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Current Trends In E-Learning
Research Paper Status Raj Kumar, Dr. Shaveta Bhatia

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task. Various data mining approach can be July 2021 Edition (in-
used to generate interesting patterns from this progress)
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enormous repository. The data analytics helps
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paper the users. The information access pattern can May 2021 Edition
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traits of an individual. Moreover, machine
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Cultivation Technique of Sidimpuan snakefruit

(Salacca sumatrana Becc.) needs to be
improved in an effort to increase the
production of snakefruit which has continued
to decline. Optimal production of Sidimpuan
snakefruit can be achieved if the factors
internally and externally that support the
growth and development of plants are well
available for plants. There are three essential
nutrients that determine the growth and
development of plants, namely nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. The application of
ammonium sulphate fertilization is one of the
efforts to improve the cultivation technique of
Sidimpuan snakefruit so that the production
increase is achieved. This study aims to
determine the ratio of Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and Potassium content leaves of Sidimpuan
snakefruit before and after fertilization. This
research has been carried out in snakefruit
planting in Palopat Maria Village,
Padangsidimpuan Hutaimbaru Subdistrict,
Padangsidimpuan City with altitude of ± 450
m above sea level. This research starts from
November 2017 to June 2018. The research
method used is experimental and survey
methods with purposive sampling technique in
determining sample plants. Number of plants
sample 30 plants. Data processing was carried
out using the Independent Test sample t-test.
Based on the results of this study, it was found
that the comparison of nitrogen and phosforus
content of leaves before and after first
fertilization was not significantly different,
however potassium content is significantly
different , while the content of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium content before and
after the second fertilization was significantly
different.
[View Full Paper] [Download] 1502-
[References] 1505

The Enrichment Mechanism Of Rare

Earth Elements In Weathered
Granitoids, Tin Placer And Bauxite
Laterite
Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, Dedi Sunjaya,
Muhammad Burhannudinnur

This study aimed to elucidate the geochemical

behavior of Rare Earth Elements (REE) to
conceive their concentration within secondary
REE-bearing minerals. The tin belt granitoids
which existed along the Malaysia Peninsula
and Western Indonesia were produced by
subduction of large Tethyan oceans, followed
by post-collisional thickening of the continental
crust. With regards to the tectonic origin,
granitoids in the Bukit Tinggi, Pahang State,
Malaysia as well as Bangka island, Indonesia
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are classified under crustal-derived granitoid

and yield considerable potentials of REE.
Moreover, in a tropical climate, tense
weathering process possibly dispersed the REE
to the weathered products of granitoid, laterite
and placer deposits. The methodology used in
this research includes the analysis of major
and trace elements through the use of X-Ray
Fluorescence added by petrography analysis.
The result showed similar chemical
characteristics on ionic- radii with different
ionic- charge of Light- and Heavy-REE enabled
them to substitute the major elements and
enter the crystal lattice. The weathering
process has also contributed to destroying the
ionic bonds of the host minerals. Moreover, the
low mobility of these elements engenders low
dispersion only in the nearby parent rocks.
Summarily, in weathered granitoid and bauxite
laterite, REE accumulation occupies the
saprolith containing clay mineral and has the
capability to concentrate the elements through
ionic-absorption. In placer deposits, REE
remained stable in resistant minerals of
monazite, xenotime, and zircon since the
Light- REE being compatible with major
elements of Ti, Zr and coexist with cassiterite
or tin.
[View Full Paper] [Download] 1506-
[References] 1511

The Influence Of Transformational

Leadership And Culture Of
Organization On Teacher’s
Commitments
Abdul Gani, Suyatno

This study was to determine the effect of

transformational leadership and organizational
culture on teacher commitment at Amanah
Husada Health Vocational High School
pemalang. This research was conducted by
questionnaire survey method on teachers at
Amanah Husada Health Vocational High School
Pemalang Regency. Data collection was done
by distributing questionnaires to respondents.
The questionnaire was distributed to 37
teacher respondents at Amanah Husada health
Vocational School pemalang. The analytical
tool used is multiple linear regression using
the SPSS 16.00 application. The results
showed that: a) there was no significant
positive effect of transformational leadership
on teacher organizational commitment at the
Amanah Husada Health Vocational High School
Pemalang, b) there was a significant positive
influence of organizational culture on teacher
organizational commitment at Amanah Husada
Health Vocational High School pemalang c)
There were positive influences Significant
transformational leadership and organizational
culture simultaneously on the organizational
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exceeding the threshold of 53 mm/day. The

data distributions are fitted model by
Exponential, Gamma, Weibull, and Gamma-
Pareto. The data try to be judged as sub
exponential and hyper-exponential according
to the estimator of parameter. As the result,
Weibull distribution has good fit to the whole
rainfall data with MAPE 9.3% and P-value of
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 0.1316. The
distribution of whole data belong to sub
exponential distribution since the Weibul’s
shape parameter α < 1. The rainfall data with
values at least 5mm/day were good estimated
by Exponential, Gamma, Weibull, and Gamma-
Pareto according to MAPE. On the other hand,
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test notes that these
distributions are not appropriate with the
distribution of the data. Gamma and Gamma-
Pareto distribution is very good to fit extreme
rainfall in Palembang. The extreme rainfall has
skewness of Gamma-Pareto more than 16 and
tend to be sub exponential according to
Gamma distribution.
[View Full Paper] [Download] 3331-
[References] 3334

Mathematical Understanding Ability

Of Information System Students In
Discrete Mathematics
Fitria Nurapriani, Santi Arum Puspita Lestari, Dwi
Sulistya Kusumaningrum

This study aims to examine the ability of

mathematical understanding of Discrete
Mathematics in Information Systems Study
Program students. Discrete Mathematics is one
of the basics for studying logic, probability
theory and graphs, algorithms, and
information systems. The design of this study
uses mix method of experimental and
descriptive research by analyzing
mathematical understanding abilities. The
sample used was the Information Systems
Study Program class of 2018 students taken
using a purposive technique at Universitas
Buana Perjuangan Karawang. Research
instruments are tests and non-tests. The test
is used the Discrete Mathematics test, while
the non-test used interview and
documentation. Based on data processing, it is
found that the average mathematical
understanding ability of students is 64.442
with a standard deviation of 10,006. Thus, it
can be concluded that the students'
mathematical understanding ability in Discrete
Mathematics is classified as sufficient criteria.
Students' understanding of symbols and
representations is still lacking, and students do
not feel that discrete mathematics is an
important material as a prerequisite for further
programming material.
3335-
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The Enrichment Mechanism Of Rare Earth

Elements In Weathered Granitoids, Tin Placer
And Bauxite Laterite
Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, Dedi Sunjaya, Muhammad Burhannudinnur
Abstract— This study aimed to elucidate the geochemical behavior of Rare Earth Elements (REE) to conceive their concentration within secondary
REE-bearing minerals. The tin belt granitoids which existed along the Malaysia Peninsula and Western Indonesia were produced by subduction of large
Tethyan oceans, followed by post-collisional thickening of the continental crust. With regards to the tectonic origin, granitoids in the Bukit Tinggi, Pahang
State, Malaysia as well as Bangka island, Indonesia are classified under crustal-derived granitoid and yield considerable potentials of REE. Moreover, in
a tropical climate, tense weathering process possibly dispersed the REE to the weathered products of granitoid, laterite and placer deposits. The
methodology used in this research includes the analysis of major and trace elements through the use of X-Ray Fluorescence added by petrography
analysis. The result showed similar chemical characteristics on ionic- radii with different ionic- charge of Light- and Heavy-REE enabled them to
substitute the major elements and enter the crystal lattice. The weathering process has also contributed to destroying the ionic bonds of the host
minerals. Moreover, the low mobility of these elements engenders low dispersion only in the nearby parent rocks. Summarily, in weathered granitoid and
bauxite laterite, REE accumulation occupies the saprolith containing clay mineral and has the capability to concentrate the elements through ionic-
absorption. In placer deposits, REE remained stable in resistant minerals of monazite, xenotime, and zircon since the Light- REE being compatible with
major elements of Ti, Zr and coexist with cassiterite or tin.

Index Terms— Bauxite residue, Continental crust, Granitoids, Laterite, Monazite, REE, Tin Placer
——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION (commonly known as by-product of tin placer and bauxite

NOWADAYS, the US experiences a trading dispute with
China, on the restriction of the metal commodity used for the
manufacturing process in industries, namely Rare Earth
Elements (REE). This discord has raised global interest in this
metal, particularly in Indonesia which has numerous amounts
of thick granitoids in Sumatera, tin islands of Bangka and
Belitung as well as West Kalimantan. However, the tin belt
granitoids are not only existed in Indonesia but also in the
neighboring country of Malaysia. The existence of granitoid
rocks in both countries are generated and emplaced by
subduction of Tethyan oceans followed by subsequent post-
collisional thickening of continental crust. The REE is
abundantly emplaced the parts of the continental crust, but
often low in concentrations and particularly within ore deposits
[1]. The thickening of continental crust while producing
granitoids suggests that granitoids yield considerable
potentials of Rare Earth Elements (REE). The term of ―Rare
Earth Elements‖ refers to a group of 15 lanthanide series
elements (La to Lu) in the periodic table plus 2 elements of
Yttrium (Y) and Scandium (Sc) [2]. According to group of
elements, Y and Sc is classified as early transition metals.
Moreover, REE are considered lanthanoids and have been
informally subdivided according to the atomic number of the
elements, such as Light Rare Earth Elements (L-REE) and
High Rare Earth Elements (H-REE). L-REE covers the atomic
numbers of 57 to 62 known as Lanthanum (La) to Samarium
(Sm), while those of 21, 39 and 63 to 71 for Scandium (Sc),
Yttrium (Y), Europium (Eu) to Lutetium (Lu) respectively are
referred to as H-REE [3]. In recent decades, these 17
elements are harnessed as metal alloys, permanent magnet,
lamp phosphors, and others. The demand for H-REE is higher
than L-REE and also more expensive particularly for
Scandium (Sc) which worths US$3.458/kg in 2017 in the form
of metal.
However, the challenge in the exploration and exploitation of
these elements include the difficult extraction and relatively
expensive mining processes. In addition, the extraction
process may harm the environment since the host mineral
laterite) may also contain the radioactive minerals. Moreover,
REE is expected to grow in the future in line with the
increasing demand for technology which exhibits energy
efficiency and cost benefits. Therefore, the study about the
enrichment mechanism of these elements from primary to
secondary residual is beneficial to comprehend their chemical
behavior. The study areas are located in the Bukit Tinggi,
Pahang State, Malaysia, Bangka island and West Kalimantan,
Indonesia. They are situated in the tropical climate, where the
alternation of wet and dry climate led to the occurrence of
superficial enrichment of some trace elements including tin
(Sn) and REE in granitoids, assemblage minerals of tin placer
and bauxite laterite. Moreover, mechanical and chemical
weathering processes allow the mineral disaggregation,
dissolution, and removal of chemical elements from the host
rocks [4]. In addition, REE mobility is mainly controlled by the
climate and stability of the REE-bearing minerals [4]. This
study aimed to understand the geochemical behavior of REE,
especially concerning the migration behavior as well as the
concentration mechanism within the REE-bearing minerals.
1.1 Geological Setting of Granitoids in East Malaysia
The Bentong-Raub Paleo- Tethyan suture closed in the Late
Triassic has separated the Main Range (Sibumasu Terrance)
and Eastern Province of East Malaya as in Fig.1. The suture
has become the most prominent deformation remains of the
accretionary complex. The Main Range of Southeast Asia
granitoid belt, consisting of S-type Late Triassic to Early
Jurassic granitoids. They were emplaced into the Sibumasu
basement [5] and comprising Upper Cambrian to Upper
Permian meta-sediments as well as shallow marine shelf
sediments which are overlain by Mesozoic carbonates and
turbidites [6]. Some authors challenged the S-type designation
of the Main Range province [7] by suggesting that Main Range
together with the Eastern Province comprises hornblende-
bearing and hornblende-free granitoids in the form of both
intrusion and batholith bodies. The S-Type is also distinct from
S-type leucogranite as found in Himalayan region. Tin

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mineralization in the Main Range Province is mainly caused by cordierite leading to the extensive skarn formation to host tin
the emplacement of batholiths into thick carbonate body as deposits [8].
characterized by the presence of garnet, sphene, biotite and

1.2 Geological Setting of Granitoids in Bangka Island, fresh samples of intrusive rocks collected from Kerabai
Indonesia Volcanics. In order to avoid any contaminations and remove
Bangka Island is located in the southeastern part of the tin the weathered surfaces, rock samples were trimmed first. For
island group and aligned in the proximity of Bentong- Raub XRF preparation, samples were crushed into a powder of 200
suture zone. The study areas were Tanjung Raya, Mangkol, mesh using jaw crusher and corundum mill and a minimum of
West Belinyu, Tanjung Mantun, Tanjung Berikat and Toboali as 5 gram weight powder sample was then fused into glass
shown in Fig. 1. The individual pluton bodies of granitoid were beads. The major, minor and trace elements were analyzed
emplaced on the north-east island at ca 225 Ma and on the using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF, Spectro Xepos) with a
south-west at ca.220Ma. Granitoids in Bangka was assumed decent standard tolerance of Certified Reference Material
as the continuation of the Main Range magmatism with (CRM), such as NIST40, IGS36 etc.
unexposed Paleo-Tethyan suture lying to the east [9].
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1.3 Geological Setting in Schwaner Mountain, West
Kalimantan, Indonesia 3.1 Petrography of Granitoid Rocks
The Late Triassic magmatism of metatonalites was reported The petrography examination of the granitoid samples from Bangka
by Setiawan et al [10] from the Schwaner Mountain dated to showed most of the REE- bearing minerals were found in Biotite granite
be older than predominant Cretaceous granitoids. The as represented by the group of silicate, titanium and phosphate minerals.
K-feldspar was mostly found as megacryst, with approximately 3 to 4 cm
Cretaceous granitoids emplaced the most dominant in length and grey in color. Plagioclase was found in a smaller size and
physiography of SW Kalimantan. The study area is situated in more euhedral in shape as compared with K-feldspar. Blackish spot of
adjacent to Cretaceous Subvolcanic rocks and ranged from biotite was present as mafic phase in the hornblende- bearing plutons of
Diorite to Gabbro and Dolerite. The rock exposures were small Toboali. However, some biotite minerals undergone chloritization, while
intrusive bodies in the form of plugs and dykes grouped as late crystalization in the magma was represented by the occurrence of
Kerabai Volcanics. These basic subvolcanic rocks clearly anhedral quartz. Furthermore, allanite, sphene, titanite, zircon and apatite
were present as accessory minerals associated with the mafic phase of
intrude the pyroclastic or lava. Kerabai Volcanics occupied the hornblende and biotite. Allanite and titanite have approximately 0.1 – 1
lowlands which composed of andesite, basalt, dolerite, mm in size and occurred as the most prevalent minerals in the studied
trachyte, rhyolite, etc. granite as shown in Fig. 2. Opaque minerals were represented by the
presence of ilmenite. Those are more abundant than other REE- bearing
minerals (i.e. xenotime and monazite). Allanite and monazite were known
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY as the host mineral for Cerium (Ce), while xenotime hosted the element of
The major and trace elements were obtained from petrography Yttrium (Y). The presence of hydrothermal minerals of fluorite, sericite and
and geochemical examination, particularly from X-Ray chlorite which commonly replace biotite and allanite represented a
Fluorescence (XRF). Approximately ten (10) samples of fresh remobilization features [11]. Most of the REE- bearing minerals were found
and weathered granitoids were collected from Bukit Tinggi, within or adjacent to biotite minerals as denoted by pleochroic halo for
Xenotime existence. Fresh granitoid sample in the Bukit Tinggi, Malaysia
Pahang State, Malaysia, while another 18 samples of fresh also belonged to the granite suite exhibiting coarse K-feldspar- biotite
granitoids and 1 sample of beach sand were obtained from granite, comprising of K-feldspar as phenocryst, quartz, plagioclase and
several sites in Bangka Island, Indonesia with additional 10 biotite. The accessory minerals were represented by the presence of
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apatite, zircon, allanite, sphene and ilmenite which indicate the S-type
granitoid. Petrography analysis showed gabbro mainly composed of
anorthite with subordinate clino and ortho-pyroxene as well as olivin, while
magnetite, hematite and ilmenite were found in minor proportion.
However, monzodiorite exhibits greater zircon and ilmenite than opaque
minerals. Residual minerals of zircon and ilmenite which co-exists with
monazite were also found as stream sediments, and this suggested that
the parent rocks experienced weathering process and transported in the
river as shown in Fig. 4 [12].
Fig. 2. Cross- polarized light of biotite granite in Bangka island, Indonesia.
Note that allanite occurs in association with monazite and zircon. Qz =
quartz, Bt = biotite, Pl = plagioclase, Aln = allanite, Zr = zircon, Mnz =
monazite
3.2 Major Elemental Geochemistry
The XRF result showed that the fresh granitoid obtained from
Bukit Tinggi, Malaysia belong to granitic suites according to
Total Alkali Silica (TAS) Diagram and contained 76.2 wt% of
SiO2 and 7.42 wt% of Na2O+K2O as shown in Fig.3.A [13].
However, about 9 samples of weathered granite did not plot in
the TAS classification diagram. Samples from Bangka island,
Indonesia showed about 14 samples plot in the granite suites
containing 72.89 – 76.98 wt% of SiO2 and 7.43 – 8.43 wt% of
Na2O+K2O and 4 samples plot in Granodiorite field as they
contain 68.43 – 72.54 wt% of SiO2 and 6.97 – 7.43 wt% of
Na2O+K2O (Fig.3.A). The instrusive rock samples from
Kerabai Volcanics, Schwaner Mountain, Indonesia show that 6
samples plot in Gabbro containing 45.73 – 51.62 wt% of SiO2
and 2.39 – 3.91 wt% of Na2O+K2O, 1 sample in Gabbro-
diorite containing 53.12 wt% of SiO2 and 4.07 wt% of
Na2O+K2O, 2 samples in Monzodiorite containing 52.58 –
54.77 wt% of SiO2 and 4.07 – 5.32 – 5.37 wt% of Na2O+K2O
and 1 sample in Monzonite containing 58.09% of SiO2 and
7.14 wt% of Na2O+K2O (Fig.3.A). The analyses of the major
element showed the parental magma ranged from Low K
(Tholeiite series) to High K-Calc Series. The affinities of
granitoids in Bukit Tinggi and Bangka island were largely of
Shosonite and High-K Calc Series as shown in Fig.3. B and
on the basis of Alumina Saturation Index (ASI) [14] they were
categorized into S-type field and strongly peraluminous as
shown in Fig.3. C & D). According to the types of magma
source, the S-type was derived from sedimentary protoliths
with their melt products majorly being primary tin [15]. In
IJSTR©2020
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ISSN 2277-8616
contrast, the intrusive rocks of the Kerabai Volcanics showed
the rocks belong to Calc-alcaline series with a few analyses
plotting in high K-calc and below the low-K (tholeiite series).
The enrichment of Light Rare Earth Elements (L-REE) against
Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) suggested the
occurrence of crystalization fractionation. According to the
existence of REE, a typical S-type granitoids are commonly
enriched by L-REE relative to H-REE with increasing degree
of fractional crystalization. Total REY found in weathered
granite of the Bukit Tinggi ranged from 82.4 ppm to 523.5, with
fresh rock attaining 585.8 ppm. Meanwhile, the total value of
REY found for fresh granite and granodiorite in the Bangka
Island ranged from 231.2 ppm to 431.1 ppm and enriching up
to 2767 ppm in beach sand deposit also known as tin placer.
3.3 Geochemical Behavior of REE
About 9 samples of weathered granite were found in the Bukit
Tinggi, Pahang State, Malaysia. From two weathering profile,
the thickness of first profile reaches 6 m in depth, while the
second was 12 m. However, the weathered granite obtained
from 1 m to 7 m in depth was characterized by positive Ce
anomalies as seen in the spidergram (Fig. 5) [16] and low REY
and this indicates the existence of an REE-leached zone.
During leaching, Sr and Nd were enriched within their host
minerals of apatite and feldspar. On the contrary, the REE-
accumulation zone was indicated by negative Ce anomalies
as shown in Fig. 5 with higher REY content. The negative Ce
anomalies suggest that weathered granite which contained a
significant amount of clay minerals and undergone ion-
exchangeable REE. However, a principal theory suggested
that REE is relatively immobile toward weathering and
hydrothermal alteration unless the water against rock ratio is
higher as generally found in the wet climate of Southeast Asia.
The reconstruction of the spidergram in the Bangka island
suggested 6 samples became the accumulation zone of REE
as shown by slight negative anomalies of Ce and the depletion
of REY content. Moreover, the element of Europium (Eu)
exhibited negative anomaly which indicated unfractionated
crystalization during magma evolution. Granitic rocks are likely
yielded significant content of L-REE particularly for La. On the
contrary, basic rocks yielded more H-REE and this trend was
commonly observed in bauxite laterite with basic igneous
rocks as its parent rock. Gabbro samples also contained as
much as 36 to 53 ppm and a depletion trend was observed in
more acidic igneous rock, such as Monzonite, which only
yielded low proportion of Scandium (Sc) of about 16 ppm. The
amount of Sc was likely derived from Fe-rich minerals
(especially hematite as secondary altered mineral of
Hornblende and Hypersthene). The cation Fe2+ able to be
substituted by Sc3+ since Fe2+ has higher electronegativity
(1.65) than REE (1.05 – 2). It is important to state that
electronegativity of an element is significant in the possibility of
using it as a proxy for a similar-sized element.
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Fig. 3. Plotting of major element composition of granitoid: A) Total Alkali Silica Classification Diagram (TAS; wt%) [12]; B) K2O vs SiO2 classification
diagram [14]; C) ANK (molar Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O) vs ACNK (molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)) [14]; D) SiO2 vs ACNK [14]

3.4 Enrichment Mechanism REE- fluorocarbonate occurred as ion-adsorption type [17]. In

The abundance of REE greatly depends on the way elements tin placer deposits, phosphate minerals of monazite were
were created in conjunction with the occurrence of lighter ones present as the most important phase in controlling the Th and
and greater stability of nuclei with atomic number. With respect REE concentration.
to the hydrothermal alteration in the Bukit Tinggi, Malaysia and
Toboali, Bangka island, Indonesia, the secondary mineral of
chlorite and fluorite retained the REE in solution coincide with
rapid precipitation of allanite [(Ca, Ce, La, Y)2(Al,
Fe)Al2O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)]. This process caused
destabilisation of REE- fluorocarbonate which also replaced
Ca2+ from allanite due to the lower ionic charge of Ca cation
compared to REE. Thus, REE is being captured by Ca2+ to
enter the crystal lattice of allanite. Some features of allanite
associated with chlorite and/ or fluorite were strongly
evidenced in the backscatter SEM examination from Toboali
granite. Similarly, the apatite mineral [Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)] was
commonly found in association with monazite and xenotime. It
can be inferred that monazite and xenotime (REE phosphate)
may result from replacing the precursor apatite or as an
alteration product of apatite, while REE fluorocarbonate had
the possibility of altering the precursor allanite. In other words, Fig. 4. The occurrence and distribution of monazite and its assemblage
REE phosphates occurred as placer REE minerals with the minerals in stream sediments of Airputih, West Kalimantan [12].
tendency to be resistant against chemical weathering, while

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Fig. 5. The patterns of REE- leached and accumulation zone after chondrite normalization. Data for chondrite normalization refer to Sun and
McDonough [16].
The uppermost section of weathered granitoid profile in Bukit Tinggi,
Malaysia view showed the REE depletion. Zircon which might be found at
a greater depth of weathered granitoid contributed to the control of the
Heavy-REE (HREE) enrichment as indicated by the positive relationship it
has between Zr and the ratio of Yb/Ho. The subsitution of REE with Zr
involved the entry of lower ionic charge (Sc3+) and nearly similar ionic-
radii into the greater major ion of Zr4+ in Zircon oalso known as admission.
In bauxite laterite, with basic igneous rock as the parental rock, showed
the weathering process of those rocks to have accumulated the amount of
Scandium (Sc) in clay zone (or layer below the bauxite zone and above
the parent rock containing hematite and clay minerals) [18]. Moreover,
hematite was produced as secondary minerals of Hornblende and/ or
Hypersthene. The different electronegativities between Fe2+ and Sc3+
enabled the substitution process, with the higher charge of Sc undergoing
destabilization during weathering to enter the crystal lattice. Geochemical
behavior of REE as lithophile trace elements was governed by how easily
ion substitution occur in the crystal lattices. According to Goldschmidt’s
rule this substitution occurred through admission, with the incorporation
involving two ions which have similar radii and different charge [19], [20].
In weathered granitoids and laterites, the destabilization and breakdown of
REE-bearing minerals occurred in the leached zone, followed by
dissolution, downward removal and terminated with kaolin adsorption in
the saprolith zone. Saprolith is commonly comprised of clay minerals with
the capability to conduct ionic- absorption and possibly enrich the REE. It
is important to state that low mobility of REE engenders minor dispersion
of elements and mostly accumulated in deeper depth above the parent
rocks.
4 CONCLUSION
The S-type granites were primarily characterized by monazite,
apatite, xenotime, zircon and allanite as accessory minerals.
Granitoid rocks ranging in composition from granite to
granodiorite, were mostly enriched with L-REE. Meanwhile,
the intrusive rocks of bauxite laterite ranging from gabbro to
monzonite0 yielded Scandium (Sc). The relative abundance of
REE in the continental crust was attributed to their
geochemical parameter of ionic charge and ionic radius.
Those geochemical parameters can be used to determined
and decipher what minerals would host and enrich the REE
through element substitution. Similar characteristics of ionic
radii with different ionic charge between REE and other major
element led to the element substitution through capture and
admission. Moreover, the weathering process has also
contributed for ionic bonds destruction of the host minerals. It
was also discovered that higher mechanical weathering
intensity produced the finest size of grain fraction and
suggested a stronger concentration of REE-bearing minerals
within this fraction. The pattern of REE distribution was
suspected to be in the finest fraction and deeper weathering
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
ISSN 2277-8616
profile of granitoids. In addition, secondary mineral (such as
hematite) which was accumulated in the clay zone laterite or
also known as saprolith zone retained the REE dispersion
from entering the water system circulation. In tin placer, most
of the REE remained stable in the resistant minerals such as
monazite, xenotime, and zircon prominently found as
accessory minerals in S-type granites. REE remained stable in
them since the element substitution was compatible with
particular major elements of Ti, Zr and co-existed with
cassiterite (Sn).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express gratitude to PT. Antam Tbk Unit Geomin
for valuable support in obtaining the samples as well as the
staff of the National Nuclear Agency of Indonesia for their
contribution in preparing the samples. The gratitude is also
extended to the Dean of Faculty of Earth Technology and
Energy, Universitas Trisakti who always motivate the lecturer
to publish the article.
REFERENCES
[1] K. R. Long, B. S. Van Gosen, N. K. Foley, and D.
Cordier, ―The principal rare earth elements deposits
of the United States: A summary of domestic
deposits and a global perspective,‖ in Non-
Renewable Resource Issues: Geoscientific and
Societal Challenges, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/978-90-
481-8679-2_7.
[2] K. Binnemans et al., ―Recycling of rare earths: A
critical review,‖ Journal of Cleaner Production.
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[3] V. Balaram, ―Rare earth elements: A review of
applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis,
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Front., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1285–1303, 2019. DOI:
10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005
[4] D. Aubert, P. Stille, and A. Probst, ―REE
fractionation during granite weathering and removal
by waters and suspended loads: Sr and Nd isotopic
evidence,‖ Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2001. DOI:
10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00546-9
[5] M. P. Searle, J. M. Cottle, M. J. Streule, and D. J.
Waters, ―Crustal melt granites and migmatites along
the Himalaya: Melt source, segregation, transport
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020
and granite emplacement mechanisms,‖ in Earth
and Environmental Science Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2009. DOI:
10.1017/S175569100901617X
[6] A. A. Ghani, M. Searle, L. Robb, and S. L. Chung,
―Transitional I S type characteristic in the Main
Range Granite, Peninsular Malaysia,‖ J. Asian
Earth Sci., 2013. DOI:
10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.05.013
[7] M. P. Searle et al., ―Tectonic evolution of the
Sibumasu–Indochina terrane collision zone in
Thailand and Malaysia: constraints from new U–Pb
zircon chronology of SE Asian tin granitoids,‖ J.
Geol. Soc. London., 2012. DOI: 10.1144/0016-
76492011-107
[8] S. W. P. Ng et al., ―Petrogenesis of Malaysian
granitoids in the Southeast Asian tin belt: Part 2. U-
Pb zircon geochronology and tectonic model,‖ Bull.
Geol. Soc. Am., 2015. DOI: 10.1130/B31214.1
[9] S. W. P. Ng et al., ―Late Triassic granites from
Bangka, Indonesia: A continuation of the Main
Range granite province of the South-East Asian Tin
Belt,‖ J. Asian Earth Sci., 2017. DOI:
10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.002
[10] N. I. Setiawan et al., ―Geochemical characteristics
of metamorphic rocks from South Sulawesi, Central
Java, and South–West Kalimantan in Indonesia,‖
Asean Eng. J., Vol.3 No.1, ISSN 2286-8150, 2013.
[11] G. Schwinn and G. Markl, ―REE systematics in
hydrothermal fluorite,‖ Chem. Geol., 2005. DOI:
10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.11.012
[12] H. Syaeful, K. S. Widana, I. G. Sukadana, and A. G.
Muhammad, ―Rare Earth Element Exploration in
Indonesia,‖ Proc. Sundal. Resour. 2014 MGEI
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
ISSN 2277-8616
Annu. Conv., 2014.
[13] E. A. K. Middlemost, ―Naming materials in the
magma/igneous rock system,‖ Earth Sci. Rev.,
1994. DOI: 10.1016/0012-8252(94)90029-9
[14] P. C. Rickwood, ―Boundary lines within petrologic
diagrams which use oxides of major and minor
elements,‖ LITHOS, 1989. DOI: 10.1016/0024-
4937(89)90028-5
[15] S. W. P. Ng et al., ―Petrogenesis of Malaysian
granitoids in the Southeast Asian tin belt: Part 1.
Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics,‖
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 2015. DOI: 10.1130/B31213.1
[16] S. -s. Sun and W. F. McDonough, ―Chemical and
isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications
for mantle composition and processes,‖ Geol. Soc.
London, Spec. Publ., 2008. DOI:
10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19
[17] K. Sanematsu, Y. Kon, A. Imai, K. Watanabe, and Y.
Watanabe, ―Geochemical and mineralogical
characteristics of ion-adsorption type REE
mineralization in Phuket, Thailand,‖ Miner. Depos.,
2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00126-011-0380-5
[18] R.D. Nugraheni, D. Sunjaya, S. Agustini, ―Regional
Tectonic and Geochemical Approach to Distinguish
Bauxite Characteristics in Pahang, Malaysia and
West Kalimantan, Indonesia‖, IOP Conf. Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, 2018. DOI:
10.1088/1755-1315/212/1/012026
[19] ―Principles of stable isotope geochemistry,‖ Choice
Rev. Online, 2013. DOI: 10.5860/choice.44-6251
[20] B. B. Mason and J. W. and Sons, ―Principles of
Geochemistry,‖ Soil Sci., 1958. DOI:
10.1097/00010694-195810000-00021
1511
 The Enrichment Mechanism Of
Rare Earth Elements In
Weathered Granitoids, Tin Placer
And Bauxite Laterite
by Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni

Submission date: 24-Nov-2020 02:09PM (UTC+0700)

Submission ID: 1455887907
File name: ents-In-Weathered-Granitoids-Tin-Placer-And-Bauxite-Laterite.pdf (714.54K)
Word count: 4222
Character count: 23182
'TERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VO LUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

The Enrichment Mechanism Of Rare Earth

Elements In Weathered Granitoids, Tin Placer
And Bauxite Laterite
Rosmali a Dita Nugraheni, Dedi Sunjaya, Muhammad Burhannudinnur

Abstract- This study aimed to elucidate the geochemical behavior of Rare Earth Elements (REE) to conceive their concentration within secondary
REE-bearing mirll:ils. The tin bell granitoids which existed along the Malaysia Peninsula and Western Indonesia were produced by subduc tion of large
Tethyan oceans, Tallowed by post-collisional thickening of the continental crust. With regards to the tectonic origin, granitoids in the Bukit Tinggi, Pahang
State, Malaysia as well as Bangka island, Indonesia are classified under crustal-derived granitoid and yield considerable potentials of REE. Moreover, in
a tropical climate, tense weathering process possibly dispersed the REE to the weathered products of granitoid, laterite and placer deposits. The
methodology used in this research includes the analysis of m ajor and trace elements through the use of X-Ray Fluorescence added by petrography
analysis. The result showed similar chemical charac teristics on ionic- radii with different ionic- charge of Light- and Heavy-REE enabled them to
substitute the major elements and enter the crystal lattice. The weathering process has also contributed to destroying the ionic bonds of the host
minerals. Moreover, the low mobility of these elements engenders low dispersion only in the nearby parent rocks. Summarily, in weathered granitoid and
bauxite laterite, REE accumulation occupies the saprolith containing clay mineral and has the capability to concentrate the elements through ionic­
absorption. In placer deposits, REE remained stable in resistant minerals of monazite, xenotime, and zircon since the Light- REE being compatible with
major elements of Ti, Zr and coexist with cassiterite or tin.

Index Terms- Bauxite residue, Continental crust, Granitoids, Laterite, Monazte, REE, Tin Placer
♦

1 INTRODUCTION (commonly known as by-product of tin placer and bauxite

NONADAYS, the US experiences a trading dispute with
China, on the restriction of the metal commodity used for the
manufacturing process in industries, namely Rare Earth
Elements (REE). This discord has raised global interest in this
metal, particularly in Indonesia which has numerous amounts
of thick granitoids in Sumatera, tin islands of Bangka and
Belitung as well as West Kalimantan. However, the tin belt
granitoids are not only existed in Indonesia but also in the
neighboring country of Malaysia. The existence of granitoid
rocks in both countries are llnerated and emplaced by
subduction of Tethyan oceans tallowed by subsequent post­
collisional thickening of continental crust The REE is
abundantly emplaced the parts of the continental crust, but
often low in concentrations and particularly within ore deposits
[1]. The thickening of continental crust while producing
granitoids suggests that granitoids yield considerable
potentials of Rare Earth Elements (REE). The term of "Rare
Earth Elements" refers to a group of 15 lanthanide series
elements (La to Lu) in the periodic table plus 2 elements of
Yttrium (Y ) and Scandium (Sc) (2]. According to group of
elements, Y and Sc is classified as early transition metals.
Moreover, REE are considered lanthanoids and have been
informally subdivided according to the atomic number of the
elements, such as Light Rare Earth Elements (L-REE) and
High Rare Earth Elements (H-REE). L-REE covers the atomic
numbers of 57 to 62 known as Lanthanum (La) to Samarium
(Sm), while those of 21, 39 and 63 to 71 for Scandium (Sc),
Yttrium (Y), Europium ( Eu) to Lutetium (Lu) respectively are
referred to as H-REE [3]. In recent decades, these 17
elements are harnessed as metal alloys, permanent magnet,
lamp phosphors, and others. The demand for H-REE is higher
than L-REE and also more expensive particularly for
Scandium (Sc) which worths US$3.458/kg in 2017 in the form
of metal.
However, the challenge in the exploration and exploitation of
these elements include the difficult extraction and relatively
expensive mining processes. In addition, the extraction
process may harm the environment since the host mineral
laterite) may also contain the radioactive minerals. Moreover,
REE is expected to grow in the future in line with the
increasing demand for technology which exhibits energy
efficiency and cost benefits. Therefore, the study about the
enrichment mechanism of these elements from primary to
secondary residual is beneficial tltomprehend their chemical
behavior. The study areas are located in the Bukit linggi,
Pahang State, Malaysia, Bangka island and West Kalimantan,
Indonesia. They are situated in the tropical climate, where the
alternation of wet and dry climate led to the occurrence of
superficial enrichment of some trace elements including tin
(Sn) and REE in granitoids, assemblage minerals of tin placer
and bauxite laterite. Moreover, mechanical and chemical
weathering processes allow the mineral disaggregation,
dissolution, and remc9I of chemical elements from the host
rocks [4]. In addition, Rt:E mobility is mainly controlled by the
climate and stability of the REE-bearing minerals [4]. This
study aimed to understand the geochemical behavior of REE,
especially concerning the migration behavior as well as the
concentration mechanism within the REE-bea ring minerals.
1.1 ological Setting of Granitoids in East Malaysia
The entong-Raub Paleo- Tethyan suture closed in the Late
Triassic has separated the Main Range (Sibumasu Terrance)
and Eastern Province of East Malaya as in Fig.1. The suture
has become the most prominent deformation remains of the
accretionary complex. The Main Range of Southeast Asia
granitoid belt, consisting S-type Late Triassic to Early
Jurassic granitoids. They were emplaced into the Sibumasu
basement [5] and comprising Uppern:ambrian to U pper
Permian meta-sediments as well as shallow marine shelf
sediments which are overlain by Mesozoic carbonates and
turbidites [6]. Some authors challenged the S-type designation
of the Main Range province (7] by suggesting that ft3in Range
together with the Eastern Province comprises liomblende ­
bearing and hornblende-free granitoids i n the form o f both
intrusion and batholith bodies. The S-Type is also distinct from
S-type leucogranite as found in Himalayan region. lin

1506
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'TERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

min lization in "tMain Range Province is mainly caused by

• emplacement of batholiths into thick carbonate body as
cordierite leading to the extensive skarn f ormation to host tin
deposits [BJ.
Characterized by the presence of garnet, sphene, biotite and

--·----
. ......
- ,,.a....,.,

- ----
li
-- ---
., - Bl g ranite

., �=
.rJcc
=-=;a:�
-
-> - Hb�Btgranile
M,. ""�-=� .,
NGKA
Undassified granite
.. , - Dlorite
r - Gabbro

t �----..-...
-��.-
•
-._..
---____
_..,_...._
SUMATRA
T

-=
6
-
� Ranggam Group 7.i

� Tempilang Group �,va\

I o

1
- PemaliGroup
1: f 1

Geological map or hn belt� ,n Buk1t Jlnggi, Malaysia [8] and Bangka island Indonesia [9]. The study areas are marked by square
symools.

1.2 G eological Setting of Granitoids in Bangka Island , fresh samples of intrusive rocks c ollected from Kerabai
Indonesia Volcanics. In order to avoid any contaminations and remove
Bangka Island is located in the southeastern part of the tin the weathered surfaces, rock samples were trimmed first For
island group and aligned in the proximity of Bentong- Raub XRF preparation, samples were crushed into a powder of 200
suture zone. The study areas were Tanjung Raya, Mangkol, mesh using jaw crusher and corundum mill and a minimum of
West Belinyu, Tanjung Mantun, Tanjung Berikat and Toboali as 5 gram weight powder sample was then fused into glass
shown in Fig. 1. The individu pluton bodies of granitoid were beads. The major, minor and trace elements were analyzed
emplaced on the north-east Is and at ca 225 Ma and on the using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF, Spectra Xepos) Vvith a
south-w at ca.220Ma. Granit oids in Bangka was assumed decent standard tolerance of Certified Reference Material
as the c ontinuation of the Main Range magmatism with (CRM), such as NIST40, IGS36 etc.
unexposed Paleo-Tethyan suture lying to the east [9).
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1.3 G eologica l Sett ing in Schwaner Mountain, West
Kalimantan, Indonesia 3.1 Petrography of Granitoid Rocks
The Late Triassic magmatism of metatonalites was reported The petrography examination of the granitoid samples from Bangka
by Setiawan et al [1 OJ from the Schwaner Mountain dated to showed most of the REE- bearing minerals were found in Biotite granite
be older than predominant Cretaceous granitoids. The as represented by the group of silicate, titanium and phosphate minerals.
K-feldspar was mostly found as megacryst, with approximately 4 cm
Creta ceous granitoids emplaced the most dominant
in length and grey in color. Plagioclase was found in a smaller size and
physiography of SW Kalimantan. The study area is situated in more euhedral in shaGas compared with K-feldspar. Blackish spot of
adjacent to Cretaceous Subvolcanic rocks and ranged from biotte was present as mafic phase in the hornblende• bearing plutons of
Diorite to Gabbro and Dolerite. The rock exposures were small Toboali. However, some biolite minerals undergone chlorilization, while
intrusive bodies in the form of plugs and dykes grouped as late crystalization in the magma was represented by the occurrence of
Kerabai Volcanics. These basic subvolcanic rocks clearly anhedral quartz. Furthermore, allanite, sphene, litanite, zircon and apatite
were present as accessory minerals associated with the mafic phase of
intrude the pyroc lastic or lava. Kerabai Volcanics occupied the hornblende and biotite. Allanite and titanite have approximately 0.1 - 1
lowlands which composed of andesite, basalt, dolerite, mm in size and occurred as the most prevalent minerals in the studied
trachyte, rhy olite, etc. granite as shown in Fig. 2. Opaque minerals were represented by the
presence of ilmenite. Those are more abundant than other REE- bearing
minerals (i.e. xenotime and monazite). Atlante and monazite were known
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY as the host mineral for Cerium (Ce), while xenotime hosted the element of
The major and trace elements were obtained from petrography Yttrium (Y). The presence of hydrothermal minerals of fluorite, sericite and
and geochemical examination, particularly from X-Ray chlorite which commonly replace biotite and allanite represented a
Fluorescence (XRF). Approximately ten (10) samples of fresh remobilization features [11]. Most of the REE- bearing minerals were found
and weathered granitoids were c ollected from Bukit Tinggi, within or adjacent to biolite minerals as denoted by pleochroic halo for
Xenolime existence. Fresh grantoid sample in the Bukt Tinggi, Malaysia
Pahang State, Malaysia, while another 18 samples of fresh also belonged to the granite suite exhibiting coarse K-feldspar- biotite
granitoids and 1 sample of beach sand were obtained from granite, comprising of K-feldspar as phenocryst, quartz, plag oclase and
several sites in Bangka Island, Ind onesia with ad ditional 10 biotte. The accessory minerals were represented by the presence of
1507
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INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020
and granite emplacement mechanisms," in Earth
and Environmental Science Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2009. DOI:
10.1017/S 175569100901617X
(6) A. A. Ghani, M. Searle, L. Robb, and S. L. Chung,
"Transitional I S type characteristic in the Main
Range Granite, Peninsular Malaysia," J. Asian
Earth Sci., 2013. DOI :
10.10161.jseaes.2013.05.013
[7] M. P. Searle et al., 'Tectonic evolution of the
Sibumasu-lndochina terrane collision zone in
Thailand and Malaysia: constraints from new U-Pb
zircon chronology of SE Asian tin granitoids," J.
Geo/. Soc. London., 2012. DOI: 10.1144/0016-
76492011-107
(8) S. W. P. Ng et al., "Petrogenesis of Malaysian
granitoids in the Southeast Asian tin belt Part 2. U­
Pb zircon geochronology and tectonic model," Bull.
Geo/. Soc. Am., 2015. DOI: 10.113 0/B31214.1
[9) S. W. P. Ng et al., "Late Triassic granites from
Bangka, Indonesia: A continuation of the Main
Range granite province of the South-East Asian Tin
Belt," J. Asian Earth Sci., 2017. DOI:
10.10161.jseaes.2017.03.002
[10) N. I. Setiawan et al., "Geochemical characteristics
of metamorphic rocks from South Sulawesi, Central
Java, and South-West Kalimantan in Indonesia,"
Asean Eng. J., Vol.3 No.1, ISSN 2286-8150, 2013.
[11) G. Schwinn and G. Marki, "REE systematics in
hydrothermal fluorite," Chem. Geo/., 2005. DOI:
10.10161.chemgeo.2004.11.012
[12) H. Syaeful, K. S. Widana, I. G. Sukadana, and A.G.
Muhammad, "Rare Earth Element Exploration in
Indonesia," Proc. Sundal. Resour. 2014 MGEI
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
ISSN 2277-8616
Annu. Conv., 2014.
[13) E. A. K. Middlemost, "N aming materials in the
magma/igneous rock system," Earth Sci. Rev.,
1994. DOI: 10 .1016 /0012-8252(94)90029-9
[14) P. C. Rickwood, "Boundary lines within petrologic
diagrams which use oxides of major and minor
elements," LITHOS, 1989. DOI: 10.1016/0024-
4937(89)90028-5
[15) S. W. P. Ng et al., "Petrogenesis of Malaysian
granitoids in the Southeast Asian tin belt Part 1.
Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics,"
Bull. Geo/. Soc. Am., 2015. DOI: 10.1130/B31213.1
[16) S. -s. Sun and W. F. McDonough, "Chemical and
isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications
for mantle composition and processes," Geo/. Soc.
London, Spec. Pub/., 2008. DOI:
10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19
[17) K. Sanematsu, Y. Kon, A. Imai, K. Watanabe, and Y.
Watanabe, "Geochemical and mineralogical
characteristics of ion-adsorption type RE E
mineralization in Phuket, Thailand," Miner. Depos.,
2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00126 -011-0380-5
(18) R.D. Nugraheni, D. Sunjaya, S. Agustini, "Regional
Tectonic and Geochemical Approach to Distinguish
Bauxite Characteristics in Pahang, Malaysia and
West Kalimantan, I ndonesia", IOP Conf. Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, 2018. DOI:
10.1088/1755-1315/212/1/012026
(19) ''Principles of stable isotope geochemistry," Ch oice
Rev. Online , 2013. DOI: 10.5860/choice.44-6251
(20) B. B. Mason and J. W. and Sons, "Principles of
Geochemistry," Soil Sci., 1958. DOI:
10.1097/00010694-195810000-00021
1511
The Enrichment Mechanism Of Rare Earth Elements In
Weathered Granitoids, Tin Placer And Bauxite Laterite
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2%
Oliver, M. Sone, N. J. Gardiner, and M. H.
Roselee. "Petrogenesis of Malaysian granitoids
in the Southeast Asian tin belt: Part 1.
Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic
characteristics", Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 2015.
Publication

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Aubert, D.. "REE fractionation during granite
weathering and removal by waters and
1%
suspended loads: Sr and Nd isotopic evidence",
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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
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Number : 004/Pan/VII/2019 July 6, 2019

Subject : Acknowledgement Letter

Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, S.T., M.Sc.

Universitas Trisakti

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download menu. Hence, prepare your paper based on this instrument.
4. You have to upload the filled initial review instrument too at our open conference system
website (http://seminar.uad.ac.id/index.php/icseh/index) in the supplementary file.

Furthermore, your paper will be refereed by two independent referees and then you will get a
feedback for revision and recommendation for your publication choice. Further details and steps of
publication will be informed by the committee depending on the review result.
Should you have any enquiries or need further assistance please do not hesitate to contact us by email
at icseh.malay2019@gmail.com or by Whatsapp at +62857-3995-7627.

We look forward to meeting you at the conference.

Yours Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Dwi Sulisworo, MT

General Chairman
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

REVIEW FORM
Paper ID : (52TRISAKTI_M1)

Recommendation to Editor (Please mark “ü” for appropriate option)

(ü) Excellent, accept the submission (5)

() Good, accept the submission with minor revisions required (4)

() Acceptable, revisions required (3)

() Resubmit for review, major revisions required (2)

( ) Decline the submission (1)

The editor will forward the section below to author/s

Evaluation (Please evaluate the manuscript by grade 1-5)

5=Excellent 4=Good 3=Average 2=Below Average 1=Poor

Items Grade

Contribution to existing knowledge 4

Organization and readability 5

Soundness of methodology 5

Evidence supports conclusion 4

Adequacy of literature review 5

Strengths
Paper can contribute to existing knowledge
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

Weaknesses

Suggestions to Author/s
To improve the quality of the paper, it would be good to invite a professional proofreader
check the manuscript before submitting to journal editor

Please return the form to the journal editor

Jakarta, 30th July, 2019
Reviewer
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

Authors’ Confirmation
(Please answer the followings)

PAPER ID : 1668

No Question Yes No Suggestion

1 Does your title contain maximum of 12 v
words?
2 Does the abstract contains “background, v
methodology, results, and conclusions”
within 150 words to 250 words?
3 Have you filled in the gap in all pages (no v
blank space at all)?
4 Are the references inside text according to v
the template?
5 Are all figures drawn according to the v The Figure should be called
template? first before appearance.
Note:
Title is written below
The Figure should be called first before
appearance

6 Does the paper length at least 5 to 10? v

7 Does your paper contain at least 15 recent v
references from international journal?
8 Does your paper contain at least 3 v The paper must contain at
references published in the last three year? least 3 references published
in the last three year.
9 Does your all references written in v
English?
10 Have you understood guidelines given on v
web page?
11 Have you proofread English grammar?
12 Has your paper been checked using
Grammarly or other Grammar Checker?
13 Do you know the following free version of
grammar correction?
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

https://www.grammarly.com/office-
addin/windows
14 Does the plagiarism percentage of your
paper under 20%?
15 Does your paper satisfy the following v
composition?
Introduction 30%
Method 5%
Results and Discussion 60%
Conclusion 5%
16 Does your paper contain v
acknowledgement?
17 Does your paper contain at least one v
figure?
18 Are all tables drawn according to the v
template?
Note:
Title is written above
The table should be called first before
appearance

The Number of “Yes” and “No” responses

 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

Decision:
v Good, continue to review process II (Greater than 15)
Average, continue to review process II (Between 11-14)
Reject. (Less and equal than 10)

Suggestion for Author

The Figure should be called first before appearance. The paper must contain at least 3
references published in the last three year.
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

Number : 015/PAN/VIII/2019 August, 6th 2019

Paper ID : 1668
Subject : Letter of Acceptance

Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, S.T., M.Sc.

Universitas Trisakti

On behalf of the Organizing Committee of the First International Conference on Science, Education, and Humanities
(ICSEH) 2019, based on the review process. We are happy to inform you that
First, your paper with the title:
The Enrichment Mechanism of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in Weathered Granitoids, Tin Placer and Bauxite
Laterite
Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, S.T., M.Sc.
is accepted for oral presentation at ICSEH 2019. We would like to invite you to present your paper in a 10 minutes
lecture of the parallel session as oral presenter or virtual presentation. Your contributed paper at ICSEH 2019 may be
considered for publication in the International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research (http://ijstr.org) indexed
in Scopus. In order to complete this process, you have to pay the conference fee described in the following details.
Amount
Classification
Foreign Indonesian
Students 50 USD 750.000 IDR
Academicians/Researchers/Industries 75 USD 1.100.000 IDR
And the publication fee described in the following table
Amount
Classification
Foreign Indonesian
Students 100 USD 1.450.000 IDR
Academicians/Researchers/Industries 125 USD 1.800.000 IDR

If you wish to have a payment, please kindly make payment up to August 10th, 2019. We would like to ask your
convenience to make payment to the following account.
Indonesian Presenter/Participant
Bank Name : Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)
Account Number : 0987-01-018954-536
Account Name : Anggit Prabowo
Foreign Presenter/Participant
Paypal account : dwi.sulisworo@uad.ac.id
Please note that presenters who pay using IDR need to add three digits of their paper ID to the amount of money
they transferred to ease the registration process.
Example:
Paper ID: 1867
Category: Presenter (Student): IDR 2,200,000
Total amount transferred: IDR 2,201,867
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE,
EDUCATION AND HUMANITIES (ICSEH) 2019
Sekretariat: Kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Jl. Pramuka No.42, Pandeyan, Umbulharjo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55164, Telp. 0274-563515 ext. 2128
Website: http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/

Before making a payment, you have to fill the term and condition form. Sign and upload it simultaneously together
with the proof of payment. Please notify us after making payment to make sure that your payment and signed term
and condition have been recorded by completing the proof of payment form that can be accessed at
(http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/register/) form C or simply use this link (shorturl.at/amKQ2) no longer than
August 10th, 2019.

Second, we would like to ask your commitment to revise your paper based on the reviewer’s suggestion which can
be accessed on our open conference system (seminar.uad.ac.id) using your submission account for ICSEH 2019 up
to August 16th, 2019. If you do not revise your paper, we have the following consequence

1. We don’t continue the publication process and

2. The publication fee cannot be refund

Furthermore, you have to download the registration and copyright form at

http://icseh.pascasarjana.uad.ac.id/downloads/ and upload them simultaneously with the proof of payment and term
and condition form using this link (shorturl.at/amKQ2).

Third, once the payment and all the revision processes are completed, we would like to upload your paper to online
submission of our partnership journal.

Should you have any enquiries or need further assistance please do not hesitate to contact us by email at
icseh.malay2019@gmail.com or by Whatsapp at +62857-3995-7627.

We look forward to meeting you at the conference.

Yours Sincerely,
General Chair,

Prof. Dr. Dwi Sulisworo, M.T.

 LEMBAR
HASJL PENJLAJAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW
KARYA ILMIAH : JURNAL IMIAH

Judul Artikel Jlmiah
Bauxite Laterite
Nama Pengusul
Jumlah Penulis
Status Pengusul (Pcnulis kc-) : l
Identitas Ju.mat Ilmiah
: The Enrichment Mechanism Of Rare Earth Elements In Weathered Granitoids, Tin Placer And
: Rosmalia Dita Nugraheni, S.T., M.Sc.
:3
a. Nama Jurnal : International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research,
Indexed by Scopus Q4, SJR 0.12 (Discontinue)
b. Nomor ISSN : 2277-8616
c. Vol. No. Bin. Ton : Vol. 9 Issue 03, March 2020
d. Penerbit : IJSTR
e. Jumlah Halaman : 6

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Nilai Maksimal Jurnal 11.miah (isi kolom yang sesuai)

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