Akash (Missile)

5/3/22, 10:22 AM Akash (missile) - Wikipedia
Akash (missile)
Akash (IAST: Ākāśa "Sky") is a medium-range
Akash
mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system
developed by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced
by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). Surveillance
and Fire control radar, tactical control and command
center and missile launcher are developed by Bharat
Electronics (BEL), Tata Power Strategic Engineering
Division and Larsen & Toubro.[6][7 ][8][9] The Akash
missile system can target aircraft up to 30 km
(19 mi) away.[1 0] It has the capability to neutralise
aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and
air-to-surface missiles as well as ballistic Akash missile display during Republic Day
missiles.[1 0][1 1 ][1 2] It is in operational service with Parade in New Delhi.
the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force. Type Mobile Surface-to-air
missile system
An Akash battery comprises a single Rajendra 3D
passive electronically scanned array radar and four Place of origin India
launchers with three missiles each, all of which are Service history
interlinked. Each battery can track up to 64 targets In service 2009-present
and attack up to 12 of them. The missile has a 60 kg
(130 lb) high-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead Used by Indian Army
with a proximity fuse. The Akash system is fully Indian Air Force
mobile and capable of protecting a moving convoy of Production history
vehicles. The launch platform has been integrated
Designer Defence Research and
with both wheeled and tracked vehicles. While the
Development Organisation
Akash system has primarily been designed as an air
defence SAM, it also has been tested in a missile Manufacturer Bharat Dynamics Limited
defense role. The system provides air defence Unit cost ₹2 crore (US$500K)
missile coverage for an area of 2,000 km2
Produced 2009-present
(770 sq mi). The Indian military's combined orders
of the Akash, including radar systems (WLR and No. built 3,000 missiles till 2011[1]
Surveillance), have a total worth of ₹28,800 crore Variants Akash 1S,
(US$4 billion).[1 3][1 4][1 5] As per Ministry of Defence Akash Prime,
(MoD) Report 2018, existing order of Akash saved Akash-NG
₹34,500 crore of foreign exchange for India on
Specifications
imports.[1 6]
Mass 720 kg (1,590 lb)
Length 578 cm (228 in)
Contents Diameter 30 cm (12 in) - 35 cm
(14 in)
Description
System
Warhead High-explosive,
Missile
fragmentation
Propulsion
Warhead weight 60 kg (130 lb)
Radars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akash_(missile) 1/18
Platforms Detonation Radio proximity fuze

mechanism
Development and history
Mark-I Engine Solid booster with air-
Variants augmented rocket and
Akash-1S ramjet sustainer motor
Akash Prime Propellant Solid fuel
Akash-NG Operational 35 km (22 mi)[2][3]
range
Status
Indian Air Force Flight ceiling 20 km (66,000 ft)
Indian Army Flight altitude 18 km (59,000 ft)

Maximum Mach 2.5[4]
Deployment
speed
Operators Guidance Mid-course: Command
Export system guidance with datalink
See also Terminal: Active radar
homing
References
Launch T-72 or BMP-2 chassis or
External links platform Tata Motors Heavy Mobility
Trucks[5]
Description Transport BEML–Tatra or Tata

Motors Heavy Mobility
Vehicle[5]
System
Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (3

Akash SAMs each), a Battery Level Radar - the Rajendra, and
a Command post (Battery Control Centre). Two batteries are
deployed as a Squadron (Air Force), while up to four form an
Akash Group (Army configuration). In both configurations, an
extra Group Control Centre (GCC) is added, which acts as the
Akash missile destroying target Command and Control HQ of the Squadron or Group. Based on
a single mobile platform, GCC establishes links with Battery
Control Centres and conducts air defense operations in
coordination with air defense set up in a zone of operations. For early warning, the GCC relies on
the Central Acquisition Radar. However, individual batteries can also be deployed with the
cheaper, 2-D BSR (Battery Surveillance Radar) with a range of over 100 km.
Akash has an advanced automated functioning capability. The 3D CAR automatically starts
tracking targets at a distance of around 150 km providing early warning to the system and
operators. The target track information is transferred to GCC. GCC automatically classifies the
target. BSR starts tracking targets around a range of 100 km. This data is transferred to GCC. The
GCC performs multi-radar tracking of up to 200 targets and carries out track correlation & data
fusion. Target position information is sent to the BLR which uses this information to acquire the
targets.
The BCC which can engage a target(s) from the selected list at the earliest point of time is assigned
the target in real time by the GCC. The availability of missiles and the health of the missiles are
also taken into consideration during this process. Fresh targets are assigned as and when intercepts
with assigned targets are completed. A single shot kill probability of 88% has been achieved by the
system taking into consideration various parametres of the sensors, guidance command, missile
capabilities and kill zone computations.
There are a number of possibilities for deploying Akash weapon system in autonomous mode and
in group mode for neutralizing the threat profiles with defined multi-target engagement scenarios.
In the Group mode we can have number of configurations to defend vulnerable areas depending
upon nature and expected threat pattern, characteristics of threat. Similarly, multiple batteries in
autonomous mode can be deployed to defend vulnerable areas/points. In a Group formation, the
four Batteries can be deployed in various geometric formations, as suited to the vulnerable area
being protected and the extent desired to be sanitized from enemy air threat. In a box deployment
pattern, an Akash group can defend an area of 62 km x 62 km. In a linear array configuration, it
covers an area of 98 km x 44 km. Trapezoidal configuration gives defense to the largest area as
compared to any other pattern of deployment covering an area of size 5,000 square km.[1 7 ]
Each Akash battery can engage up to four targets simultaneously with 24 ready to fire missiles.
Each battery has four launchers with three missiles, while each Rajendra able to guide eight
missiles in total, with a maximum of two missiles per target. Up to a maximum of four targets can
be engaged simultaneously by a typical battery with a single Rajendra if one (or two) missile is
allotted per target. A single Akash missile has an 88% probability of kill. Two missiles can be fired,
five seconds apart, to raise the probability of Kill to 98.5%. Communications between the various
vehicles are a combination of wireless and wired links. The entire system is designed to be set up
quickly and to be highly mobile for high survivability. The Akash system can be deployed by rail,
road or air.
Missile
Akash is a surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of

25 km.[1 8] It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of
35 cm and a length of 5.78 meters. Akash flies at supersonic
speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of
20 km and can be fired from both tracked and wheeled
platforms.[1 8] An on-board guidance system coupled with an
actuator system makes the missile maneuverable up to 15g
Akash missile test fired for very low
loads and a tail chase capability for end game engagement. A
altitude near boundary mission on
digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented
June 18, 2014.
warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism
enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct
device is also integrated. It is propelled by an Integrated Ramjet Rocket Engine. The use of a
ramjet propulsion system enables sustained speeds without deceleration throughout its flight.[1 9]
The Missile has command guidance in its entire flight.[7 ]
The design of the missile is somewhat similar to that of the SA-6 with four long tube ramjet inlet
ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving
wings are mounted on the mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are
mounted before the tail. However, the internal schematic shows a different layout with an onboard
digital computer, no Semi-active seeker, different propellant, different actuators and command
guidance datalinks. The Akash carries an onboard radio-proximity fuse.
Composite technology for Akash includes radome assemblies, booster liners, ablative liners,
sustainer liners, compression molded wings and fins.[20]
Propulsion
The Akash, like the Russian 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful), utilizes an integrated ramjet-rocket
propulsion system, which, after initial rocket motor burnout, provides sustained thrust for the
missile throughout its flight until interception.
Radars
The missile is guided by a phased array fire control radar called

'Rajendra' which is termed as Battery Level Radar (BLR) with
a tracking range of about 60 km.[21 ] The tracking and missile
guidance radar configuration consists of a slewable phased
array antenna of more than 4,000 elements, spectrally pure
TWT transmitter, two stage superheterodyne correlation
receiver for three channels, high speed digital signal processor,
real time management computer and a powerful radar data
processor.[22] It can track 64 targets in range, azimuth and
Rajendra Radar during Republic Day,
height and guide eight missiles simultaneously in ripple fire
2019
mode towards four targets. The radar has advanced ECCM
features. The Rajendra derivative on a BMP-2 chassis and to
be used by the Indian Air Force is known as the Battery Level
Radar-II whereas that for the Army, is based on a T-72 chassis and is known as the Battery Level
Radar-III.
The Army version also consists of the Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR). BSR is a track vehicle
based, long range sensor, interfaced with the BCC. It can detect and track up to 40 targets in range
and azimuth up to a range of 100 km.[23]
Long range target acquisition is performed by the 3D Central Acquisition Radar (3D CAR), which is
a long range surveillance radar that can track up to 200 targets in Track while Scan mode
(detecting, tracking and processing) in three dimensions at a range of 180 km. It provides azimuth,
range and height coordinates of targets to the Group Control Centre (GCC) through secure
communication links. The data is used to cue the weapon control radar.[22][24]
Platforms
The Army's radar and launchers are based on the T-72 chassis built
by the Ordnance Factories Board's Ordnance Factory Medak to
accompany the Army's fast moving armoured formations.[25] The
Air Force versions use a combination of tracked and wheeled vehicle.
The Air Force Akash launcher consists of a detachable trailer which is
towed by a Tata truck, which can be positioned autonomously. The
Air Force launcher is designed by Larsen & Toubro jointly with
DRDO.[26] Both the Army and Air Force launchers have three
ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers can slew in both
elevation and azimuth. The Army Self-Propelled Launcher (ASPL) is
360 degrees slewable and its arc in elevation is from 6 to 60 degrees.
The Akash Air Force Launcher (AAFL) is 360 degree slewable, in
elevation it can fire from 8 to 55 degrees in all directions depending
Akash Missiles on a BMP-2
on the mode of deployment.[27 ] Akash Air force launcher features an
chassis.
All electro servo drive system for fully automated and remote
operation.[20] To enable the Akash group to perform self-sufficient in
the combat zone, a number of supporting specialist vehicles have been designed and developed.
They are mobile and field-worthy. Their design is based on the role and task to be performed and
the vehicles are accordingly allocated to the Group HQ, the Batteries, Assembly Line Area and the
Field maintenance workshop. Some of the vehicles are: the Missile Transportation Vehicle (MTV),
the Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV), the Mobile Station for Missile Checkout (MSMC)
Vehicle, the Air Compressor Vehicle (ACV), the Power Supply vehicles (GPSV, BPSV), the
Engineering Support, Maintenance and Repair vehicles (GEM, BEM) and a few others. These
specialist vehicles assemble and prepare missiles, deliver them to Batteries, carry maintenance
spares and fuel, and provide logistical engineering support. Their allocation provides for flexibility
and self-sufficiency to the whole Akash Group.[28]
Development and history
Mark-I
The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March
1997.
Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in
2005. 3-D Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR) group mode performance is also fully
established.[29][30]
The Akash Missile Development cost of ₹1,000 crore (€150 million; $200 million), including the
project sanction of ₹600 crore (€90 million; $120 million), is 8-10 times lower than the cost of
similar system developments in other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like
mobility, all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-
coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.[1 3]
Variants
Akash-1S
There was demand from Indian Armed Forces for a missile

with a seeker that can target inbound targets more accurately
for which the DRDO offered an upgraded Akash with an
indigenous seeker named Akash-1S. DRDO tested Akash-1S on
25 May and 27 May 2019 with a strike range of 30 km that has
Akash-1S missile test on 27 May the capability to carry warhead of 60 kg from Integrated Test
2019 Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha with the overall performance
of indigenous seeker and guidance system consistently
established during the period. Akash-1S was fired five times
against multiple targets and successfully completed the trials.[31 ] It supports the combination of
both command and active terminal seeker guidance to enhance the single shot kill probability [32]
and is capable of striking down fighter jets and drones at a distance of around 18 to 30 km that can
be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms for greater mobility.[33]
Akash Prime
On 27 September 2021, DRDO test fired a new version of

missile called Akash Prime. It intercepted and destroyed an
unmanned aerial target mimicking enemy aircraft, in its
maiden flight. Akash Prime is based on the existing Akash
SAM. The missile is equipped with an improved active radio-
frequency (RF) seeker to further increase the accuracy. Akash
Prime is also optimized for low temperature and high altitude
operations with modified ground system.[34]
Akash Prime test launch on 27
September 2021.
Akash-NG
A successor missile with a new design Akash - New generation abbreviated as Akash-NG was
approved in September 2016 with a funding of ₹470 crore (equivalent to ₹574 crore or
US$75 million in 2020) to succeed Akash and Akash-1S with improved capabilities.[35] Akash-NG
will have an improved reaction time and higher level of protection against saturation attacks. The
second stage uses dual-pulse solid rocket motor which is lighter instead of air-breathing solid
ramjet engine to increase the overall range from current 40 km to 70 km, an active electronically
scanned array Multi-Function Radar (MFR) and optical proximity fuze.[36][37 ]
Status
Each missile is expected to have starting costs below US$500,000 i.e. under ₹2 crore[38] which is
less than half the cost of similar Western missiles which usually cost between US$1.2-1.5 million
(₹5-6 crore) each.[39] It is expected that this cost will further decrease due to the economies of
scale achieved as production ramps up.[38] The Indian military (IAF & IA) have a combined order
worth ₹23,300 crore ($5.18 billion).[40] On 24 May 2012, India successfully test fired Akash
missile to revalidate technology and operational efficacy.[41 ] On 1 June 2012, the Air Force version
of the missile with a strike range of 25 km was successfully test fired from the Integrated Test
Range at Chandipur.[42] On 3 August 2014 Akash missile test-fired from launch complex-3 of ITR
at Chandipur off Odisha coast, Describing the trials as "fully successful", Director ITR said . The Air
Force version has already been inducted while the Army version is in the final stage of its trial.[43]
The Army version was inducted on 5 May 2015, as was tweeted by MoD Spokesman. [44] [45] On
16 March 2016, Director of Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), said that
India is looking to double missile production to 100 per month, up from 50 to 60.[46][47 ]
Indian Air Force

In December 2007, the Indian Air Force completed user trials for this missile. The trials, which
were spread over ten days, were declared successful after the missile hit the target on five
occasions. Multiple targets handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live
firing in C4I environment. Before the ten-day trial at Chandipur, ECCM Evaluation tests were
carried out at Gwalior Air force base and mobility trials were carried out in Pokhran. The IAF had
evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency. The following trials were
conducted: Against low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and
approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude
receding target.[48]
The Indian Air force was satisfied with the performance of Akash after extensive flight trials and
has decided to induct the weapon system. An order for two squadrons were placed initially, with
these being inducted in 2009. The IAF found the missile performance to be satisfactory and was
expected to place orders for 16 more launchers to form two more squadrons for India's northeast
theater.[25][39][49]
In May 2008, the Indian Air Force decided to induct two squadrons (totaling 4 batteries) of Akash
missile.[50]
In March 2009, Tata Power's Strategic Engineering Division (Tata Power SED) announced that it
had secured the ₹182 crore order for 16 Akash launchers to be delivered in the next 33
months.[51 ]
In January 2010, it was revealed that the Indian Air Force had ordered for 6 more squadrons.
Each squadron will consist of 125 missiles, bringing the order to 750 missiles for 6 squadrons.[52]
The first two squadrons will consist of 48 missiles each[53] while future squadrons will vary in
number depending on the IAF. The additional missiles were ordered from state-run defence
behemoth Bharat Electronics, who will act as the system integrator, at a cost of ₹4,279 crore ($925
million).[54]
On 3 March 2012, the missile was officially inducted into Indian Air force at function at
Hyderabad.[55]
IAF orders may also rise as it phases out its Pechoras and if the Indo-Israeli JV to develop a
MRSAM (Medium Range SAM) for the IAF continues to be put on hold, while a similar program for
the Indian Navy proceeds unimpeded.[56][57 ][58] On 6 June 2012, IAF successfully test fired the
Air Force version of Akash missile from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur.[59] Indian Air
Force tested Akash missiles taken from the production lot on 26 April 2014 against maneuvering
targets at extreme ranges. The test was a success.[60]
In February 2010, the Indian Air Force accepted the Akash missile system as a substantial part of
its arsenal.[61 ]
In November 2014 Surface-to-air supersonic missile Akash on Friday completed its training user
trials successfully for 5 straight days validating all mission parametres as set by the Indian Air
Force (IAF) team.[62]
On 10 July 2015, the Akash surface-to-air missile was formally inducted in the Indian Air Force at
Gwalior.[63][64]
On 1 September 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the purchase of seven
additional squadrons of the Akash missile for the Indian Air Force.[65][66]
On 28 January 2016, the missile was successfully test fired

from complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at
Chandipuri in Odisha. As part of a user trial from the ITR,
three rounds of test were carried out by the Indian Air Force
(IAF) personnel aiming at para-barrel target. Tests were
aimed at gauging the flight consistency and effectiveness of the
missile, besides ascertaining the serviceability of the system in
various conditions.[67 ][68][69][7 0]
Night launch of Akash missile in On 8 March 2016, Indian Air Force(IAF) demonstrated the
Vayu Shakti Exercise 2019. missile at the exercise Iron Fist 2016.[7 1 ][7 2]
A Comptroller and Auditor General report released in 2017 stated that due to lack of adequate
storage facilities, the life span of the missiles may be affected. In addition, there was a 30% failure
rate during testing of missiles in inventory with 6 out of 20 missiles failing to hit their
targets.[7 3][7 4][7 5]
On 28 and 29 November 2017, the Indian Air Force carried out 3 tests of the missile from Launch
Complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) against electronic targets.[7 6][7 7 ]
On 3 December 2020, the Indian Air Force carried out 10 missile firing at Suryalanka to bolster its
capability among ongoing Indo-Sino border tension. The missiles were fired to validate different
scenario and majority of the missiles scored a direct kill further establishing the efficacy of Akash
missile.[7 8]
Indian Army
In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an

order of the Akash missile system, valued at ₹12,500 crore
($2.8 billion). Bharat Dynamics (BDL) will be the system
integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army
variant.[1 3] The Army plans to induct two regiments of the
missile.[7 9]
In March 2011, a report indicates that the Indian Army has Akash missiles during Republic Day
ordered 2 Akash regiments – approximately 2,000 missiles – 2017 parade
worth ₹14,000 crore ($3.1 billion).[80] These will replace the
Indian Army's 2 SA-6 Groups (25 systems with 1,500
missiles), which were inducted between 1977 and 1979.[81 ]
On 5 May 2015 Akash Missile was inducted into the Indian Army.[82][83]
On 11 to 13 April 2015, Indian Army successfully conducted six rounds of user trials of the missile.
The tests were conducted from complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in
Odisha. The missiles targeted pilot less target aircraft (PTA) Lakshya, unmanned air vehicle (UAV)
'Banshee' and a para barrel target, two times each.[7 0][84][85][86][87 ][88]
On 30 March 2016, Indian Army stated that Akash area defence missile systems did not meet its
operational requirements for defending its strike corps against enemy air attacks in forward areas,
and was not ordering any more regiments. The Army instead was opting for four Israeli quick
reaction SAM regiments.[89][90] The missile was inducted into the Indian Army in May 2015. The
Army is scheduled to get two Akash regiments by 2017.[91 ][92] On 30 November 2017, Indian
Army successfully tested fired five Akash missiles at Integrated Test Range (ITR) against multiple
targets.[93] Another test with an indigenous radio frequency seeker was successfully carried out on
5 December 2017 against a Banshee aerial drone.[94][95]
Deployment
The Indian Air Force has deployed Akash at its bases in Gwalior (Maharajpur AFS), Jalpaiguri
(Hasimara AFS), Tezpur, Jorhat and Pune (Lohegaon AFS).[96][97 ]
The Indian Army has deployed one Akash Regiment in June–July 2015, with the second one to be
ready by end of 2016.[98]
Indian Army deployed Akash air defence system along Line of Actual Control in Ladakh as tension
rose between India and China 2020 China–India skirmishes.[99]
Operators
India
Indian Air Force — 13 squadrons in service, 2 more ordered.[66][100] Each squadron contains 8
Launchers, 125 missiles.[101]
Indian Army — Two regiments ordered, with deliveries starting in 2015. In 2018 all deliveries
completed. Two more regiments are ordered in 2019.
Export
It was also reported in the media that Philippines, Belarus, Malaysia, Thailand, UAE and Vietnam
have shown interest in purchasing the Akash missile system. On 30 December 2020, Cabinet
Committee on Security (CCS) chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi cleared the exports of
Akash missile defence system. Philippines signed an arms agreement with India in March 2021 to
potentially acquire Indian weapons including the Akash Missile.[1 02][1 03][1 04]
See also
Akash-NG
Type 3 Chū-SAM
KS-1
NASAMS
Barak 8
QRSAM
VL-SRSAM
Advanced Air Defence (AAD)
Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)
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External links
Official website (http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/bnews/jan08/akash_test.htm)
Video of Akash missile tests (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YpHtSQmfxM)
Interview with Dr. Prahlada from DRDO (http://www.drdo.org/dpi/prahlada_interview.html)
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5/3/22, 10:22 AM Akash (missile) - Wikipedia

Platforms Detonation Radio proximity fuze

Indian Army Flight altitude 18 km (59,000 ft)

Description Transport BEML–Tatra or Tata

Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (3

Akash is a surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of

The missile is guided by a phased array fire control radar called

Development and history

There was demand from Indian Armed Forces for a missile

On 27 September 2021, DRDO test fired a new version of

Indian Air Force

On 28 January 2016, the missile was successfully test fired

In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an

58. Missile mission meets target (http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftn

69. "India test fires Akash missiles" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-test-fires-akash-mis

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akash_(missile)&oldid=1084959521"

This page was last edited on 27 April 2022, at 15:47 (UTC).

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