HEMATOPOIESIS  shift to the left – increase in immature

cells
HEMATOPOIESIS examples:
 ↑ band cells
 the formation of blood cellular components  ↑ hyposegmented
(cellular maturation) affected by hormones, neutrophils
interleukins, chemotaxis, blood loss, and  ↑ prolymphocyte
other factors  ↑ promonocyte,
 production or synthesis of red blood cells myelocyte, and
from the various organs of the body with rubricyte
emphasis on the bone marrow (side note)  shift to the right – increase in mature
 blood cellular components: cells
o erythrocytes / red blood cells example:
o leukocytes / white blood cells  macropolycte –
o thrombocytes / platelets hypersegmented
neutrophil
GENERAL RULES
ERYTHROPOIESIS
 all blast cells don’t have granules  stimulated by hypoxia (low O2), blood
o except for rubriblast and loss, erythropoietin (EPO), and
monoblast which are blast cells interleukin – 3
with basophilic granules  hormones which also stimulate
 all cells starting with pro (basophilic) erythropoiesis include
and ending with cyte (eosinophilic or o erythropoietin (kidneys)
neutrophilic) have granules except for o TSH (pituitary gland)
o thrombocytes, erythrocytes, o ACTH (pituitary)
and reticulocytes (no granules) o Growth Hormone (pituitary
o neutrophils, eosinophils, and gland)
basophils (with granules) o Thyroxine/T4 (thyroids)
 nucleoli can only be observed in cells o Cortisol (adrenals)
starting with pro and ending with blast o Testosterone (testes)
 the size of the cell decreases during
maturation except for  estrogen – suppresses erythropoiesis
megakaryopoiesis (platelet synthesis)
 increased mitosis: low iron (smaller red LEUKOPOIESIS
blood cells)  granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and
 decreased mitosis: low folate, vitamin monopoiesis – stimulated by
B12 (larger red blood cells) chemotaxis (calling of cells by
o folate and B12 are needed for chemicals)
the DNA of RBCs  stimulated by chemotaxis and
 nuclear size decreases during interleukins – 3, 5, 11
maturation process
 cytoplasmic size increases during MEGAKARYOPOIESIS
maturation process  stimulated by hemorrhage
  blood loss and interleukins – 3, 6, 11
stimulates thrombopoiesis
STEM CELL may undergo/happen in the bone
marrow
 differentiation
 self – renewal
 apoptosis
TWO TYPES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
 SYMETRIC HEMATOPOIESIS
o stem cell divides into 2
daughter cells which undergoes
differentiation
 ASYMETRIC HEMATOPOIESIS
o stem cell divides into 2
daughter cells which may
undergo either differentiation
or self – renewal
PHASES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
1. PRIMITIVE
 MESOBLASTIC: starts at the
blood islands of the yolk sac
(19-20 days of gestation)
2. DEFINITIVE
 HEPATIC: liver (5th – 6th up to
30th week of gestation)
o may occur in adults
with anemias
(extramedullary
hematopoiesis)
o spleen, thymus, and
lymph node also
become active (for the
storage of blood cells)
 MYELOID: bone marrow (5th
month of gestation)
o pelvis, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum, skull, long
bones
BONE MARROW
RED: active (sternum, skull, scapulae, ribs,
pelvic, and long bones)
YELLOW: inactive (adipocytes)
Retrogression – conversion of red to yellow
marrow which occurs mostly in elderly
Cytokines – necessary for inflammation process
and blood cell production.
Cytokine is released by:
 adipocytes
 macrophages
 fibroblast – precursor of
connective tissue
 endothelial cells
LIVER
 stores vitamin B12 (6 years) and folate
(6 months) which are necessary for red
blood cell production
SPLEEN
 For storage of blood cells
 HAS TWO PARTS:
 WHITE PULP: lymphocytes,
macrophages, and dendritic cells
 RED PULP: erythrocytes
 It also removes senescent red blood
cells after 80-120 days in the process of
culting and pitting
 Sequesters platelets
LYMPH NODE
 formation (or training) of new
lymphocytes (from the bone marrow)
 processing of immunoglobulins
 filtration of debris and bacteria
 o T – lymph → will give rise to
THYMUS T – helper, T – cytotoxic,
 In the thymus, lymphocytes, and T – regulator cells
macrophages (phagocytosis), reticular Colony Forming Unit – Spleen/CFU-S or
cells, and mesenchymal cells are CFU – GEMM
converted to T-cells and B-cells 1. CFU – EO
 B-cells become plasma cells and later on  Eosinophils (red-orange
will become antibodies granules)
(immunoglobulins)  Basophils (large blue-black
 T-cells will differentiate into T-helper, T- granules)
cytotoxic, and T-regulator cells. 2. CFU – GM
 Neutrophils/Granulocytes
TOTIPOTENT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM (purple granules)
CELL/FERRATA CELL  Monocytes
 All blood cells are derived from a single 3. BFU – E (Burst Forming Unit –
stem cell Erythrocyte)
 Main precursor cell
4. CFU – MEG
 Gives rise to two stem cells:
 Thrombocytes
o Colony Forming Unit –
Lymphocyte/CFU-L
o Colony Forming Unit –
Spleen/CFU-S or CFU – GEMM
GRANULOPOIESIS
(Granulocyte, Erythrocyte, ↓
Monocyte, Megakaryocyte) Myeloblast
↓
Promyelocyte
Colony Forming Unit – Lymphocyte/CFU-L
↓
↓
Myelocyte
Lymphoblast
↓
↓
Metamyelocyte
Prolymphocyte
↓
↓
Stab/ Staff / Band
Lymphocyte
↓
Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Basophil
 Lymphoblast – has nucleoli
 Prolymphocyte – has nucleoli and
 Myeloblast – no granules, with
basophilic granules
nucleoli
 Lymphocyte – has fine granules which
 Promyelocyte – basophilic
make it blue or has a robin egg blue
granules with nucleoli
cytoplasm
 Myelocyte – azurophilic
Two types:
granules without nucleoli
o B – Lymph → plasma cells
 Metamyelocyte – indented
→ antibodies
nucleus with azurophilic
granules
  Stab – horseshoe-shaped nuclei

MONOPOIESIS MEGAKARYOPOIESIS
↓ ↓
Monoblast Megakaryoblast
↓ ↓
Promonocyte Promegakayocyte
↓
Monocyte Endomitosis –
division of
 Monoblast – with basophilic granules nuclei
with nucleoli
 Promonocyte – slightly indented Basophilic Megakaryocyte
nucleus with basophilic granules with ↓
nucleoli Granular Megakaryocyte
 Monocyte – irregularly shaped nucleus ↓
with azurophilic granules Mature Megakaryocyte
o Macrophage ↓
o Microglia (CNS) Thrombocytes
o Histocyte (fragments of megakaryocytes)
o Kupffer Cells (Liver)

ERYTHROPOIESIS
↓
Rubriblast / Erythroblast / Normoblast
↓
Prorubricyte / Basophilic Normoblast
↓
Rubricyte / Polychromatophilic Normoblast
↓
Metarubricyte / Orthochromatophilic
Normoblast
↓
Reticulocyte
↓
Erythrocyte