Metals Handbook® “TENTH EDITION Volume 2 Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials Q fe i594 / Specific Metals and Alloys Table 2 Comparison of various specifications for commercially pure titanium mill products iieal ee r Chea compotion 9 mat ine rng veld arena — ge, toe eeseodeea neat a ee ue 7 is Gear vos 81s oa 0a Tisai wea 1656) aby 7 ‘ASTM grade 1 (UNS 50240. 61 ok om 020 203500 254s Py ins. 708 Oo 00581 aus 8 wean ao Ts" 58 Fy ost er 00s Ga 00 amt otome ag a BS I-20? ons 020 ean «eps * B IIs Cas 2, Gos 020 0s 0s 30510 50-4150) 3b) B ASTM grade? (UNS soe om 02s 0m om we TSO oH » DIN 3.38 Om oon bm ome as ee) ss 2 Gost Br, oor co Om) amt 030mx 3900 57-78 2 Be 235i” eons 020 sos sas “ 2 4s Cis 5. OOS 030 or 30 ost 750348) is [ASTI gra 3 UNS Roost) o10 035 00s 020 osm 85 ” ASTM grade (UNS "Tb a0) ow 05 00 sm aw » » ans 735 or obs 038 One 0 osm ots a is Sta pace 7 (UNS RSME) na. Gl0(@)— «028003030 a2s PE ws sao » ASTM grade 11 (NS S223). 01 0 ams 020 as PH mo 38 most Sas u ASTM grade 12 (UNS ssa. 010 oals 025 0m 030 O24 Mo, ew s 2 O6098i nes ogee a ae va emis (Oty fo set, ed. (2) Hye its vary sing prot fom fw: 01H she OTH en 0.10 ‘aket rhe beta transus is about 910 + 15°C (1675 # 25, "F) for commercially pure titanium with 0.25 wi% O, max and 945 + 15°C (1735 = 25 °F) with 0.40 wi% 0, max, For the various ASTM grades of commercially pure titanium, typical transus temperatures (with pha, therefore, isan indication that the ‘an uncertainty of about 15 "C, or +25 °F) material has been heated to a temperature are: above the beta transus. A beta structure ‘cannot be retained at low temperatures ‘unalloyed titanium, except in small quanti- ties in materials containing beta stabilizing contaminants such as iron. Effect of Impurities on Mechanical Prop- ‘erties. Besides the effect on transformation temperatures and lattice parameters, impu- ature range. Platelet width decreases with cooling rate. Equiaxed alpha can only be Produced by recrystalization of material that has been extensively worked in the alpha phase. The presence of acicular al- 130 ‘0 "85 rites also have important effects on the mechanical properties of titanium. Residual ‘elements such as carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and iron raise the strength and lower the ductility of titanium products. The effect of ¢arbon, oxygen, and nitrogen is shown i ig. | Typical unit cell parameters for an alpha crystal structure at 25 °C (77 °F) are: 2= 0.2950 am = 0.4683 nm Impurity elements (commonly oxygen, ni- trogen, carbon, and iron) influence unit cell ‘dimensions. The typical unt cell parameter Basically, oxygen and iron contents deter- mine strength levels of commercially pure titanium. In higher strength grades, oxygen and iron are intentionally added tothe resid tal amounts already in the sponge to provide extra strength. On the other hand, carbon and nitrogen usualy are held to minimum residual levels to avoid embritlement. When good ductility and toughness are desired, ‘the extradow interstitial (ELD fades we used In ELT grade carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron must be held to scceptably low levels because they lower the ductility of the final product (se, for example, the effect of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in Fig. 1). ‘The titanium for ingot production may be either titanium sponge or reclaimed scrap. Inter ease, stringent specifications must bbe met for control of ingot composition, Most important are the hard, brite, and refractory titanium oxide, anim nie, cor complex titanium oxynitride particles that, if retained through subsequent melting ‘operations, could act as crack initiation sites in the final product. for the beta structure is 0.329 nm at 900 °C. (1650 °F). ‘The microstructure of unalloyed titanium ‘at room temperature is typically a 100% alpha-crystal structure. As amounts of im- purity elements increase (primarily iron), small but increasing amounts of beta are observed metallographically, usually at al- ppha grain boundaries. Annealed unalloyed comer i i lovee Wain td sloratin p titanium may have an equiaxed or acicular a alpha microstructure. Acicular alpha occurs during beta-to-alpha transformation on ‘cooling through the transformation temper- Fig. 1 eects of intersiabelement content on stength and duct of unalloyed taniumWrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys / 597 = : = oo =F; | amueve H pane ul 7 scm ee 7 ; Re | WN a 7 - go) RES Ps g os ORADN, g 100} § 100 is 5 We, : 0 0 ct A i rs wows} | [et ; L im 1 1 ee eg GH LUE LT = = ” ° Fig. 5. Creep characteristics at 425 °C (0007 for milanneale tanlum (8.0% T) with 40.2% ye strength (5) ofa 380 MPa (5 ka and) 480 MPa 0 Ks) a ladium grades and alloy Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (ASTM grade 12 or UNS 853400). The alloy ‘contents allow improvements in corrosion resistance and/or strength. Tutanium-palladium alloys with nominal palladium contents of about 0.2% Pd (Table 2) are used in applications requiring excel- lent corrosion resistance in chemical pro- cessing or storage applications where’ the media is mildly reducing or fluctuates be~ tween oxidizing and reducing. The palladi- ‘um-containing alloys extend the range of titanium application in hydrochloric, phos- Phoric, and sulfuric acid solutions (Table 4) Characteristics of good fabrica ability, and strength level are similar to those of corresponding unalloyed titanium srades. Palladium additions of less than specified ‘minimums are less effective in promoting an iproved corrosion resistance. Excess pal- ladium (above specified range) is not cost effective. Only alpha soluble amounts of palladium are added to make titanium-pal- ladium alloys; therefore, microstructures are essentially the same as for equivalent ‘grades of unalloyed titanium. Titanium-pal- ladium intermetallic compounds formed in this system have not been reported to occur ‘with normal heat treatments, Alloy Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (UNS 53400, or ASTM grade 12) has applications similar 10 those for unalloyed titanium but has better strength (Fig. 8) and corrosion resistance (ig. 9). However, the corrosion resistance of this alloy is not as good as the titanium: palladium alloys. The ASTM grade 12 alloy is particularly resistant to crevice corrosion Gig. 10) in hot brines (see the section “Corrosion Resistance and Chemical Reac- tivity” in this article for a brief discussion ‘on crevice corrosion). The microstructure of 53400 is either equiaxed or acicular alpha with minor amounts of beta. Acicular alpha microstructures are found primarily in welds or heat-affected zones. In a series of crevice corrosion tests, Tonga, Temper 40000 1a00_1 7 : ‘Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni was completely resistant " ee. et pe 500-h exposures to the following boiling 7 J} —° FE i solutions: saturated ZnCl, at pH of 3.0; 107% -E 10] #£ To "2 Ge AICI; MgCl, at pH of 4:2; 10% NH,Cl at ae se FF raie 3 Be pH of 4; saturated NaCi, and saturated 3 a g bg 1 Be NaCl + Cl, both at pH of 1.0; and 10% 4 BP. 2 NaySO, av pH of 10" a sma test In i rt Grades 10 boiling 10% FeCl,, crevice corrosion was oe el L observed in metalio-Teflon crevices after 0940 60080 SO h. Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni also exhibits the fol Tope owing typical corrosion rates: « o Tempera aang j400_0 400 soo 1200 1000 2000 Tempera. Sd rr SENOS 3 eels soo oom soy E | Stngtietnargon | “NoHo « $ aus Baza fr Veta cant {om slated + «| — ieewtes eee ieieerat Oneal ‘8.50 forme oa : ones som crn ia 2» — I al, Tom one cca Cae iL sincmneme as ° a mo Ses 9 a6 seo Fea To 80 Temper © Torpari,© Titanium Alloys ° « fables S(a), 5(b), and 5(c) list the compo- Fig. 6 Yalow themalcecical and optic! properties of unaloye anum a slated temperatures) sitions of various titanium alloys. Because Thermal expansion. (8) Thermal conductviy.(c) Opti ems td) Elena! res the allotropic behavior of titanium allows600 / Specific Metals and Alloys Table 5(a) Compositions of various alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys apt a i me ing (or flattening) between the alpha and the basis for nearalpha alloy IMI 834 (Ref Titanium alloys are classified as alpha beta transus temperature, In Fig. 11, for 10) Alloy IMI 834s heat treated high inthe alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys: example, the lean beta stabilizer content of _alpha-beta region (Fig. 11)to give about 7.5 to Alpha alloys have essentially all-alpha alloy IMI 829 produces a near-aipha alloy 13 vol%.of primary alpha in fine grain (0.1 crostructores. Beta alloys have largely al with steep beta-transus approach curve, mim) matrix of transformed beta. This combi- beta microstructures after air cooling from In contrast, an alloy with additional beta nation of equiaxed alpha and transformed the solution treating temperature above the stabilizer (inthis case TI-GAI-4V) results in beta provides a good combination of creep beta transus. Alpha-beta alloys contain # an alpha-beta alloy with a flattened ap- and fatigue strength (Ref 9). Carton also mixture of aipha and beta phases at room roach curve. improves strength and fatigue performance. temperature. Within the alpha-beta cas% a aA se iy, te itn woe nw no ES =e ae T2SCu (AECMA eet, HF Bus AECMA stuns pEN23 msn). 00s 0m 0010202 eAwalotes 2030s ste rte a Toe (eka ane )..005 08 OME 0202 Od al athen 203462 1T.SAL2S8 (UNS din RSD INI oy WEAK) 008 O88 9m 0302 4060 2030 Riss oiolgue ican) "aes Oat Ser 8883 omsvw tos one MS tags a "oe ogg hays mea AMS 10 4950 20030 ages BT shai) “00s 10 oad MAT MS tage io onnaseu ‘Sta eral i ASTM BUN nag 088 010 00S 0402) 44% 20030 soar Cun te le $e 8382 Bhs tose 03m u “THSAV2.SSn-EL1 (UNS designation RS4S2I) i AMS 4909 (plate, sheet, strip) .....0.035 0.05 0.0125 025 O12 O+ Fe = 0.2, 450-575 2,003.00 ! oh 0 AMS A ts foe 88S 08S 00S 02S a OTR NUS 4mese 200300 ac visi wssay eos 010 001s 030 ean ail soso 200.30 AAV. (NS ONG Beware pei is ot rable : \ w Iii i lg tei) a, ‘eae 06s, om ons 30 a ows.) 238488 onsi2s arsiasv MERE gigas ahs Saat 30 EOS Teas SES ‘iat NS REV AMS 819,978,476 e008 OOS 00S 025 OAS HIS, S040? NAL LB j ay US. werent) 8 00S OOS 025 GS ONSCESm 5506501822 3644 BRD hs ‘Tea Te Me NS RAD Dial. cow OQ 08 9028 012 010 ‘ os aNb ite De aan Am OOM 8 Lost sais 2 gdttae TBS, ose nen crs nam) Ppt co om ome on a Masi) Sn Ror dws ionie.2 8B 8 Oats ORE m.omsy “20S” asus astso ova SiS Shinra TAD AS sd TA + eo1es 020 : reas sts 4060 e812 anassi ‘hae Bi TARTAR cc os 020 : reas mss Ang 0812 sume TAIT ters se TOES eee ‘ 2k 2 ows Tsar nda eos 08 0 5 a Tealose are a0 i Se eS ats i ds ass its fs a mite SM 2 hates, ow 0 om om er vay) (2 an eect lt ms ct 4s i ao ie oe ee ea a et gga re aetna em ens ree een er cen geese te ly ‘up cra Semin yooh UNS eapon SRS ie the alpha transus and the beta transus, ‘The use of carbon to flatten the approach Alloy Classes | ‘Typically, beta stabilizers cause a widen- curve while also stabilizing the alpha phase isWrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys / 601 Table 5b) Compositions of various alpha-beta titanium alloys are — wes) aig deen, ote pti Pogo 8 6 ES a so ome! {TeeALAV (ONS Rew) Type 00s 0 032 ‘ ‘ ‘oy Tien chia nd MENDSSO forbs... 005 008 O01 3S O2aatwal 5385 assy Ten ABCMA ‘andar rN? er she, sip ple 095 0m oo 0202s s545 asasy DIN Ta ay WiS.7i65)—" OS Os ool 8k OE seen ay ‘AMS 605 (pla) 8) S85 cons Oa ok enomsy Seas feu AMS tos et, tip) nas me Oas «30 Ok Shwe, ssasy AMS 411 pine, shes, 005 8.8 GOS 030 ban hay SERRE say As 900 sed {rows foring. wire) 088 0.19 092 030020 @,0008y S478 asasy aes Bene) am tas Gos oan tae bam SEIS crsEN ASEM B Some. Oto as tae aS 558% 3a, cinaasha ASTALE 46 ns and Fak ‘at 0s 010 00s a om ss635 say ‘ThoALAV-ELE (ONS Reet) AMS 4907 nd 490 205 oon gos 035 (omy ss475 asasy AMS 496 te fo ofo eas 80 o S547 olmox Ome om 35457 ASTM 18 a) 00S dos Gans Oat seas say ‘SIM 45 oad a at) 0s a0 aon 04 oa ss675 asasy TOALGV.20 (UNS REG) 00 00s 01s 03510 ow ‘ 2 asc, 6v fot 085 Gols O3E10 Om ecm —sa'so sas oioes, AMS 679 Cos foings) 004 005 0015 03810 om) soso 1sas Sane tahoe eer fae UNS Sma AMS 4909......005 008 001 0 02 sone UNS Sone AMS S97).-"'005 10 GOR 3) ee ‘ Tse (UNS Kewo) sO tot Gols sae : 2 ‘ ‘ Ter ae ao Tables). 804 00s Gols Oe aa 3 i 3 ‘ doce TealaseadrteraMo,. 86 00s Gols Om Si saseas 178225 i7s2as iaszas oat ears, rss, parssi : 4 ‘ ‘ os Tisaia iV io ANS) SOM G05 eis — om) gad ass : 203av BMS 3 7 2 : “ ao : a ‘ i oss I é 5 4 sdvoas: Tanne vie 005 om 00s 030 on : iv Tae 05 005 Gorm 023 815 owed © astes tka? aaa tsa Tas * @ 2 “ 5 esi a i I et aes SOM A a Oo he ol 8 an alloy that contains much more alpha than beta is often called a near-alpha alloy. The hames super-aipha and lean-beta alpha are also used for this type of alpha-beta alloy. For the purposes of this discussion, the ‘ear-alpha alloys are grouped withthe alpha alloys, even though they may have some ‘microstructural similarities with the alpha- beta alloys. ‘Alpha alloys (Table Sa) such as Ti-SAF 2.5Sn are slightly less corrosion resistant but higher in strength than unalloyed titani- lum, Aipha alloys generally are quite ductile, ‘and the ELI grades retain ductility and foughness at cryogenic temperatures. Alpha alloys cannot be strengthened by heat treat- ‘ent because the alpha structure isa stable Phase. The principal microstructural vari- able of alpha alloys is the grain size, For a fixed ition, short-time strength (Yield) and long-time strength (creep rup- ture) are influenced by grain size and stored ‘energy (if any) of deformation. ‘The principal alloying element in alpha alloys is aluminum, but certain alpha alloys, ‘and most commercial unalloyed titanium, contain small amounts of beta-stabilizing elements. Alpha alloys that contain small Additions of beta stabilizers (Ti-8AI-IMo-1V or T-6A-2Nb-ITa0.8Mo, for example) sometimes have been classed as superalpha or near-alpha alloys. Although they contain some retained beta phase, these alloys con sist primarily of alpha and may behave more like conventional alpha alloys in that their response to heat treatment (age hardening) land processing more nearly follows that of the alpha! alloys than the conventional al- ha-beta alloys. ‘Because near-alpha alloys contain some beta stabilizers, near-alpha alloys can ex- bit microstructural variations (Fig. 12) similar to that of alpha-beta alloys. The microstructures can range from equiaxed alpha (Fig. 12a), when processing is per formed in’ the alpha-beta region, to an acicular structure (Fig. 12c) of trans- formed beta after processing above the beta transus. Because these microstruc- tural variations are related to different property improvements (Table 8), the pro- temperatures of near-alpha alloys generally influence properties in the fol- lowing way: ie Toca ee ‘eval aren Moderate Good Creep strength...” Goo Poor Fatigee strength" "/ Moderate Ged Fracture toughness. Good Poor Crack growth rte.» Good Moderate Gran see ane Sin602 / Specific Metals and Alloys Table 5(c) Compositions of various beta tanium alloys er Mester Deiat Spottt ON Cena TAVAIGAT (UNS S810)... AMS 4217 00s 00s oms 035 tT 2533 Bs1sv, oon AMS 1939 wie) 0S 005 000 O35 OT), DOuY 2538, Sclesv, 10a MILT 300, 005 Gas OMS aIsoss O17 “Gkwwal 2538 BSesV, too. MLR MILT soar 005 005 oms 035 ONT asas NS4SV, 190-2) Mile Highooghess grade 0.015 0.06 0.008 Cttiman, 25.35 st4sv, 10s ‘Hom Te8Mo8V.2Fe3A1 UNS SEE)... MIL-T-9046, 005 005 OOS 1624 O16 OM total 2634 1545 7385 Milt 987, and. MICR-Ia2 Beta C(UNS RSBM..Same as above 00S. 00S 01S 030 O12 toal 3.0.40 3s4s 334s 1s85v Bet I AMS:077, 980 O05 G10 Oa O35 OI oak 398525 4395 0-80 "ASTM H 38, 8 255, 8357, and 8 ie THOV-2FeSAL......orpngaloy 0.08 005 on @ 2535 928.1075 Tis ‘Sheet aloy 00: 005, os 1) 2533 2535 Tine) Engine compressor 0.05 005, omens S85 Tete L624 ass ‘ley Transage 75 Highstengh, 0050.08 ots e252 aS7S 1825 levated temperature Transage 134 Highastrengh alloy 005 008 0015020 OS Ke) 2030 SIS 5565 Teansage 129 ee aaa 2. ana naptime 04 mat (8m ch, 03 msl Aly T sch ek oy teh ected wn In heat treating titanium alloys above the beta transus, a coarse beta grain size is likely unless adequate precautions are taken in forging and/or heat treatment. In con- trast, a beta grain size of =0.1 mm can be achieved by processing near-alpha alloys high in the alpha-beta region (that is, near the beta transus) as compared to a typical beta grain size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm for beta- processed alloys. The quench rate also has 8 significant effect on the transformation product in that slow rates will give aligned alpha plates, which tend to be good for creep but somewhat worse than the faster quenched structures, basket-weave alpha, in fatigue. Alpha-beta alloys (Table 5b), which con- tain one or more alpha stabilizers plus one ‘or more beta stabilizers, can be strength- ‘ened by heat treatment or thermomechani- ‘cal processing. Generally, when strengthen- ing is desired, the alloys are rapidly cooled from a temperature high in the alpha-beta range or even above the beta transus. This solution treatment is followed by an inter- mediate-temperature treatment (aging) to produce an appropriate mixture of alpha and transformed beta products. Response (o heat treatment is a function of cooling rate from the solution temperature and therefore may be affected by section size. Like the near-alpha alloy in Fig. 12, the microstructure of alpha-beta alloys can take ‘on different forms, ranging from equiaxed ‘o acicular or some combination of both. Equiaxed structures are formed by working an alloy inthe alpha-beta range and anneal- at Jower temperatures. Acicular struc- tures (Fig. 13¢) are formed by working or heat treating above the beta transus and ‘apid cooling. Rapid cooling from tempera- tures high in the alpha-beta range (Fig. 13d and e) will result in equiaxed primary (prior) alpha and acicular alpha from the transfor- mation of beta structures. Generally, there are property advantages and disadvantages for each type of structure. Table 8 com- pares, on a relative basis, the advantages of each structure, By a suitable manipulation of forging and heat treatment schedules, a wide range of properties is attainable in alpha-beta alloys. In particular, the alpha-beta alloys are more responsive to aging than the near-alpha al- loys. The near-alpha alloys are less respon sive to aging because little, if any, change in properties can be expected when phases are ‘a nearly equilibrium condition prior to aging. In the alpha-beta alloys, the presence of ‘nonequilibrium phases, such as alpha-prime or metastable beta, results in substantial increases in tensile and yield strengths fol- lowing the aging treatment. Table 9, for ‘example, shows the response to heat treat- ment for the widely used Ti-6AI-4V alloy. ‘The tensile data show that no response to ‘aging occurs upon furnace cooling from solution temperatures. Only a slight re- sponse occurs upon air cooling (microstruc- tures in Fig. 136 and d), while the greatest response is experienced with water quench- from the solution temperature (micro- structures in Fig. 13¢ and e). Good response to aging takes place upon water quench from the beta field (Fig. 13c); howes ductilities are quite low (Table 9). The t combination of properties can be produ by solution treating and rapidly quench from close to but below the beta tran temperature (Fig. 13d or e), followed by aging treatment (Table 9). ‘Beta alloys (Table Sc) are sufficiently ¢ in beta stabilizers (and lean in alpha stabi cers) that the beta phase can be complet retained with appropriate cooling rates. B alloys are metastable, and precipitation ‘alpha phase in the metastable beta is a me ‘od used to strengthen the alloys. Beta all ‘contain small amounts of alpha-stabilizing ‘ements as strengthening agents ‘Asa class, beta and near-beta alloys of increased fracture toughness over alp beta alloys at a given strength level, ® the advantage of heavy section heat'tre ment capability. However, beta and ne lose control to achie ‘optimal properties, though this is not ‘ways the case. In the past, beta alloys I rather limited applications, such as sprit ‘and fasteners, where very high strength ¥ required. Tn recent years, however, beta alle have received closer attention because th fracture toughness characteristics respt to the increased need for damage tolera! in aerospace structures. In addition, sO beta alloys containing molybdenum hi ‘g004 corrosion characteristics. Beta alk ‘also exhibiWrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys / 617 Table 18 Typical tensile, bend, and hardness data for as-welded titanium and several titanium alloys Fat are Ta ae ign am Tir Matton Sara ul Sane ci rey Seer octet | Trade Uncle shet as “ us 4 sae ox uo sure Single bead weld. us x 35 n ms or Py SSOHRB Maltiplebead weid us 3 Ea » ma ‘Transverse weld is Sa) ‘NG LUnlde set. oy @ ms 2 2 29 us fosnRe Single ead wed Py B 0 s 13 2 us ST HRS Mate bead weld 510 ue aS 56 13 Tranaerse weld a m0) Grade Unwelded sheet ss eB 35 2 239 Lye 44 HRB ‘Single ead shee as ® a a iss an Danke Makple-bead weld as ® oo » a “Tamavere weld so Ba ‘Gre Unwelded sheet “ 56 20 n na ar 2s panne Shaglbead wel. os 101 so, a isa Sa Ey DNDHRC Mate bead wei 710 ry as Ss 160 Tranaverse weld oo ‘sa i ‘TSaba.S8—5L1 Unwelded sheet. 30 a = uy 187 aa m5 saa HRc Singlbead weld oa 3 7. i 98 53 io 20 HRC Mtl bead weid os 1 ao us is ‘Tranmere weld 0 nse) "T46412N0-1TwtMe avalde sheet Bs 10 as m4 92 tw ms weunc Singlead wed 0 Bs on us 8 in io Bo HRC Malle bead weid 36 a as ue 33 Traverse weld S80 Tax) : maaasy Unwelded set... ms 1 oo a 182 oe 20 aye uec Singe-ead weld a ry rt 5 a7 Sa 20 ib HRC wei Hs 106 @s Ff 12 ‘Tranwerse weld 70 Toe) newav ‘Unwalded sheet 1000 us as "7 ne 26 mo szune Slag bead weld 0 154 m0 b a8 3 30, SSO MRE Mate bead weid 10 13 36. Co Er ‘Tranmere weld ro1s a TaALMeLY Unwelded shet 190 1 1000 s 50 28 as S6ouRC Sing ead wel {ows i 0 13 35 fae 36 SHIRE Male bead wei ms 1 5 18 33 ‘Traneverse wel Soo 14 . ‘Teeanev.2sa Unweded sheet 1060 184 00s Ws 98 2a 30 Sonne Sing bead weld Ss ite ss i oO Bae E Seance Miple-beadweid 0 9 1 ‘Singe-bed weld we race Coa fom 80°C 1030 rey = we an iss Tupv.crsal Unwelded set ws 1 310 2 an 0 sos Re Sing bead wed 3. ie os 1a ah 3 BOT HRC Malle bead weid os be 5 cy 5 Traneverse weld 0 10) : (Petre ecard in ae etl ‘high in the alpha-beta field, material proper- ties appear similar to those resulting from high-temperature annealing. With most. al- loys, a final low-temperature anneal will pro- duce properties characteristic of typical an- ‘ealed material. Welding has the greatest potential for af- fecting material properties. In all types of ‘welds, contamination by interstitial impuri- ties such as oxygen and nitrogen must be minimized to maintain useful ductility in the ‘weliment. Alloy composition, welding proce- dure, and subsequent heat treatment are high- ly important in determining the final proper- ties of welded joints. Table 18 reviews ‘mechanical properties for representative al- loys and types of welds. The data can be summarized as follows © Welding generally increases strength and hardness ‘© Welding generally decreases tensile and bend ductility ‘© Welds in unalloyed titanium grades 1, 2,620 / Specific Metals and Alloys Table 20 Typical physical properties of wrought titanium alloys See Table 15 for tans temperatures, Cain oar ral ac pK Nota MIR MME AIDS NONESTE ASwe MDeKRC ADe.BIE Pt Sates footie “Tae “toca ‘twas’ Geen) eam") Cte i ASTI arades 1, 2,34 and 1 sus, 92060) 9764 1GH — WI 019 eallys SAL28S0 e460 95053) 95083) ws o1@ SAI28Sn low 0.009452) 35053) 3788 5 10168 Near MoV, san 90150) 1166 0367 ose SeIMo- 2545 ae. Mea si 349 9205) 94052 one earaseeazr ite 200773 aes, aes) ola SANSSn zr Mod 38) 036.9 bis eALaN a IM. 7 90650) ole ius. 9850 93629563 98H IO, Ost a 9. 34553) oRoa) 9596155) Ose IMB 10565) w96n nen ols sf alge Me, 864UH 926.) 975 367 BKM 76 RETH om SAL 3363) 99153) 398.3) o1g ala 3643 906-52) 945956) 976. oo EAIAY dow 03) A6uH — 906-825 9459-956 -875H) ole satav.38e 30150) 95053) ote SAM 3089 92060 9764 WiG8 was 11262 ola sAlasedrae 908m 928) 355) S565) ot ShLasnzraMe Se 02881 ous ts. sun 9005 2360 9764 mis@ O16 It 6 22U8 Sa, 9462 9663) ons Balers BV-ICe SAL 9459 9965 1065) 116. 45) om BMo-tV-2FeaAl é ors SALavecraModd87GH 905) san 9669) or Toua lu) gu RT, on Bun aT9uE 5215 9415) or S90) 326) 9482 9583) (2 Room repent. (AL 95°C 200 can eda apd anon notch strength, fracture toughness, and creep strength at strength levels similar to those obtained by regular annealing © Recrystallization annealing of T-GAL4V or TEOALAV-ELI: Heat 4-h or more at 925 to 955 °C (1700 to 1750 °F), furnace cool to 760 °C (1400 “F) at a rate no higher than 56 *C/h (100 "Fih), cool to 480 °C (900 °F) at a rate no lower than 370 *CIh (670 "Fi), air cool to room temperature. Advantages: improved fracture toughness and. fatigue-crack- growth characteristics at somewhat re- duced levels of strength. This is usually used with ELI material © Beta annealing of T-SAl-4V, Ti6AI4V- ELI, and TeOAl-2Sn-42r-2Mo. TH6Al- 4V or TeOAL-AV-ELI: Heat 5 min to 1 h at 1010 to 1040 °C (1850 to 1900 °F, air 201 to 650 °C (1200 °F) at a rate of 85 SCimin (150 *Fimin) or higher, then 2h at 730 to 790 °C (1380 to 1430 "F), ait cool. Advantages: improved fracture tough: ness, high-ycle fatigue strength, ereep strength, and resistance to aqueous stress corrosion. Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo: Heat ¥s hat 1020 °C (1870 °F), air cool, then 8 h at 595 °C (1100 F), air cool Advantages: improved creep strength at ‘elevated temperatures as well as im- proved fracture toughness Post Heat Treating Requirements. Titani- lum reacts with the oxygen, water, and ‘carbon dioxide normally found in oxidizing heat treating atmospheres and with hyéro- ‘gen formed by decomposition of water vapor. Unless the heat treatment is formed in a vacuum furnace or in an inert ‘atmosphere, oxygen will react with the titanium at the metal surface and produce ‘an oxygen-enriched layer commonly called “alpha case."" This brittle layer must be removed before the component is put into service. Tt can be removed by machining, but certain machining operations may re- sult in excessive tool wear. Standard prac- tice is to remove alpha case by other mechanical methods of by chemical meth- ‘ods, or by both. Hydrogen Contamination. Titanium is chemically active at elevated temperatures and will oxidize in air. However, oxidation is not of primary concern. The danger of hydro- een pickup is of greater importance than that ‘of oxidation. This is not normally a problem, but it could be a problem if using a steel heat tuvating furnace witha reducing atmosphere. Use of these furnaces should only be after ‘complete purging. Current specifications limit hydrogen content to a maximum of 125 to 200 ppm, depending on alloy and mill form. ‘Above these limits, hydrogen embrittes some titanium alloys, thereby reducing impact strength and noich tensile strength and caus- ing delayed cracking. Beta alloys are more susceptible to hydrogen contamination but are also more tolerant of hydrogen. Heat Treatment Verification. Hardness is nota good measure ofthe adequacy of he thermomechanical processes accomplished during the forging and heat treatment of titanium alloys, unlike most aluminum &l- Joys and many heat-treatable ferrous alloys. ‘Therefore, hardness measurements are not used to verify the processing of titanium alloys. Instead, mechanical y tests (for example, ‘tensile tests and fracture toughness) and metallographie/microstruc- tural evaluation are used to verify the thet- ‘momechanical processing of titanium alloy‘Wrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys / 621 Table 21 Minimum and average mechanical properties of wrought titanium alloys at room temperature — ae i em = Sor “ae woe, ‘uewe, acne Ste mes | cmon conn tba ies Site tate noone Commerly pure ant ! 99.5 Ti(ASTM grade). Aneaed 1m 2” 8 OHB 173860 a ; Gea G39 468 S82 THASTM gre)... Ane Soa ooswask moa? a oo om oo 68 SBA THASTM ride 3)... Aveo wos Seam ass Shemp ba Ste ae ae my ow) Go 68 SROTIAASTM gre)... Anealed Soon fos wu) as See aa f +9) Goa (3) 68 99.2 THO)(ASTM pte 7)... Ane Moat Bos ay mon? See ae ae S&S wos “68 989 THe)(ASTM rae 12. Arlt fos Sewes io 25 ro (49) ean A120 secs Aneel mos nowy 6 Sa) H03 as ais (ie any (80 A125 low 03 Anne ‘cos oe Sen) ssurc Sos i oot ‘Ge-ion 050) BALIMOAV. coccccsesee Duplex ames 90-000 09S) SHRC MwA oo) deb (say ih sn iMo225AtSitzeMo- ost Doplcamenled 100-03 soos SS sone 138 (5) (0-60 (83) 6A12804202M0 cesses Dopecames —Stnoeo “bass ase « (i010) (hobo 63) Satsse2IM00258i......975°C0RS) “SOhibe ‘KS is 0336 (aMac+ GIS date 85, se ion" am, a 6A.2N0 TIM, Acwled 25cm O45 OTS kM) MOHRC ‘inde iste deni ans, 6402501 Str M00350i BiStocrccrneccecs- Ble + diner 14) SASK mal 68 TSA Zr SMo- 02880 Phetwendat 917 THIS kw =n 150%. 00. (1) 11H fon) & oo ‘ered 2 at sat M9 TS Sala SS INbOzMod55)-.- Bea wed at 520(min) 120 (mia) 9m) 15 (ain 0G AC, OI) ons ‘aged thal at IMLao4 crs. sala SSad- OANA SMODASOOK)...ef preced —-MO(Rin)910(ain)—Gimin) Sain) we” “ons faten a, Ames wos ws sR was (si) dies (ie) saiasy. Armee Goo “Sos we its coi Gay ©, (ss) ony. esc Ame wos fom eet) asmmc bk twee : (io) (hbo ast (ie) Soaion + acing 1172070) TBC) avec 6A14¥ dow 03 38 sR a1 00 i, ey snvas0 us setire ase ow ‘ we unc . 7As4o. seccee Sotoe + ASne 0 16) Bway Some a Awe 10 nin) . o EAS AMO ose Son + age 12008) oo (continued) (2) ange sven, he we al inna ler as ree) Al ins 2) Alo contig 08 Ni and 03 MAC, ctl622 / Specific Metals and Alloys Tile 2t ot aS ————— Eee eee a wus eT ee OY TS war nnn eas ae HNN 18S ee set Wd gin oat om aoe saa wa ee aa i oy OG on fs ne a ma me FS om BCI ce in ae me 8 a os Be sms foo ee eS eae es eae ma 3 rwercaaans. saison ae 1 | wos cy sts tea soy Se Bes secrinnet..samnran {eae SRE st i cnn Be se warn tame iy ROE ER re me ee a8 Tissosusmn. ames SRS ou Be BG a Be RS nyyeecoateeen % "sda sade ese oman ews uae a renege tamer ES BE Soe Teepe suse Sa as 7 imperse Bn same me ON ww __ os stp crane mn mt forgings. Mechanical property and micro- structural evaluations vary, ranging from the destruction of forgings to the testing of extensions and/or protongations forged in- tegrally with the parts. Properties ‘The titanium alloys, with their high strengths and low densities, can often bridge the properties gap between alumi- ‘Table 22 Yield strength and plane strain fracture toughness of various titanium alloys TH sa smo processed fs sn ve 6 Bio w.t00 2 ey aise 7 = Be Ba ms a cr 4 1% 1Os11m 19. BH BOs Tsim sim Shee Aa (Sundar nye 020) Source: Aa rom Re 1 Rt Re 1S ‘num and stee! alloys, providing many of the desirable properties of each. For example, titanium, like aluminum, is nonmagnetic and has good heat-transfer properties spite its relatively low thermal conductivity as discussed in the section “Commercially ure Titanium” ‘expansion coefficient of titanium alloys (Ta- ble 20), ranging from about 9 to 11 ppm/C (St06X 10-*inJin. - P), is slightly lower than that of most steels and less than half ‘that of aluminum. In addition, titanium is nontoxic and biologically compatible, mak- ing it useful for surgical-implant devices. Other important characteristics of ttani- um alloys depend on the class of alloy (Fig. 23) and the morphology of the alpha consti ‘uents (Table 8). In the near-alpha and alpha- beta alloys, the variations in the alpha mor- phology are achieved with different heat ‘treatments (Table 19). A fine equiaxed ak ppha (which is associated with high tensile Strength, good ductility, and resistance 10THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER VOLUME 1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Metallic Elements and Alloys Y. S. Touloukian Director ‘Thermophysical Properties Research Conter ‘and and ‘Viaiting Professor of Mechanical Engineering ‘Auburn University R.W. Powell Senior Re “ThermophysialP Prd ee sormerly ‘Sonior Principal Sclontitc Officer Basle Phyaies Division ' National Physical Laboratory England c.Y. Ho los Division Or ‘Associate Senior ‘Thormophyaical Properties Re Purdue University P, G. Klemens Professor end Head Department of Physics Univeraty of Connecticut IFI/PLENUM ¢ NEW YORK-WASHINGTON ©1870—T Material Name | vot. | Page Material Name vot. | Page [riatium teed intermetallic compound TB, 1 [18 Typ 1 froo |frin 1 | 90 frnalim + reliurium 1 | ote |] nin + Atuminun a | ox frnattiam + tin 1 | san |] rin + antimony 1 | 2 Imai bromide (rib) 2 | s70 |fin + antimony + 2x, 1 | 2068 frnaltiam carbide (TIC) 2 | 25 |)in + Biemuth 1 | on lrnioket ST rubber 2 | 992 fin + cadmium 1 | 90 |Thoria (sce thorium dioxide ) rin + Copper 1 | 639 Lrnortum 1 | 281 [fain + comer + 5x, 1 | aov2 Irnortum + Uranium 1 | ea2 [fain + indium 1 | 204 [rnortum carbides rin + Loa 1 | 229 me 2 | 502 [fin + stereary 1 | se me 2 | so |fnin- sotonium intermetallic compound Hrnorium dioxide (ThO,) 2 | 195 sey 2 | race [rhorium dioxide + Graphite 2 | sor |} + siver 1 | ss [rhorium dioxide + Uranium dioxide 2 | ais |fnin-totarium intermetallic compound [rkoron (eee radon) sure 1 |aas5 frmatium a | 985 Yin + Tanta a | a6 [rhuringian glass 2 | 029, nin + zine a | er Lao a | gy [timate tense pes) SAE bearing alloy 10 1 |rovo fri-140a a fost SAE bearing alloy 12 a foo fri-1s0.a 1 roe, i028" |] son sotaer 1 | 20 lass a a fiom White bearing metal a {010 ls-2. 5 al-16v 1 frase |] in antydride (800,] (ree tin dioxide) lr-sai-uicr-av 2 froe7 |] ash (5033 (co tin dioxide) [ri-1A1-s¥in (000 ttensum alley C-190 AM, rin dioxide (820) 2 | 199 or titanium alloy HO-1908) in dioxide + Magnesium oxide 2 | as [ri-aai-sato-1v a hroza, 2076’ || rin dioxide + Magnesium oxide + IX, 2 | ss [ri-sAl-t.4Cr-1. 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SKOTIY [IXg + WAIQVNVA + RAINVLIE] 4O KEIALLONGNOD "TYHUSHL ‘oN STEVE NOLLOUNTORES a rr paw 2ureN Peucdey “duen Pome = Fu eam1088 Jot w aHONs 2K 6 ws00 Ye "900070 ote 300 yer oez0'0 BL aon ‘oso ae Tana 16000 ert0c 68000 EETOE 10.079 20¥ee £19070 Oats [em 109 ea,“ “AarsRoNpUOD TeUBLON, 3K“ SemmEsoMOS) (u0t-0< 'x om yovot 7 50 yon “66> A+ 12) SAOTTY (1X + WAGVNVA + RAINVLE] 40 RIIALLONGNODTYNWSHL 0c “ON STEVE VIVE1099 ‘voprqosoud yworetesd on, [pw eemo Hem "AnanONpROD TOMEIONL SH‘ ‘oxqazodeNOL) ya +b SKOTTY (Ixx + MUNVEIL] 40 KUIAILONGNOOIVRNERE 80¢ “ON STEVE VIVE moyen wreods09 (voor oo eater Tm eum poe doopourBeds “(oozed 1B}ou) wonOdNED covmenes ments Soaecc Tusey Epon re Sano Feet eh SKOTTY (hex + WMINVELL] 40 AMIAKLONGNOD TYRUSHL 808 “ON SIGY NOTLVOLETONAS lll be _ op ep amgmmee erent ene= METALS Reference Book — Third Edition Editor Michael Bauccio Acquisitions/Editorial Veronica Flint Technical Editor L Sunniva Collins re Production Project Manager ‘Suzanne Hampson Production Project Specialist Dawn Levicki &505 Compositions and Properties ‘Commercial and semicommercial grades and alloys of tantum Tensile 02% yield ‘strength ‘strength (rin (min) __impury limit, wt % max _Norsinal compoattion wt % Designation Waki Wa wi NCH FeO Al Soar Mo. Other aged der Asnease woos oo ois 020 one ‘ssnecnie2 jo oo 015 O30 35 ‘sities 6 oes fois 03038 ‘sin cae se ons ois O30 Oat ‘Asians? 8 oes fois 03 2s oan ‘Aig and wrap es neweie ™ » 20 oxo eas oom Tisalasse ™ us es Gon tm Sas ThaaLinos aa) om om one i ow Tented Por) os Ons as 6 PG} Reuaortome mis oo om a 6 i amin T22Avtiseszeine 10s oo oe 0” fas tie So 1p ost Tsarssaazaias) SO) 0 fos ons on eS PP ons ‘igen aoe ooaavey sw oe 10 om 60 aov ‘sala Bit) im oss one an 60 tov Tove) 1 uo ooo tm 60 20 atic ov han) "0s oss oon a0 tame TIA lo) 0 aes 910 ox 70 ‘o Tawamneraue im 1 oe oan tis 60 to do @o TisAasnamaniowoye as 10 fot Gos 3 $0 20 30 40 aa Tentasnaawo20%00) 80 0 fe Sos Su $7 30 30 20 acaoass ts tei fs Sas ais 30 ioov fanaa) of fois om on 30 av estes nvaleeaaie) 1m 1 1 005 ons mms os an 30 ioc. 10¥ TevesvareaAlN I iw G05 as os 45) ON 30 tow Tisalav-ecraMoetan) ‘300130 1m 00 Gos 00m 02s on 30 jo to Soma TLSMog@eassam 100 © Gas o10 com 035 ole {Go its (Speers beer emp it mn impo 9 Mana pi gf mee io en ‘tee end ago see tg (Machi ropes given kaon tenon age coo oy nt otal) Sed smd codon Pope on) beer svete end proce.) rely ag aoyt my be coll vata egCRC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION James F. Shackelford Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis | William Alexander Research Engineer Division of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Davis CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington DCThermal Properties Table 102. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TIN, TITANIUM, ZINC AND THEIR ALLOYS Metal or alloy Designation, ‘Thermal Conds ‘near room tempera, (cal em? +cmn-5enq Tin and Tin Alloys ‘Titanium and Titanium Alloys Zine and Zinc Alloys Puretin Soft solder (63Sn-37Pb) Tin foil (92Sn-82n) ‘Titanium(99.0%) TESAL258n ‘Ti-2Re-2Cr-2Mo Te8Ma Pare zine AGAOA alloy ACALA alloy (Commercial rolled zinc 0.08 Pb ‘Commercial rolled zinc 0.06 Pb, 0.06 Ca Rolled zinc alloy (1 CU, 0.010 Mg) Zn-Or-Tialloy (08 Cu, 0.15%) Materials Park, OH, p56, (1993) Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, Third Edition, Michael Bauccio, Ed, ASM Internation (CRC Handbook of Material Science 5