UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
(NAROWAL CAMPUS)

NAME :
ABDULAHAD HUSSAIN
ROLL NO. :
549
SECTION:
A
SUBJECT:
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
DATABASE:
A database is an organized collection of data that is stored and managed
electronically. It is designed to allow for efficient retrieval, manipulation, and
storage of data. Databases are used in many different applications, including
business, finance, healthcare, education, and more.
In a database, data is typically organized into tables, with each table
containing columns and rows. Each column represents a data attribute, and each
row represents a data record. The tables are related to each other through
common data attributes, allowing data to be retrieved and analyzed in various
ways.
There are several types of databases, including relational, NoSQL, object-
oriented, hierarchical, and network databases. Each type of database has its own
advantages and disadvantages, and is used in different applications depending on
the specific requirements.
Overall, databases are an essential tool for managing and organizing large
amounts of data, and are used extensively in modern society.

Types of Database:
There are different kinds of databases, ranging from the most prevalent
approach, the relational database, to a distributed database, cloud database, and
NoSQL databases. The list of types of databases is given as follows:

1. Relational database
2. No-SQL database
3. Distributed database
4. Cloud database
5. Hierarchical database
6. Network database
7. Object-oriented database
  Relational Database:
A relational database is made up of a set of tables with data that fits into a
predefined category. Considered the most mature of all databases, these
databases lead in the production line along with their management systems. In
this database, every piece of information has a relationship with every other piece
of information. This is on account of every data value in the database having a
unique identity in the form of a record. Note that all data is tabulated in this
model. Therefore, every row of data in the database is linked with another row
using a primary key. Similarly, every table is linked with another table using a
foreign key. A relational database is made up of a set of tables with data that fits
into a predefined category.

 No-SQL Database:
A NoSQL originally referred to as non-SQL or non-relational is a database that
provides a mechanism for the storage and retrieval of data. This data is modeled
in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases. A NoSQL
database includes simplicity of design, simpler horizontal scaling to clusters of
machines, and finer control over availability. The data structures used by NoSQL
databases are different from those used by default in relational databases which
makes some operations faster in NoSQL. The suitability of a given NoSQL database
depends on the problem it should solve. Data structures used by NoSQL
databases are sometimes also viewed as more flexible than relational database
tables. MongoDB falls in the category of a NoSQL document-based database.

 Hierarchical Database:
Just as in any hierarchy, this database follows the progression of data being
categorized in ranks or levels, wherein data is categorized based on a common
point of linkage. As a result, two entities of data will be lower in rank and the
commonality would assume a higher rank. Another perspective
advises visualizing the data being organized in a parent-child relationship, which
upon the addition of multiple data elements would resemble a tree. The child
records are linked to the parent record using a field, and so the parent record is
allowed multiple child records. However, vice versa is not possible. Notice that
due to such a structure, hierarchical databases are not easily salable; the addition
of data elements requires a lengthy traversal through the database.

 Network Database:
In Layman’s terms, a network database is a hierarchical database, but with a
major tweak. The child records are given the freedom to associate with multiple
parent records. As a result, a network or net of database files linked with multiple
threads is observed. Certainly, in a complex framework, network databases are
more capable of representing two-directional relationships. Also, conceptual
simplicity favors the utilization of a simpler database management language. The
disadvantage lies in the inability to alter the structure due to its complexity and
also in its being highly structurally dependent.

 Object-Oriented Database:
Those familiar with the Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm would be able to
relate to this model of databases easily. Information stored in a database is
capable of being represented as an object which responds as an instance of the
database model. Therefore, the object can be referenced and called without any
difficulty. As a result, the workload on the database is substantially reduced. An
example of such a model is the Berkeley DB software library which uses the same
conceptual background to deliver quick and highly efficient responses to database
queries from the embedded database.

 Distributed Database:
A distributed database is a database in which portions of the database are stored
in multiple physical locations, and in which processing is dispersed or replicated
among different points in a network.

 Cloud Database:
A cloud database is a database that typically runs on a cloud computing platform.
Database service provides access to the database. Database services make the
underlying software stack transparent to the user.
1. FAST OBJECTS:
A fast object database is a type of database that stores data as
objects, rather than in a tabular format like a traditional relational
database. This type of database is optimized for handling complex data
structures and can be used for applications that require high-performance
data processing and retrieval.
Fast object databases are designed to be fast and efficient, often
using in-memory data storage to reduce data access times. They can be
used in a wide range of applications, including financial trading systems,
telecommunications networks, and e-commerce platforms.
One of the key benefits of a fast object database is its ability to
handle large volumes of data and complex data relationships. Since data is
stored as objects, it can be organized and manipulated more easily than in
a traditional relational database. This makes it easier to develop complex
applications that require sophisticated data structures and algorithms.
Overall, a fast object database is a powerful tool for managing large
amounts of data and delivering high-performance applications that require
fast and efficient data processing.
2. GEM FIRE:
GemFire is an in-memory data management platform that provides
real-time data processing and high-speed data access. It is a distributed
data store that can be used to store large volumes of data across a cluster
of machines. GemFire is designed to provide high-performance data access
and processing capabilities for modern, data-intensive applications.
GemFire uses a distributed data model, where data is stored across
multiple nodes in a cluster. This allows data to be accessed and processed
in parallel, which can provide significant performance benefits. GemFire
also includes features such as data partitioning, data replication, and
automatic failover, which help to ensure high availability and reliability of
the stored data.
GemFire supports a wide range of data access patterns, including
key-value, SQL-like queries, and complex event processing. It also includes
support for streaming data processing and real-time analytics, which can be
used to analyze data as it is ingested into the system.
 GemFire is commonly used in industries such as finance, healthcare,
and e-commerce, where real-time data processing and high-speed data
access are critical for business success. Overall, GemFire is a powerful and
flexible data management platform that can help organizations to manage
and analyze large volumes of data with high performance and reliability.
3. ESS BASE:
Essbase is a multidimensional database management system that is
used for analytical purposes. It is designed to store and analyze large
amounts of data from various sources, and provide users with the ability to
perform complex analysis and reporting on that data.
Essbase uses a multidimensional database structure, which allows
users to view data from different perspectives or dimensions. For example,
users can view data by product, by region, by time period, or by any other
dimension that is relevant to their analysis.
Essbase supports a variety of analysis and reporting functions,
including ad-hoc analysis, forecasting, and trend analysis. It also provides
users with the ability to create custom reports and dashboards that can be
shared with others in the organization.
Overall, Essbase is a powerful tool for data analysis and reporting,
and is used in many different industries and applications, including finance,
accounting, sales, and operations.
4. SQL SERVER:
SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS)
developed by Microsoft. It is a software application that is used to create,
manage, and access relational databases. SQL Server is designed to store and
retrieve data as requested by other software applications, and it provides an
interface for managing databases and their associated components.
SQL Server uses the Structured Query Language (SQL) to manage and
manipulate data. SQL is a standardized programming language used to manage
and access relational databases. SQL Server also provides tools for managing
security, optimizing performance, and monitoring the health of the database.
SQL Server is commonly used in enterprise-level applications, such as
customer relationship management (CRM) systems, supply chain
management, and financial management. It is known for its scalability,
reliability, and security features, and is used by many large organizations
around the world.
In summary, SQL Server is a powerful relational database management system
developed by Microsoft, used to store, manage, and access data in various
applications. It is widely used in the business and enterprise environments due
to its scalability and security features.

5. MY SQL:
MySQL is a popular open-source relational database management
system (RDBMS) that is used to store and manage data. It is a widely used
database that is known for its ease of use, scalability, and high-performance
capabilities.
MySQL is often used in web applications as it can handle large
amounts of data and can be integrated easily with programming languages
such as PHP, Python, and Java. It also provides a range of features, including
support for transactions, replication, and security features such as encryption
and access control.
MySQL is based on the Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a
language used to manage and manipulate data stored in relational databases.
SQL is a powerful and flexible language that allows users to create, modify, and
retrieve data from databases.
MySQL is used by many popular websites and applications, including
Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, and is considered one of the most widely
used databases in the world. It is a popular choice for developers and
organizations looking for a reliable and scalable database solution.

6. ACCESS:
Microsoft Access is a relational database management system
(RDBMS) that is part of the Microsoft Office Suite of applications. It is used to
store, organize, and manage large amounts of data in a structured manner,
and allows users to create and manipulate databases using a graphical user
interface (GUI).
 Access databases consist of tables that store data, forms that provide
a user-friendly way to view and enter data, queries that retrieve and
manipulate data, reports that display data in a printable format, and macros
that automate tasks.
Access is commonly used by small to medium-sized businesses, as
well as individuals who need to manage large amounts of data in a structured
manner. It is particularly useful for creating simple database applications, such
as customer databases, inventory systems, and project management tools.

7. ADABAS:
ADABAS (Adaptable Database System) is a high-performance
transactional database management system (DBMS) that was originally
developed by Software AG in 1970. It is designed to process large volumes of
data efficiently, reliably, and securely.
ADABAS is known for its fast performance, scalability, and reliability,
and is often used in mission-critical environments where high availability and
transaction throughput are essential. It is also known for its compatibility with
a wide range of operating systems and programming languages.
ADABAS stores data in a hierarchical structure, with records
organized into tables, and tables organized into files. It supports a variety of
data types, including alphanumeric, numeric, and date/time. ADABAS uses a
proprietary query language called Natural, which is designed to be easy to
learn and use.
ADABAS is used by organizations in a variety of industries, including
banking, finance, insurance, healthcare, government, and retail. It is often
used in conjunction with other Software AG products, such as Natural and
webMethods, to provide a complete solution for enterprise integration and
application development.

8. 𝑫𝟑 :
D3, also known as "D3.js" or "Data-Driven Documents", is not a
database but rather a JavaScript library for manipulating and visualizing
data in web browsers.
 D3 is often used in web development to create interactive and
dynamic data visualizations, such as charts, graphs, maps, and more. It
provides a powerful set of tools for working with data, including data
binding, data manipulation, and data visualization.
D3 is not a database itself, but it can be used to connect to various
data sources, such as CSV files, JSON data, or APIs, and then manipulate
and visualize that data in real-time. In summary, D3 is a powerful tool for
creating dynamic and interactive data visualizations on the web.
9. OBJECT STORE:
An object store database, also known as an object storage
database or object-based storage, is a type of database that stores and
retrieves data as objects, rather than in a traditional relational database
format.
In an object store database, data is stored as self-contained units or
objects, which contain both the data and the metadata associated with it.
These objects can be accessed and manipulated using a unique identifier,
such as a key or a URL.
Object store databases are often used for storing large amounts of
unstructured data, such as media files, documents, and data generated by
IoT devices. They are also frequently used in cloud computing
environments, as they can scale horizontally and store massive amounts of
data across a distributed infrastructure.
Some popular examples of object store databases include Amazon
S3, Google Cloud Storage, and Microsoft Azure Blob Storage.
10. TERA DATA:
Teradata is a database management system that is designed to
handle large volumes of data and complex analytical queries. It is an
enterprise-level relational database that is used by organizations for data
warehousing, business intelligence, and analytics.
Teradata uses a massively parallel processing (MPP) architecture that
allows it to process queries in parallel across multiple nodes, which makes it
highly scalable and able to handle large amounts of data. It also has advanced
analytics capabilities, including support for machine learning and artificial
intelligence.
 Teradata provides a range of tools and services for managing and
analyzing data, including data integration, data modeling, data visualization,
and data mining. It is commonly used by businesses in industries such as
finance, telecommunications, retail, healthcare, and government.
Overall, Teradata is a powerful database management system that is
designed for handling complex and large-scale data processing and analysis
tasks.

11. INFORMIX:
Informix is a relational database management system (RDBMS)
that was initially developed by Informix Software, Inc. in the early 1980s. It
was one of the most popular databases in the 1990s and early 2000s,
particularly in the Unix and Linux environments.
Informix provides a wide range of features and capabilities,
including high availability, scalability, and security, which make it suitable
for various business applications. It is also known for its robustness and
speed, making it ideal for transaction processing and high-performance
data processing.
Informix supports various programming languages, including C,
C++, Java, and SQL, and it provides different APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) for easy integration with third-party applications.
In 2001, IBM acquired Informix, and since then, IBM has
continued to develop and enhance the database, providing new features
and improved functionality to meet the evolving needs of its users.
12. SY BASE:
SYBASE is a relational database management system (RDBMS)
developed by Sybase, Inc., which is now part of SAP SE. It was one of the
first commercially successful RDBMS products and was widely used in the
1980s and 1990s. SYBASE provides high-performance transaction
processing and is known for its scalability and reliability. It supports a
variety of programming languages and platforms, making it a popular
choice for enterprise applications. Today, SYBASE has been largely
superseded by other relational database systems such as Oracle, Microsoft
SQL Server, and MySQL, but it still has a loyal following among some users.
13. DB2:
IBM DB2 is a relational database management system (RDBMS)
developed by IBM. It is a software product that provides a comprehensive
database management solution for businesses and organizations of all sizes.
DB2 supports a wide range of operating systems, including Windows,
Linux, UNIX, and z/OS. It can be used to manage data in various formats,
including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
Some of the key features of DB2 include:
 Scalability: DB2 can handle large amounts of data and can scale up or down
depending on the needs of the organization.
 Security: DB2 provides robust security features, including access control,
authentication, and encryption, to protect data from unauthorized access.
 Availability: DB2 provides high availability features to ensure that the
database is always accessible, even in the event of hardware or software
failures.
 Performance: DB2 is designed to provide high performance for complex
queries and transactions.
 Analytics: DB2 includes built-in analytics capabilities to enable organizations
to analyze large amounts of data and gain insights into business trends and
patterns.
Overall, DB2 is a powerful and flexible database management system that can
be used to manage data in a wide range of business applications.

14. FILE MAKER:

FileMaker is a software platform that allows users to
create custom database solutions for managing and organizing their data. It is
developed by Apple subsidiary Claris International and is available for macOS,
Windows, iOS, and the web.
FileMaker provides a graphical user interface for designing database
layouts, data entry forms, and reports without the need for programming
skills. It also includes features such as script automation, integration with
other applications, and data security.
 FileMaker can be used for a wide range of applications, such as
contact management, inventory tracking, project management, and customer
relationship management. It is used by individuals, small businesses, and large
organizations to streamline their data management processes and improve
their overall efficiency.

15. INGRES:
Ingres is a relational database management system (RDBMS)
that was first developed at the University of California, Berkeley in the 1970s.
Ingres was one of the first RDBMS systems to be commercialized, and it is
known for being one of the most scalable and reliable database systems.
Ingres is a SQL-based system that supports a variety of programming
languages, including C, C++, Java, and Python. It has a wide range of features,
including support for distributed transactions, multi-version concurrency
control, and data replication. Ingres also provides a number of tools for
database administration, such as graphical user interfaces for database design
and management, backup and recovery utilities, and performance monitoring
tools.
Today, Ingres is primarily used in enterprise-level applications where
scalability and reliability are critical. It is often used in industries such as
finance, healthcare, and government, where large amounts of data need to be
stored and processed quickly and accurately.

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