SPARKCHARTS Coen Pe es NOUNS [inoior Pret Singur Prot EE Site et thes ruber of sates aN thymus edit Singur Tc | This downloadable POF copyright © 2004 by SparkNotes LLC. To dene » non. cop the entre of te sve ADJECTIVES meaning tod is eaher Bort bana or Barun HME noah oat once he Wt and second eect [iy etecve voce nasa sania sigur 8. menial eects (ois a Oa os, (DIERIEENII cece Feminine neotor ae ‘08 TEASE | hajectnes of tre endings fees, cis ces) ee FERRETTI ccctne reining neoter EER occ chem tector Comparative edjectves desine tke two rang Conon ees we ame gong Same aecives have apurcomouaie mations mer, eater Wom mays" pe us Wenger rom spe “ Adjectives of one onding [sinotexico) (Ca a FEE hee 1+ esnt pares doin is ages cone oss Sena Re Repoe ee a ADVERBS Ako fed am it nd saan een ace: eg. cOuspruces cvé Wot that He Caron avers mal from mau} ad bene lecngenadctta 2g. feanclomeaingst ‘aver most butt exlsely formed om Hird declension edctnes Those aor 200 tor oF shea. gre, Peay trom gee ek. hoManTec rumanay ut a homdns om haan 2m Devers ith ther types of endngs "Se erna at fr from pom) 25. Get onorus trom ay am. dan secret pon apn am am, usm Compare degre of avert: a ‘ere ofthe adc, asus move ey us mre . Superitve degree of adverbs: PRONOUNS ana ves a objective ganaies (oad res rage et Me adnan OF reat thn ie ew Eas Aisi oni ie he tn sre cern acs ant ES a TS he cecorsono ate onan ey smi fo the pron aorte ee user 2x Tne weak semansroe: hi (ore) 1 he shane donanave [mozzuine Moscuine 2. Tot the former Feminine r Init agente angers end wh “se A Gates Feminine ‘Never FERNS Moreine Tomine massing Moscune able POF copyright © 2004 by SparkNotes LLC. Femaine Feminine ‘Sai a a eter Feminine Pee aVERES = Acie Poste a a a ar {oor te acne spy a ero soa aS Jo PDF copyright © 2004 by SparkNotes LLC. os oa a i eo un feat $a peronl tte peret str, Thopasve congas ino we the re em fimrenrect ES aa Posie Poste {oie pets, Wasa se a he Sede mperet auntie ot aan = ——— Present Perfect Faure EE Prevent Pert? Faure _rocnt sto te uur aril, om he sin ste thn pv om tn prot sr Ts for pple of AL onignton, ‘Meee cei. ry be preset porte delnes EET Te gernave le te parks aver ADECIVE ‘he pene ues eter thes erm adecte erunave, as 2 preicteadletve, ageeng with the Instead camen costs sce thou th for he neler sigafoo ng eh exe canond®, fr singe) acetate (camondom nga bao (arte. . Note main goss nove 3 amine mo he Ae ome of te pr ae ACT 1 aca ce nan anc cme coud Wve to sng songs. Sena Same OR eITES DE care — | Format: Tad a oe Meanie ew sc co | rest sce: cond princa art es ‘mina canchan we cme 10 | fy POSEN oe oor he abe apie wad no en | PM reg — mere ee (ELI recor otondover Sane ae eS | ERTS EEE =72 = CITE cn frodoes odor roam to fer ~ ag cei aie Ce cence ee bee a ra ae 2 _fewder, _wedirint [raderet —_taderiivr a [reset pein nie sn ae a mete rider ig unt eet ert oe rete asim | tose Sead, te fore ormee | URES Sc suavoncTve Wen en win sone hs | te a Pro CEE a = ae = oo sone EE ee rogers: cane Ge obit posi came _ | EPC resco etch, 2-omes rane reebok posts eames | Pe gmmmmetsroebire:toofer | aap raen viet ames | ESTs aranaTve— a oe | Sees tones | Parsee iam ES eos a OD sc rene = ian saat || on ee E ce | ine RM ceocms || Son echo sera ae :— roctiram | Sete Pah cao 3 POF copyright © 2004 by SparkNotas LLC. ena ReTT eo Pass oe Posie Boon daca. [Ps crarnocane ove Pose Fede iow ap, on ce Fe cowie lexi ern ow (CE mos ‘cvs Pore a Pama a DOr rcmne — Presnt Prlect_Ftwe ee apa on pn TEER mont ry salve Poste a Jo PDF copyright © 2004 by SparkNotes LLC. — Poste a CES woicarve ache Pose eve Paste = [ain SUBDUNETIVE acti Possve PO ence acts Poss Ens a (DD worcvave aaedeate spc — Sa aes Sena Re ReFuture esta est8 estore fineinirive BSG Perfect Future fuisse from, am, -um esse orfore USE OF CASES \. Subject of a finite verb: tle miles opprimitur (That solaris being overwhelmed!) ‘Appositive: lle miles, meus amicus, opprimitur (That soldier, a friend of mine, is being overwhelmed.) Predicate: Predicate nouns mieror the subject through 2 copulative verb (e.g, to be, to seem) and therefore reflect the nominative case of the subject, lle miles lomicus meus es. (That soldier fs my frend) Possession: consuls ouctorits the uthonty of the cons) Partiive: Solis pectniae habe (We has enough money) Subjective: Odum plebis in regem dere erat. (The people's hatred for the king used to be keen.) >. Objective: cupidss peconize (desirous of money) Predicate (genitive of characteristic): Ducis bont est auctBritate ddcere. (tis the mark of a good leader to lead with authority.) Description (quality) iibonus rarissimae sapientioe tribune of very rare wisdom) Indefinite value: Omnes onus aostimémus assis. (Let Us consider everyone to be worth one penny.) |. With verbs of accusing and condemning: domnatus longilabéri (condemned to long iabor) |. With expressions of remembering and forgetting: rmemorlongaeiniriae (mindful ofa ong: standin hurt) 4J. Fullness and Want: men pauper aquae(a river poor inwater ie. doy) . Indrect abject: Augustus l&b panem et cress dba (Augustus used to give bread and games to the peoie With certoin intransitive verbs: ets piocére please the gods) . Possession: the possessor isin the dative (+ the vera to be). Ernihil pectnia est (He has no money} With ‘compound verbs: many verbs compounded with such prefixes @s ade, onte-, circum-, con-, ins, inter-, ob-, post-, prae-, pré-, sub-, super= govern a dative. Caesor praserat his legidnibus. (Caesar was in ‘command of these legions.) Ethical: Quinta formosa est muti. (Quinta beautiful to many in the eyes/opinion of many.) Purpose: Copios mist ouxlioréginae. (He sent troops as an aid tothe queen.) Direct object Carmen compdnit (Hes compas @ sore) Cognote accusative: cirect object is very closely related to the verb. vere eam vitam (to ve that ite) Double accusative: some verbs take two accusatves. Linguam hominum docébi volucrés. (He will each bros the language of man.) Respect (Greek accusative: the accusative Is used as, the object of a verb that looks passive, but which is actually the equivalent of the Greek middle. menfem pressus (overwhelmed in (with respect to his) mind) Subject of infinitive: (uss mé verire quom primum He ordered me to come as soon as possible.) Duration of time and extent of space: Duds horas dorm. (slept fortwo hours.) Exclamation: the accusative is sometimes used in ‘exclamations. Me miserum! (wretched me!) L. Adverbial: Nihil hoc med refer, (ris 15 in no way important to me) With certain prepositions: od, por irons inter post ina, opud, coir, super. Place to which: Ad ialiam navigont. (They are sang totaly) . Place into which: Mand curunt in oppidum. (Bands (fen are rushing into town ‘A. Meons: used without preposition. Ign ferque grunt. (hey conquered by means offre and sword) 8. Personal agent: used witna person preceded by d or {band a passive verb. Doctus es 6 sapientissimis. (You were taught by the wisest.) With certain deponent verbs: Jior t0 use; for, 0 enjoy, fungor, to perform; potior to gain possession Of véscor, to eat. Sanguine vésciur dio. (He feeds on back blood.) ‘Comparison: # quamisnot used, then the ablative is. So) condidior Ind est. (The sun i brighter than the moon) Cause oF reason: et reliqi Vet because (out of 7) Respect (specification): Fortis erat animd. (He was ‘strong in sii.) . Attendant circumstances: Adversis omnibus venit (ie came under unfavorable omens, ‘Absolute: Coesore duce. civitis volet (with Caesar {a leader (under Caesar's leadership), the state fares welt) ‘Accompaniment: with preposition cum, Veniunt cum ‘amials. They are coming with friends) Place in which: with preposition, except for names of small isiands, towns and cities, and with domus and rs. Vinumin ces est. (The wine sn the cellar) Place from which: with preposition, except for names of smalislands, towns, and cities. Festinavimus ab ign (we hastened away from the fire) .. Place out of which: Pepvierunt infrfectrés ex patria (They drove te murderers out ofthe country) Manner: ifthe noun is not modified by an acjective, the use of cumis required; fits, cumis optional. Cum studio pages (ou fougine with zea.) Separation: the ablative govered by some verbs expressing separation or lack; the prepostions a/ab, &/ex, oF dB are sometimes Used in addition to the ablative. ME iberd miserum hoc metd. (Free wretched ime from this fear) Origin: Clara gente natus sum. (1 was born ofa famous tineage.) ‘Names of small islands, towns, and cties, and the words cdomus and rs use the locative to express place where (cecal that other nouns use In+ ablative) ‘A. For nouns of the first and second declension, the locative singular is identical to the genitive singular: in the plural, to the ablative plural. Sum Rémae. (1am in ome) 'B. For nouns of the third declension, the lacative ends in ether -e or -Tin the singular, in ibus in the plural Carthgine/ sunt. They are in Cartage) °. GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS fn indirect statement is an indirect report of what has been sad, thought, felt etc The subject becomes accusa tive andthe verb. infinitive Direct: Formdsaest (She Is beautiful) Indirect: Cénfterilam formésam esse (| admit that she is beautiful) ‘A. Future more vivid: future indicative in both the prota sis andthe apodosis. 3. Future less vivid: present subjunctive in both the pro- tasis and the apodosis Present contrary to fact: imperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis D. Past contrary to fact: pluperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis, ‘A. Temporal: uss the indicative: describes the precise te of ‘an action. Cum hoc Vil is. (When | saw this, !aughed) Circumstantial: uses the subjunctive in secondary sequence and the indicate in primary sequence: Gescribes the general circumstances in which an action, ‘occurred. Cum belléhobéret,cormina composuit when he was feeling wel, he wrote poetry) Causal: uses the subjunctive; explains the cause behind an action, Guae cum ita essent, mé ut cavérem proemonébat (Since things were that way, fe warned ‘me to beware.) Concessive: uses the subjunctive; describes seem. ing adversity. Cum videatur, nihil amen sécorum est (Although it seems wel, til nothing is safe) fhis downloadable POF copyright © 2004 by SparkNotes LLC. DES {An indirect question is a subordinate clause which reports ‘question indirectly, The main verb is a verb of speech, or indicates mental activity or perception. The verb of the subordinate clause isin the subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses: ‘Group _ Main Verb Primary ‘Subordinate Subjunctive Pres. (contemporaneous or subse: {quent action); Perec prior action) Pres oF Historical Past onses Imp. (contemporaneous or subso- {uont acon); Puper. (prior action) ‘A. With indicative: the antecedent is specific. Eg0 hoc quod intelleg®, TOdicés, sic confirm. (This which Understand, judges, 1am proving) Characteristic: with subjunctive; the antecedent is, indefinite, imerrogative, oF neg: how understood what sort of matter the woman had bbeon carrying on.) C. Purpose: The relative pronoun has a clear antecedent in the main clause which is not the subject of the main verb. Custédés ad ports ponent qui prohibeant ‘quemquam égredi urbe. (They will place guards at the gates to keep anyone from leaving the city) ud (by which) introduces @ purpose clause which contains a comparative. Qué magis, 6 léctor, débés igndscere, sT quid erttum est, mii. (By which you may forgive me more, reader, anything was astray...) Subordinate clause introduced by ut (positive) or né (negative), and whose verb must be subjunctive and adher- ing tothe rules of sequence of tenses. Abif ante ldcem. ut m8 omnino il né viderent. (eft before dawn so that those ‘men might not see meat ail) Subordinate clause introduced by ut (postive) or nén (negative), and whose verb must be subjunctive and adher- ing to the rules of sequence of tenses. Rerum obscorits facit ut ndn intellegdtur rad. (The opacity of the matter ‘makes it so that his speech is not understood.) Sea) ‘Subordinate clause introduced by Ut (positive) orn (nega- tive), and whose vero must be subjunctive and adhering to the rules of sequence of tenses. Apolé mihi imperat ut ego irocul6s exGram. (Apollo orders me to burn his eyes.) ‘Subordinate clause dependent on a main verb that denotes apprehension that something may be the case (né) or not the case (uf. The subordinate verb must be subjunctive and adhere tothe rules of sequence of tenses. Timébam né quid mai fortina maietur (was afraid that fortune might engineer something bad.) ‘A Jussive ond hortatory: the present or perfect subjunc- fs used to express command in the third person and exhortation in the frst. The negative is indicated by ne. Ne si igtur sl né ldna né stelle, quoniam nihil {esse potest nist quod atigimus aut vidimus. (Lee there be therefore no sun, no moon, no stars, since nothing can exist except that which we have touched or seen.) 3. Potential: the subjunctive may be used independentiy to express possiblity. For present potentaty, the present or perfect subjunctive is used, for past poten: ity, the Imperfect subjunctive is used Aliqus hoc dict. Someone may say this) ‘Aqui hoc diceret. ‘Someone might have said this) Deliberative: tne present, imperfect, or perfect sub- Junctive Is used in questions of uncertainty, anger, or Impossibility. Quid faciam? (wnat am 1 t0.407) D. Optative: 1. the present subjunctive (alone or with utinam or Lp may express a wish that can be fulfiled in the future. Utinam revecés animum pauisper ab ta! wish that you would bring your heart back from its anger fora ite while!) the imperfect subjunctive may express a wish inca- able of being fulfilled in the present. Uinam mior essés! Would that you were more gente!) the pluperfect subjunctive may express a wish incapable of having ben fulfilled inthe past. Utnam {ex vObrs Onus fussem! (Would that /nad Deen ane of yours!) SPARKCHARTS™ Latin Gre rw sparknotes.com/errors Taran ano) SPARKCHARTS iter: Heid Ther Sofie Eder: Sar Design: Dan ©.