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Makine Öğrenmesi Teorik Yönleri ve Python Uygulamaları ile Bir Yapay Zeka
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֜ƒ–’Ž‘–Ž‹„ò–ò’Šƒ‡•‹‹­‡”‹•‹†‡„‹”­‘”‡Šƒ”‹–ƒ•Ç—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒˆƒ”ŽÇ”‡†‡•‡‹‡•ƒŠ‹’‰”ƒˆ‹Ž‡”
‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ——‹­‹ ‘Ž‘”ƒ’••ÇÇˆÇ—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥƒ–’Ž‘–Ž‹„‹­‡”‹•‹†‡›‡”ƒŽƒ„ƒœÇ ‘Ž‘”ƒ’•
–ò”Ž‡”‹ǡ ƒ„Ž‘ ͶǤͶǯ†‡ ˜‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ — ”‡Ž‡” ‰‡‡ŽŽ‹Ž‡ „‹”„‹”‹‡ ›ƒÇ ”‡Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ ‰‡­‹ç ›ƒ’ƒ”ƒ ­‡ç‹–Ž‹
•‹–‹ŽŽ‡” ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ Y”‡º‹ ‹•–‡ ͶǤͳͲǯ†ƒ‹ ‘† ‹ ‡Ž‡†‹º‹†‡ǡ ƒ’α’Ž–Ǥ Ǥ†— ‹ˆƒ†‡•‹†‡‹
†—ǡƒ„Ž‘ͶǤͶǯ†‡˜‡”‹Ž‡‹ˆƒ†‡Ž‡”‹Ž‡†‡º‹ç–‹”‹Ž‹’•‘—­Žƒ”‰Ú”òŽ‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‘ͶǤͶƒœÇ ‘Ž‘”ƒ’••‹–‹ŽŽ‡”‹˜‡ƒ­ÇŽƒƒŽƒ”Ç

colormaps ­ÊŽƒƒ colormaps ­ÊŽƒƒ

”  ƒŠ˜‡”‡‰‹ǡ„‡›ƒœǡƒ˜‹ǡ›‡ç‹Ž ——  „‡›ƒœǡƒ­Ç‘”ǡ‘›—›‡ç‹Ž
‹  ’‡„‡ǡ„‡›ƒœǡ•ƒ”Çǡ›‡ç‹Ž —† „‡›ƒœǡƒ­Ç‘”ǡ‘›—Ç”ÇœÇ
  ‘”ǡ„‡›ƒœǡ›‡ç‹Ž ‘”• „‡›ƒœǡ‘›—‘”
—” –—”— —ǡ„‡›ƒœǡ‘” †— „‡›ƒœǡ’‡„‡ǡ‘›—‘”
†— Ç”ÇœÇǡ„‡›ƒœǡƒ˜‹ ‡†• „‡›ƒœǡ‘›—Ç”ÇœÇ
—–— Ç”ÇœÇǡ–—”— —-•ƒ”Ç ‘– •‹›ƒŠǡÇ”ÇœÇǡ•ƒ”Çǡ„‡›ƒœ
‘‘Ž ƒ‰Ú„‡º‹ǡˆ—盃 ‡– ƒ˜‹ǡ ƒ‰Ú„‡º‹ǡ•ƒ”ÇǡÇ”ÇœÇ
‘’’‡” •‹›ƒŠǡ„ƒÇ” ”‹• Ç”ÇœÇǡ•ƒ”Çǡ›‡ç‹Žǡƒ˜‹ǡ‘”

ͶǤ͸ o­‘›—–Ž—òœ‡› ”ƒˆ‹º‹

Mplot3dǡ ƒ–’Ž‘–Ž‹„ ò–ò’Šƒ‡•‹‡ ò­ „‘›—–Ž— ­‹œ‹ ›ƒ’ƒ ›‡–‡‡º‹ ƒœƒ†Ç”ƒ „‹”
ƒ”ƒ­–Ç”. ”ƒˆ‹ ­‹œ‹Ž†‹º‹†‡ ‘Ž—烐 •ƒŠ‡ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹ˆ ƒ”ƒ ’Žƒ •ƒ›‡•‹†‡ ˆƒ”‡ ›ƒ”†ÇÇ›Žƒ
ò­ „‘›—–Ž— ‘Žƒ”ƒ †Ú†ò”òŽò’ǡ ›ƒÇŽƒç–ǔǎƒ„‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ ‹•–‡ ͶǤͳͳǯ†‡ǡ ڐ ‡‹ Ç•Ç†ƒ
‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ ‡ç›ò•‡Ž–‹ ‰”ƒˆ‹º‹‹ ò­ „‘›—–Ž— ŠƒŽ‹ ­‹œ‹Ž‡”‡ f‡‹Ž ͶǤͳ͵ǯ†‡ ‰Ú•–‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ
òœ‡› ‰”ƒˆ‹º‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ ‹­‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ plot_surface() ˆ‘•‹›‘—†ƒ‹ rstride ˜‡
cstride’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡Ž‡”‹‹Ž‡‰”ƒˆ‹º‹‘Ž—ç–—”—”‡ǡ‰‹”‹ç˜‡”‹Ž‡”‹‹ڔ‡Ž‡‡‹­‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ
ƒ†Ç †‡º‡”‹ ƒ›ƒ”ŽƒÇ”. — ‹‹ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡‹ ˜ƒ”•ƒ›ÇŽƒ †‡º‡”‹ ͳͲǯ†—”Ǥ — †‡º‡”
ò­òŽ†ò­‡ †ƒŠƒ ˆƒœŽƒ ڔ‡Ž‡‡ ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç‡ ‡º‹ ‹­‹ǡ ‰”ƒˆ‹º‹ ‘Ž—痏— „‹”ƒœ †ƒŠƒ
œƒƒ ƒŽƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ —ƒ ”ƒº‡ ‡Ž†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ ‰Ú”ò–ò †ƒŠƒ ‡– ‘Žƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ f‡‹Ž ͶǤͳʹǯ†‡
‰”ƒˆ‹º‹‡”‡œ‹‹‘Ž—ç–—”ƒÇ”ÇœÇ”‡Ž‹„ÚŽ‰‡Ž‡”ò­„‘›—–Ž—›òœ‡›‰”ƒˆ‹º‹‹‡†‹’
„ÚŽ‰‡•‹‹ǡ ‡”‡œ†‡ —œƒ ƒ˜‹ ”‡Ž‹ „ÚŽ‰‡Ž‡” ‹•‡ ò­ „‘›—–Ž— ›òœ‡› ‰”ƒˆ‹º‹‹ ‡
›ò•‡„ÚŽ‰‡•‹‹‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ

‹•–‡4.11
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def ˆ‘•‹›‘ſšř›ƀś
return ((x**2+y**2)/2)*np.exp(-(x**2-y**3)/4)

x = np.arange(-1.0,1.0,0.01)
y = np.arange(-1.0,1.0,0.01)
a,b = np.meshgrid(x,y)
z=fonksiyon(a,b)
sekil = plt.figure()
ax =Axes3D(sekil)
yuzey = ax.plot_surface(a, b, z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=plt.cm.RdBu,
,linewidth=0, antialiased=False)

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sekil.colorbar(yuzey,shrink=0.6)
plt.title('$z=((x^2+y^3)/2) e^{-(x^2-y^2)/4}$')

f‡‹ŽͶǤͳ͵ǣY”‡„‹”͵›òœ‡›‰”ƒˆ‹º‹

ͶǤ͹ o­‘›—–Ž—ò–— ”ƒˆ‹º‹

ò–— ‰”ƒˆ‹Ž‡”‹‹ ò­ „‘›—–Ž— ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ ‹­‹ǡ ‹•–‡ ͶǤͳʹǯ†‡‹ ڔ‡ ‹ ‡Ž‡‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
Y”‡–‡ǡò”‹›‡ǯ†‡ʹͲͳʹǡʹͲͳ͵˜‡ʹͲͳͶ›ÇŽŽƒ”ǐƒƒ‹–ò­ˆƒ”ŽÇ•‡–Ú”†‡ƒ­Çºƒ­Çƒ•‡”ƒ
‰ƒœÇ ‡‹•›‘ †‡º‡”‹ǡ f‡‹Ž ͶǤͳͶǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡ ͵ •ò–— ‰”ƒˆ‹º‹ ‹Ž‡ ‰Ú•–‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”. Bar3d()
ˆ‘•‹›‘—ƒçƒºÇ†ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ––ƒ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
bar3d(x, y, z, dx, dy, dz, color=None)

—”ƒ†ƒ x, y ˜‡ z †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ •ò–—Žƒ”ǐ „ƒºŽƒ–Ç ‘–ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–ǐÇ ˜‡”‹” ˜‡ „—
’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡Ž‡” †‹œ‹ ˆ‘”ƒ–ǐ†ƒ ‘ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ dxǡ dy ˜‡ dz ‹•‡ •Ç”ƒ•Ç›Žƒ ‰‡‹çŽ‹ǡ †‡”‹Ž‹ ˜‡
›ò•‡Ž‹º‹‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‡”Ǥ—†‡º‡”Ž‡”•ƒ›Ç•ƒŽ„‹”†‡º‡”›ƒ†ƒ„‹”†‹œ‹‘Žƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ

‹•–‡ ͶǤͳʹ ‹ ‡Ž‡†‹º‹†‡ǡ ‡‹•›‘ †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ †‹œ‹ 燍Ž‹†‡ ‹ˆƒ†‡ ‡†‹Ž‹ç–‹”. ò–—Žƒ”ǐ
‰‡‹çŽ‹ ˜‡ †‡”‹Ž‹ †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ ͲǤͷ ‘Žƒ”ƒ •‡­‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ ò•‡Ž‹ †‡º‡”‹ ‹•‡ ‡‹•›‘
†‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹–—–—Ž†—º—zpos‹Ž‡‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‹Ž‹ç–‹”ǤXlabel˜‡ylabel‹Ž‡„‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡‡–‹‡–Ž‡”‹
‰”ƒˆ‹–‡‹‘—Žƒ”Ç‹•‡set_ticks() ˆ‘•‹›‘—‹Ž‡ƒ›ƒ”Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ


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f‡‹ŽͷǤͳ͹ǣ.ƒƒ›ƒ’”ƒ—œ—Ž—º—ڜ‹–‡Ž‹º‹‹­‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ•›‘‹çŽ‡‹

‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ•›‘ǣ‹”†‹º‡”ڜ‹–‡Ž‹ڎ­‡Ž‡†‹”‡›Ú–‡‹‹•‡‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ•›‘‹çŽ‡‹†‹”.
‡Ž‡ ͷǤ͵ǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡ ‡ç‹–Ž‹ ‡ •Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ•›‘ ›Ú–‡Ž‡”‹†‡ „‹”‹•‹
‘Žƒ‹-ƒš‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ•›‘‡ç‹–Ž‹º‹†‹”Ǥ
‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬௠௜௡
‫ݔ‬௡ =  ȋͷǤ͵Ȍ
‫ݔ‬௠௔௫ െ ‫ݔ‬௠௜௡

—”ƒ†ƒ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‡†‹Ž‡ ‡ †‡º‡”‹ǡ ‫ݔ‬௠௜௡  †‹œ‹†‡‹ ‡ ò­ò †‡º‡”‹ǡ ‫ݔ‬௠௔௫  †‹œ‹†‡‹ ‡
„ò›ò †‡º‡”‹ ˜‡”‹”Ǥ ‹•–‡ ͷǤ͵ǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡ ‘†Žƒ”†ƒ ‹•–‡ ͷǤʹǯ†‡ ˆƒ”ŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ
‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ•›‘ ˆ‘”òŽò —›‰—ŽƒÇç–Ç”Ǥ Yœ‹–‡Ž‹º‡ ƒ‹– ‡ „ò›ò ˜‡ ‡ ò­ò †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹
„—Ž—ƒ•Ç ‹­‹ǡ —› ò–ò’Šƒ‡•‹‡ ƒ‹– min() ˜‡ max() ˆ‘•‹›‘Žƒ”Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽÇç–Ç”Ǥ
f‡‹ŽͷǤͳͺǯ†‡‹•‡‹Žͺڔ‡º‹‰Ú”òŽ‡­ƒƒ›ƒ’”ƒ—œ—Ž—º—ڜ‹–‡Ž‹º‹‹‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ•›‘
•‘”ƒ•ÇƒŽ†ÇºÇ†‡º‡”Ž‡”‰Ú”òŽ‡–‡†‹”Ǥ

‹•–‡ͷǤ͵
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
from sklearn import datasets
iris = datasets.load_iris()
canakYaprakUzunlugu = ‹”‹•Ŝ†ƒ–ƒƃśř 0]
enBuyuk=np.max(canakYaprakUzunlugu)
enKucuk=np.min(canakYaprakUzunlugu)
X=(np.arange(150,dtype=float))

for i in ”ƒ‰‡ſɨɬɥƀś
X[i]=((X[i]- enKucuk)/( enBuyuk - enKucuk))

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f‡‹Ž͹Ǥʹǣò­òƒ”‡Ž‡”‡–‘†—˜‡Šƒ–ƒƒ˜”ƒÇ
f‡‹Ž ͹Ǥʹǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ†òºò ‰‹„‹ ݅ = (1,2, . . , ݊) ‘Žƒ òœ‡”‡ǡ Š‡”Šƒ‰‹ „‹” (‫ݔ‬௜ , ‫ݕ‬௜ ) ‘–ƒ•ÇÇ
”‡‰”‡•›‘†‘º”—•—ƒ‘Žƒ‡•ƒˆ‡•‹ǡŠƒ–ƒ†‡º‡”‹ ߝ௜ ‹Ž‡‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ—†—”—†ƒŠƒ–ƒ
†‡º‡”‹‡Ž‡͹Ǥͷǯ†‡‹‰‹„‹›ƒœÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ

ߝ௜ = ‫ݕ‬௜ െ (ߠ଴ + ߠଵ ‫ݔ‬௜ ) ֜

 (7.5Ȍ
ߝ௜ = ‫ݕ‬௜ െ ݄ఏ (‫ݔ‬௜ )


 —›‰— ”‡‰”‡•›‘ ‘†‡Ž‹‹ „‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡•‹ ‹­‹ ‡ —›‰— ߠ ƒºÇ”ŽÇ †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹
„—Ž—ƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡Ž‹Ž‹º‹‹ „‹” ‡œ †ƒŠƒ Šƒ–Ç”Žƒƒ–ƒ ˆƒ›†ƒ ˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ —— ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‡
†‡‡ƒ•ŽÇ†ƒߝ௜ ‹Ž‡‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‹Ž‡Šƒ–ƒŽƒ”ǐ–‘’ŽƒŽƒ”ǐǐ‡ò­ò›ƒ’ÇŽƒ•ÇÇ•ƒºŽƒƒ
†‡‡–‹”Ǥ ƒ–ƒ †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹ •ƒ†‡ ‡ ’‘œ‹–‹ˆ †‡º‡”Ž‡”†‡ ‘Ž—珃›Ç’ ‘–ƒŽƒ”ǐ †‘º”—›ƒ
‰Ú”‡ ‘Žƒ ’‘œ‹•›‘Žƒ”ǐƒ ‰Ú”‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹ˆ †‡º‡”Ž‡” †‡ ‹­‡”‡ ‡º‹ ‰Úœ ڐò‡ ƒŽÇƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ
‘— — ‡‰ƒ–‹ˆ ­Çƒƒ•Ç ‹­‹ σ|ߝ௜ | ›ƒ †ƒ σ ߝ௜ ଶ  †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ Š‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ƒ–ƒŽƒ”ǐ
ƒ”‡Ž‡”‹‹–‘’ŽƒÇÇŠ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ•ÇǡŠƒ–ƒÇ‡ò­òŽ‡‡•‹ȋ‹‹‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍ•ò”‡ ‹†‡
†ƒŠƒ—ŽŽƒÇçŽÇ‘Ž†—º—‹­‹†ƒŠƒ­‘–‡” ‹Š•‡„‡„‹‘Žƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ —‡–‘†ƒ›”Ç ƒ •Ç”ƒ†ƒ
‡ò­òƒ”‡Ž‡”ȋ‘”†‹ƒ”›Ž‡ƒ•–•“—ƒ”‡•ǡȌ‘Žƒ”ƒ†ƒƒ†Žƒ†Ç”ÇŽÇ”Ǥ

ƒ–ƒŽƒ”ǐ ƒ”‡Ž‡”‹‹ –‘’ŽƒÇ ‹•‡ ‡Ž‡ ͹Ǥ͸ǯ†ƒ‹ ‰‹„‹ ‹ˆƒ†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ — ˆ‘•‹›‘—
‹‹— ›ƒ’ƒ  ߠ ƒºÇ”ŽÇ †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹ „—Ž—ƒ•Çǡ ”‡‰”‡•›‘ ‘†‡Ž‹‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ•Ç
‹­‹­ÚœòŽ‡•‹‰‡”‡‡–‡‡Ž’”‘„Ž‡‘Žƒ”ƒ‰Ú•–‡”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
௡
ଶ ଶ ଶ
෍ ቀ‫ ݅ݕ‬െ ݄ߠ (‫) ݅ݔ‬ቁ = ቀ‫ݕ‬1 െ ݄ߠ (‫ݔ‬1 )ቁ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ቀ‫ ݊ݕ‬െ ݄ߠ (‫) ݊ݔ‬ቁ  (7.6Ȍ
௜ୀଵ

‡Ž‡ ͹Ǥ͹ǯ†‡‹ ‹ˆƒ†‡ ‹Ž‡ ”‡‰”‡•›‘ ‘†‡ŽŽ‡”‹‹ ƒ–”‹• ˆ‘”—†ƒ ‰Ú•–‡”‹‹‹

•ƒºŽƒƒ„‹Ž‡ ‡º‹†‡„ƒŠ•‡†‹Ž‹ç–‹.

ܻ = ܺߠ + ߝ (7.7Ȍ

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‡†‹Ž†‹º‹ ‡Ž‡ ͻǤͳǯ‹ Šƒ–Ç”Žƒƒ ‰‡”‡Ž‹Ǥ ‘†‡Ž†‡ „ƒºÇ•Çœ †‡º‹ç‡Ž‡” ‫ݔ‬௡ ǡ ƒºÇ”ŽÇ
†‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹•‡ߠ௡ ‹Ž‡‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‹Ž‡–‡›†‹Ǥ‡”‹•‡–‹†‡‹›‡†‹ƒ†‡–„ƒºÇ•Çœ†‡º‹ç‡‹•–‡
ͻǤʹǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡–‡›†‹Ǥ ‡Ž‡ ͻǤͳǡ ˜‡”‹ •‡–‹‡ ‰Ú”‡ ‡Ž‡ ͻǤʹǯ†‡‹ 燍‹Ž†‡ –‡•‹Ž
‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ‹ƒ–‡†‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡‡‘–ƒǡߠ଴ ‹–‡” ‡’–†‡º‡”‹‹­ƒ”’ƒÇÇͳ‘Ž†—º—†—”Ǥ
‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›Žƒ ˜‡”‹•‡–‹†‡ „— ͳ †‡º‡”‹‹ –‡•‹Ž ‡†‡ ‡ „‹” ڜ‹–‡Ž‹ǡ ›ƒ‹ ›‡‹ „‹” •ò–—
‘Ž—ç–—”—ŽƒŽÇ†Ç”Ǥ——‹­‹‹•–‡ͻǤͺǯ†‡‹‘†‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—ç–—”Ǥ

‫݄ = ݕ‬ఏ (‫ߠ = ) ݔ‬଴ . 1 + ߠଵ . ‫ ܶܮܣ‬+ ߠଶ . ‫ ܶܣܮ‬+ ‫ ڮ‬+ ߠ௡ . ‫ ܰܧܵܭܧ‬+ ߝ ȋͻǤʹȌ



‹•–‡ ͻǤͺǯ†‡ǡ ˜‡”‹•‡–‹†‡‹ ڔ‡ •ƒ›Ç•Ç ͳ͸ʹͲ ‘Ž†—º— ‹­‹ „— †‡º‡” —ŽŽƒÇŽÇç ˜‡ X
†‹œ‹•‹‹„ƒçǐƒڔ‡†‡º‡”Ž‡”‹ͳ‘Žƒ›‡‹„‹”•ò–—‡Ž‡‹ç–‹”Ǥf‡‹ŽͻǤͶǯ†‡ǡ•‡‹œƒ†‡–
ڜ‹–‡Ž‹º‡•ƒŠ‹’X†‹œ‹•‹‰Ú”òŽ‡–‡†‹”Ǥ

‹•–‡9.8
import statsmodels.formula.api as sm
X = np.append(arr = np.ones((1620,1)).astype(int), values = X, axis = 1)


f‡‹ŽͻǤͶǣ‡‹•ò–—‡Ž‡†‹–‡•‘”ƒ‹˜‡”‹•‡–‹
‹•–‡ ͻǤͻǯ†ƒǡ ڐ ‡Ž‹Ž‡ X †‹œ‹•‹†‡ X_yeni ƒ†ŽÇ „‹” †‹œ‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—ç–—”Ǥ ƒŠƒ •‘”ƒ
statsmodel ‘†òŽò‡ ƒ‹– OLS •ÇÇˆÇ ›ƒ”†ÇÇ›Žƒ ­‘Ž— †‘º”—•ƒŽ ”‡‰”‡•›‘ƒ —›†—”—Žƒ”ƒ
model_regressor_OLS ‡•‡•‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”—Ž—ç–—”Ǥ  ȋ‘”†‹ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ•– •“—ƒ”‡•Ȍ •Ç”ƒ†ƒ ‡
ò­òƒ”‡Ž‡”›Ú–‡‹‹–‡•‹Ž‡†‡”˜‡‹‹’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡ƒŽÇ”ǤEndog„ƒºÇŽÇ†‡º‹ç‡‹ǡexog‹•‡
‹–‡” ‡’– ˜‡ „ƒºÇ•Çœ †‡º‹ç‡Ž‡”‹ ‹­‡”‡ †‹œ‹›‹ ƒŽÇ”Ǥ Summary() ˆ‘•‹›‘— ‹Ž‡ 
”‡‰”‡•›‘ •‘—­Žƒ”Ç ‰Ú”òŽ‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ‘—­Žƒ” f‡‹Ž ͻǤͷǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡–‡†‹”Ǥ f‡‹Ž ͻǤͷǡ ‰‡”‹›‡
†‘º”— ‡Ž‡‡ –‡‹º‹‡ ‰Ú”‡ ›‘”—Žƒ†ÇºÇ†ƒǡ „‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡ ƒŽƒŽÇŽÇ †òœ‡›‹‹ ȋ’αͲǤͲͷ
›ƒ‹ΨͷȌòœ‡”‹†‡‘Žƒڜ‹–‡Ž‹Ž‡”‹–‡•’‹–‡†‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ x4›ƒ‹ ƒ†ŽÇڜ‹–‡Ž‹º‹
†‡º‡”‹ (ͲǤͳͳͳȌ „‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡ ͲǤͲͷǯŽ‹ ƒŽƒŽÇŽÇ †òœ‡›‹†‡ „ò›ò ‘Ž†—º— ‹­‹ ‘†‡Ž†‡
­Çƒ”–ÇŽƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡‹”Ǥ ‘Žƒ›Ç•Ç›Žƒ „‹” •‘”ƒ‹ ƒ†Ç†ƒ x4 ‘Žƒ†ƒ ƒ›Ç ‘† ›‡‹†‡
­ƒŽÇç–ǔǎƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ

‹•–‡9.9
X_yeni = ƃśř [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7]]
model_regresyon_OLS = sm.OLS(endog=y, exog=X_yeni).fit()
model_regresyon_OLS.summary()

136
0DNLQH–ßUHQPHVL

100 (ͳͳ.6Ȍ
‫݈ݎܽݕݑܦ‬ଓ݈ଓ݇ = = 0.25
100 + 300

ͳͳǤͷ ͳ•‘”Žƒƒ
‡•‹Ž‹˜‡†—›ƒ”ŽÇŽÇǡ†‡‰‡•‹œ˜‡”‹•‡–Ž‡”‹‹­‹•ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•ÇÇڎ­òò†‡
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ• †‡º‡”Ž‡†‹”‡ ڎ­ò–Ž‡”‹ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ‹ˆƒ†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ º‡” ‡•‹Ž‹
˜‡ †—›ƒ”ŽÇŽÇºÇ Šƒ”‘‹ ‘”–ƒŽƒƒ•Ç ƒŽÇÇ”•ƒ †‡‰‡•‹œ ˜‡”‹ •‡–Ž‡”‹ ‹­‹ †ƒŠƒ ›ò•‡
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•ŽÇ „‹” †‡º‡”Ž‡†‹”‡ ڎ­ò–ò ‘Žƒ ͷ •‘”Žƒƒ ȋ ͷ • ‘”‡ǡ  • ‘”‡Ȍ ‡Ž†‡
‡†‹Ž‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ ͳ•‘”ŽƒƒÇŠ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ•ÇD‡Ž‡ͳͳǤ͹ǯ†‡‰Ú”òŽ‡–‡†‹”Ǥ

‫݈ݎܽݕݑܦ‬ଓ݈ଓ݇ ‫݈݇݅݊݅ݏ݁ܭ כ‬ (ͳͳ.7Ȍ

‫ܨ‬1 ܵ݇‫ = ݈ܽ݉ܽݎ݋‬2 ‫כ‬ 
‫݈ݎܽݕݑܦ‬ଓ݈ଓ݇ + ‫݈݇݅݊݅ݏ݁ܭ‬


‡Ž‡ͳͳǤ͹ǯ†‡†‡º‡”Ž‡”›‡”‹‡‘›—Ž†—º—†ƒƒ•‡”˜‡”‹•‡–‹‹ ͳ•‘”Žƒƒڎ­ò–ò
ͲǤ͵ͺ‘Žƒ”ƒŠ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ

ͳͳǤ͸ º”‹•‹
‡‰‡Ž‹ †ƒºÇŽÇƒ •ƒŠ‹’ ‘Žƒ›ƒ ˜‡”‹ •‡–Ž‡”‹ ‹­‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‡ ‡ „‹” †‹º‡” ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•
†‡º‡”Ž‡†‹”‡ ڎ­ò–ò ‹•‡  ‡º”‹•‹†‹” ȋR‡ ‡‹˜‡” O’‡”ƒ–‘” CŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  —”˜‡ȌǤ 
‡º”‹•‹‹–ƒ‘Žƒ”ƒ‡‘Ž†—º——‹ˆƒ†‡‡–‡†‡ڐ ‡ǡ‡º”‹‹š‡•‡‹‹‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ
ȋ›ƒŽÇç ’‘œ‹–‹ˆ ‘”ƒÇȌǡ › ‡•‡‹‹ ‘Ž—ç–—”ƒ  ȋ†‘º”— ’‘œ‹–‹ˆ ‘”ƒÇǡ †—›ƒ”ŽÇŽÇȌ ˜‡
ڜ‰òŽŽò ȋ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–›Ȍ ƒ˜”ƒŽƒ”ǐǐ ƒ­ÇŽƒƒ•Ç†ƒ ˆƒ›†ƒ ˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ — ƒ˜”ƒŽƒ”ǐ Šƒ–ƒ
ƒ–”‹•‹†‡‹Úº‡Ž‡”‡‰Ú”‡ƒ•ÇŽŠ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ ƒºÇ •Ç”ƒ•Ç›Žƒ‡Ž‡ͳͳǤͺǡͳͳǤͻ˜‡ͳͳǤͳͲǯ†ƒ
‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ

‫݋ܦ‬º‫ܰ ݑݎ‬ (ͳͳǤͺȌ

Ö‫݃ݖ‬ü݈݈ü݇ = 
‫݋ܦ‬º‫ ܰ ݑݎ‬+ ܻ݈ܽ݊ଓç ܲ

 (ͳͳǤͻȌ
‫݋ܦ‬º‫ܲ ݑݎ‬
‫݈ݎܽݕݑܦ = ܱܲܦ‬ଓ݈ଓ݇ = 
‫݋ܦ‬º‫ ܲ ݑݎ‬+ ܻ݈ܽ݊ଓç ܰ

 (ͳͳǤͳͲȌ
ܻ݈ܽ݊ଓç ܲ
ܻܱܲ = 1 െ Ö‫݃ݖ‬ü݈݈ü݇ = 
‫݋ܦ‬º‫ ܰ ݑݎ‬+ ܻ݈ܽ݊ଓç ܲ

 †‡º‡”‹‹ ͳǯ‡ ›ƒÇ ‘Žƒ•Ç ˜‡  †‡º‡”‹‹ ‹•‡ Ͳǯƒ ›ƒÇ ‘Žƒ•Ç •ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ƒ
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•Ç‹­‹‘Ž—Ž—„‹”•‘—­†‘º—”ƒ ƒ–Ç”ǤY”‡º‹ǡ†‘º”—’‘œ‹–‹ˆ†‡º‡”‹ͺ˜‡›ƒŽÇç
‡‰ƒ–‹ˆ†‡º‡”‹ʹ‘Ž†—º—†—”—†ƒǡͲǤͺ‘Žƒ”ƒŠ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥƒ–‡”•‹†—”—‘Žƒǡ
†‘º”—’‘œ‹–‹ˆ†‡º‡”‹ʹ˜‡›ƒŽÇ琇‰ƒ–‹ˆ†‡º‡”‹ͺ‘Ž†—º—†ƒ‹•‡†‡º‡”‹ͲǤʹ‘Žƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ
‘º”— ’‘œ‹–‹ˆ †‡º‡”‹‹ ›ò•‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç ƒ”œ—Žƒ†ÇºÇ ‹­‹ αͲǤͺ †‡º‡”‹ †ƒŠƒ ‹›‹ „‹”

152
0DNLQH–ßUHQPHVL

‹•–‡12.9
hatalarListesi = []
for i in ”ƒ‰‡ſɨřɪɨƀś
siniflandirici= KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=i)
siniflandirici.fit(X_train, y_train)
pred_i = siniflandirici.predict(X_test)
hatalarListesi.append(np.mean(pred_i != y_test))

# k †‡½‡”Ž‡”‹‡ ƒ”íʎʍ hata ‘”ƒŽƒ”ÊÊ veren ‰”ƒˆ‹½‹ çizilmesi

plt.figure(figsize=(10,4))
plt.plot(range(1,31), hatalarListesi,'m.', color='blue',
linestyle='--', markersize=6)
plt.title('1..30 ƒ”ƒŽÊ½Ê†ƒ‹ K †‡½‡”Ž‡”‹‡ ƒ”íʎʍ elde edilen hata ‘”ƒŽƒ”Êɐƀ
plt.xlabel('K †‡½‡”‹ɐƀ
plt.ylabel('Hata ‘”ƒÊɐƀ



f‡‹ŽͳʹǤ͸ǣ—›‰—†‡º‡”‹‹­‹­‹œ†‹”‹Ž‡‰”ƒˆ‹

ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡ ‡ ‹›‹Ž‡‡•‹†‡ •‘”ƒ Ž‹•–‡†‡‹ n_neighbors ڜ‡ŽŽ‹º‹ ˆƒ”ŽÇ „‹” †‡º‡” ‹Ž‡
†‡º‹ç–‹”‹Ž‹’‘†‡Ž–‡”ƒ”‡º‹–‹Ž‡”‡ǡڐ ‡‹•‘—­Žƒ”‹Ž‡„‹”Ç›ƒ•Žƒƒ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ

‘ ‘Žƒ”ƒ †ƒ ‹•–‡ ͳʹ.ͳͲǯ†ƒ‹ ‘†Žƒ” —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ f‡‹Ž ͳʹ.7ǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡  ‡º”‹•‹
­‹œ†‹”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ

‹•–‡12.10
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve, auc
ypo, dpo, esikDeger = roc_curve(y_test, y_pred)
aucDegeri = auc(ypo, dpo)

plt.figure()
plt.plot(ypo, dpo, label='AUC %0.2f' % aucDegeri)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], 'k--')
plt.xlim([0.0, 1.0])
plt.ylim([0.0, 1.05])
’Ž–ŜšŽƒ„‡ŽſɐƒŽÊí pozitif ‘”ƒÊ (YPO)')
’Ž–Ŝ›Žƒ„‡Žſɐ‘½”— pozitif ‘”ƒÊ (DPO)')
plt.title('ROC ‡½”‹•‹ɐƀ
plt.legend(loc="best")
plt.show()

168
 %D\HV7HRUHPLYH6ñQñIODQGñUPDGD.XOODQñPñ

plt.colorbar()
x_ticks = np.arange(len(sinifEtiketleri)+1)
y_ticks = np.arange(len(sinifEtiketleri))
plt.xticks(x_ticks, ['Kesinlik', ɐ—›ƒ”ŽÊŽÊɐř 'f1 Skorlama'], rotation=45)
plt.yticks(y_ticks, sinifEtiketleri)
plt.ylabel('SINIFLAR')
plt.xlabel('ÖLÇÜTLER')
plt.show()

rapor = classification_report(y_test, y_pred)

degerlendirmeOlcutleri(rapor)



f‡‹Žͳ͵ǤͶǣ ƒ—••‹ƒƒ‹˜‡Bƒ›‡••ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”Ç ǕÇ”ƒ’‘”——‰”ƒˆ‹•‡Ž‰Ú•–‡”‹‹

ͳ͵Ǥ͸ ڎòYœ‡–‹
Žƒ•ÇŽÇºƒ †ƒ›ƒŽÇ –‡‹Ž‡” ƒ‹‡ Úº”‡‡•‹ —›‰—ŽƒƒŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ڐ‡Ž‹ „‹” ›‡”
–—–ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥƒ›‡•‡‘”‡‹‘ç—ŽŽ—‘Žƒ•ÇŽÇòœ‡”‹‡—”—Ž—瘇„‹”‘Žƒ›Ç‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹º‹
„‹Ž‹‹›‘”‡ †‹º‡” „‹” ‘Žƒ›Ç ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç‡ ‘Žƒ•ÇŽÇºÇÇ „—Ž—ƒ•ÇÇ •ƒºŽƒ›ƒǡ ‘Žƒ•ÇŽÇºÇ
ڐ‡Ž‹ –‡‘”‡Ž‡”‹†‡ „‹”‹†‹”Ǥ ƒ›‡• –‡‘”‡‹ —ŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ ‹‹Ž‹ •ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ƒ
’”‘„Ž‡Ž‡”‹‹ ­Úœòò òò ‘Žƒ„‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ ‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ ‘ç—ŽŽ— ‘Žƒ•ÇŽÇ †‡º‡”‹
Šƒ‰‹ •ÇÇˆ ‡–‹‡–‹ ‹­‹ ›ò•‡ ­Çƒ”•ƒ –ƒŠ‹ „ƒÇÇ†ƒ ‘ •ÇÇˆ ‡–‹‡–‹ ڐ ’Žƒƒ
­Çƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ òŽòŠƒ›ƒ––ƒ‹˜‡”‹•‡–Ž‡”‹ƒ›”Ǎ”ƒ••ƒŽ†‡º‹ç‡Ž‡”‡•ƒŠ‹’‘Žƒ‡”‘—ŽŽ‹ǡ
‹‘ǡ ‘‹••‘ ˜‡ —Ž–‹‘‹ƒŽ ‰‹„‹ †ƒºÇŽÇŽƒ”ƒ ˜‡ •ò”‡Ž‹ ”ƒ••ƒŽ †‡º‹ç‡Ž‡”‡ •ƒŠ‹’
‘”ƒŽ†ƒºÇŽÇ‰‹„‹†ƒºÇŽÇŽƒ”ƒ—›—‰Ú•–‡”‡„‹Ž‡–‡†‹”.G•–ƒ–‹•–‹–‡„—燍‹Ž†‡˜‡”‹‹
„ƒœÇ ‘Žƒ•ÇŽÇ †ƒºÇŽÇŽƒ”ǐ†ƒ ò”‡–‹†‹º‹‹ †òçü‡ „‹”­‘ „ƒÇ†ƒ ƒ˜ƒ–ƒŒ

187
0DNLQH–ßUHQPHVL

f‡‹Ž ͳͷǤͳͲǯ†ƒǡ ‰‡”‹ ›ƒ›ÇŽÇ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•Ç †ƒŠƒ †‡–ƒ›ŽÇ ‘Žƒ”ƒ ‹ ‡Ž‡‹ç–‹”Ǥ f‡‹Ž†‡‹
‘†‡Ž‰‹”†‹ƒ–ƒÇǡ‹‹ƒ†‡–‰‹œŽ‹ƒ–ƒ˜‡­Ç–Ǎƒ–ƒÇ†ƒ‘Ž—珃–ƒ†Ç”ǤY ‡Ž‹Ž‡
‰‡”‹ ›ƒ›ÇŽÇ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•Ç ‹­‹ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ‰Ú•–‡”‹†‡ „ƒŠ•‡–‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒÇ
ƒŽƒçǎƒ•ÇÇ ‘Žƒ›Žƒç–Ç”ƒ ƒ–Ç”. —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡‹ Šƒ‰‹ ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ‹– ‘Ž†—º——
‹ˆƒ†‡‡–‡‹­‹ǡƒŽ–‹†‹•ȋ’ƒ”ƒ–‡œ‹­‡”‹•‹†‡‹Ȍ—ŽŽƒÇŽÇç–Ç”ǤY”‡º‹(ܱ‫ݐݑ‬ଶ )௝ ǡʹǤ‰‹œŽ‹
ƒ–ƒƒƒ‹–„‹”’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡†‹”Ǥ‹”›ƒ’ƒ›Ú”‘ƒƒ‹–‰‹”†‹‫‡”‹Ž‹†‡‡†ƒˆ‹‡Ž‹‹•‡”–‡ƒ”ƒ’ܫ‬ǡ
­Ç–Ç ‹•‡ ܱ‫‰ ‡Ž‹ ‹•‡”–‡ƒ”ƒ’ ݐݑ‬ڕ–‡”‹Ž‡–‡†‹”Ǥ Y”‡º‹ (‫ܫ‬ଶ )ଷ ǡ ‹‹ ‹ ‰‹œŽ‹ ƒ–ƒ†ƒ
„—Ž—ƒ ò­ò ò ›ƒ’ƒ› Ú”‘— ‰‹”†‹•‹‹ –‡•‹Ž ‡†‡”‡ǡ (ܱ‫ݐݑ‬ଶ )ଵ  ‹•‡ ‹‹ ‹ ‰‹œŽ‹
ƒ–ƒ†ƒ „—Ž—ƒ „‹”‹ ‹ ›ƒ’ƒ› Ú”‘— ­Ç–ǕǐÇ –‡•‹Ž ‡†‡”Ǥ ߠ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹ ‹•‡
ƒ–ƒŽƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ ƒºÇ”ŽÇŽƒ”Ç ‹ˆƒ†‡ ‡–‡–‡†‹”Ǥ (ߠଶ )௝௜  ‰‡‡Ž ƒºÇ”ŽÇ ‹ˆƒ†‡•‹ ‘Žƒ”ƒ
›ƒœÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ Y”‡º‹ (ߠଶ )ଵଷ  ‹ˆƒ†‡•‹ǡ ‹‹ ‹ ‰‹œŽ‹ ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹ „‹”‹ ‹ ›ƒ’ƒ› Ú”‘ (݆) ‹Ž‡
„‹”‹ ‹‰‹œŽ‹ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹ò­ò ò›ƒ’ƒ›Ú”‘(݅)ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ƒºÇ”ŽÇºÇ‹ˆƒ†‡‡†‡”Ǥ


f‡‹ŽͳͷǤͳͲǣ ‡”‹›ƒ›ÇŽÇƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•Ç‹­‹­‘ƒ–ƒŽÇ’‡” ‡’–”‘‘†‡Ž‹

ͳͷǤ͵Ǥͳ GŽ‡”‹›ƒ›ÇŽÇƒçƒƒ•Ç
ڕ–‡”‹ŠƒÇ†ƒڐ„‹Ž‰‹Ž‡†‹”‡›ƒ’ÇŽ†Ç–ƒ•‘”ƒ‹Ž‘Žƒ”ƒƒºÇ‹Ž‡”‹›ƒ›ÇŽÇÇ‹­‹
‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡ Š‡•ƒ’ŽƒƒŽƒ” òœ‡”‹†‡ †—”—Žƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ Y ‡Ž‹Ž‡ „‹”‹ ‹ ‰‹œŽ‹ ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ‹–
›ƒ’ƒ› Ú”‘Žƒ”ǐ ‰‹”†‹Ž‡”‹‹ Š‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ•Ç ‰‡”‡Ž‹†‹”Ǥ —— ‹­‹ ‰‹”†‹ ƒ–ƒÇ†ƒ‹
†‡º‡”Ž‡” ‹Ž‡ „‹”‹ ‹ ‰‹œŽ‹ ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹ ›ƒ’ƒ› Ú”‘Žƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹ ƒºÇ”ŽÇ †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹
­ƒ”’ǏŽƒ”Ç ‡Ž‡ ͳͷǤͷǯ†‡‹ ‰‹„‹ –‘’ŽƒÇ”Ǥ ‡Ž‡ ͳͷǤ͸ǯ†ƒ ‹•‡ „— ‹ˆƒ†‡ †ƒŠƒ ƒ­Ç
›ƒœÇŽÇç–Ç”Ǥ

210
0DNLQH–ßUHQPHVL

’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡Ž‡”‹‹ ‡Ž‡†‹º‹†‡ǡ output_dim ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹›ƒ’ƒ›Ú”‘•ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ

‹ˆƒ†‡ ‡†‡”Ǥ Input_dim ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹ ‰‹”†‹ ڜ‹–‡Ž‹Ž‡”‹‹ •ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ „‡Ž‹”–‡›‡ ›ƒ”ƒ”Ǥ
Activation ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹‹•‡ƒ–‹˜ƒ•›‘ˆ‘•‹›‘——„‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡•‹†‡—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥƒ„Ž‘
ͳͷǤ͵ǯ†‡„ƒœÇƒ–‹˜ƒ•›‘ˆ‘•‹›‘Žƒ”ǃ­ÇŽƒÇç–ÇǤinit’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹‹•‡„ƒçŽƒ‰Ç­ƒºÇ”ŽÇ
†‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹„‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡•‹‹­‹ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹ˆŽ‡”•—ƒ”Ǥ—’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡ǡ —‹ˆ‘”ǡŽ‡ —̸—‹ˆ‘”ǡ
‹†‡–‹–›ǡ‘”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ˜„ǤƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹ˆŽ‡”‹­‡”‹”ǤǐLjŽƒ†Ç”Ç Ǜƒƒ‹–compile()‡–‘†—Úº”‡‡
•ò”‡ ‹‹›ƒ’ÇŽƒ†Ç”ƒ‹­‹—ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ—‡–‘†ƒƒ‹–optimizer’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ‡
‹›‹Ž‡‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•ÇÇ „‡Ž‹”Ž‡‡•‹‹ •ƒºŽƒ”Ǥ — ڔ‡–‡ ’‘’òŽ‡” „‹” ‡ ‹›‹Ž‡‡
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•Ç ‘Žƒ †ƒ ȋA†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ‘‡– ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘) —ŽŽƒÇŽÇç–Ç”Ǥ — ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒǡ
†ƒ ”ƒ† ȋ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–Ȍ ˜‡ ’”‘’ ȋ‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ‡ ‹›‹Ž‡‡
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒŽƒ”Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ ‰‡Ž‹ç–‹”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ ‘º”—•ƒŽ ”‡‰”‡•›‘ „ÚŽòò†‡ ‡º‹ ‹‹ç
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•Ç˜‡†‹º‡”„ƒœÇƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒŽƒ”òœ‡”‹†‡†—”—Ž—ç–—Ǥ—›òœ†‡ǡ†‡”‹Úº”‡‡
•ò”‡ ‹†‡ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ‡ ‹›‹Ž‡‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒŽƒ”Ç ‹Ž‡ „— ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒŽƒ” ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ ‘—›— —
–ƒ”ƒˆÇ†ƒ ”ƒŠƒ–ŽÇŽƒ ‹Ž‹ç‹ —”—Žƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ loss ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹ ‹•‡ ‡ƒ̸•“—ƒ”‡†̸‡””‘”ǡ
‡ƒ̸ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡̸‡””‘”ǡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽ̸Š‹‰‡˜‡„‹ƒ”›̸ ”‘••‡–”‘’›‰‹„‹Šƒ–ƒˆ‘•‹›‘Žƒ”ǐǐ
–ƒÇŽƒƒ•Ç†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽÇ”Ǥ metrics ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹ ‹•‡ ‘†‡Ž ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•ÇÇ
†‡º‡”Ž‡†‹”‹Ž‡•‹†‡—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ†‡º‡”Ž‡”ƒŽÇ”.

º‹–‹ •‡–‹‹ ›ƒ’ƒ› •‹‹” ƒºÇƒ ‰Ú”‡ —›†—”—Žƒ•Ç ‹­‹ fit() ˆ‘•‹›‘— —ŽŽƒÇŽÇç–Ç”Ǥ
nb_epoch ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹ —”—Žƒ ›ƒ’ƒ› •‹‹” ƒºÇ ‘†‡Ž‹‹ ‹–‡”ƒ•›‘ •ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ ˜‡”‹”Ǥ
batch_size’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡•‹‹•‡ƒºÇ”ŽÇ‰ò ‡ŽŽ‡‡•‹‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‡†‡ڐ ‡ƒºƒ‰Ú•–‡”‹Ž‡ ‡
ڔ‡ •ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ •ÇÇ”Žƒƒ•Ç†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ „‹” ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡†‹”Ǥ — ڔ‡–‡ ͳͲ †‡º‡”‹
•‡­‹Ž†‹º‹‹­‹ǡ‡º‹–‹˜‡”‹•‡–‹†‡•Ç”ƒ•Ç›ŽƒͳͲǯƒ”†‡º‡”ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ–ò‡º‹–‹ڔ‡Ž‡”‹‡
‡”‹ç‹Ž‡‡ƒ†ƒ”‹Ž‡”‹›ÚŽò‘Žƒ”ƒ†‡˜ƒ‡†‹Ž‹”.


f‡‹ŽͳͷǤͳͶǣ—”—Žƒ›ƒ’ƒ›•‹‹”ƒºÇ‘†‡Ž‹

230
 'HVWHN9HNW¶U0DNLQHOHUL


f‡‹Žͳ͸Ǥ͸ǣ‡•‹‡ƒ”’ƒ›Çf‡‹Žͳ͸Ǥ͹ǣ•‡‡ƒ”’ƒ›Ç

ƒ„‹‡•‡‡ƒ”’ƒ›Ç —ŽŽƒÇÇ†ƒ†ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†‹Ž‡•‹‰‡”‡‡Š—•—•Žƒ”˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ•‡
‡ƒ” ’ƒ›Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ •ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ƒ†ƒ ‡ƒ” ’ƒ›ÇÇ ­‘ ƒ”–ƒ•Ç Šƒ–ƒŽÇ
•ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ÇŽƒ ڔ‡ •ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ †ƒ ƒ”––Ç”ƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ ‡•‹ ‡ƒ” ’ƒ›Ç ›Ú–‡‹†‡‹
†‡œƒ˜ƒ–ƒŒŽÇ†—”——‘”–ƒ†ƒƒŽ†Ç”ƒ‹­‹—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ‡•‡‡ƒ”’ƒ›Ç†ƒŠƒ–ƒŽÇڔ‡
•ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ†ƒ‘Žƒ„‹Ž†‹º‹ ‡ƒœ‘Žƒ•Ç‹•–‡‹”Ǥ—Ç•Ç–†—”——†ƒ†‹ƒ–‡ƒŽÇƒ”ƒ‡Ž‡
ͳ͸Ǥͳͳǯ†‡‹‡•‹‡ƒ”’ƒ›Ç›Ú–‡‹‹­‹‘Ž—ç–—”—Žƒ‡‹›‹Ž‡‡’”‘„Ž‡‹‡•‡‡ƒ”
’ƒ›Ç›Ú–‡‹‹­‹‡Ž‡ͳ͸Ǥͳ5ǯ†‡‹‰‹„‹‰ò ‡ŽŽ‡‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
௡
1
‫݇ ݊ܧ‬üçü݈݇݁ ‫࢝ۃ‬, ࢝‫ ۄ‬+ ܿ ෍ ߦ௜ 
2
௜ୀଵ ȋͳ͸Ǥͳ5Ȍ

݇ଓ‫ݏ‬ଓ‫ݐ‬ଓ ݈݅݁ ‫ݕ‬௜ (‫࢝ۃ‬, ࢞࢏ ‫ ۄ‬+ ߠ଴ ) െ 1 + ߦ௜ ൒ 0, ߦ௜ ൒ 0, ݅ = 1, . . , ݊ 


•‡ ‡ƒ” ’ƒ›Ç ›Ú–‡‹†‡ Šƒ–ƒŽÇ ڔ‡ •ƒ›Ç•ÇÇ †ƒ ‘Žƒ„‹Ž†‹º‹ ‡ ƒœ ‘Žƒ•Ç ‹•–‡‡
”‹–‡”Ž‡”†‡ „‹”‹•‹ ‘Ž†—º— ‹­‹ ߦ௜  †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹ –ƒƒÇÇ –‘’ŽƒÇÇ †ƒ ‡ ƒœ ‘Žƒ•Ç
‹•–‡‹”Ǥ  ›òœ†‡ „— –‘’Žƒ †‡º‡”‹ ƒƒ­ ˆ‘•‹›‘—ƒ ‡Ž‡‡”‡ǡ ‡ ò­òŽ‡‡•‹
‹•–‡‡ ƒƒ­ ˆ‘•‹›‘— ‡Ž‡ ͳ͸Ǥͳ5ǯ†‡‹ ‰‹„‹ ‰ò ‡ŽŽ‡‡„‹Ž‹”Ǥ —”ƒ†ƒ †‹ƒ–
‡†‹Ž‡•‹ ‰‡”‡‡ „‹” ‘–ƒ ‹•‡ ˜‡”‹ •‡–‹†‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹ˆ ߦ௜  †‡º‡”Ž‡”‹‹ ‰ò ‡ŽŽ‡‡ ƒƒ­
ˆ‘•‹›‘—— ‡ ò­òŽ‡›‡ ‡ ‘Žƒ•Ç†Ç”Ǥ — ’”‘„Ž‡‹ ƒçǎƒ•Ç ‹­‹ ߦ௜ ൒ 0 Ç•Ç–Ç
—ŽŽƒÇŽƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ

ڎò ͷǯ–‡ǡ òœ‡Ž‹Ž‡ç–‹”‡ ȋ”‡‰—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ˜”ƒÇÇ ƒçǔÇ Úº”‡‡›‡ ƒ”çÇ

ƒŽÇƒ„‹Ž‡ ‡ „‹” –‡†„‹” ‘Ž†—º— ˜‡ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ƒ‹‡ Úº”‡‡•‹ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–ƒ•Çƒ ƒ‹– „ƒœÇ
Š‹’‡” ’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡Ž‡”‹ †‡º‹ç–‹”‹Ž‡•‹ ‹Ž‡ †òœ‡Ž‹Ž‡ç–‹”‡‹ ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‹Ž‡„‹Ž‡ ‡º‹†‡
„ƒŠ•‡†‹Ž‹ç–‹Ǥ •ŽÇ†ƒ ‡•‡ ‡ƒ” ’ƒ›Ç —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ”ƒ ›ƒ’ÇŽƒ •ÇÇˆŽƒ†Ç”ƒ ‹çŽ‡‹ „‹”
†òœ‡Ž‹Ž‡ç–‹”‡ —›‰—Žƒƒ•Ç†Ç” ˜‡ ‡Ž‡ ͳ͸Ǥͳ5ǯ†‡ ‰Ú”òŽ‡ ܿ †‡º‡”‹ ‹•‡ ‡•‡ ‡ƒ”
’ƒ›Ç›Ú–‡‹‹­‹„‹”Š‹’‡”’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‡†‹”Ǥº‡”ܿ†‡º‡”‹ò­ò„‹”†‡º‡”•‡­‹Ž‹”•‡›ƒŽÇç

245
 (.-B
“G•ƒÇڜ‰ò”ŽòºòǢ‹•–‡†‹º‹Š‡”燛‹›ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‡•‹†‡†‡º‹Žǡ‹•–‡‡†‹º‹Š‹­„‹”燛‹›ƒ’ƒ
œ‘”—†ƒ‘Žƒƒ•Ç†ƒ†Ç”Ǥ“
J‡ƒ- ƒ “—‡•‘—••‡ƒ—

.    . 
ڎò ͳ͸ǯ†ƒ †‡•–‡ ˜‡–Ú” ƒ‹‡Ž‡”‹ ‘—•—†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇŽƒ ƒ‰”ƒ‰‡ ­ƒ”’ƒŽƒ”Ç
‡‘‘‹ǡ ‹çŽ‡–‡ǡ òŠ‡†‹•Ž‹ ‰‹„‹ „‹”­‘ ƒŽƒ†ƒ —ŽŽƒÇÇ ‘Žƒ „‹” ‡ ‹›‹Ž‡‡ ­Úœò
›Ú–‡‹†‹”Ǥƒ‰”ƒ‰‡­ƒ”’ƒŽƒ”Ǎ‘—•——ƒŽ–›ƒ’Ǖǐ†ƒ–ò”‡˜˜‡‰”ƒ†›ƒƒ˜”ƒŽƒ”Ç
‘Ž†—º—‹­‹ڐ ‡Ž‹Ž‡„—–‡‡ŽƒŽòŽò•‘—Žƒ”ǐǐŠƒ–Ç”Žƒƒ•Ç†ƒˆƒ›†ƒ˜ƒ”†Ç”Ǥ

Ǥͳò”‡˜
‹”†‘º”——‡º‹‹ǡf‡‹ŽǤͳǯ†‡‰Ú”òŽ†òºò‰‹„‹›‡•‡‹†‡‹†‡º‹ç‹‹š‡•‡‹†‡‹
†‡º‹ç‹‡ ‘”ƒÇ ‹Ž‡ „—Ž—ƒ–ƒ†Ç”Ǥ ‫‘† –‹ƒ ƒ—‘›‹•‘ˆ ݔ = ݕ‬º”—— ‡º‹‹ ͳ ‘Žƒ”ƒ
„—Ž——”Ǥ


f‡‹ŽǤͳǣ‹”†‘º”——‡º‹‹

‹” ˆ‘•‹›‘ òœ‡”‹†‡‹ „‹” ‘–ƒÇ ‡º‹‹ Š‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ ‹•–‡†‹º‹†‡ ‘–ƒ›Ç –‡•‹Ž
‡†‡ ‡ „‹” —œ—Ž— ‹ˆƒ†‡ ‡†‹Ž‡‡›‡ ‡º‹ ‹­‹ „— ‹çŽ‡‹ ‰‡”­‡Ž‡ç–‹”‡ òò
‘Žƒƒ›ƒ ƒ–Ç”Ǥ ƒˆ‘•‹›‘òœ‡”‹†‡­‘ò­òȋ•‘•—œò­òŽò–‡Ȍ„‹”†‘º”—’ƒ”­ƒ•Ç
•‡­‹Ž†‹º‹ †òçòòŽ†òºò†‡ „— ˆ‘•‹›‘— ‡º‹‹ f‡‹Ž Ǥʹǯ†‡‹ ‰‹„‹ Š‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ f‡‹Ž
Ǥʹǯ†‡­‘ ò­ò‡•ƒˆ‡†‡‹‹‹‘–ƒ ƒ”ƒ•Ç†ƒ‹†‘º”—‹­‹ ‫‡†‹‡†‹‡•‡ݕ‬º‹ç‹ ο‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݔ‬
‡•‡‹†‡‹†‡º‹ç‹‹•‡ο‫‰‡Ž‹ ݔ‬ڕ–‡”‹Ž‹ç–‹”Ǥ—‘–ƒŽƒ”ǐ‫‡†‹‡†‹‡•‡ݕ‬º‡”Ž‡”‹‹•‡݂(‫)ݔ‬
ο௬
˜‡݂(‫ ݔ‬+ ο‫–ƒ ƒŽ‘)ݔ‬ǔǤº‹‹•‡‡Ž‡Ǥͳǯ†‡‹‰‹„‹ ‘”ƒÇ‹Ž‡Š‡•ƒ’Žƒƒ„‹Ž‹”Ǥ
ο௫

ο‫ ݔ( ݂ ݕ‬+ ο‫ ) ݔ‬െ ݂(‫)ݔ‬ (BǤͳȌ

‫ܧ‬º݅݉ = =
ο‫ݔ‬ ο‫ݔ‬
287

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