 6 − t = −4 − u ⇒ t = 10 + u
2
π (1) − (3) : 7 + 4t = −5 − 5u
A = 1 πa 2 + 2 × 1 ∫ 2 a 2(1 − cosθ )2 dθ 7 + 40 + 4u = −5 − 5u
2 2 0
π 52 38
2 0
(
A = 1 πa 2 + a 2 ∫ 2 1 − 2cosθ + cos2θ dθ ) so u = − , t =
9 9
4
From (1): v = −t − 2u − 6 =
3
( )
π
cos2θ + 1
πa + a 2⌠
1 2 2
A=
2  1 − 2cosθ + 2
dθ  1
⌡0 4 2 4 3
Length PQ = v  −1 = 1 + 12 + 12 =
  3 3
 1
115
SUMMARY REVIEW
1  −2 u2 = 4 × 2 – 3 = 5 u2 =41 + 1 = 5 ⇒ the result

is true for n = 2.
ii Two vectors in the plane are −1 and  1  .
 
   
 1   3  Assume the result is true for n = k : uk = 4k – 1 + 1
Consider the case for n = k + 1:
You need a vector that is perpendicular to the
plane, so you must use the vector product again. uk + 1 = 4uk – 3
uk + 1 = 4(4k – 1 + 1) – 3
i j k  −4 
uk + 1 = 4k + 4 – 3
1 −1 1 =  −5 
  uk + 1 = 4k + 1
−2 1 3  −1 
uk + 1 = 4(k + 1) – 1 + 1
You are only interested in the direction of this
Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is also
 4
true for n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 1
vector, so you can ‘simplify’ it to  5 .
  and n = 2, so it is also true for n = 3, n = 4, etc.
 1 
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical
The equation of a plane is r ⋅ n = D where n is induction, the result is true for n ⩾ 1, n ∈ .
 x ii Base case: n = 1.
perpendicular to the plane and r =  y  . 1
 
 z   −1 0   −1 0 
 1 −2 =  1 −2
 x   4
So  y  ⋅  5 = D ⇒ 4x + 5y + z = D  (−1)1 0   −1 0 
   
 z   1    = 
 (−1) − (−2) (−2)1   1 −2
1 1
You need to use a point in the plane to find The result is true for n = 1.
D; use B(–3, –1, 2). Assume the result is true for n = k.
–12 – 5 + 2 = D ⇒ D = –15 k  (−1)k 0 
 −1 0 
4x + 5y + z = –15 
 1 −2 =  
( )
k
k
 −1) − (−2 (−2)k 
iii Equation of panel to Π containing point A:
 3  4 k +1 k
 3  −1 0   −1 0   − 1 0 
•  5  = 12 + 15 − 4 = 23  1 −2 =
     1 −2  1 −2
 −4 1 
 4
k +1  (−1)k 0   −1 0 
 −1 0 
= 
so equation is r •  5  = 23  1 −2
( ) 
k
   −1)k − (−2 (−2)k   1 −2
1 
k +1
 4  −1 0   a b
 1 −2 =
 5  = 4 2 + 52 + 12 = 42  c d 
 
1  a = (– 1)k (– 1) = (– 1)k + 1
23 b=0
Distance between this plane and the origin =
42
c = ((– 1)k – (– 2)k) (–1) + (– 2)k = (– 1)k + 1 + (– 2)k +
Distance between Π and the origin = −
15
42 (– 2)k = (–1)k + 1 – (– 2)( –2)k = (– 1)k + 1 – (– 2)k + 1
23 −15 d = (–2)k (–2) = (–2)k +1
So distance between A and the origin = −
42 42 k +1
38
 −1 0   (−1)k + 1 0 
= .  1 −2 = 
42  (−1) − (−2)k + 1 (−2)k + 1 
k +1
7 i Base case: n = 1 and n = 2 (you do both because Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is also
n = 1 is given rather than from the recurrence true for n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 1,
relation). so it is also true for n = 2, n = 3, etc. Therefore,
u1 = 2 u1 = 40 + 1 = 2 ⇒ the result is true for by the principle of mathematical induction, the
n = 1. result is true for n ⩾ 1, n ∈ .
116
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 i A is singular if detA = 0.
∑ ( ( r + 1 )4 − r 4 ) = 4 ∑ r 3 + 6 ∑ r 2 + 4 ∑ r + ∑ 1
n n n n n
6x (–x) – 4(3x) = 0
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
–6x2 – 12x = 0
x(6x + 12) = 0 ( ) ( ) (
= 24 − 14 + 34 − 24 + 4 4 − 34 + … + ( n + 1) − n 4 ) ( 4
)
n
x=0 or x = –2
= 4 ∑ r 3 + 6 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 4 ( n + 1) + n
n n
6 2
 −2 −6
=− 1 
r =1
ii A −1
48  −4 12  Using the method of differences, the left-hand
side simplifies, since the first term of each bracket
 −2 8 −5
cancels with the last term of the following bracket.
iii Adj B =  3 −11 7 
  (24 – 14) + (34 – 24) + (44 – 34) + (54 – 44) + …
 9 −34 21
+ ((n + 1)4 – n4)
detB = 7(–6 + 4) – 0 – 3( –2 – 3) n
(n + 1)4 − 14 = 4∑r 3 + n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1) + 2n ( n + 1) + n
detB = –14 + 15 = 1 r =1
 −2 8 −5 n
B−1 =  3 −11 7  4 ∑ r 3 = (n + 1)4 − 1 − n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1) − 2n ( n + 1) − n

  r =1
 9 −34 21
n
4 ∑ r 3 = ( n + 1) (n + 1)3 − n ( 2n + 1) − 2n  − ( n + 1)
iv B MB = 1 M 2B
−1
2 r =1
n
B−1MBB−1 = 1 M2BB−1 4 ∑ r 3 = ( n + 1) (n + 1)3 − n ( 2n + 1) − 2n − 1
2
r =1
B−1M = 1 M 2 n
2
(
4 ∑ r 3 = ( n + 1) (n + 1)3 − 2n 2 + 3n + 1  )
B−1MM −1 = 1 MMM −1 r =1
2
n
B −1
= 1M 4 ∑ r 3 = ( n + 1) (n + 1)3 − ( 2n + 1) ( n + 1) 
2 r =1
M = 2B–1 n
4 ∑ r 3 = ( n + 1) (n + 1)2 − ( 2n + 1) 
2
 −2 8 −5  −4 16 −10 r =1
M = 2  3 −11 7  =  6 −22 14  n
   
 9 −34 21  18 −68 42  (
4 ∑ r 3 = ( n + 1) n 2 + 2n + 1 − 2n − 1
2
)
r =1
2π
9 Area = 1 ∫ 22(1 + cosθ )2 dθ n
2 0 4 ∑ r 3 = n 2 ( n + 1)
2
(1 + 2cosθ + cos2θ )dθ

2π r =1
Area = 2∫ n
0 2
∑ r 3 = n4 (n + 1)2
( )
2π
cos2θ + 1
Area = 2⌠
 1 + 2cosθ + dθ r =1
⌡0 2
( 32 + 2cosθ + 12 cos2θ ) dθ 11 x = 1 is a vertical asymptote, since x ≠ 1.

2π
Area = 2⌠

⌡0 The numerator has a higher power than the
2π denominator, suggesting oblique asymptotes.
Area = 2  3θ + 2 sin θ + 1 sin 2θ 
 2 4 0 By algebraic long division
3 × 2π 
Area = 2   − [ 0 ] 2x2 + x – 1 = (2x + 3)(x – 1) + 2
  2   Therefore, y = 2x + 3 is an oblique asymptote.
Area = 6π 1
x-intercepts: 2x2 + x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x=
2
10 (r + 1)4 – r4 = (r4 + 4r3 + 6r2 + 4r + 1) – r4 (quickly or x = – 1
expanded, using Pascal’s triangle)
⇒ y-intercepts: x=0 ⇒ y=1
(r + 1)4 – r4 = 4r3 + 6r2 + 4r + 1
Turning points:
117
SUMMARY REVIEW
=
2
(
dy ( x − 1) ( 4x + 1) − 2x + x − 1 (1) ) 13
dy
dx
= (1 + x )
2 1
1+ x
+ ln (1 + x ) × 2 (1 + x )
dx (x − 1)2
dy
0 = x(2x – 4) = (1 + x ) + 2 (1 + x ) ln (1 + x )
dx
x=0 ⇒ y=1
dy
x=2 ⇒ y=9 = (1 + x )(1 + 2ln(1 + x))
dx
y = 2x + x – 1
2
y x–1 d2y
= 3 + 2 ln (1 + x )
12 dx 2
11 d3y
= 2
10 dx 3 1 + x
9 Base case: n = 3
(2, 9)
8
2 × 0 ! = 2 ⇒ The result is true for n = 3.
( −1)2 ×
7 (1 + x)1 1 + x
6 Assume the result is true for n = k :
5 dk y 2 ( k − 3) !
= (−1)k − 1 ×
4 dx k (1 + x)k − 2
3
2
Rearranging the above equation:
1 (0, 1)
dk y
= (−1)k − 1 × 2 ( k − 3) ! × (1 + x)− (k − 2)
0 x dx k
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
Differentiating:
y = 2x + 3
–2 x=1 d k +1 y
= (−1)k − 1 × 2 ( k − 3) ! × ( −1) ( k − 2)(1 + x)− (k − 1)
–3 dx k + 1
–4
d k +1 y
–5 = ( −1)(−1)k − 1 × 2 ( k − 2) ( k − 3) ! × (1 + x)− (k − 1)
dx k + 1
From the graph, you can conclude that y  1 or y  9. d k +1 y 2 ( k − 2) !
= (−1)k ×
12 α + β + γ = 7 dx k + 1 (1 + x)k − 1
αβ + αγ + βγ = 2 d k +1 y 2 ( ( k + 1) − 3 ) !
= (−1)(k + 1) − 1 ×
αβγ = 3 dx k + 1 (1 + x)(k + 1) − 2
i 1 ≡ 1 =1 Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is also
(αβ ) ( βγ )(αγ ) (αβγ )2 9
1 1 1 α +β +γ 7 it is also true for n = 4, n = 5, etc. Therefore, by the
ii αβ + βγ + αγ ≡ αβγ =
3 principle of mathematical induction, the result is
1 + 1 + 1 = αβ + αγ + βγ = 2 true for n ⩾ 3, n ∈ .
iii 2
α βγ αβ 2γ αβγ 2 (αβγ )2 9
14 You need a vector perpendicular to the two vectors
For the roots 1 , 1 , 1 , our answer to part ii in the plane that you are given. You can use the
αβ βγ αγ
vector product for this.
is the sum of the roots, our answer to part iii is the i j k 1
sum of the pairs and our answer to part i is the
1 0 1 = 3
product.  
1 −1 −2  −1
Therefore, our new equation is 1
The equation of a plane is r ⋅ n = D, so r ⋅  3  = D
x3 − 7 x2 + 2 x − 1 = 0  
3 9 9  −1
Multiply by 9 to get integer coefficients: (2, 3, –1) is a point on the plane, so you can use this
to find the value of D.
9x3 – 21x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
118
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 2  1 For a reflection in the line y = xtanθ you use

 3  ⋅ 3  = D ⇒ D = 12  cos 2θ sin 2θ 
   
 −1  −1  sin 2θ − cos 2θ  .
 0 −1
For y = –x , θ = –45° ⇒ 
 x  1   −1 0 
 y  ⋅  3  = 12 ⇒ x + 3y – z = 12
    So this is a reflection in the line y = –x.
 z   −1
 3 0   2 7 5   6 21 15
The angle between the planes is equal to the angle b  1   5 5 10 =  2.5 2.5 5  ⇒
 0 
between the normals. You can use the scalar product. 2
2 1 new vertices are (6, 2.5), (21, 2.5) and (15, 5).
 −1 ⋅ 3  = 22 + (−1)2 + 12 12 + 32 + (−1)2 cosθ This matrix is in a form you should recognise.
   
1   −1 It represents a stretch of scale factor 3 in the
x-direction (centre (0, 0)) and a stretch of scale
−2 = 6 11 cosθ factor 0.5 in the y-direction (centre (0, 0)).
 1 − 1 
cosθ = −2 = − 0.246…  2 2 2 7 5   −3 2 −5
66
c    = 1 
θ = 104.3°  1 1   5 5 10 2  7 12 15 
 2 2 
However, we require the acute angle, which is 180°
⇒ New vertices are

– 104.3° = 75.7°.
 3 7   2 12   
To find the equation of the line of intersection, you  − , ,  ,  and  − 5 , 15 
2 2  2 2  2 2
need a vector along the line and a position vector
on the line. The new shape looks like a rotation of 45°
The direction of the line of intersection is anticlockwise, centre (0, 0). You can check by
perpendicular to the normal vector for both considering the general rotation matrix.
planes, so: For a rotation of angle θ anticlockwise about
i j k  −2  cosθ − sinθ 
(0, 0) you use  .
2 −1 1 =  3   sinθ cosθ 
 
1 3 −1  7   1 − 1 
 2 2
A position vector on the line is a common point For θ = 45° ⇒ 
from both planes. Let z = 0, then the plane  1 1 
 2 2 
equations give us:
x + 3y = 12 (1) So this is a rotation of 45° anticlockwise,
centre (0, 0).
2x – y = 10 (2)
2 × (1) – (2) d i Area ABC = 5 × 5 = 12.5 units2
2
7y = 14 ⇒ y=2 ii det M = 35 – 32 = 3
Substitute in (1). iii Area A′ B′ C′ = det M × Area ABC
x + 6 = 12 ⇒ x=6 Area A′ B′ C′ = 3 × 12.5 = 37.5 units2
So (6, 2, 0) is a point on the line.
1 2
 6  −2 16 i
x + 2 3 − 2x
r = 2 + λ 3 
  1 2
    − 0
 0  7  x + 2 3 − 2x
 0 −1  2 7 5   −5 −5 −10 (3 − 2x ) − 2 ( x + 2) 0
15 a ( x + 2)(3 − 2x )
 −1 0   5 5 10 =  −2 −7 −5 
⇒ New vertices are (–5, –2), (–5, –7) and (–10, –5). −4x − 1
0
( x + 2)(3 − 2x )
The new shape looks like a reflection in the line
y = –x. You can check by considering the general 4x + 1
0
reflection matrix. ( 2x − 3)( x + 2)
119
SUMMARY REVIEW
y<0
ii x-intercept: 4x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =−1
( )
4
4x + 1
⇒ − 1 ,0 =1
4 (3 − 2x ) ( x + 2)
1 = −1 4x + 1 = (3 – 2x)(x + 2)
y-intercept: x = 0 ⇒ y=
−3 × 2 6 2x2 + 5x – 5 = 0
⇒ (0, − 16 ) Using the quadratic formula: x = –3.27 or
x = 0.766.
2x – 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ x=3 is a vertical asymptote. 17

1
≡
A
+
B
2
( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) 2r + 1 2r + 3
x+2≠0 ⇒ x=–2 is a vertical asymptote.
1 ≡ A(2r + 3) + B(2r + 1)
4+ 1
1 1
4x + 1 x x2 r=− ⇒ 1 = 2A ⇒ A=
y= 2 = 2 2
2x + x − 6 2 + 1 − 6
x x2 3 1
r=− ⇒ 1 = – 2B ⇒ B=−
2 2
As x → ∞, y → 0 = 0 ⇒ y = 0 is a
2 1 1 1
≡ −
horizontal asymptote. ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) 4r + 2 4r + 6
( 4r 1+ 2 − 4r 1+ 6 )
Points can be tested either side of the n n
asymptotes to check which way the graph ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = ∑
r =1 r =1
approaches from in each case.
( 16 − 101 ) + (101 − 141 ) + (141 − 181 ) + … + ( 4n1+ 2 −

n
y
6 ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) =
r =1
5
( 16 − 101 ) + (101 − 141 ) + (141 − 181 ) + … + ( 4n1+ 2 − 4n1+ 6 )

4 n
3 ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) =
2 r =1
1
n
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 16 − 4n1+ 6
r =1
–2
–3 1
As n → ∞, → 0
–4 4n + 6
–5
∞
–6
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 16
r =1
1 2 4x + 1
( )
iii ⇔ 0
x + 2 3 − 2x ( 2x − 3)( x + 2) 18 r = 2sec θ −
π
4
1 3
Therefore x < – 2 or − x <
4 2 2
r=
iv
4x + 1
( 2x − 3) ( x + 2)
=1 (
cos θ − π
4 )
Consider y > 0 and y < 0 individually. (
r cos θ − π = 2
4 )
y>0
4x + 1
( 2x − 3) ( x + 2)
=1 (
r cosθ cos
π
4
+ sin θ sin
π
4
= 2 )
4x + 1 = (2x – 3)(x + 2)  1 1 
r cosθ + sin θ  = 2
 2 2 
2x2 – 3x – 7 = 0
Using the quadratic formula: x = 2.77 or r cosθ + r sinθ = 2
x = –1.27. x+y=2
120
WORKED SOLUTIONS
21 Roots are α, α, β.
Sum of roots: 2α + β = 0 ⇒ β = –2α
Sum of pairs: α2 + 2αβ = p ⇒ α2 – 4α2 = p
3
p p
⇒ α2 = − ⇒ α6 = −
3 27
Product of roots: α2β = – q ⇒ –2α3 = – q
2
q q
⇒ α3 = ⇒ α6 =
(2, 0) q=0 2 4
p3 q 2
− = ⇔ – 4p3 = 27q2 ⇔ 0 = 4p3 + 27q2
27 4
The polar coordinates of the intersection with the
initial line are (2, 0). β
22 Sum of roots: + β + k β = −p
k
19 i det(A) = 12 – 10 = 2
A −1 1  4 2
= 
⇔ (
β 1 + 1 + k = −p (1)
k )
2  5 3 
β2
Sum of pairs: + β 2 + β 2k = q
k
1  4 2  −2 4  1  4 0   2 0 
( )
A −1B = = =
2  5 3   6 − 8 2  8 − 4  4 − 2 ⇔ β 2 1 + 1 + k = q (2)
k
 4 2  −2 4  1  4 0   2 0  (2) ÷ (1):
 5 3   6 − 8 = 2  8 − 4 =  4 − 2 q
β=−
p
ii det(M) = – 4 – 0 = –4
so βp = –q ⇒ β3p3 = –q3 ⇒
Therefore, the new area is 7.5 × 4 = 30 square
–rp3 = –q3 ⇒ rp3 = q3
units.
23 n = 1
20
52 – 1 = 24 = 8 × 3 ⇒ The result is true for n = 1.
n=k
Assume the result is true for n = k ⇒ 52k – 1 = 8p
where p ∈ Z .
n=k+1
(2, 0)
q=0
52(k + 1) – 1 = 52k + 2 – 1 = 25(52k) – 1 = 25(52k) – 25 + 24
= 25(52k – 1) + 24
Using our assumption:
52(k + 1) – 1 = 25(8p) + 24 = 8(25p + 3) = 8q where
q ∈ Z.
If the result is true for n = k, it is also true for
n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 1, hence it
π is also true for n = 2, n = 3, etc. Therefore, by the
Area = 2 × 1 ∫ 4 r 2 dθ principle of mathematical induction, the result is
2 0
∀n ∈ N .
true for all
π π π
= ∫4 4cos 2 2θ dθ = 2∫ 4 2cos2 2θ dθ = 2∫ 4 ( cos4θ + 1) dθ 24 f(r) – f(r – 1) = r(r + 1)(r + 2) – (r – 1)r(r + 1)
0 0 0
π f(r) – f(r – 1) = r(r + 1)[(r + 2) – (r – 1)]

= 2  1 sin 4θ + θ  = 2  1 sin π + π  = π unitts2
4
f(r) – f(r – 1) = r(r + 1)(r + 2 – r + 1)
4 0 4 4 2
f(r) – f(r – 1) = 3r(r + 1)
n n
∑r (r + 1) = 13 ∑ ( f (r ) − f (r − 1))
r =1 r =1
121
SUMMARY REVIEW
n f(n + 1) + f(n) = 33n(33 + 1) + 6n – 1(6 + 1)

∑r (r + 1) = 3 ( f (1) − f (0 )) + ( f ( 2) − f (1)) + ( f (3) − f ( 2)) + … + ( ff(n
1
− 1)) 
(n )+−1)f (+nf(n) = 28(33n) + 7(6n – 1)
r =1
− f ( 0 )) + ( f ( 2) − f (1)) + ( f ( 3) − f ( 2)) + … + ( f ( n ) − f ( n − 1))  ii n = 1

33 + 60 = 27 + 1 = 28 = 7 × 4 ⇒ the result is
n true for n = 1.
∑ r ( r + 1 ) =
1
3 ( f ( n ) − f ( 0 ) ) =
1
3 ( n ( n + 1 )( n + 2 ) − 0 ) =
n
3
(n + 1)(nn+=2)k
r =1
Assume the result is true for n = k
3(
n ( n + 1)( n + 2) − 0 ) = (n + 1)(n + 2)
1 n
3 ⇒ 33k + 6k – 1 = 7p where p ∈ Z .
n n n n
n=k+1
∑r (r + 1) = ∑ (r 2
+r = ) ∑r + ∑r 2
f(k + 1) + f(k) = 28(33k) + 7(6k – 1)
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
= 7(4(33k) + 6k – 1) = 7q where q ∈ Z .
n n n
f(k + 1) = 7q – f(k) = 7q – 7p = 7(q – p) is
∑r 2 = ∑r (r + 1) − ∑r divisible by 7
r =1 r =1 r =1
n
If the result is true for n = k, it is also true
∑r 2 = n3 (n + 1)(n + 2) − n2 (n + 1) for n = k + 1. But the result is true for n =1,
r =1 hence it is also true for n = 2, n = 3, etc.
n Therefore, by the principle of mathematical
∑r 2 = n6 (n + 1)( 2(n + 2) − 3) = n6 (n + 1)( 2n + 1) induction, the result is true for all ∀n ∈ N .
r =1
The series can be rewritten as:  6 −4   x   x 

26 i
 5 −3  y  =  y 
Sn = + + + +…+
(12 22 32 42 n2) + (22 + 42 + 62
+ 82 + … + (n – 1)2) 5
6x – 4y = x ⇔ 5x – 4y = 0 ⇔ y= x
4
To find the sum of the second series:
5
n −1 n −1 5x – 3y = y ⇔ 5x – 4y = 0 ⇔ y= x
2 2 4
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +…+ ( n − 1) =
2
2 2 2 2
∑(2r ) 2
= 4 ∑r 2
ii (4λ, 5λ)
r =1 r =1
 n − 1
2 2 + 4 2 + 6 2 + 8 2 + … + ( n − 1) = 4  2 
2
 6  2
n −1

n −1
+ 1  2 27 + 1 1 (A B
) ( )
2 ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) ≡ 2r + 1 + 2r + 3
 n − 1
( ) ( )
1 ≡ A(2r + 3) + B(2r + 1)
n −1 n −1
… + ( n − 1) = 4  2  +1 2 + 1
2
 6  2  2  1 1
r=− ⇒ 1 = 2A ⇒ A =
2 2
4 n −1 n −1+ 2
2 2 + 4 2 + 6 2 + 8 2 + … + ( n − 1) =
6 2 2
2
( )( )
(n ) = n6 (n − r1)(=n−+321) ⇒ 1 = –2B ⇒ B = − 12
+ … + ( n − 1) =
2
6 2 ( )(
4 n −1 n −1+ 2
2
(n ) = n6 (n − 1)(n + 1) ) 1
≡
1
( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) 4r + 2 4r + 6
−
1
n n
Sn = ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + (n − 1)(n + 1)
( )
6 6 N N
1 1 1
∑ ( 2r + 1 )( 2r + 3 )
=∑ −
4r + 2 4r + 6
Sn = ( n + 1)(( 2n + 1) + (n − 1))
n r =1 r =1
6
( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
n
Sn = ( n + 1)( 3n ) ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 16 − 10 1
+
1
−
10 14
1
+
1
−
14 18
1
+…+
1
4N + 2
6 r =1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
Sn = n ( n + 1)
∑ ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) = 6 − 10 + 10 −
14
+ −
14 18
+…+ −
4N + 2 4N + 6
2 r =1
N
25 i f(n + 1) + f(n) = (33(n + 1) + 6n) + (33n + 6n – 1) ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 16 − 4N1+ 6 = 16 − 2(2N1 + 3)
r =1
f(n + 1) + f(n) = 33n + 3 + 33n + 6n + 6n – 1
f(n + 1) + f(n) = 33 × 33n + 33n + 6 × 6n – 1 + 6n – 1
122
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2N
 5 + 2s   2
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 16 − 2(4N1 + 3) At the intersection,  −4 − s  .  8 = 21
r =1
   
2N 2N N
 7 + s   7
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) − ∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3)⇒ 3s + 27 = 21 ⇒ s = –2
r = N +1 r =1 r =1
So the point of intersection is (1, –2, 5).
2N 2N N
1 1 1
∑ ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) = ∑ ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) − ∑ ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) The general vector from the point to the line is:
N +1 r =1 r =1
 9   3 + 8t   6 − 8t 
( ) ( )
2N
 11 −  6 + 5t  =  5 − 5t 
∑ ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) = 16 − 2(4N1 + 3) − 16 − 2(2N1 + 3)
1
     
r = N +1  2   12 − 8t   −10 + 8t 
2N
 6 − 8t   8 
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 2(2N1 + 3) − 2(4N1 + 3)
r = N +1 ∴ 5 − 5t  ⋅ 5  = 0 ⇒ 153t = 153 ⇒ t=1
   
 −10 + 8t   −8
( 2N1+ 3 − 4N1+ 3 )
2N
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 12 So the shortest distance from the point to the line,
r = N +1
occurs when t = 1.
 ( 4N + 3) − (2N + 3) 
2N
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = 12  ( 2N + 3)( 4N + 3) 
The shortest distance is
r = N +1  −2 
2N 0 = ( −2)2 + (0 )2 + ( −2)2 = 8=2 2
1 1 2N   
∑ ( 2r + 1)( 2r + 3) =
2  ( 2N + 3)( 4N + 3)   −2 
r = N +1
2N 29 n = 1
∑ ( 2r + 1)(1 2r + 3) = ( 2N + 3N)( 4N + 3) < ( 2N N)( 4N ) = 8NN 2 LHS:
=
1
8N
r = N +1
N N N 1
d x
dx ( )
e sin x = e xcos x + e xsin x = e x(cos x + sin x)
= < = =
2r + 3) ( 2N + 3)( 4N + 3) ( 2N )( 4N ) 8N 2 8N
RHS:
( ) ( )
1
π π π  1
i j 2
k 2 2 e xsin x + = 2e x sin x cos + cos x sin = 2e x 
4 4 4  2
 
1 −2 2 1= x 8
( ) ( )
28
π π π  1 1 
7 x + 4 = 2e sin x cos 4 + cos x sin 4 = 2e  2 sin x + 2 cos x  = e ( cos x + sin x )
2 x x x
3 1 −2 2 e sin
 2  8  Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.

 8 ⋅  5  = 16 + 40 − 56 = 0 n=k
   
 7  − 8 Assume the result is true for n = k
( ) ( )
k
dk x 2 x kπ
The line and the plane are both perpendicular to ⇒ k e sin x = 2 e sin x + 4
dx
 2
 8 . Therefore, the line and plane are parallel. n=k+1
 
d k +1 x
( ) = ddx  ddx (e sin x ) = ddx  2 e sin ( x + k4π )
k
 7 k
x 2 x
 2 e sin x
dx k +1 k
Another equation of the plane is r ⋅  8 = C
 
(2, 3, –1) is a point on the plane ⇒ dx

 7 d k +1 x
(
k +1 e sin x = dx )
d  dk x
 dx k


e sin x 

( ) =
d  k2 x
dx 
2 e sin x +
kπ 
4  ( )
) = 2 e cos( x + k4π ) + 2 e sin ( x + k4π )
 2   2
d k +1 x
(
k k
 3  ⋅  8 = C ⇒ C = 4 + 24 – 7 = 21 e sin x 2 x 2 x
    dx k +1
 − 1  7
d k +1 x
( )=2 e ( x + k4π ) + sin ( x + k4π )
k
 2 2 x  cos
e sin x 
 
So the equation of the plane is r ⋅ 8 = 21. dx k +1
 
 7
( ) ( )
1
d k +1 x
( )=
k
kπ kπ 
e x  cos x +
22
e sin x 22 + sin x +
dx k +1 1  4 4 
22
123
SUMMARY REVIEW
( ) ( )
k +1 1 π 3 + 2cosθ 2 dθ
d k +1 x
dx
(
k +1 e sin x = 2 )
2 e x  1 cos x + k π + 1 sin x + k π  Green area = 2 ×

2 4 2 4  2 ∫π3 ( )
( ) ()
π π
Green area = ∫π (9 + 12cosθ + 4cos2θ ) dθ = ∫π ( 9 + 12cosθ + 2 ( cos2θ +
k +1
)  1
x = 2 2 ex 
 2
cos x +
kπ
4
+
1
sin x +
kπ 

4 
2
3 3

Green area = ∫ (9 + 12cosθ + 4cos θ ) dθ = ∫ ( 9 + 12cosθ + 2 ( cos2θ + 1)) dθ
π 2 π
e sin x ) = 2 e  sin cos ( x +

4 )
+ cos sin ( x +
4 )
k +1 k +1
(
π π
d x π
2 x kπ π kπ 
3 3
dxk +1  4 4 π
= ∫ (11 + 12cosθ + 2cos2θ )dθ = [11θ + 12sin θ + sin 2θ ]
π
e  sin cos ( x +
4 ) ( 4 ) = ∫ (11 + 12cosθ + 2cos2θ )dθ = [11θ + 12sinθ + sin 2θ ]
k +1 π π
π kπ π kπ  3
= 2 2 x + cos sin x + π 3
 4 4 π
π
π
3
(e sin x ) = 2 e sin ( π4 + x + k4π )

3
k +1 k +1
d x 2 x
k +1  11π 3 3  22π 13 3
dx Green area = [11π ] −  + 12 + = −
3 2  2  3 2 

2 e xsin  x + (
d k +1 x k +1
k + 1) π 
(
k +1 e sin x = 2 )
( )

 4 
dx Red area = 1 × 4 × 4sin 2π = 8 3
2 3 2
If the result is true for n = k, it is also true for
n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 1, hence it
is also true for n = 2, n = 3, etc. Therefore, by the Required area = 22π − 13 3 + 8 3 = 22π − 5 3 units2
3 2 2 3 2
principle of mathematical induction, the result
∀n ∈ N .
is true for all Extension Questions
30
1 You want to prove that 3n < (n + 1)! for n  4, n ∈Z.
C l In this question, the base case is not n = 1, but is n = 4.
(1, π) (2, 0) (5, 0) When n = 4, 3n = 34 = 81 and (n + 1)! = 5! = 120
q=0 81 < 120
The result is true for n = 4.
Assume the result is true for n = k: 3k < (k + 1)!
k  4, k ∈Z
At the intersection:
You now consider the case for n = k + 1.
(3 + 2cos θ) cosθ = 2
3k + 1 = 3 × 3k
3cosθ + 2cos2 θ = 2
Substituting our assumed result for n = k, you get
2cos2 θ + 3cosθ – 2 = 0
3k + 1 < 3 × (k + 1)!
(2cosθ – 1)(cosθ + 2) = 0
You also know from our assumed result that k  4.
1 π π
cosθ = ⇒ θ = ,− This can be rewritten as 4  k.
2 3 3
cosθ = – 2 ⇒ No solutions If 4  k, then you can make the left-hand side of
2 2 the inequality smaller and the right-hand side of
r= = =4
cosθ 1 the inequality larger so that 3 < k + 2.
2
( 3π ) and (4, − π3 )
Substituting 3 < k + 2 into 3k + 1 < 3 × (k + 1)!
So the polar coordinates are: 4,
(i.e. replacing the 3 with k + 2, the inequality
Divide the required area into two sections as remains valid)
shown below. 3k + 1 < (k + 2) × (k +1)!
3k + 1 < (k + 2)!
3k + 1 < ((k + 1) + 1)!
Therefore, if the result is true for n = k, it is also
it is also true for n = 5, n = 6, etc. Therefore, by the
principle of mathematical induction, the result is
true for n  4, n ∈Z .
124
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 i Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic 4x 2 + 10x + 4

3 i For y =
equation and let α, β and γ be the roots of the x2 + 1
cubic equation. When x = 0, y = 4 ⇒ the curve intersects
10 4q y-axis at (0, 4).
From the quadratic: α + β = and αβ =
p p When y = 0, 4x2 + 10x + 4 = 0.
From the cubic (sum of the roots): 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
1
67 10 67 (2x + 1)(x + 2) = 0 ⇒ x=− or x = –2
(α + β ) + γ =
7p
⇒
p
+γ =
7p 2
⇒ γ =
67 10
−
7p p
⇒ γ =−
3
7p
1
The curve intersects the x-axis at − , 0
2 ( )
and (–2, 0)
From the cubic (sum of the pairwise products): x 2 + 1 ≠ 0 ∀x ∈R ⇒ the curve has no

23q vertical asymptotes.
αβ + αγ + βγ =
7p
4 + 10 + 42
4x 2 + 10x + 4 x x
4q 23q y= =
p
+ (α + β )γ =
7p
x2 + 1 1 + 12
x
4q  10   3  23q As x → ∞, y → 4 ⇒ the curve has 1 horizontal
+ − = asymptote with equation y = 4.
p  p   7p  7p
4q 30 23q dy
=
( ) (
x 2 + 1 ( 8x + 10 ) − 4x 2 + 10x + 4 ( 2x ) )
− = dx
( )
2
p 7p 2 7p x2 + 1
28pq – 30 = 23pq At turning points,
5pq = 30 0 = (x2 + 1)(8x + 10) – (4x2 + 10x + 4)(2x)
pq = 6 (1) 0 = 8x3 + 10x2 + 8x + 10 – 8x3 – 20x2 – 8x
From the cubic (product of roots): 0 = 10 – 10x2
8  4q   − 3  = − 8 x2 = 1
(αβ )γ =−
7p
⇒
 p   7p  7p x =1 ⇒ y=9
12q 8 x = –1 ⇒ y = –1
⇒ − =−
7p
⇒ 12q = 8p
7p 2 So the turning points of the curve are (1, 9) and
(–1, –1).
2p
⇒ q= (2)
3 dy 10 − 10x 2
=
dx
( )
2
Substitute (2) in (1). x2 + 1
2p
p  = 6 ⇒ 2p2 = 18 ⇒ p2 = 9
(
) ( −20x ) − (10 − 10x ) × 2( x )
2
 3 d 2y x2 + 1 2 2
+ 1 ( 2x )
2 =
( x + 1)
4
⇒ p=±3 dx 2
p>0 ⇒ p=3 ⇒ q=2

d y ( x + 1)( −20x ) − 4x (10 − 10x )
2 2 2
ii The quadratic equation is 3x2 – 10x + 8 = 0 =
( x + 1)
2 3
4 dx 2
⇒ (3x – 4)(x – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = or x = 2
3
d y 20x − 60x 20x ( x − 3)
2
4 2 3
So α = and β = 2 = =
3
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 3 3
dx 2 2
For the cubic, we know that:
(α + β ) + γ = 767p ⇒ 10
3
+γ =
67
21 When x =1 ⇒
d 2 y 20 × −2
= = −5
dx 2 8
⇒ γ = −1 ⇒ (1, 9) is a maximum
7
d 2 y −20 × −2
When x = – 1 ⇒ = =5
dx 2 8
⇒ (–1, –1) is a minimum
125
SUMMARY REVIEW
y(x2 + 1) = 4x2 + 10x + 4 2 2 2

Area = 4⌠  1  2x 1
 1 − 2 dx + 5⌠
 2 dx + 4⌠
 2 dx − 12
yx2 +y= 4x2 + 10x + 4 ⌡0 x + 1  ⌡0 x + 1 ⌡0 x +1
0 = (4 – y)x2 + 10x + (4 – y)
( )
2 2 2
If there are real roots, then the discriminant  0. Area = 4  x − tan −1x  + 5  ln x 2 + 1  + 4 tan −1x  − 12
0 0 0
102 – 4(4 – y)2  0 Area = 8 – 4tan– 1 2 + 5ln 5 + 4tan– 1 2 – 12

4(4 – y)2  100 Area = 5ln 5 – 4
(4 – y)2  25 Doubling ⇒ total area = 10ln 5 – 8
(y – 4)2  25 4 n=1
–5  y – 4  5 LHS: 14 = 1
–1  y  9 (this is the range of the curve) 1
RHS: ×2×3×5=1
The line and the curve intersect when 30
(2x + 4)(x2 + 1) = 4x2 + 10x + 4 Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
2x3 + 2x + 4x2 + 4 = 4x2 + 10x + 4 n=k
2x3 – 8x = 0 Assume the result is true for n = k :
k
2x(x2 – 4) = 0 k
∑r 4 = 30 (k + 1)( 2k + 1)(3k 2 + 3k − 1)
x=0 ⇒ y=4 r =1
x=2 ⇒ y=8 n=k+1

x = –2 ⇒ y=0 The tricky aspect of this proof is the algebra of the
The curve and the line intersect at (0, 4), (2, 8) (k + 1)th case. The target expression is:
and (–2, 0).
The line has gradient 2. It intersects the x-axis
k +1
30 (( (
k + 1) + 1)( 2 ( k + 1) + 1) 3 ( k + 1) + 3 ( k + 1) − 1
2
)
at (–2, 0) and the y-axis at (0, 4). which simplifies to:
(1, 9)
y y = 2x + 4 k +1
30 ( (
k + 2)( 2k + 3) 3k 2 + 9k + 5 )
(2, 8)
This is helpful in identifying potential factors later
y = 4x +210x + 4
2
x +1 in the proof.
(0, 4) k +1 k
0
(−0.5, 0)
y=4 ∑r 4 = ∑r 4 + (k + 1)4
r =1 r =1
(−2, 0)
x k +1
(−1, −1)
k
∑r 4 = 30 (k + 1)( 2k + 1)(3k 2 + 3k − 1) + (k + 1)4
r =1
k +1
ii The total area enclosed between the graphs Take out as a common factor.
30
is made up of two equal parts. We will find
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 (k ( 2k + 1)(3k 2 + 3k − 1) + 30 (k + 1)3 )
k +1
the area of one part (area under curve – area
of trapezium) and double the answer. r =1
k +1
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 (( 2k 2 + k )(3k 2 + 3k − 1) + 30 (k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1))
2
4x 2 + 10x + 4
Area = ⌠
2
 dx − ( 4 + 8 )
⌡0 x2 + 1 2 r =1
k +1
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 (6k 4 + 9k 3 + k 2 − k + 30k 3 + 90k 2 + 90k + 30 )
2 2 2
4x 2
Area = ⌠
10x 4
 2 dx + ⌠
 2 dx + ⌠
 2 dx − 12
⌡0 x + 1 ⌡0 x + 1 ⌡0 x + 1 r =1
k +1
2 2
(
⌠ x +1 −1 ) 2
2x 1
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 (6k 4 + 39k 3 + 91k 2 + 89k + 30 )
dx + 5⌠
2
Area = 4  2 dx + 4∫ 2 dx − 12 r =1
⌡0 x 2
+ 1 ⌡0 x + 1 0 x +1
Use the factor theorem to confirm that (k + 2) is a
factor of the quartic polynomial inside the bracket,
then factorise either by inspection or using
algebraic long division.
126
WORKED SOLUTIONS
k +1
 cosθ − sin θ 
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 (k + 2)(6k 3 + 27k 2 + 37k + 15) Let A = 
 sin θ cosθ 
and
r =1
Use the factor theorem to confirm that (2k + 3) is a  cosφ −sin φ 

let B =  .
factor of the cubic polynomial inside the bracket,  sin φ cosφ 
then factorise either by inspection or using
 cosθ cosφ − sinθ sin φ −cosθ sin φ − sinθ cosφ 
algebraic long division. AB = 
 sinθ cosφ + cosθ sin φ −sinθ sin φ + cosθ cosφ 
k +1
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 (k + 2)( 2k + 3)(3k 2 + 9k + 5)  cosθ cosφ − sinθ sin φ −cosθ sin φ − sinθ cosφ 
BA = 
r =1
 sinθ cosφ + cosθ sin φ −sinθ sin φ + cosθ cosφ 
This is our target expression, so we can write it in
AB ≡ BA so the geometrical effects will
the form:
always be the same.
∑r 4 = k30+ 1 ((k + 1) + 1)( 2(k + 1) + 1)(3(k + 1)2 + 3(k + 1) − 1)
k +1
ii Sometimes. Consider the point (1, 1).
r =1
A reflection in the x-axis, then the y-axis
So if the result is true for n = k, it is also true for results in the image (–1, –1), which is the same
n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 1, so it is also effect as a reflection in the y-axis and then the
true for n = 2, n = 3, etc. Therefore, by the principle x-axis. However, if we consider transforming
of mathematical induction, the result is true for all the point (1, 0) with a reflection in the line
n ∈ Z+ . y = x, followed by a reflection in the x-axis,
3θ this gives the image (0, –1). A reflection in the
5 i At the point of intersection = 3 ⇒ θ = 2.
2 x-axis followed by a reflection in the line
Therefore, the point of intersection in polar y = x gives the image (0, 1).
coordinates is (3, 2). iii Always. Thinking geometrically, two
ii The shaded area from θ = 0 to θ = 2 is the consecutive enlargements about the origin
area bounded by the circle minus the area will have the same effect regardless of the
bounded by the spiral. The shaded area order in which they occur. This can be proved
from θ = 2 to θ = π is the area bounded by the algebraically using the enlargement matrices.
spiral minus the area bounded by the circle.  b 0
 a 0
Therefore: Let E
E= and let FF =  ,
 0 a   0 b 
( ) ( ) − 3  dθ
2 π
⌠ 1 3θ 
2 ⌠ 1  3θ 2
where a and b are constants.
Area =   32 −  dθ +   2
2
⌡0  2  ⌡2 2  2
 a 0  b 0  1 0  1 0
2 π EF = 
EF    = a b = abI 2 = abI
⌠ 1
Area =   9 −
9θ 2 

⌠ 1  9θ 2
dθ +  

− 9 dθ  0 a  0 b   0 1   0 1 
2
⌡0  4  ⌡2 2  4 
2 π  b 0  a 0  1 0  1 0
⌠  9 9θ 2  ⌠  9θ 2 9  FE = 
FE    = b a abI 2 = abI
= baI
Area =   −
2 8  dθ +   −  dθ  0 b  0 a  0 1   0 1 
⌡0   ⌡2  8 2
2 π So EF ≡ FE
 9θ 3θ 3   3θ 3 9θ 
Area =  −  + − 
2 8 
0  8 2
2 iv Sometimes. It is true when A = B, C = D and
E = F. Changing any one of these matrices is
 3π
3
9π  
Area = ( 9 − 3) − 0  +  −  − (3 − 9) likely to make the statement untrue.
  8 2  
v Always. C is a reflection, so applying this
3π3 9π
Area = 6 + − +6 transformation twice returns all points
8 2
back to their starting positions. This can
3π 3 − 36π + 96 be proved algebraically using the reflection
Area =
8 matrices.
6 i Always. Thinking geometrically, two consecutive
rotations about the origin will have the same  cos 2θ sin 2θ 
C=
C
−cos 2θ 
effect regardless of the order in which they
 sin 2θ
occur. This can be proved algebraically using
the rotation matrices.  cos 2θ sin 2θ   cos 2θ sin 2θ 
C2 = 
 sin 2θ −cos 2θ   sin 2θ −cos 2θ 
127
SUMMARY REVIEW
 cos2 2θ + sin 2 2θ cos 2θ sin 2θ − sin 2θ cos2θ   49π 3 1 3   7π 3 1 3

C2 =  Area =  +6 −  −  − 12 − 6 2 + 2 2 
  12 2 2 2   
 sin 2θ cos 2θ − cos 2θ sin 2θ sin 2 2θ + cos2 2θ 
14π 11 3
 1 0 Area = + units2
3 2
C2 =  ⇒ Applying C twice
 0 1 
consecutively has no geometrical effect. n
C2 =I
8 i S1 : ∑ (5r − 2)(r + 1)
r =1
C–1 C C = C– 1 n
C = C– 1 ⇒ A reflection matrix is the same S2 : ∑(r + 20 )(r + 10 )
as its inverse. r =1
By the same logic, D = D–1 ⇒ (D–1)2 =I n n n n n

Therefore C2 ≡ (D–1)2 ii ∑ (5r − 2)(r + 1) = ∑ (5r 2 + 3r − 2) = 5∑r 2 + 3∑r − ∑2
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
n n n n n
∑ (5r − 2)(r + 1) = ∑ (5r 2 + 3r − 2) = 5∑r 2 + 3∑r − ∑2
7 i The curves intersect when
3 + 2sinθ = 2 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
1 n
sin θ = −
2 ∑ (5r − 2)(r + 1) = 5 n6 (n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 3 n2 (n + 1) − 2n
r =1
n
θ = − π or θ = 7π since − π < θ 3π . ∑ (5r − 2)(r + 1) = 5 n6 (n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 3 n2 (n + 1) − 2n
6 6 2 2
r =1
The points are on the circle, so r = 2. n n n n n
Therefore, the points of intersection in polar (
∑ (r + 20 )(r + 10 ) = ∑ r 2 + 30r + 200 = ∑r 2 + 30∑r + ∑200 )
coordinates are 2, −
π
6 (
and 2,
7π
6 ) ( )
.
n
r =1
n
r =1
n n n
r =1 r =1 r =1
(
∑ (r + 20 )(r + 10 ) = ∑ r 2 + 30r + 200 = ∑r 2 + 30∑r + ∑200 )
ii The shaded area is the area bounded byr =the
1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
cardioid minus the area bounded by the n
π
circle between θ = − and θ =
7π
. ∑ (r + 20 )(r + 10 ) = n6 (n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 30 n2 (n + 1) + 200n
6 6 r =1
n
7π
∑ (r + 20 )(r + 10 ) = n6 (n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 30 n2 (n + 1) + 200n
6 1
⌡− 2
6
(
Area = ⌠ π ( 3 + 2sin θ ) − 22 dθ
2
)
r =1
7π
Area = ∫ 6 1
−π 2
6
(9 + 12sin θ + 4sin θ − 4) dθ
2 n
6
(n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 3 n2 (n + 1) –2n
iii 5
n
6
n
− 2n > ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 30 ( n +
2
n n n n
5 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 3 ( n + 1) − 2n > ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) + 30 ( n + 1) + 200n
( )
7π
6 2 6 2
Area = ⌠
6 5 2
 π 2 + 6sin θ + 2sin θ dθ
⌡− Notice the terms are similar on both sides,
6
but with different coefficients.
Recall that cos 2θ = 1 – 2sin2 θ
4n
1
⇒ sin θ = 2 (1 − cos 2θ )
2
6
(n + 1)( 2n + 1) − 272n (n + 1) − 202n > 0
6(
4 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) − 81( n + 1) − 1212) > 0
( )
7π n
Area = ⌠
6 5
 π 2 + 6sin θ + 1 − cos2θ dθ
⌡−
(( ) )
6
n
4 2n 2 + 3n + 1 − 81n − 81 − 1212 > 0
6
( )
7π
Area =  ⌠6 7
+ 6sin θ − cos2θ dθ
⌡− π
6
2 n
6 (
8n 2 − 69n − 1289 > 0 )
7π
7θ
 2
1
Area =  − 6cosθ − sin 2θ 
2
6
 − π
Solving
n
6 (
8n 2 − 69n − 1289 = 0 using the )
6 quadratic formula for the expression inside
the brackets allows us to sketch the cubic.
128
WORKED SOLUTIONS
y 10 10n − 1

Sn = 1 
(− n

 )
3 9 

1
Sn = 
(
10 10n − 1 − 9n 
 

)
17.7 3 9
0 x  
–9.1
n +1
Sn = 10 − 9n − 10
27
Since n > 0, we are interested in the solution

n = 17.7.
11 i (
sin x +
π
2 )
is a horizontal translation of sin x,
So for S1 > S2, we require n > 17.7. such that sin x + ( π

2)= cosx .
n is an integer, so the minimum value of n is 18.
x2 – 1 ≡ (x + 1)(x – 1) because of the
9 M is singular when det M = 0 difference of two squares.
k2 2
det M = 1 sin θ
det
k2
3
(
x sin x + π cos x
2
≡
)x cos2x
x2 − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1)
k 4 k
x cos2x
k2(ksin θ – 12) – 1(2k – 4k2) + k(6 – k2sin θ) = 0 So y =
(x + 1)(x − 1)
k3 sin θ – 12k2 – 2k + 4k2 + 6k – k3 sin θ = 0 ii When y = 0, x cos2 x = 0
8k2 – 4k = 0 x = 0 or cos2 x = 0
4k (2k – 1) = 0 cos x = 0
1 π 3π 5π 7π
k = 0 or k= x=± ,± ,± ,± ,…
2 2 2 2 2
θ is independent of det M, so θ ∈ R .
10 i 3, 33, 333, 3333, 33333, …
So the general result is x = ± ( 2n2− 1 ) π
∀n ∈ Z, n 0 .
where
10n − 1
ii Since un = , we can write the sum to n iii From the denominator of C, the vertical
3
terms as asymptotes are x = 1 and x = – 1.
If the ‘cos2 x’ part of the expression was
101 − 1 10 2 − 1 103 − 1 10 4 − 1 10n − 1
Sn = + + + +…+ removed, the x-axis would clearly be a
3 3 3 3 3
horizontal asymptote. With the ‘cos2 x’
1 included the effect as x → ± ∞ is that the trend
Take out the common factor of .
3
of the curve is generally asymptotic to the
Sn =
1
3{( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
101 − 1 + 10 2 − 1 + 103 − 1 + 10 4 − 1 + … + 10n − 1 ( )} x-axis, but the curve touches the x-axis every
π radians. This is because 0  cos2 x  1, so as
x → ± ∞, it oscillates between the x-axis and
Notice there are n lots of –1 within the curly the curve with equation
brackets. x
y= .
(x + 1)(x − 1)
{
Sn = 1 (101 + 10 2 + 103 + 10 4 + … + 10n) − n
3 }
The expression in the round brackets is
a geometric series with a = 10 and r = 10.
The sum to n terms of the geometric series is
(
10 10n − 1
.
)
9
129
SUMMARY REVIEW
iv y
x cos2x x = –1
y= x
(x + 1)(x – 1) y=
–
π
,0
(x + 1)(x – 1)
2
3π
0 π
,0
3π
,0
5π
,0
x
5π – 2 2 2
– ,0 ,0
2 2
x=1
x cos2 x
v 0 . We can read the solution
( x + 1)( x − 1)
directly from the graph.
x= (1 −22n ) π ∀n ∈ Z + or
– 1 < x  0 or x>1
12 n = 1
112 + 121 = 133 × 1
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
n=k
Assume the result is true for n = k:
f(k) = 11k + 1 + 122k – 1 = 11p, where p ∈ Z
n=k+1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11k + 2 + 122(k + 1) – 1 – 11k + 1 – 122k – 1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11k + 2 + 122k + 1 – 11k + 1 – 122k – 1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11k + 2 – 11k + 1 + 122k + 1 – 122k – 1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11k + 1 (11 – 1) + 122k – 1 (122 – 1)
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 10 × 11k + 1 + 143 × 122k – 1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11 × 10 × 11k + 11 × 13 × 122k – 1
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11(10 × 11k + 13 × 122k – 1)
f(k + 1) – f(k) = 11q, where q ∈ Z
So if the result is true for n = k, it is also true for
n = k + 1. But the result is true for n = 1, so it is also
true for n = 2, n = 3, etc. Therefore, by the principle
of mathematical induction, the result is true for all
n ∈ Z+ .
130

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Cambridge International

AS & A Level Further Mathematics

Further Pure Mathematics 1

Tom Andrews, Helen Ball,

Pure Mathematics 1 International Students Book Title page.indd 1 14/11/17 10:46 pm

= x3 − 6x2 + 10x − 2x2 + 12x − 20 b 2α + 5 + 2β + 5 = 2(α + β) + 10

= x3 − 8x2 + 22x − 20 (2α + 5)(2β + 5) = 4αβ + 10α + 10β + 25

(α + β)2 = α2 + 2αβ + β2 So cubic equation could be z3 – 2z2 – z + 2 = 0.

α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ 2 α = i, β = –i, γ = 2

e 7 a Rafaella has written down the complex

3 w = α – 3 so α = w + 3 b Quartic has roots 2 + i , 2 – i, 3 – 2i, 3 + 2i.

So (w + 3)4 + (w + 3)3 + (w + 3)2 + 2(w + 3) – 1 = 0. (z – (2 + i))(z – (2 – i))(z – (3 – 2i))(z – (3 + 2i)) = 0

w4 + 13w3 + 64w2 + 143w + 122 = 0 (z2 – 4z + 5)(z2 – 6z + 13) = 0

(w4 – 12w3 + 54w2 – 108w + 81) – 4(w3 – 9w2 + 27w – b 3

z4 + 2z3 – 2z2 + 3z + 2 = 0 b (2α – 1)(2β – 1) + (2α – 1)(2γ – 1) + (2β – 1)(2γ – 1)

c (2α – 1)(2β – 1)(2γ – 1) = (4αβ – 2α – 2β + 1) (2γ – 1) p p

b (αβ + αγ + βγ)2 = α2 β2 + α2 βγ + αβ2 γ + α2 βγ + α2 γ2 10 a Let w = α then α = 2w

b Mathematics in life and work

15 The roots are the same as α, α + p and α + 2p.

2 Rational functions and graphs

Prerequisite knowledge Crosses y-axis at (0, −2).

Does not cross x-axis. –7

Crosses y-axis at (0, 5). –8

Min TP at (0, 5). –9

Graph of y = 2x2 – 5x – 3 x2 + 2x

g To find out if the curve crosses the horizontal

The curve crosses the horizontal asymptote As x → 2−, y → −∞

–50–48–46–44–42 –40 –38–36–34–32–30–28–26–24–22–20–18–16–14–12–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0

(3)( −2) 3 –10

Vertical asymptotes Crosses x-axis when y = 0.

Crosses at ( 13 , 0) and (−1, 0). y(2x2 + 3x + 5) = (x − 2)(x − 1)

(3y − 8)2 − 4 × (y − 4) × (3y − 3)  0 Crosses x-axis at (1, 0) and (−5, 0).

9y2 − 48y + 64 − 4(3y2 − 15y + 12)  0 So if y =

Vertical asymptotes b y = |x2 − 2|

working is accurate as well as the final answer. 6

The equation in line 2 simplifies to give 4x = –4 so

For this to have real roots the discriminant must be 7

greater than or equal to zero. 6

(2y + 2)2 – 4(y – 1)(8y – 4)  0 5

0 x –360˚ –270˚ –180˚ –90˚ 0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚x

Horizontal asymptote does not move (because As x → − 2−, y → ∞

–6 Vertical asymptotes of y = f(x) become roots of

2 Where 0 < y < 1 , y2 = f(x) is above y = f(x).

x = –2 y 2 Once you have done this you need to reﬂect

7 The original curve is below the x-axis when x < −1

( x − 1)( x + 1) . Exercise 2.4A

Where y > 1, y 2 = f(x) is below y = f(x). –2

By drawing the line y = 5 onto the graph of

(0.3, 5) and (1.3, 5). This means the solutions to x

However, you also need to solve

8 This means the first is a min TP and the

–10 (–1, –2)

Crosses y-axis when x = 0 y = 0.1x – 0.8

Vertical asymptotes are x = −1 and x = −2. –5

These graphs show that for this function

|f(x)| ≠ f(|x|). As x → ∞ , y → 1 so y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

Zoomed-in view of graph near the two roots 10 a x = −2, x = 4

9 a b = 2, c = −3 So turning points are at (−1.55, 0.631) and

Therefore, C intersects the y-axis at 0, − ( 26

12 The original curve is below the x-axis when A B

Once you have done this you need to reﬂect the

‘b2 – 4ac’  0 ⇒ y2 – 4(1)(–3 – 2y)  0 As x → 2−, y → ∞

x = –0.03786 and x = –2.4015 –50

= x3 − 8x2 + 22x − 20 (2α + 5)(2β + 5) = 4αβ + 10α + 10β + 25

e 7 a Rafaella has written down the complex

So (w + 3)4 + (w + 3)3 + (w + 3)2 + 2(w + 3) – 1 = 0. (z – (2 + i))(z – (2 – i))(z – (3 – 2i))(z – (3 + 2i)) = 0

(w4 – 12w3 + 54w2 – 108w + 81) – 4(w3 – 9w2 + 27w – b 3

b (αβ + αγ + βγ)2 = α2 β2 + α2 βγ + αβ2 γ + α2 βγ + α2 γ2 10 a Let w = α then α = 2w

onsequently, the series is convergent.

Multiply through by r(r + 3). Consequently, the series is convergent.

8 irst state the fraction as the sum of partial

n = 2 ⇒ N = 7371 + (142 – 102) n