a M.F.M. CALAGUAS LANTS distribution eonomic uses The Major Cereals Wheat (Triticum aesticum) the most widely grown cereal of temperate regions ‘annual grass that comprises a large ‘number of wild as well as cultivated species ‘The flower isa terminal spike or hhead consisting of 15-20 spikelet that are bore on a zigzag axis Individual spiketet are sessile and solitary, consisting of 1-5 flowers each ‘The mature grain consists of the ‘embryo, a starchy endosperm, the nitrogenous aleurone layer and the husk or bran The husk is made up of the remains of the nucellus, the iteguments of the seed coat and the ovary walls or pericarp + Hard wheat provide bread four + Soft whet is sed for cake, bic, crackers, etc. mer, + manufacture of beer and other alcoholic beverages and industrial alcohol + excellent livestock feed *+ the entire wheat plant is also a valuable source of fodder *+ seats of chairs, mattress stuffing and the ‘manufacture of such diverse articles as straw carpets, string, baskets, beehives and Wheat straw is also used for packing and thatching Maize (Zea mays) ‘the largest of all cereals the jointed stem is solid and contains ‘a considerable of sugar wien not ‘mature leaves are large and narrow with wavy margins The grains have a hull, protein or aleurone layer, endosperm and embryo two kinds of endosperm are usually ‘resent: a hard, yellow endosperm and a soft white starchy endosperm + Used as a food for livestock +The entire plant is an important fodder + whole grain was formerly used in milling ‘4 The inner husks are for cigarette papers + grain is used for making various alcoholic beverages * 9 fibers in the stalks have been used for ‘making paper and yarn *+ the cobs are for fuel, smoking pork products ‘+ the later a raw material used in making solvents, explosives, plastics, synthetic rubber and nylon (Oryza sativa) Tange annual grass that grows to @ height of from 2-4 f grains are easily detached together With this brown husk known as addy It grows best on damp soils underlain with semi-impervigus subsoil in places where it can be flooded +X sed mainly asa food by over half the ‘world’s population + Rice hulls and rice polish ae valuable as livestock feed + straw may be plated and made into hats, shoes and other articles “Af Intoxicaing beverages are made rom ce The minor cereals Barley (Hordeum vulgare) ‘he most ancient human food believed tobe the oldest of all cultivated plants Drincipal source of bread four widely used in soups breakfast foods and food for small children «8 source of malt for making alcohol, whisky,‘an annual that tends tobecome perennial this is very hardy cereal with a short growing season 30 thet it can be grown at high latitudes and altitudes | * audapted to a wide variety of soils and climates the main barley centers are Japan and China, Russia, Turkey and Rumania; Western Europe, northern India; California and the northern prairie states, beer and similar beverages and various malt extracts and breakfast foods + used for hay and pasture and as a smother ‘op to.kill weeds + the straw. used for livestock feed and bedding Rye related to barley and wheat and >the sais valuable for tua very toughand (Secale cereale) resembles the former inhabit =. ‘was once in demand for hats, bedding, and packing purposes and in the manufacture of grain looks more like wheat paper and various other straw products stalks are slender and tough, + used for hay and pasture reaching a maximum height of 6 ft. ° + grain is used for livestock feed and as a leaves are bluish in color source of whisky and alcohol. very adaptable and will produce ‘satisfactory crops in regions of severe winter temperatures and at high altitudes It does well on poor soil and in arid ‘areas, and has been called the “grain of poverty.” However, it thrives best ‘on more fertile soil and in a mild climate ‘Oats: ‘the most nutritious of all cereals for '* Its main use is in cakes, biscuits and (Avena sativa ) humans because of the high fat, breakfast food protein and mineral content ‘+ nutritious feed for all classes of livestock thas been proven to lower 7 cholesterol levels in the human body + AOat flour contains an antioxidant which is used to preserve quality by delaying leaves are abundant and bluish-green ‘rancidity ‘the inflorescence is a one-sided or * — Oat flour may also be mixed with wheat spreading panicle that may be either flour for multigrain baked products erect or drooping. F ‘Sorghum ‘The root system is shallow and twice + used for livestock feed and forage, in the (Sorghum vulgare) as extensive as that of maize, and the ‘manufacture of brushes and paper and syrup leaf area is only one half as great = + seeds are useful as poultry feed ‘There are four types of Sorghum these include: grass sorghums, + Used for the production of alcoholic ‘broom coms, sweet or saccharine beverages, and biofuels songhums and the grain or ‘nonsaccharine sorghums Millets term loosely applied to a large + used for forage and as a food for both ‘umber of cultivated grasses thatTanicur mifiacenm) have very small seeds plants have abundant foliage very drought-resistant and have been {grown extensively in the Great Plains area they are cold sensitive and cannot be planted where frost lingers ‘The most ancient of food grains that have been grown in China since 2,700 BC. Thamans and livestock — + used mainly as hay crops, pasturage and for birdseed + tis excellent for hogs and is much used as a substitute for maize or sorghum + flour is used for puddings and cakes + fermented beverage is made from the grain It reaches a height of from 40-60 feet with deeply incised leaves the prickly fruits are about the size cof a cantaloupe ‘brownish yellow when ripe with a fibrous yellow pulp they are often borne in small clusters the fruit is eaten fresh or cooked there are over 100 varieties known, Mise grains Wis tall annual grass that rows 7 uiriional gain that serves as a substitute for Wild rice(Zizania aquatica Partially submerged along the potatoes or rice var, Angustfolia margins of lakes and sluggish | at weansinnd + sed in beaks crels, and mines or | pancakes, muffins, and cookies even in brackish ares along the fet const, frequently covering hundreds | * used ina wide variety of foods such as of acres dressings, casseroles, soups, salads, and desserts ‘The grains ae bore in slender panicles and drop off readily when mature the seeds will only germinate if they have been constantly kept under water Mise grains has been caltvated in most 7 ins are used as human food and are also Job's tears (Coéx tropical countries said to have medicinal properties: Tachryma-jobi) thas large, shining, pear shaped + g00d for forage fruits, which bear a resemblance to tears + used mainly for omamental purposes, being made into necklaces, mas, rosaries, etc. sain are used as human food and 7 axe also said to have medicinal + YEA beer-lke beverage is made from the seeds Properties Some varieties, particulary the Philippine Adlay, are good for forage Preudo cereals THis actually a frit with the favour | > Used for bread making Breadfruit (Artocarpus of bread when fied utilis) + “The wood is also used as furniture + carbohydrate content is particularly high + Itis baked, broiled, roasted, fried or ground up‘some with seeds and others without + Ancight-year-old tree may produce larger than the Common bean 700-800 fruits Preudlo cereals + plant prefers a cool, moist climate ‘+The seed or groats are hulled and ground and Buckwheat ‘and thrives best in sandy well- the starchy flour is used for porridge, soups drained soil and to make pancakes (Fagopyrum sagitiatum ) a + it will grow in dry and arid regions + The whole grains, middlings, o flour are and areas with very poor soil and also fed to livestock and poultry and the drainage straw is used for feed and bedding + This a small branching annual + also grown as a fertilizer crop, cover crop, and catch crop *+ the stems are smooth and succulent with alternate hastate leaves + dE flowers are an important source of honey + the inflorescence is raceme bearing | + ‘Buckwheat isa source lucoside small white or pinkish flowers that has been used inthe of res a capillary fragility associated with : ree-comered acl hypertension or high blood pressure that resembles a beechnut a Pseudo cereals * the plant isan animal herb that + Whole seeds are used in soups, or are ground Quinoas(Chenopodium resembles the common pigweed into flour, which is made into bread or cakes quinoa) + the plants produce a large crop of *+ seeds are also used in making medicine, beer white, red, or black seeds, which and as a poultry feed ‘mature in 5-6 months ‘+ a thin leaves are used as a substitute for + ‘They are very nutritious, containing spinach 38% starch, 5% sugar, 19% protein and 5% fat Legumes +a perennial forage legume which normally lives 4-8 years, but can : A Alfalfa live more than twenty years, + Ithas some use in herbal medicine sativa dependis ety and climate Medicago fepending on variety and cli ee haa aelecucn ease +The plant grows toa height of up to dairy cows because ofits high protein | meter, and has a deep root system, content and highly digestible fiber and sometimes stretching more than 15 secondarily for beef cattle, horses, sheep, and meters ‘Boats + Ithas a tetraploid genome ef Humans also eat alfalfa sprouts in salads and as ‘© andes used as hy + Tris a small seeded crop, and has a slowly-growing seedling + Ttexhibits autotoxicity It is considered as an insectary due to the Jarge number of insects it attracts ‘Wing bean + Itis an herbaceous perennial, but can + af has been called the "one species een bbe grown as an annual ‘supermarket + This generally taller and notably + The lowers are often used to color ice and pastriesthe plant is one of the best nitrogen fixers the plant grows very quickly, reaching a length of four meters in a few weeks the skin is waxy and the flesh partially translucent in the young pods, When the pod is fully ripe, it tums an ash-brown color and spits ‘open to release the seeds the beans themselves are similar to soybeans in both use and nutritional content Te eas canbe ae aa ot vapeaba similar the pata, an ae «my hor they ae also much cher m pat fa pattoes im dried seeds can be useful as a lour and al to make a like 7 The young leaves can be picked and prepared as a leaf vegetable, similar to spinach Mung bean (Vigna radiata) also known as mungo (inthe phil), agreen gram and golden gram they are small, ovoid in shape, and green in color ight yellow in color when their skins are removed ‘Source of food not only in the Philippines but also in different countries like in china, Japan, Korea ete. ‘Mung beans is also extracted from them to make jellies and “transparent” or “cellophane” noodles Mang batter is used to make crepes Mang bean paste is used as a common filling Whole beans is used in making sweet soups ‘Mung beans are also eaten as pancakes Mung bean starch is used to make ‘transparent cellophane noodles ‘Soybean (Glycine max) Soy varies in growth and habit the pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray hairs the leaves ar trifoliotate the leaves fall before the seeds are maturethe inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers are bome in the axil ofthe leaf and are white, pink or purple Soybeans occur in various sizes, and in many hull or seed coat colors, including black, brown, blue, yellow, green and mottied Common Forms oF 30y (or soya) incade soy | ‘meal, soy flour, soy milk, oil and tof soybean meal is used mainly as animal feed soybeans are the primary ingredient in ‘many dairy products like soy milk , ‘margarine, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy ccheese, and soy cream cheese used as a low-cost substitute in meat and poultry products used in industrial products, including oils, soap, cosmetics, resins, plastics, inks, crayons, solvents, and clothing ‘Peanut ‘Peanuts are known by many other local names such = as earthnuts, ground nuts, goober ‘peas, monkey nuts, Pysmy nuts and pig muts Despite its name and appearance, the peanut is not a nut, but rather a egume. ‘ised in recipes made into solvent and oils used in make-up Medicines textile materials peanut butter sandwiches, peanut candies, peanut butter cookies, and cupsFypogaea means "under the earth” It is an annual herbaceous plant ‘growing 30 to 50 om tall ‘The leaves are opposite, pinnate with four leaflets The flowers are a typical pea flower in shape, 2 to 4 om across, yellow with reddish veining ‘They can be eaten raw ‘used in a wide variety of other areas, suchas cosmetics, nitroglycerin, plastics, dye ‘sand paints Peanut flour is used as a gluten-free solution Peanut plant tops are used for hay ‘The protein cake (oilcake meal) residue from oil processing is used as an animal feed and as.a soil fertilizer Low grade peanuts are also widely sold as a garden bird feed Industral uses like paint, varnish, lubricating oil, leather dressings, furniture polish, insecticides, and nitroglycerin are made from peanut they contain seeds developed from the ovary of a (pet) flower peas are considered to be a vegetable in cooking _ {tis an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year ‘The pea is a most commonly green, occasionally purple or golden yellow, pod-shaped vegetable, ‘widely grown asa cool season vegetable crop Lentils an edibie pulse used to prepare an inexpensive and (Lens culinaris) nutritious soup Itisa bushy annual plant of the legume family, grown for ‘often mixed with grains, such as rice, which its lens-shaped seeds results in a complete protein dish Itis about 40 centimeters (16 in) tall used for stuffing and are very useful as of and the seeds grow in pods, usually their softness with two seeds in each Lentil colors range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black Lentils also vary in size, and are sold in many forms, with or without the skins, whole or split Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought, and are grown throughout the world Pea ‘most commonly the small ‘Fresh peas are offen eaten boiled and (Pisum sativum) spherical seed or the seed-pod of the flavored with butter and/or spearmint as & pod fruit side dish vegetable Each pod contains several peas Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads i and casseroles Peapods are botanically a fruit since Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own‘A traditional food plant in Aftica, this little-known vegetable has Potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable land care ‘rows as a vine, producing purple flowers and striking electric-purple Clover “They are small annual, biennial, or + itis palatable to and nutritious for livestock” (Trifolium repens ) ae — + Ttused also as omamentals i . efficiently pollinated ‘The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or lovers are most ly pol ‘7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the ‘by bumblebees — + Farmers reap the benefits of increased te i reseeding that occurs with increased bee it grows freely, shooting up agit seeding th produces an abundant rop activity, which means that future clover it grows in a great range ‘of soils and climates ~ shamrock" isthe traditional Irish symbol of clover Tima Bean ‘Aigo known as butter bean + Tike many other legumes, they are a good (Phaseolus lunatus) source of dietary fiber, and a virtually fat- ae twining vines or herbaceous free source of high quality protein ‘bushes, perennial in nature, but usually grown as annuals, even in + contain both soluble fiber, which helps the tropics regulate blood sugar levels and lowers cholesterol, and insoluble fiber, which can climb more than 12 f up a trellis prevents constipation, digestive disorders, ‘or bean teepee. Some ofthe bush irvitable bowel syndrome and diverticulitis types stay under 2f tall flowers are white to yellowish and quite small leaves have three leaflets, each 2-5 inlong Itis growm for its seed, which is ‘eaten asa vegetable Pigeon pea known as Gandile Bean, tropical + Pigeon peas are both a food erop (red peas, (Cajanus cajan) green pea, kadios, Congo pea, flour, of green vegetable peas) and a ‘gungo pea, gunga pea, oF no-eye pea jeover crop ‘perennial which can grow into a + The woody stems of pigeon peas can also be small tree, used as firewood, fencing and thatch. are an important legume crop of rain fed agriculture inthe semiarid tropics ‘very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 6650 mm annual rainfall, Tae Bas : ‘Aigo known as bulay oF bataw + This often grown as forage + anomamental plant + this plant is also cited as a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant *+ It's thought to encourage lactation and has historically been the main dish for breastfeeding mothers + leaves are used as greens, but have to belong ‘The fruit of the cashew tree is ‘an accessory fruit (sometimes called 1 pseudocarp or false fruit) known product of Antipolo, and eaten with suman Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy which is cashew marzipan ‘wrapped in white wafer. Walnut an edible seed of any tree of the ‘wood for furniture, dashboards and even (Juglans regia) ‘genus Juglans ‘gunstocks Walnuts are rounded, single- Walnuts shells are a specialist medium | seeded stone fruits of the walnut tree for polishing. | ‘The walnut fruit is enclosed in a bark, husk, leaf and shell can be used as dyes ‘green, leathery, fleshy husk Almond ‘The almond is a ‘Almonds are available in many forms, such (Prunus dulcis) ‘small deciduous tree, growing 4-10 as whole, sliced (flaked, slivered), and as meters in height, with a trunk of up almond butter, almond milk and almond oil. to 30 centimeters in diameter ‘These variations can be used in both sweet and savory dishes The young twigs are green at first, becoming purplish where exposed to ‘Almonds are used in marzipan, nougat, many ‘sunlight, then grey in their second pastries cookies and cakes and other sweets year and desserts, ‘The leaves are 3-5 inches long, with a serrated margin and a 2.5 cm Petiole ‘The flowers are white or pale pink, 3-5 cm diameter with five petals, produced singly or in pairs before the leaves in early spring Hazelnut ‘also known as a cob nut or filbert ‘used for livestock feed, as a chestmut and (Hazel corylus) nut according to species ‘acom ‘Accob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15-25 mm long and 10— 15 mm in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. A Gilbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as it is round ‘The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination ‘The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking. The traditional method to increase ‘nut production is called “bruting’ Used in confectionery to make praline, and also used in combination ‘with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as Nutella and Frangelico liqueur Flavoring in ice creams, cakes coffees, chocolates and used as a cooking oil‘The traditional term for an area of coltivated hazelnuts is a “plat” Chestnut Chesnut trees are of moderate + can be dried and milled into Tour, wi fCastanee sativa) growth rate to fast-growing for then be used to prepare er “American and European species breads, cakes, pancakes, pastas Their mature heights vary from the | + used as thickener For stows, soups and sauces smallest species of chinkapins, often shrubby + ‘They can be used to stuff vegetables, pouty, {ow and other edibles Its bark is smooth when young +A fine granular sugar can be obtained from “The flowers follow the eaves, They the fermentation of the juice, beer andthe ae arranged in long catkins roasted fruit provides a coffe subsite ‘The ftutis contained in a spiny + Used a timber (ery sharp) cupule 5-11 em in Giameter also called bur" or "burr" | * Young chestnut wood has proved more durable than oak for woodwork that has to toe partly in the ground, such as stakes and fences + also used to make barrels used for aging balsamic vinegar 2f usefl source of natural tannin and was used for tanning lather before the introduction of synthetic tannins ‘Mongongo Nut ‘Also Known as mankeifnot Tig al fm i ia seo (Schinciophyton traditionally used asa body rub inthe dry ee Te reactes 15-20 meters tall ‘winter months to clean and moisten the skin, ‘The leaves are a distinctive hand- shape, and the pale yellow wood is similar in characteristics to balsa, being both lightweight and strong, ‘The yellowish flowers occur in slender, loose sprays. the egg-shaped, velvety fui ripen and fall between March and May each year contain a thin layer of edible flesh around a thick, hard, pitted shell Inside this shell isa highly nutritious ut while the hard, outer nut-shells are popular as divining "bones" ‘The wood, being both strong and light, makes excellent fab floats, ts, insulating material and drawing boards it has been used to make dart-boards and packing casesHERBAL PLANTS [PART USED | PROPERTIES | MEDICINAL VALUE iChat 4 | DAkapulko (Cassia. | LEAVES cchrysophanic | -Treat fungal infections and “Pound Akapulko | lato} acid (fungicide) | other skin diseases. leaves, apply to © tingworms affected area drink as | © scabies ates” | eczema - three times a day | + insect bites “ringworm bush” ‘+ itchiness - treat stomach problems LEAVES, -Lavative to expel intestinal Rowen parasites -dluretic medicine for lung and mouth | -Drink Akapulko problems herial e for ng ‘ for problems eae -Gargle akapuiko tea ‘+ mouthivash in stomatitis | for mouth problems ZAmpalaya PROT, ‘Momordicin | -alternative herbal medicine for (Momordica LEAVES, liver problems. chorantia) SEEDS expel intestinal parasites treat dysentery, -Grounded seeds for + bitter gourd | + diarrhea and chronic colts stomach problems. “ | Taken ina spoonfull -for Cough 3xaday : -leaf juice for mild coughs. Administered | ina teaspoon 3x a day. for Burns, Scalds and Wounds | -Rounded Ampalaya seeds 4 Bayabas (Psidium | LEAVES ‘eugenol, tannin, [> medicine as antiseptic, antl guajave) | saponins, inflammatory, ant'spasmodic, i amydalin, antioxidant hepatoprotective, | -plant parts are boiled phenolic acids, | antiallergy, antimicrobial, | malic acid, anti-plasmodial, anti-cough, | -washed over affected | ash, aldehydes, | antidiabetic, and antigenotoxic. | area,as.a disinfectant | catequinic = used as a mouth wash to ‘components and | treat tooth decay and gum -argled for mouth flavonoids infection problems ‘5. Lagundi (Vitex | LEAVES, = known for its analgesic effect | Lagundi concoction ‘negundo) R0oT, that helps alleviate pain and. Flower, discomfort. ‘Sieavedchaste | seeD -Relief of asthma & pharyngit -Recommended relief of ‘theurnatism, dyspepsfa, boils, diarrhea, “Treatment of cough, colds, fever and flu and other broncho- pulmonary disorders -Alleviate symptoms of Chicken Pox[ HERBAL PLANTS | PART USED | PROPERTIES MEDICINAL VALUE —_[APPuicaTIon | SEEDS ~Expels Intestinal Worms and | - seeds of Nivoge | 6. Nivogniyogan | Parasites niyogan are dried and | (Quisqualis indica (-Adverse reactions I! taken orally (4 to 7 a) diarrhea, abdomin pain, seeds for Children -"Chinese honey distention and hiccups more | while 8 to 10 seeds for suckle”. likely if nuts are eaten in Adults) consecutive days or when fresh nuts are eaten) LEAVES -Remedy for boils and skin vicers | -leaves are pounded and applied to-externally to skin ~ Remedy for headaches + leaves are applied to the head to relieve headaches + Remedy for Dysuria or painful | - decoction of boiled urination, leaves are taken as | Frurrs tea Treatment of inflammation of | -Nivog-niyogan fruits idneys ingestion -Remedy for Diarrhea and Fever | -ripe fruits are roasted and taken internally 7 Sambong ROOTS, “herbal treatment for fevers | -pounded then (Bumea | LEAVES se dissolved in cold balsamifera) | : water, applied with a | soft cloth | treatment for rheumatism -are pounded and | Leaves applied as poultice used to treat headache leaves are pounded used for treatment of cuts and | and applied as a wounds poultice herbal medicine for colds and | -drink as tea coughs | -herbal treatment of diarrhea and stomach spasms 8.TsaangGubat | LEAVES rosmarinicacid PRattributed for its efficacy to (Ehretio and ‘control allergy. -tsaang gubat herbal ‘microphylla Lam.) microphyllone | -treating intestinal motility tea, drink a cup three used as a mouth wash times a day -gargle the tsaang fluoride gubat herbal tea three times a day treatment of mild allergy -Boiled leaves,wash to attacks and skin wounds the affected area. ‘S.Ulasimang Bato | LEAVES “Lowers uric acid. (Rheumatism | “eaves are boiled, (Peperomia and gout) drink each part three pellucida) a times a day after meals ~"pansit-pansitan” -also be eaten as salad eee[HERBAL PLANTS | PART USED. PROPERTIES MEDICINAL VALUE 10. Yerba Buena | LEAVES ppulegone, ~used as body pain reliever crush the fresh leaves | (Clinopodium menthol, used for Rheumatism, arthritis | squeeze sap. Massage | douglasil) menthene, and headache sap on painful parts | | menthenone) | -tea for cough and colds -Drink as tea | Peppermint and limonene) | -Buena as mouthwash for Use solutionas | ‘swollen gums and tooth aches. | gargle. | -for menstrual and gas pain -Drink infusion | -minty scent for nausea and -erushleaves and] fainting apply at nostrils eaves for insect bites = crush leaves and apply juice on affected | part | TiAlagau LEAVES: -used to loosen phiem and decoction | (Prema odorata) relieve coughs | | -carminative, parastcide, | sudorific, and pectoral | bropertes | / | AzAvocado | LEAVES ~pectoral, emmenagogue, decoction | (Persea Americana | BARK resolutive, and antiperiodic Mill) properties. | 13.Banabe LEAVES Colosblic acid | -ability to reduce blood sugar | decoction | (Logerstromio -treatment for diabetes mellitus | ‘speciosa Linn.) -diuretic and purgative | | | BARK -stops diarrhea | | \ | ‘TaBignay VFRUTT cooling properties | ingestion i} (Antidesma bunius | LEAVES -sudorific and employedin | poultice | Linn.) | treating snake bites, j TScaceo FRUMT(pulpy | Enzyme Helps digestion ~—Vingestion i (Theobroma cacoo | flesh) protease, | Linn.) inverase, raffinase, | cesease, and | i onydase 16 Carrot ROOT “Useful for toxemia, | | (Daucus carota constipation, asthma, poor | ‘dong: | complexion, poor teeth, | insomnia, high blood pressure, inflamed kidneys and bladder, colitis and catarrh, _ > _ | scanimprove appearance of hair | ingestion and nails, help improve eye ‘Sight, correct dropsy, end painful urination, increase menstrual _ | flow, and keep skin healthy. -areat colon cleanser and cancer | preventer.HERBAL PLANTS | PART USED PROPERTIES MEDICINAL VALUE ‘APPLICATION ] 17.Damong Maria | LEAVES ~known to be stomachic, decoction (Artemisia vulgaris antispasmodic, alterative, Linn.) anthelmintic, haemoptysis, | “antiseptic, and carminative, -use fot all sorts of stomach \ \ problems, | i8.Dumero TEAVES “fight bacteria, relax the decoction (Rosmorinus stomach, stimulate circulation | officinalis) i ‘and digestion \ | -act as an astringent and rosemary decongestant improve circulation to the brain prevent liver toxicity and | antitumor properties. | i | 19.Gabi | Ror “tuber are digestive, laxative, wgestion | (Colocasia dluretic,lactagogue and styphic esculenta Linn.) | J 20;G0g0 BARK Saponin “used for washing hair and for _| Applied externally (Entoda a hair tonics. k haseoloides Linn.) cleanses the scalp very | effectively. | 2iGumamela | FLOWER “used as an expectorant in decoction (Hibiscus bronchitis, for general coughs, rosasinensis Linn.) and as refrigerant drink in fevers 22. Guyabano FRUIT “an excellent source of vitamin B | ingestion (Anona muricata andC Linn.) Pectoral & Febrifuge properties | 23. Kalabasa SEEDS ‘Saponin wused a5 an anthelmintic ingestion | (Cucurbita maxima -used to combat tapeworms Duchesne) used as a diuretic for urinary diseases 724, Kalamansi FRUIT used as a remedy for coughs | ingestion | {Citrus microcarpa and for itches, a deodorant, and | Bunge) an refrigerant | 25. Kamatis FRUIT “used as an blood cleansers ingestion {Lycopersicum * | -used to keep our stomachs and | esculentum Mill.) intestines in condition -corteetive for kidneys, being 2 | gentle, natural stimulant which helps to wash away the poisons which cause disease and | _| contaminate our systems |(HERBAL PLANTS | PART USED. PROPERTIES MEDICINAL VALUE ‘APPLICATION _ 26. Kamote LEAVES used as an treatment for ingestion | jmpemcen | diabetes | batotas Linn.) | | 77. Kawayan | LEAVES ~ased as an emmenagogue and | decoction {Bambuso ROOT an anthelmintic | 0 Roxb. lanicnlaes «its Silicious concretion of the | culms is said to be stimulant, | astringent, tonic, cooling, and | antispasmodic | 28. Langka FRUIT “its ripe fruit is said to be ingestion (artocarpus demulcent, nutritive and laxative heterophyllus | lam.) | i 725. Lukban LEAVES ~as a sedative in nervous “its Teaves are used in {Citrus grandis affections the form of decoction | Osbeck) -its leaves are also used in or infusion f ‘epilepsy, chorea, and convulsive | ‘coughs : { | SEEDS antiseptic qualities | 30. Luya RAIZOME ° sused in treating colds and flu in | ingestion Ts) (Zingiber offinale children Rosc.) -causes the heart to beat more j | strongly and slowiy and towers blood pressure | -effective in removing | | cholesterol from both the blood \ and liver i | to relive gas, flatulence, and ' | cramping, and facilitate the | breakdown of food | -alleviating motion sickness, | | nausea and vomiting | 31. Makahiya LEAVES “known as diuretic and decoctions: a (Biophytum considered alterant and anti- | sensitivum Linn.) asthmatic | -used for urinary complaints | useful in diseases arising from | corrupt blood and bile | ee LEAVES ‘Colombine -used-for stomach trouble, decoctions | cine (alkaloid) | ingestion, diarthea and ulcers Berberine -known as febrifuge and is said (Glucoside) | to have anti-matarta properties useful as an insecticide for rice crops | |ase PLANTS | PART USED. PROPERTIES | MEDICINAL VALUE —[APPLICATIG' 33, Maiunggay | LEAVES -tich in calcium ans iron decoctions (| (Moringa oleifera -are purgative and diuretic ingestion tam.) \ 34, Mangga | LEAVES -used in treatment of diabetes | Decoction ———~_ (Mangifera indica | -used for chronic diseases of the , Linn.) \ | tungs, for asthma and colds FRUITS | -known to be diuretic, faxative, | ingestion | | and useful for constipation | FLOWERS, used for diarrhea \ ‘SEED ~used for diarrhea and infusion j considered anthelmintic | 35. Mansanitas | FRUIT “said to be nourishing, ingestion | (Zizyphus ‘mucilaginious, pectoral and | ‘mauritiana La.m) styptic { purify the bio an eesti | | digestion: | | -also a mild laxative and | | expextorant LEAVES re employed as an effective | infusion BARK astringent in dysentery and { | diarrhea | 36. Niyog | FRUIT me ~often processed into oll or milk | ingestion 1 (Cocos nucifera because ofits refrigerant, Linn.) | aperient, diuretic, anthelmintic | ‘and purgative properties | | root -are astringent and used for | decoctions | ‘coughs | 37. Noni/Bankoro | FRUIT ~anti-bacterial, antifungal, ingestion } (Morinda citrifolia antiparasitic and used toretard } Linn.) ‘Cancer and tumorous growth | 38. Papaya FRUIT Enzyme papain _ | -green fruits laxative and Ingestion (Carica popaya diuretic Linn.) Leaves “remedy for asthma and alsoa | decoctions heart tonic | FLOWERS shave pectoral properties SEEDS active against gram-positive | bacteria 39.Pipino FRUITS: diuretic and purgative ingestion (Cucumis sativus useful in eliminating water from Linn.) ‘the body, for those with heart and kidney problems | SEEDS -are said to have anti-tapeworm : properties 40 Pinya FRUITS Enzyme bromelin | -antheimintic properties decoctions | (Ananas Comosus | LEAVES | tin.) {HERBAL PLANTS: PART USED. PROPERTIES: MEDICINAL VALUE, ‘APPLICATION ] 41. Sampalok FRUIT “used as @ laxative, for bilious | Ingestion 7 {(Tamarindus indica vomiting and against cholera Linn.) -used to reduce fevers | BARK -is astringent and tonic decoction: | -used for asthma and \ \ amenorthoea LEAVES, -used to destroy worms and | useful for jaundice | 42. Santol BARK Sandoricum acid | -treat ringworms (Sandoricum , | koetjape Mert.) | 43. Suganda ‘LEAVES effective in relieving coughs | decoctions } (Coleus amboinicus | i Lour.) | | ‘| -use externally to relieve pain ~oregano | FRUITS: treatment of heart disorders ‘ingestion - \ such as high blood pressure, and | frutescens Linn.) in digestive disorders | + -excellent cleanser of the whole f digestive system | -is a hemostat, arresting flow of | blood from wounds | -a cardiac tonic | an antiseptic and stomachic 45, Talong ROOT, ~ as an anti-asthmatic and “decoction taken (Solanum general stimulant internally \ ‘melongena Linn.) \ | | -treatment of skin diseases Apply externally | 46.Tanglad LEAVES ~aids digestion decoctions | (Andropogon . -used for stomach problems and | citratus DC). reduce fevers lemon grass i | PSVCHOACTIVE PLANTS NARCOTIC ORUGS EFFECTS j conan ‘excite and enhance mental alertness and ph } activity. .| # they reduce fatigue and suppress hunger. hallucinogens = = produce changes in perception, thought, and ‘mood, often inducing a dreamlike state. depressants dull mental awareness, reduce physical c performance, and often induce sleep or a trancelike state Tes[PSYCHOACTIVE | EXTRACTION OF | PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS/ MEDICINAL | SIDE EFFECTS UPON Widkawat | | PLANT PSYCHOACTIVE | EFFECTS \ MATERIAL 7 Opium Poppy {immature seed | -a general central nervous system * increased respiration | (Papaver capsules) depressant. * perspiration somniferumL) | Morphine analgesic value runny nose -depresses areas of the brain involved ‘© goosebumps | in the perception of pain and reduces © muscle twitches inxiety that accompanies pain. * insomnia | Codeine one ‘* vomiting and diarrhea pressing the cough reflex in the | | central nervous system | Heroin -with analgesic properties superior to | morphine and cough-suppressant | properties | marijuana plant | (shredded mix of — | -Include pain relief = particularly of | {cannabis sativa) | flowers, stems, neuropathic pain (pain from nerve ‘© difficulty in thinking and | seeds and leaves) | damage) - nausea, spasticity, problem solving | glaucoma, and movement disorders THC -also a powerful appetite stimulant, ‘© problems with memory {tetrahydrocannabi | specifically for patients suffering from ‘and Jearning | nol) HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or + loss of coordination dementia + distorted perception rties may protect the body | ‘against some types of malignant i tumors Es ‘Coca plant (Leaves) = considered stimulant, carminative, | -death due to heart attack, | (Erythroxyium emmenagogue, expectorant, cerebral hemorrhage, 4 coca Lam.) cocaine base aphpodisiac respiratory failure, and local anesthetic convulsions. ability to constriet blood vessels when. | cause a psychosis similarto | applied locally schizophrenia with \ -reduce appetite and thirst, and accompanying paranoia and | increase energy levels and endurance hallucinations: | (when chewed). -develop insomnia and appetite -produces a shortlived euphoric high. | loss. | ‘Accompanied by a burst of energy and | -snorters often developed alertness similar to that produced by an | considerable damage to mucus Intense adrenalin rush Membranes and nasal cartilage * depression | ‘© irritability | ~ © drug craving 4 Foxglove: Digitalis | (Leaves) “increase the force of the systolic © Dizziness and vomiting }Purpure(LINN.) | Digitonin contractions and prolong duration of ‘© irregular heart beat | Digutoxie the diastolic phase in congestive heart ¢delerium or | Digoxin failure fhalueinations | . tower venous pressure in hypersensdtive heart ailments, elevate blood pressure in a weak heart act as 2 diuretic, and reduce edema || | | i | Digitoxir ~cardiac stimulants Digitatin Digitalein Tobaco (Nicotiana | (LEAVES) Short-term exposure to nicotine ~cigarette smoking (lower doses) | tabocum) results in the activation of several © sympathetic neural Nicotine central nervous system neurohumoral pathways, leading to the release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, voor | growth hormone act as antispasmodics diuretics, ‘emetics, expectorants, irritants and sedatives applied externally in the treatment of theumatic swelling, skin diseases and stings Analgesic activity, anesthetic activity, antibacterial activity, anti convulsant activities, antifungal activity, antiglaucomic activity, antioxidant activity, antistress effect, antiviral activity, carcinogenic activity and bronchoconstvictor activity discharge, withan | increase in blood | pressure and heart rate | At higher doses ‘© producing ganglionic stimulation and the release of adrenal catecholamines extremely high doses © produces hypotension | and slowing of the heart | rate, mediated by either | peripheral ganglionic blockade, vagal afferent nerve stimulation, or direct depressor effects mediated by action on the brain \ purpurea -ergot derivatives are nowadays mostly used for their potential to enhance ‘another neurotransmitter, dopamine (dopamine deficiency leads to Parkinson's Disease), “Ergotism referred to as poisoning | attributed to Ergot of Rye(upon ingestion) * convulsive ( nervous dysfunction, where the | victimis twisting and | contorting their body in| pain, trembling and shaking) © gangrenous ergotism(constricting the blood vessels leading to the extremities, such as losing toes, fingers, ear lobes or in more serious cases, arms and legs)‘Masticatories: ‘masticatory may he defined as a substance chewed, for whatever purpose, without the intention of ingesting, A far number of substances of plant origin are employed in varlous parts of the world as masticatories, either in the raw or manufactured form. ‘MASTICATORY PLANT | PARTS USED ANO | MEDICINAL EFFECTS AND. | SIDE EFFECTS | APPLICATION PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS. Betel nut (Areca ‘betel nutis shaved | -contains chemicals similar | -habitual betel nut chewing can cause: catchu) ‘or cut into slivers for | to nicotine number of forms of cancer, especially easier chewing and | -produces mild painkilling | in the mouth, throat, esophagus and is often mixed with | effects, but also for appetite | stomach local spices suppression and digestive ‘* mild euphoria and a sense of assistance wellbeing. -help reduce tension, increased alertness produce @ feeling of palpitations and increased wellbeing and facilitate heart rate social interactions and ‘© increased blood pressure strengthen social ties. + sweating facial flushing ane a warm ace Sensation in the body. © tremor ‘+ dizziness + diarthoea upset stomach © vomiting * acute psychosis * discolouration of teeth and gums, sometimes turning reddish-brown mouth ulcers and gum disease ‘ral sub mucous fibrosis and oral cancers + peptic ulcers '* increases risk of heart disease.