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TEXTO 4: Texas Wrongful Termination Laws
Fuente: http://www.wrongfulterminationlaws.com/resources/wrongful-termination-
law/state-job-termination-laws/texas.htm

Texas Wrongful Termination Laws


Have you recently lost your job? If so, you might be wondering whether you have
grounds for a wrongful termination lawsuit. In Texas, as in other states, employees
work at will. This means an employee can generally be fired at any time and for any
reason, or for no reason at all.

But there are some exceptions to the at-will rule. For example, if your Texas employer
fires you for discriminatory reasons, in violation of an employment contract, or in
retaliation for exercising your rights, you may have a legal claim against your employer
for wrongful termination.

Every state’s laws on wrongful termination are different. This article covers some of the
common legal grounds you might have for suing your Texas employer for wrongful
termination. But it’s not a comprehensive list of Texas employment rights, which can
change as courts issue new rulings and legislators pass or modify laws. To find out the
full extent of your legal claims, speak to an experienced Texas employment lawyer. To
learn more about Texas employment law, contact the office of the Texas Workforce
Commission.

Discriminatory Firing

Under federal law, it is illegal for an employer to fire an employee based on a protected
characteristic. Federal law prohibits employers from firing employees based on race,
color, national origin, sex, pregnancy, religion, age (if the employee is at least 40),
disability, citizenship status, or genetic information. However, only employers with a
minimum number of employees must comply with these laws. Most types of
discrimination are prohibited once an employer has at least 15 employees. However,
for age discrimination the minimum is 20 employees, and for citizenship status
discrimination the minimum is four employees.

Texas law prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, national origin,
sex, pregnancy, religion, disability, age (40 and older), and genetic information. Texas
employers must comply with these laws if they have at least fifteen employees.

These laws also make it illegal for an employer to retaliate against you for asserting
your rights. For example, if you complain to your company’s HR department that you
believe you were passed over for promotion because of your age, your employer may
not discipline or fire you for your complaint. Likewise, your employer cannot fire you
for participating in an investigation of a discrimination complaint (no matter who
made the complaint), testifying in court, or making other efforts to stop discriminatory
practices.

Before filing a discrimination or retaliation lawsuit, you must file a complaint with the
appropriate government agency. The Texas Workforce Commission enforces the state’s
laws prohibiting discrimination; the Commission has offices in Austin. In many cases,
state fair employment practices agencies will record your complaint with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the agency that enforces federal
antidiscrimination laws. However, you should check to make sure. If not, you may also
have to file a complaint with the EEOC; you can find contact information for the
nearest office at the EEOC’s Field Offices page.

Breach of Contract

If you have a written employment contract promising you job security, you are not an
at-will employee. Texas also recognizes implied employment contracts based on clear
statements made in an employee handbook. For example, if your employee handbook
states that employees will be fired only for good cause, you may have an implied
contract. If you have an employment contract, and your employer fires you without
good cause, you have a legal claim for breach of contract.

Wage and Hour Issues

Texas has adopted the federal minimum wage, which is currently $7.25 per hour. While
Texas does not have an overtime law, federal law requires employers to pay employees
overtime when they work more than 40 hours in a workweek.

Although some states require employers to offer meal or rest breaks, Texas does not.
Under federal law, though, employers who choose to offer breaks of 20 minutes or less
must generally pay employees for that time. Employers also must pay their employees
for any time during which they must work, even if the employer characterizes that time
as a “break.” It is illegal for employers to fire employees in retaliation for exercising
their rights under federal wage and hour laws.

Time Off Work

State and federal laws give employees the right to take time off work for certain civic
obligations and personal responsibilities. Employers may not discipline or fire workers
for exercising these rights. In Texas, these rights include:

Military leave. Under federal law, employees have the right to take up to five years of
leave to serve in the military, with the right to be reinstated when they return to work.
(This law also prohibits discrimination against employees based on their military
service, protects employees from discharge without good cause for up to one year after
they return from military duty, and provides other protections.) Texas law gives
members of the Texas military forces or the military forces of any other state the right
to be reinstated following a call to active duty or training.

Jury duty. In Texas, employees are entitled to unpaid leave for jury service. Employers
who fire or penalize employees for jury service are subject to special damages in a
wrongful termination lawsuit.

Voting leave. Texas employers must allow employees to take paid time off to vote,
unless the employee has two consecutive hours off work while the polls are open.

Family and medical leave. Texas employees are protected by the federal Family
Medical Leave Act (FMLA). The FMLA requires employers with 50 or more employees
to provide eligible employees with up to 12 weeks off, unpaid, every year for a serious
health condition, to care for a family member with a serious health condition, to care
for a new child, or to handle certain practical matters arising out of a family member’s
military service. Employees can take up to 26 weeks off in a single year to care for a
family member who is seriously injured while serving in the military. Employees who
take FMLA leave must be reinstated to the same position once their leave is over.

Other State Claims

Workers' compensation. Employers may not fire or otherwise retaliate against


employees who file workers' compensation claims, institute legal proceedings to collect
workers' comp benefits, or testify in workers' comp hearings.

Workplace safety. Employers are prohibited from firing employees who, in good faith,
report violations of occupational health and safety laws.

What to Do Next

If you think you were fired illegally, talk to a Texas employment lawyer. Whether you
want to get your job back, negotiate a settlement, or file a lawsuit, a lawyer can help
you assert your legal rights. A lawyer can also inform you of any other claims that you
might have under state or local law.
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TEXTO 4: The Four Divorce Alternatives
Fuente: http://www.forbes.com/forbeswoman

The Four Divorce Alternatives

(Photo credit: Wikipedia)

No two marriages are the same, and so it only follows that no two divorces will be the
same, either.

In fact, if you’re a woman who’s contemplating divorce, you have several options
about how to proceed. In general terms, you need to consider four broad categories of
divorce alternatives: Do-It-Yourself (DIY), Mediation, Collaborative and Litigation. Let’s
take a look at the pros and cons of each one.

Do-It-Yourself Divorce
The best advice I can give you about Do-It-Yourself Divorce, is DON’T Do-It-Yourself!

Divorce is very complicated, both legally and financially. You can easily make mistakes,
and often those mistakes are irreversible. The only scenario I can envision when a Do-It-
Yourself divorce may make any possible sense might be in a case where the marriage
lasted only two or three years and there are no children, little or no assets/debts to be
divided, comparable incomes and no alimony. In a case like that, a Do-It-Yourself divorce
could be accomplished quite quickly and inexpensively. Nevertheless, I would still highly
recommend that each party have their own separate attorney review the final documents.

Mediation

In divorce mediation, a divorcing couple works with a neutral mediator who helps both
parties come to an agreement on all aspects of their divorce. The mediator may or may not
be a lawyer, but he/she must be extremely well-versed in divorce and family law. In
addition, it is critical for the mediator to be neutral and not advocate for either party. Both
parties still need to consult with their own, individual attorneys during the mediation and
prior to signing the final divorce settlement agreement.

Here are a few pros and cons to consider before deciding if mediation will work for you.

On the “pro” side, divorce mediation may:

• Result in a better long-term relationship with your ex-husband since you will not “fight”
in court.

• Be easier on children since the divorce proceedings may be more peaceful.

• Expedite an agreement.

• Reduce expenses.

• Help you stay in control of your divorce because you are making the decisions (and the
court isn’t).

• Allow for more discretion. Mediation is private; litigated divorce is public.

However, on the “con” side, divorce mediation may also:

• Waste time and money. If negotiations fail, you’ll need to start all over.

• Be incomplete or unduly favorable to one spouse. If the mediator is inexperienced or


biased towards your husband, the outcome could be unfavorable for you.

• Result in an unenforceable agreement. A mediation agreement that’s lopsided or poorly


drafted can be challenged.

• Lead to legal complications. Any issue of law will still need to be ruled upon by the
court.

• Fail to uncover certain assets. Since all financial information is voluntarily disclosed and
there is no subpoena of records, your husband could potentially hide assets/income.

•Reinforce unhealthy behavior patterns. If one spouse is dominating and the other is
submissive, the final settlement may not be fair.

• Fuel emotions. Mediation could increase negative behavior of a spouse with a


propensity for physical/mental or drugs/alcohol abuse.

Couples often hear about the wonders of mediation and how it is reportedly a better, less
contentious, less expensive and more “dignified” way to get a divorce. However, my
biggest problem with mediation is that the sole role and goal of the mediator is to get the
parties to come to an agreement –any agreement! Remember, the mediator cannot give
any advice. All they can do is try to get you to agree. Unfortunately, not all agreements are
good agreements, and in fact, in many cases, no agreement is better than a bad agreement.
So unless both parties can be fairly reasonable and amicable (and if they can be, why are
they getting divorced???), I believe that mediation is usually not a viable option for most
women.

Collaborative Divorce

Simply put, collaborative divorce occurs when a couple agrees to work out a divorce
settlement without going to court.

During a collaborative divorce both you and your husband will each hire an attorney who
has been trained in the collaborative divorce process. The role of the attorneys in a
collaborative divorce is quite different than in a traditional divorce. Each attorney advises
and assists their client in negotiating a settlement agreement. You will meet with your
attorney separately and you and your attorney will also meet with your husband and his
attorney. The collaborative process may also involve other neutral professionals such as
a divorce financial planner who will help both of you work through your financial issues
and a coach or therapist who can help guide both of you through child custody and other
emotionally charged issues.

In the collaborative process, you, your husband and your respective attorneys all must
sign an agreement that requires that both attorneys withdraw from the case if a settlement
is not reached and/or if litigation is threatened. If this happens, both you and your
husband must start all over again and find new attorneys. Neither party can use the same
attorneys again!

Even if the collaborative process is successful, you will usually have to appear in family
court so a judge can sign the agreement. But the legal process can be much quicker and
less expensive than traditional litigation if the collaborative process works.

Unfortunately, though, I have found that the collaborative method often doesn’t work well
to settle divorces involving complicated financial situations or when there are significant
assets. In collaborative divorce, just as in mediation, all financial information (income,
assets and liabilities) is disclosed voluntarily. Often the husband controls the “purse
strings,” and the wife is generally unaware of the details of their financial situation. When
this kind of inequality exists, the door is often wide open for the husband to hide assets.
What’s more, many high net worth divorces involve businesses and professional practices
where it is relatively easy to hide assets and income. Additionally, the issue of valuation
can be quite contentious.

So, as a general rule, my recommendation is this:

Do NOT use any of these first three options –Do-It-Yourself Divorce, Mediation or
Collaborative Divorce — if:
 You suspect your husband is hiding assets/income.

 Your husband is domineering, and you have trouble speaking up or you’re afraid to
voice your opinions.

 There is a history or threat of domestic violence (physical and/or mental) towards


you and/or your children.

 You or your husband has a drug/alcohol addiction.

Litigated Divorce

The fourth divorce option is the most common. These days, the majority of divorcing
couples choose the “traditional” model of litigated divorce.
Keep in mind, though, “litigated” does not mean the divorce ends up in court. In fact, the
vast majority of all divorce cases (more than 95 percent) reach an out-of-court settlement
agreement. “Litigation” is a legal term meaning ‘carrying out a lawsuit.’

Why are lawsuits a part of divorce? Because contrary to popular belief divorce usually
does not involve two people mutually agreeing to end their marriage. In 80 percent of
cases, the decision to divorce is unilateral –one party wants the divorce and the other does
not. That, by its very nature, creates an adversarial situation right from the start and often
disqualifies mediation and collaborative divorce, since both methods rely on the full
cooperation of both parties and the voluntary disclosure of all financial information.

Clearly, if you are starting out with an adversarial and highly emotionally charged
situation, the chances are very high that collaboration or mediation might fail. Why take
the risk of going those routes when odds are they might fail, wasting your time and
money?

The most important and most difficult parts of any divorce are coming to an agreement on
child custody, division of assets and liabilities and alimony payments (how much and for
how long). Although you want your attorney to be a highly skilled negotiator, you don’t
want someone who is overly combative, ready to fight over anything and everything. An
overly contentious approach will not only prolong the pain and substantially increase
your legal fees, it will also be emotionally detrimental to everyone involved, especially the
children.

Remember: Most divorce attorneys (or at least the ones I would recommend) will always
strive to come to a reasonable settlement with the other party. But if they can’t come to a
reasonable settlement or if the other party is completely unreasonable then, unfortunately,
going to court, or threatening to do so, might be the only way to resolve these issues.

If you have tried everything else, and you do end up in court, things can get really nasty
and hostile. Up until that point both attorneys were “negotiators,” trying to get the parties
to compromise and come to some reasonable resolution. But once in court, the role of each
attorney changes. Negotiations and compromise move to the back burner. Their new job is
to “win” and get the best possible outcome for their client.

And don’t forget, once you’re in court, it’s a judge who knows very little about you and
your family that will make the final decisions about your children, your property, your
money and how you live your life. That’s a very big risk for both parties to take –and
that’s also why the threat of going to court is usually such a good deterrent.

Here’s my last word of advice about divorce alternatives: Weigh divorce options carefully.
The bottom line is that every family, and every divorce, is different. Obviously, if you are
able to work with your husband to make decisions and both of you are honest and
reasonable, then mediation or the collaborative method may be best. But, if you have
doubts, it is good to be ready with “Plan B” which would be the litigated divorce.

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