HIGHER ENGINEERING M.

\TH~
!Cg

· l of 32 cubic ft. Find the dirnen.s·

Lorts f
the box re . . Arectang ularboxop enatt e
h topi·s to have vo ume
·2016 .v.r.U.,20
5 PT U 2013 ;Anna,2
1 ; · · ·, 012) °
quiring least material for its construction.( U.P. T. U., '
d S be its surface.
· Let x, Y and z ft. be the edges of the box an
Then •·,(i)
S = xy + 2yz + 2zx
and
E. .
xyz = 32 · (1 1)
) 32 - xy + 64 - + -
•·,(4)

2 .x Y
hmmating z from (i) with the help of (ii ), we get S = xy + (y + x xy -
-:i5J:l.., - X - 64fy2 = 0.
asiax = y - 64/x2 = 0 and O UJ -
Solving these, we get x = y = 4. 3

Now r = a2s1ax2 = 128/x3 s = a2s1ax:l.., = 1 t = a2s1ay2 = 128/y .

At ' UJ ' .
x = Y = 4, rt - s 2 = 2 x 2 - 1 = + ve and r 1s also + ve.
· ·
Hence Sis mm1mum ( .. ) 2
for x = y = 4. Then from ii , z = ·.
Oth erwise (by Lagrange's method) :
wn'te .
F = xy + 2yz + 2zx + A(xyz - 32)
Then oF .. ,(iii)
ox = y + 2z + Ayz = 0
oF ...(iv)
d)' = x + 2z + AZX = 0
oF ...(v)
a;- = 2y + 2x + hy = 0

Multiplyi ng (iii) by x and (i.v) by y and subtracting, we get 2zx - 2zy = 0 or x = Y ·

[The value z = 0 is neglected, as it will not satisfy (ii )]
Again multiplyin g (iv ) byy and (v) by z and subtracting, we gety = 2z.
Hence the dimension s of the box are x = y= 2z = 4 ...(vi)
Now let us see what happens as z increases from a small value to a large one. When z is small, the box
is
flat with a large base showing that Sis large. As z increases, the base of the box decreases rapidly and S also
at some
decreases . After a certain stage, S again sta!·~s i11creasing as z increases. Thus S must be a minimum
intermed iate stage which is given by (vi). Hence Sis minimum when x = y = 4 ft and z = 2 ft.

E a pie . Given x + y + z = a, find the maximum valve of xmynzP.

(Andh ra. ,. 2015 ; J.N. T. U., 2015 S; Anna, 2009)

Letf (x, y, z) = xmynzP and ~(x, y, z) = x + y + z - a.

Then F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z) + A~(x, y, z)
= xmynzP + A(x + y + z - a).
. . aF aF aF
For stationary values of F, dx = 0, d)' = 0, dz = 0
mxm-lynzP +A= 0, nxm yn-l zP +A= 0, pxmynzp-l +A= 0
or -A= mxn-lynzP =nxm yn-l zP =pxmyn?p-l
m=~=£ =m+n+ p=m+n +p [·: x+y+z:G
i.e. x y z x+y+z a
The maximum value off occurs when
x = am/(m + n + p),y = an/(m + n + p), z = ap/(m +·n + p)
m+n+p ·mm •n n •p p
a
Hence the maximum value offix,y,z) = - -----...:__
(m + n + pr+n+p

Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (3, 4, 12) from tM
+~= ~ ~

S lu 1 • Let P(x, y, z) be any point on the sphere and A(3, 4, 12) the given point 80 that
= (x-3) 2 + (y-4) + (z -12) 2 = f (x,y, z), say
2 ·
AP2
 f'ARTIAL D IFFERENTIATION AND ITS A PPLICATIONS 1!:fPI
We have to find the maximum and minimum values off(x, y, z) subject to the condition
q>(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 4 = 0 ...(ii)
Let F(x , Y, z ) = f (x, y, z) + Aq>(x, y, z)
= (x- 3) 2 + (y - 4) 2 + (z -12)2 + A(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 4)
Then
aF
ax =2(x - =2(y -
3) + 2h, : 4) + 211.y, a: = .
2(z - 12) + 2AZ
aF _ .aF aF .
ax - 0, d:>' = O and az = O give
x - 3 + AX =0, y - 4 + Ay =0, z - 12 + AZ =0 ...(iii)
which give

= + ✓[(x -3) 2 + (y-4}2 + (z -12) 2 ] ±✓f

✓ (x + y2 + z
2 2
) 1
Substituting for A in (iii), w·e get
X = _3__ 3 4 12
. l+A -1±.fj'y= 1±.fj'z= 1±.fj

x2 + y2 + 2 2 = 9 + 16 + 144 169
(1 ± Jj)2

Using (ii), 1=
169
(l±Jj)2
or 1 ± Ji = ± 13, Jr = 12, 14.
[We have left out the negative values of because Ji, J1 = AP is+ ve by (i)]
Hence maximum AP= 14 and minimumAP = 12 .
...., ample 5.4 J Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere is a
cube. (Kurukshetra, 2006)
Solution. Let 2x , 2y, 2z be the length, breadth and height of the rectangular solid so that its volume
V = 8xyz ...(i)
Let R be the radius of the sphere so that x 2 + y2 + z 2 = R 2 •••(ii)
Then F(x, y, z) = Bxyz + A(x2 + y 2 + z2 -R 2 )
and oF/ox = 0, oF/oy = 0 and oF/oz =0 give
Byz + 2.xA. = 0, Bzx + 2y).. =0, 8.xy + 2zA =0
or 2x2 A =- Bxyz =2y 2).. =2z 2A.
;I
Thus for a maximum volume x =y =z.
i.e. , the rectangular solid is a cube.
J
•
• ~ A tent on a square base of side x, has its sides vertical of height y and the top is a ,...iar
pyramid of height h. Find x and yin terms of h, if the canvas required for its construction is to be mwntl&M,-.
·: the tent to have a given capacity. ·
l ;-. ,·_
j

t• , • Let V be the volume enclosed by the tent and S be its surface area (Fig. 5.6).
'j Then V = cuboid (.ABCD,A'B'C'D') + pyramid (K,A'B'C'D')
~
"l = x2y + .!x2h = x2(y + h/3)
1 3 .
~
Ii 1
S = 4(.ABGF) + 4A KGH = 4xy + 4 (x • KM)
2
 ·~
K

For constant V, we have

2
6h-0
6V = 2x(y + h/3) 6x + x 2(6y) + 3X -
For minimum S, we have I
I
I •
, 1 2 h2)-112. 2x]6x I

68= [4y+ ✓(x 2 +4h 2 )+x· (x + 4

2
I
y I
I

ijLI ___ ___

. i 2 h2r112 . shBh = o ,,
+ 4x6y + x . 2(x + 4 ,,
By Lagrange's method, h I 3) = 0 ... (i) . A X
B
2. 2 h2r1121 +A · 2x(y + fig. f.(.
[4y+ ✓(x +4h
2 2
)+x (x +4 4x+A·X2::0 ... (ii)
... (iii)
4hx(x +
2 4h2)-112 + ).. . x2/3 =0
(ii) gives A= - 4/x. Then (iii) becomes

4 hx(x2 + 4h2)-112 _ 4x/3 = O or x = J5 h

Now putting x = J5 h, A= - 4/x in (i), we get _ Bh = 0, i.e., y = h/2.
14
5 4
4y+3h+-h--•2x(y+h/3) = o or 4y + - h - By
3
3
3
x 1 _1 1 _ 1 how that the stationary value ofu isgilJe,a
.. • If u = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2 where x- + Y + z- - ' s (A nna, 2013 ; Kerala, 2006)
by X = wla, y = w l b, z = La l e.

Solution. Let u = f(x , Y, z) = a3x 2 + b3Y2 + c3z 2

and <j>(x, Y , z) = x- 1 + y-1 + z-1 - 1
Let F(x,y,z ) =f(x, y,z)+'A.<j>(x,y,z) _ -1-l)
= a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2 + )..(x-1 + y 1 + z .

Then
aF
ay =0
ax =0, aF and az
aF •
= Ogive

2a3x 2 - ')Jx 2 = O, 2b 3y - ')Jy 2 = 0, 2c 3z - ')Jz 2 = 0

or 2a3x3 = A, 2b3y3 =A, 2c3z3 =A
which give ax= by= cz = k (say) {e., x = kla, y = klb, z = k/c :
Substituting these in x- 1 + y-1 + z-1 = 1, we get k = a + b + c
Hence the stationary value of u is given by
x =Lala, y = 'f.a/b and z =wlc.

tple 5 5 Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelopiped that can be insc ·
ellipsoid
X2 y2
Z2
-2+ b2
-+- -1
2 - ·
a C (C.S .V. T. U., 2016 ; D.T.U., 2015 ;.1111U•
U.K T. U., 2010;
1

'), • Let the edges of the parallelopiped be 2.x, 2y and 2z which are parallel to the axes.
volume V = Bxyz.
Now we have to find the maximum value of V subject to the condition that
2 y2 2
£+-+£ -1=0
a2 b2 c2

Write F = Bxyz + A(x:a + y:b + z2 -1] c2

Then aF = Byz + A ( 2x) = 0

ax a2 '
 AL 01 FFCRfNTIATh.lN AND ITS APPLICATIONS

2,!_
c)y
= 0.-G
0
"'x+ "''\ ( ~b'J. ) = 0 ...(.,•·•)
"ii
~
i)z
=Bxv+A,(~)
J c2
=0
Equating the vul ut'.\s of Afro1n (ii) and (iii), we get x 2/a 2 =y 2/b 2
Similarly fro111 (iii) and (iv), we obtain y 2/b 2 = z 2/c 2 .•• x 2/a 2,= y 2/b 2 = z 2/c 2
2 2 2
Substituting these in (i), we got x 2/a 2 = ! i.e. x2 =L2 =!..2 = 31
3 a b c ··
These ~rive x = al/J , y = blJ5 , z = c/Ja
· When x = 0, the parallelopipcd is just a rectangular sheet and as such its volume V = 0.
As x increases, V also increases continuously.
Thus V n1ust be greatest at the stage given by (v).
llence the greatest volume= Babe
rn .
· 3v3
 HIGHER ENGINEERING
•Yl~l,
I•

m y
y

X2 :: 4ay
Q \ IL(2a, a)

I[ ... ---=-
0
p M X
01
Fig. 7.4

1
---
J 2a 5
xdx-
.- _!_._ x6 12a == a 4
2
I6 3
.

- 32a2 o 32a o C
t x from R (x = 2 ...; ay ) on the Parah I .
. t 1strip RS, i.e., w.r. . ' oato
Otherwise integrating first over a horizon a
S(x = 2a ) and then w.r.t. y from y = 0 toy= a, we get Za

ff A
xy dx dy = f oa dx f2..;(ay
~
)
2
xy dx ==
.
foaY [x;J r c . : i)(

2..;\aJ1
dy .

.
2
[ 2
~--
y3]a ==-.
a4
a
f
= 2a o (ay - y ) dy =2a 2 3 o 3

2 d d h R ; the region in the first quadrant bounded by the lines

'7 Evaluate ff R x x Y w ere •8 .
x =y, y =0, x =8 and the curve xy = 16.
2 y
.. ,. The li~e AL (x = 8) intersects the hyperbola xy = 16 at A (B, )
th
while the line y = x intersects this hyperbola at B (4, 4). Figure ~-5 s~ows :
region R of integration which is the area OLAB. To evaluate the given mtegra'
we divide this area into two parts 0MB and MLAB.

x 2 dxdy =
x at M f y at Q 2 f x at L Y at Q', x 2 dx dY f
ff R f x dxdy +
x at O y at P x at M Y at P

f x 2 dxdy f f B 16/ X
x 2 dxdy
f
4 x
= +
0 0 4 0

f
= o4 x2 dx y o + 4 x2 dx y o
x
f 8 I 116/ x 0 P M P' L y=OX
I I

C_HAN~E_Q_F ORDER_OF_INT!GRAT!ON_
In a double integral with variable limits, the change of order of integration changes the limit o f ~
tion. While doing so, sometimes it is required to split up the region of integration and the given in-,lJ
expressed as the sum of a number of double integrals with changed limits. To fix up the new limits, it i s ~
advisable to draw a rough sketch of the region of integration.
The change of order of integration quite often facilitates the evaluation of a double integral. The
examples will make these ideas clear. .

00 00

7 By changing the order of integration of f f e-zy sin px dxdy, ~how

0 0
sin px dx = ~ .
00

J 0 X 2

S lutio f,- J.- ,-ry sinp,c dxdy = J: (f: , -ry sin px d,c) dy
 MIJLTIPLE INTEGRALS ANO BETA , GAMMA FUNCTIONS
..
= f.. I- 1' +
0 p
- .-;v
y
2
(p cos px + y sin px )
0
dy

... (i)
= f .., 2 P 2 dy = I tan - 1 (1.)
p 0
I'"' = rc2
0 p +y

On chang ing tlie order of integr ation, we have

Jo'"' f; e __,.., sin px dxdy = fo 00

sin px {f: e- ry dy} dx

C sin px I~: [ dx =J,- _si_nx_.::;._p_x dx
=
.. .(ii )

we ha~e f sinxpx dx = i .
00

Thus from (i) and (ii), 0

Change the order of integration in the integral

a f ✓(a2 - y 2)
I=
f -a 0
f(x,y) dxdy.

y
Here the eleme ntary strip is parall el to x-axis (such as PQ)
(y = a )
and extend s from x = 0 to x = ✓(a -y ) (i.e., to the circle x + y = a ) and
2 2 2 2 2 this
ore,
. strip slides from y = - a toy = a. This shade d semi-c ircular area is, theref
the region of integr ation (Fig. 7.6).
a
On chang ing the order of integr ation, we first integr ate w.r.t.2 y along
(a -y )]. To
vertical strip RS which extend s from R [y = - ✓(a - y )] to S [y = ✓
2 2 2
X X'
a.
cover the given region , we then integr ate w.r.t. x from x = 0 to x =
a f ✓ (a2 -x2)
Thus I=
f 0
dx
- ✓(a
2
-x 2 )
f(x,y) dy
(y = --<l)
fa ✓(a2-x2) r
or =
f 0 - ✓(a -x
2 2
)
f(x,y) dydx.

•
Evalu ate ff 1
0
e
ex
dydx I log y by chang ing the order of integr ation.

y
Here the integr ation is first w.r.t. y from Pony = eX to Q on
the line y =e. Then the integr ation is w.r.t. x from x = 0 to x = 1, giving - e- B\x =1)
=
the Q y
C ,,
II
.,

shaded region ABC (Fig. 7.7). ll

II
R
, On chang ing the order of integr ation, we first integr ate w.r.t. x from II
ll
II

n x = 0 to S on x = logy and then w .r. t. y from y = 1 toy = e. R ---~-- --~S

x=O ::
Thus fol fe~ dydx = f e f log Y dxdy II
II
\> : eJ'
J
~ log y 1 o log y II
II
A ·p
(y,. 1)
I J1e dy =I Y lel = e - 1.
= f e
1
dy
log y x o
'Jog Y
= O'---------j
f. 7.7

Change the order of integration in I = 0.

4a I2& dydx and hence e .
. J B
.r 14a
(Andhra., 2016; Delhi., 2016 ; Ni
 ~ . 2::: 4uy
) tl . p '1rubo l u .i:
. ·!-lfirstw .r .t .yn n<ll on 1c , _ 4a giving th e
- . Ifor P int."~rat wn •· i x from x = 0 t o x -
i t lwn w. r ..
t.o () on the purnhol a ,v'l = -fox u_n< 0 ) t· R to
~hndPd n•gi on of• 1nt,,gnt
• t.10n
· ( I<' ,,...
" 7 ·c, • . {i r Ht integrate w.r ·t · x ru
01
•. L ,,rratwn, we I •
On chun~ing the orcl t>r O f i n <-r
S , tlwnw.r.t. y f.rom y = 0 t tJ J' -- 4a , r -· fey 2 14 a) dy
I=
4a
f f,.
,
2,J « Y-
dxdy =J 4n J I 1
2
✓a.Y
dy x l I 411
::
4 11

o
(2 ay - Y
O y~/ 4n O ·

2 ray . Y 32a _16a

'1/'l.
= 3
-
__
3
- ~3 .
cl 4r, 2
2 6 2

= 3/2 - 12a
()

. d hence evalu.af<'
Chan~<' thc> or <ler<>I.·Ill l c~
' ,rat wn an ·
" Jr, 2
y dxy
d <C.8. V.T.U., 20lJ ,
I= L Jax Jr; 1- a2 x2 )
. . . . fr mp on th e pa rabola y 2 ==. ax y
t · Here mtegr at10n 1s first w.r .t . Y O . • the shaded reg10n B Q Y=a
to Q on the lin e y = a , then w.r.t. x_from x = 0 to x = a , giving A
OAB of integration (Fig. 7.9). · t from R to
On changing the order of integra · t·10n , we first
1 integrate w .r. · x
S, then w.r .t . y from y = 0 to y= a . ·
j/ y2 dy 1 a J Jl d dx dx
I-
- fo a
o
/a
-;===== dX = -
J <y4 - a2x2) a o o
la
Y
2
Y f 2 2
_\f [(y / a) - x
2)

= -1 j a
. -1
y 2 dy sm 2
(xaJ / l a ·= .!.a f oa y2 dy [ sin- 1 (1) - sin- l (0 ))
Fig. 7.9
X
a o
. y 0

3 a
. n a 2
= 2a o y dy
j n
= 2a
L
3 =
7ta2
6 .
0

E mpl 7. Change the order of integration in I = J~ J: 2

- x xy dxdy and hence ev~luate the same.

<Ann a, 2016; V. T .U. , 2016 ; P.T.U.,2013

• Here th e integration is first w.r.t. y along a vertical
1 'l

strip PQ which extends from Pon the parabolay = x 2 to Q on the line y y

= 2 - x. Such a strip ·slides from x = 0 to x = 1, giving the region of B
integration as the curvilinear triangle OAB (shaded) in Fig. 7.10.
On ch anging the order of integration, we first integrate w.r.t. x
along a h orizontal strip P'Q' and that r equires the splitting up of the
region OAB into two parts by th e line AC (y = 1), i.e., the curvilinear
triangle OAC and the triangle ABC.
For the region OAC, the limits of integration .for x are from x ==
0
to x = .Jy and those for y are from y = 0 toy = 1. So the contribution to
I from th e r egion OAC is Fig. 7.10

/1= J: dy J/; xy dx
For the region ABC, the limits of integration for x a f
toy = 2. So the cont n'b u t·ion t o I fr om the region ABC is re rom x -- 0 t 0 x == 2 - y and those for 1
J2 == J dy J2 -y xy dx . .
i
2
o
.
 = l+_Q_=~-
6 24 8

o-d~r :J/ ,.fl , .. g rot,on m l ;:;: j ..f

• l
,)
\ (x- + :~,-
x ·>
dxdv
I •
..
and h,mce ei1aluate

l. \nd 11ro .. 2014 :J.N.T. U .. 200.'5

Ht>re the int~p-a tion i~ fin-t w .r .t . _v along PQ which y

· 1 - '-1m P on • = x to Q on the circle •y :::: \(2 .- x ~}. Then
the line)'
N' :\"tcflll::O u~
shMs from_,. = 0 toy = 1, gi¥ing the region of integration OAB as
i.nfig. 7.11.
On chan~ng the order of integration , we first intt:--grnte w .r.t. x
:n.,m p to q· a nd that req u ires splitting the region OAB into two
;,:i.arts 0 .-\C and AB C.
· For tht? n·gfon O.-\C , the limits of integration for x are from
.r = OtQ x = 1 and those for .) a re from y = 0 toy= 1. So the contribution
!o l frt,m the region O.-\C is 0
1
J 1 ;:;: Jo d_v Jo
1 Y 2x
'\ t x + y )
2 dx.

For the r~gio.n ABC, the li mits of integration for x are Oto J<2 - y 2 ) and these for y a.re from 1 to ✓2 .
the contribution to I from the region ABC is
-
J"2-J !I

I .> =
- J l
,2
d_y
+ O
l

'V ( x ·2
X

y2)
dx

Hence I
1
= J I + )' ) ' I)'
0
(.r 2 J✓2 I 2 l '2
~ dy + (x 2 + y 2 )1/2 1"( 2 - Y.
2
)
dy
1 0

= J ✓2 dy + J./2 ✓
0
1
( - 1) y
1
(2 - y) dy =
1 (✓
2
2 - 1) + ✓2 ✓ (2 - 1) - 1 = 1 - 1/ ✓2 .
2

DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

i
1
To evaluate J: J~ 2
f( r, 0) drde , we ~st integrate w.r.t. r between limits

r :::: r 1 and r = r .., keeping 8 fixed and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.t. 8
1 from 81 to 02 • hi this integral, r 1 , r 2 are functions of 8 and 81' 8 are constants.
2
1-~ Figure 7.12 illustrates the process geometrically.
~ 8 :::: 8 Here AB and C-!J are the curves r 1 =fl~) and r 2 ={2(8) bounded by the line-s
i 1 and e = 02 • PQ 1s a wedge of angular thickness 68.
~

1 Then J, ( (r , 8) dr indicates that the integration is along PQ P to Q ~

, Whil . ~ . .

• e the integration w .r.t. 8 corresponds t.o the turning of PQ from AC to BD. · Fie. 7.12
"p ~us the whole region of integration is the area ACDB. The order of integration may be ,.11·. -- .1
Cl Propnate changes in the limits.. . --e9'1
 ' rn.:mcn
NGM~,
L.1'11\.>INEERt

. 0 d d0 the cardioid r = a (1 - cos e) above the initial 1·

Evaluate
ff r sin r over '
(Andhra., 2016. Ke Lile.
, ra1o, 20os,.
limit e from O (r = 0) top
.' . To integrate first w.r.t. r, t h e s ar · from Oto
[r = a O - cos 0)J and to cover the region of integration R, 0 vanes
n (Fig. 7.13).
[Jr=a(l-coS 0) rd ] de e =rr wWo0.
ff r sin 0 drd0 =J
R
1t

O
sin 0 0 r

= J.' sin dB r J.
a<l - cos 8) 2 7t 2
2
9
=; (1 _ cos 9) . s in 9 d9
2 0

a 2 (1- cos 0)3 n a2 8 4a 2

--
2 3
=2·3=3·
0

Calculate fJ rs dr d9 over the area included between the circles r = 2 sin 9 and r =4Bina
u Given circles r = 2 sin 0 •· .(i) y
and r = 4 sin 0 ... (ii)
are shown in Fig. 7.14. The shaded area ·between these circles is the region of
integration.
If we integrate first w.r.t. r, then its limits are from P (r = 2 sin 0) to Q(r =
4 sin 0) and to cover the whole region e varies from Oto 1t. Thus the required
integral is .
[ 4]4 sin e
J= f de I 4
0
n s·
. ill
2 SID 8
e
r 3 dr
.
= f n
Q
de !_
4 2 sin 8

1t f rt/2
sin 4 0 d0 = 120 x ~
0 X
= 60
f0 ·
sin 4
0 de = 60 x 2
. 0
2 = 22 .5 1t .
4. 2. 1t