CHAPTER 1.

PSYCHOLOGY
UNIT 1. HAVING A LAUGH
Vocabulary

1 stimuli (Ns) : sự kích thích /ˈstɪm.jʊ.laɪ/ stimulus (n số ít)

/ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/
2 universal (a) : phổ biến /ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.səl/ ~ ubiquitous
/juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/
~ common
3 anthropologist (n) : nhà nhân chủng /ˌæn.θrəˈpɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ anthropology (n):
học ngành nhân chủng
học
/ˌæn.θrəˈpɒl.ə.dʒi/
4 indigenous (a) : bản địa /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/ ~ native
5 hierarchy (n) : hệ thống thứ bậc /ˈhaɪə.rɑː.ki/
6 code (n) : luật lệ, quy tắc /kəʊd/
7 persistence (n) : sự kiên trì /pəˈsɪs.təns/ ~ perseverance
/ˌpɜː.sɪˈvɪə.rəns/
8 tedious (a) : chán ngắt /ˈtiː.di.əs/ ~ boring
~ monotonous
/məˈnɒt.ən.əs/
9 facilitate (v) : tạo thuận lợi /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/
10 imply (v) : ngụ ý /ɪmˈplaɪ/

Practice
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. I'm not _______________ anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
2. The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet _______________ and the back of the
tongue is sensitive to bitter _____________
3. To _______________ learning, each class is no larger than 30 students.
4. One reason for the author's success is that her novels have a ______________ appeal.
5. He rose quickly through the political _______________ to become party leader.
6. An _________________ scientifically studies humans and their customs, beliefs, and
relationships.
7. The kangaroo is ________________ to Australia.
8. The journey was exciting at first but soon became ________________
9. Newspaper editors have agreed a new __________________ on the invasion of privacy.
10. His __________________ was finally rewarded when the insurance company agreed to
pay for the damage.
 Reading
Laughter is universal across human cultures and even exists in some animals, including rats,
apes and lowland gorillas. Humans start developing a sense of humour at the age of six
weeks old, when infants begin to smile in response to stimuli. More than a biological
function, laughter has many social functions.

Do people laugh in conversations with friends the same way with strangers? In a study,
samples of laughter from pairs of English-speaking students were recorded.
A team of 30 psychological scientists, anthropologists, and biologists then played these
recordings to listeners from 24 various societies, from indigenous tribes in New Guinea to
city-dwellers in Europe. The listeners were asked whether they thought the people laughing
were friends or strangers. On average, their guesses were correct approximately 60% of the
time.

Laughter also serves as code to complex human social hierarchy. High-status individuals
often produce more dominant laughs while those of low-status individuals are more
submissive. Humour can also provide a mental break from tedious situations in the
workplace. In a study when participants were asked to do tasks which required persistence,
those who watched a funny clip halfway could go further while participants who watched a
factual video about management profession in their break time tended to give up sooner.

Although humour has been found to help relieve stress and facilitate social relationships, it
should be also energising rather than just enjoyable. This implies that individuals should
avoid humour that may distract them from the accomplishment of task goals.

Decide whether these statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN:

1. Laughter is unique to humans.
2. External stimuli can make a 6-week-old baby laugh.
3. The number of listeners in the study at University of California was 30.
4. Listeners from New Guinea were better at guessing than those from India.
5. People have similar laughter regardless of their social status.
6. Break time with funny clips can be energising.
 UNIT 2. WHY FAIRY TALES ARE REALLY SCARY TALES?
Vocabulary
1 dispose of (v) : loại bỏ /dɪˈspəʊz/ ~throw away, get rid
of, discard
2 be attributed to (v) : được cho là do /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
3 genre (n) : thể loại (phim, /ˈʒɒn.rə/
truyện)
4 incredibly (adv) : cực kỳ /ɪnˈkred.ə.bli/ ~extremely
5 variant (n) : biến thể /ˈveə.ri.ənt/
6 oral (n) : nói miệng /ˈɔː.rəl/ ~verbal, spoken
7 alter (v) : thay đổi /ˈɒl.tər/ alteration (n): sự thay
đổi
8 trivial (adj) : không quan trọng /ˈtrɪv.i.əl/ ~unimportant,
insignificant, minor
9 matter (v) : quan trọng /ˈmæt.ər/
10 resistant (n) : sự kháng lại /rɪˈzɪs.tənt/ resistant (adj): kháng
lại
Practice
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. I know you do not think this project is important, but it really _______________ to me.
2. Radioactive waste must be _______________ safely.
3. There are four ___________________ of malaria, all transmitted to humans by a
particular family of mosquitoes.
4. The power failure was ___________________ the recent storms and high winds.
5. What ___________________ does the book fall into - comedy or tragedy?
6. Sailing on rafts in the ocean would be _________________ risky.
7. To archaeology, _________________ histories can provide useful information to study
pre-historic times.
8. The problem with the practice of pesticides is that over 300 species of agricultural pests
have developed _________________ to a wide range of potent chemicals.
9. Although the cost of making phone calls is going up, the charge for connecting to the
internet will not __________________.
10. Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a _____________ matter and companies
should prevent it.
 Reading
Fairy tales is a genre of literature which is incredibly popular to children of all cultures. For
example, most of us are familiar with the story of Little Red Riding Hood in which a young
girl encounters a wolf on the way to visit her grandmother and tells him where she is going.
The wolf runs on ahead to dispose of the grandmother and pretends to be the girl's
grandmother. The girl then recognises him dressed in her grandmother's clothes and defeats
him with the help of a woodcutter.

Looking into the versions of the story, Jamie Tehrani, an anthropologist from Durham
University in the UK, has found that there are 58 variants, mostly recorded from oral
traditions, which vary in many ways. In some versions, the villain is a tiger, rather than a
wolf; in some others, the victim is a boy. The researcher then tested how the 58 stories have
developed and altered over time.

The universal appeal of fairy tales is frequently attributed to cautionary messages about
dangers. In the story Little Red Riding Hood, it is to listen to your mother and avoid talking to
strangers. However, Tehrani found out that such elements are just as flexible as trivial
details, and it means they changed over time. Mathias Clasen at Aarhus University in
Denmark believes that what really matters is the scary nature of stories. It makes us scared
without having to experience real danger, and so build up resistance to negative emotions.

Answer each question with NO MORE THAN three words and/or a number:
1. In the story Little Red Riding Hood, what does the young girl encounter on the way to
her grandmother? _____________________________
2. Who helps the young girl defeat the wolf? _____________________________
3. How many variants of the story Little Red Riding Hood are
there?_____________________________
4. What is the most important feature of fairy tales which has been retained over time?
_____________________________
 UNIT 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN'S PLAY
Vocabulary

1 regulate (v) : điều chỉnh, điều tiết /ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt/ regulation (n): quy
định /ˌreɡ.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
2 scarce (adj) : hiếm gặp /skeəs/ ~ rare, uncommon
3 spontaneous (adj) : tự nhiên, tự phát /spɒnˈteɪ.ni.əs/ spontaneously (ad)
/spɒnˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/
4 undertake (v) : đảm nhận /ˌʌn.dəˈteɪk/
5 autism (n) : chứng tự kỷ /ˈɔː.tɪ.zəm/ autistic (adj) /ɔˈtɪs·tɪk/
6 initiate (adj) : khởi đầu, bắt đầu /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/ initiative (n): sáng
kiến /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/
7 diagnosis (n) : chẩn đoán /ˌdaɪ.əɡˈnəʊ.sɪs/ diagnose (v)
/ˈdaɪ.əɡ.nəʊz/
8 toddler (n) : trẻ tập đi /ˈtɒd.lər/
9 repercussion (n) : tác động /ˌriː.pəˈkʌʃ.ən/
10 underpin (v) : hỗ trợ, củng cố /ˌʌn.dəˈpɪn/

Practice
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. Students are required to _______________ simple experiments.
2. _________________ is not a medical condition with a "cure", but autistic people may
need help with certain things.
3. As a diabetic, she ______________ her sugar intake carefully.
4. With jobs so ________________, many young people have nothing to do.
5. His jokes seemed __________________but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
6. The tablets didn't help, and I suspected that the doctor had given me an incorrect
______________.
7. The report is _________________ by extensive research and therefore reliable.
8. She was left at home with a __________________ and a four-month-old baby to care for.
9. Any decrease in tourism could have serious ____________________ for the local
economy.
10. The council ________________ its own studies and carries out research at the request
of private organizations.
 Reading
A. Although play is a popular activity among children, it should not be considered as
something trivial. When a toddler is engaged in a game like make-believe, she learns how to
regulate her emotions as a new role; or when she plays a board game, she's learning how to
follow rules and take turns with a partner.

B. Researchers believe that these activities have important repercussions in her adult life.
Dr. David Whitebread says that play underpins how we develop as intellectual,
problem-solving adults. Similarly, Dr. Sara Baker explains that play supports the early
development of children's self-control, which influences how effectively we undertake
challenging activities later on. Meanwhile, Dr. Jenny Gibson claims that observing children at
play can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorder such as autism.

C. However, the opportunities for free play, which children thirty years ago experienced
almost every day, are becoming increasingly scarce, partly because parents are aware of
the risk to do with traffic and kidnapping, and partly because children are expected to study
more to have great academic achievements. While most schools for children give away time
for them to play, the kind of play is not spontaneous and initiated by children but instead, is
set up and controlled by teachers.

Which paragraph contains the following ideas:

1. Reasons why children do not play much these days
2. The games children play and the skills they may gain
3. Future benefits of play that a child may have
4. The characteristics of play in school
5. A way to identify a disorder in children
 UNIT 4. THE CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENCE
Vocabulary
1 notion (n) : ý niệm, khái niệm /ˈnəʊ.ʃən/
2 implicit (adj) : ngầm /ɪmˈplɪs.ɪt/ implicitly (adv)
/ɪmˈplɪs·ɪt·li/
3 judgment (n) : đánh giá /ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt/ judge (v)
4 scope (n) : phạm vi /skəʊp/
5 elucidate (v) : làm sáng tỏ /iˈluː.sɪ.deɪt/ elucidation (n)
/iˈluː.sɪ.deɪt/
6 philosophy (n) : triết học, triết lý /fɪˈlɒs.ə.fi/ philosophical (adj)
/ˌfɪl.əˈsɒf.ɪ.kəl/
7 elite (n,a) : thành phần ưu tú /iˈliːt/
8 chaos (n) : sự hỗn loạn /ˈkeɪ.ɒs/ chaotic (a)
/keɪˈɒt.ɪk/
9 competency (n) : năng lực /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tən.si/ competent (adj): đủ
năng lực, giỏi
10 underlying (adj) : nằm bên dưới /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪ.ɪŋ/

Practice
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. Repairs to the major highway this summer will bring ________________ to commuters.
2. We should be familiar with the _______________ that women should have equal status
with men.
3. Some reporters thought there was an ________________ threat in the president's
speech.
4. He gradually developed the ________________ to deal with the more difficult cases.
5. René Descartes is regarded as the founder of modern _________________.
6. The reasons for the change in weather conditions have been _______________ several
scientists.
7. Trust your own _______________ and don't be guided by what anyone else thinks!
8. It is important to look at all the _________________ causes of the conflict.
9. Thank you for your question but I'm afraid that problem is beyond the _______________
of my lecture.
10. Vietnam's political and business ________________ seem prepared to accept the
election results.
 Reading
Everyone knows intelligence, but no one knows exactly what it is. In other words, people all
have unconscious notion of intelligence, which is known as implicit theories, but it is not easy
for them to give a clear definition. However, it is important to know people's conceptions of
intelligence because the way they think about intelligence often serves as underlying
presuppositions which can affect a wide scope of aspects of everyday life.

The implicit theories of intelligence decide how people perceive their own intelligence, the
judgments they make about others’ abilities, who they choose to be friends with, and so on.
It also helps elucidate certain teaching methods which parents choose. For example,
parents' implicit theories of their children's language development will determine at what
ages they will be willing to make corrections in their children's speech.

In terms of how intelligence relates to society as a whole, there are three major theories
based on the philosophies of three US statesmen. The Hamiltonian view is that people are
born with different level of intelligence and in a society, the elite will take responsibility for
keeping the masses of non-elite in line, who would create chaos if left to themselves. The
Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities but should be awarded
according to their own achievements. The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not
only as human beings but regarding their competencies and we do not need any institutions
that favor one group over another.

Decide whether these statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN:

1. All people can give a clear definition of intelligence easily.
2. Everyone likes to be friends with intelligent people.
3. Parents should make corrections in their children's speech at the age of 4.
4. Hamilton believes that all people are of equal intelligence.
5. Jefferson thinks those who achieve more should be awarded more.
6. Jackson argues that it is not necessary to establish schools for the gifted.
 UNIT 5. WHY BEING BORED IS STIMULATING AND USEFUL
Vocabulary

1 stimulating (adj) : kích thích /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪ.tɪŋ/ stimulate (v)

/ˈstɪm.jə.leɪt/
stimulation (n)
/ˌstɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
2 turn out (v) : hóa ra
3 depression (n) : trầm cảm /dɪˈpreʃ.ən/ depressed (adj)
/dɪˈprest/
4 intriguing (adj) : thú vị /ɪnˈtriː.ɡɪŋ/ ~ interesting,
facinating
5 prone to (adj) : dễ bị gì đó /prəʊn/ U
6 wander (v) : đi lang thang /ˈwɒn.dər/
7 toxic (adj) : độc hại /ˈtɒk.sɪk/ ~poisonous
8 threshold (n) : ngưỡng, mức /ˈθreʃ.həʊld/
9 alleviate (v) : làm giảm bớt /əˈliː.vi.eɪt/ alleviation (n)
10 speculate (v) : suy đoán /ˈspek.jə.leɪt/ speculation (n)

Practice
1. His secretary earns £268 a month, well below the _______________ for paying tax.
2. Many pesticides are highly ___________________ and should be used under strict
regulations.
3. Scientists have __________________ about the possibility of parallel universes.
4. Visitors are free to _________________ through the gardens before dinner time.
5. The house they had offered us __________________ to be a tiny apartment.
6. A number of measures have been taken to _________________ poverty in this country.
7. She suffered from severe ________________ after losing her job.
8. The college offers a challenging and ______________ environment in which to study.
9. Tired drivers were found to be particularly _______________ ignore warning signs.
10. People like talking to her because she has a really ______________ personality.
 Reading
Boredom is one of the most common of emotions and we all know how it feels.
It may include a lot of mental states, such as frustration, depression and indifference. We
may experience all kinds of them, but might be prone to one only.

Not all kinds of boredom are negative. In a study, Thomas Goetz and his team came to an
intriguing finding: ‘indifferent boredom’ when someone is not engaged in anything satisfying
but still feels relaxed and calm is very useful. Psychologist Sandi Mann goes further, finding
that being bored makes us more creative because it allows the mind to wander and therefore
come up with more creative ideas. It turns out that being bored is also useful, and we should
seek more boredom.

John Eastwood is not convinced by the idea that boredom is stimulating, stating that if you
are in a state of mind-wandering, you are not bored and that it can be toxic if it is allowed to
develop. He speculates that the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention
system’ into gear. His team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails, and
believe that boredom is linked with personality traits. Those who are motivated by pleasure
seem to get bored easily while people with curiosity have higher boredom threshold. Finally,
boredom itself cannot kill and it is important to alleviate boredom before it puts us in danger.

Answer each question with NO MORE THAN THREE words:

1. What are some mental states associated with boredom?

2. What kind of boredom did Thomas Goets find useful?
3. Who believes that boredom is toxic if it is allowed to develop?
4. What type of people who have high boredom threshold?
 UNIT 6. OXYTOCIN
Vocabulary
1 reputation (n) : tiếng, danh tiếng /ˌrep.jəˈteɪ.ʃən/
2 reinforce (v) : củng cố /ˌriː.ɪnˈfɔːs/ ~strengthen
/ˈstreŋ.θən/
3 groundbreaking (a) : đột phá
/ˈɡraʊndˌbreɪ.kɪŋ/
4 anonymous (adj) : nặc danh /əˈnɒn.ɪ.məs/ anonymity (n)
/ˌæn.ɒnˈɪm.ə.ti/
5 placebo (n) : giả dược (thuốc trấn an) /pləˈsiː.bəʊ/
6 enhance (v) : nâng cao, tăng cường /ɪnˈhɑːns/ ~increase, improve
7 inhale (v) : hít vào /ɪnˈheɪl/ # exhale (v): thở ra
8 envy (n,v) : ghen tị, đố kỵ /ˈen.vi/
9 sensitive (adj) : dễ nhạy cảm, dễ buồn /ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/ sensitivity (n)
10 pinpoint (v) : xác định /ˈpɪn.pɔɪnt/ ~identify

Practice
1. I was filled with ______________ at my friend's adventurous lifestyle.
2. He was able to __________________ on the map the site of the medieval village.
3. The project was designed to _______________ the experience of museum visitors.
4. Teenagers are often very __________________ about their appearance.
5. Local residents needed hospital treatment after ___________ fumes from the fire.
6. The money was donated by a local businessman who wishes to remain ______________.
7. The company's ________________ suffered when it had to recall thousands of
products that were unsafe.
8. The _______________ effect means that any treatment will improve patients merely
because they want to recover.
9. Success in the talks will ________________ his reputation as an international statesman.
10. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for making a ___________________ piece of
research.
 Reading
A. Few chemicals have positive reputation as oxytocin, a hormone which has influence on
many aspects of animals lives, and is known as the ‘love hormone’. It has been discovered
that oxytocin helps reinforce the connections between romantic partners and activates the
motherly behavior that some mother animals show towards their newborn babies.

B. Oxytocin's role in human behavior first emerged in 2005. In a groundbreaking experiment

where participants were asked to invest money with an anonymous person, Markus
Heinrichs and his colleagues found out that participants who had sniffed the hormone
invested more money than those who received a placebo instead. It seems that with
oxytocin, people are more charitable, better at reading emotions and produce more
constructive arguments.

C. However, some recent studies reveal that oxytocin does not always enhance positive
aspects of social nature. Simone Shamay-Tsoory found that when volunteers played a
competitive game, those who had inhaled oxytocin showed more pleasure when they beat
other players, and felt more envy when others won. Jennifer Barts found that oxytocin in fact
reduces cooperation in subjects who are particularly anxious or sensitive to rejection.

D. To Bartz, oxytocin influences only certain individuals or in certain circumstances.She

suggested that instead of cataloguing seemingly endless effects of oxytocin, it is better to
pinpoint its core function.

Which paragraph contains the following ideas:

1. How oxytocin negatively affects players in a game
2. A call for a new research focus
3. A study on the positive effect of oxytocin on humans
4. The role of oxytocin in animals' lives.
 UNIT 7. THE HAPPINESS INDUSTRY
Vocabulary

1 intermittently (adv) : thỉnh thoảng, không liên /ˌɪn.təˈmɪt.ənt.li/

tục
2 course (n) : tiến trình, dòng /kɔːs/ course of history
(n): tiến trình lịch sử
3 date back (v) : đã có từ
4 philosopher (n) : nhà triết học /fɪˈlɒs.ə.fər/
5 reconcile (v) : hòa giải, dung hòa /ˈrek.ən.saɪl/ reconciliation (n)
/ˌrek.ənˌsɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/
6 concur (v) : đồng ý /kənˈkɜːr/ ~agree
7 sensation (n) : cảm giác /senˈseɪ.ʃən/ ~feeling
8 quantify (v) : định lượng /ˈkwɒn.tɪ.faɪ/ U quantification (n)
/ˌkwɒn.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
9 policymaker (n) : người ra chính sách /ˈpɑl·ə·siˌmeɪ·kər/ ~advance, develop
10 promote (v) : thúc đẩy, phát triển /prəˈməʊt/ /prəˈməʊt/

Practice

1. U.S. _______________ are forced to make hard choices between national security and
domestic priorities.
2. The exhibition was intended to ________________ interest in contemporary sculpture.
3. She repeatedly raised the issue during the ________________ of the campaign.
4. We've discussed this problem ________________ ,but so far we've failed to come up with
a solution.
5. It's difficult to ______________ how many people will be affected by the change.
6. Most people enjoy the _________________ of eating.
7. It was hard to ___________________ his career ambitions with the needs of his children.
8. Scientists generally __________________that climate change is a reality.
9. Karl Marx is a great _________________ who is mainly known for his ideologies on
how societies behave and what drives them.
10. The college ________________ to medieval times.
 Reading
The meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned intermittently over
the course of human history. Earliest work on this dates back to the 4th century BC when the
Greek philosopher Aristotle identified happiness with self-realisation, and thinkers throughout
the ages have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values.

However, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) did not concur with this view, and considered all this
was just fiction. For him, it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasures and the
absence of pain. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and he
suggested two ways in which this might be done.
Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, it might be quantified by
measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for
quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce
the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer.

In his book "The happiness industry, William Davies shows how the belief that inner states of
pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies,
advertising, and, more than that, policymakers and governments. But the idea that
governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human
freedom.

Decide whether these statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN:

1. People have never questioned the meaning of happiness.
2. Aristotle lived in the 4th century BC.
3. Jeremy Bentham believed that happiness can be measured.
4. Human pulse rate indicates one's state of well-being.
5. If two items are of the same price, they are produced in the same place.
6. The fact that happiness can be measured is good news to human freedom.
 UNIT 8. COLLECTING AS A HOBBY
Vocabulary

1 dignify(v) : tôn lên /ˈdɪɡ.nɪ.faɪ/ dignity (n): phẩm giá

/ˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/
2 antique (n,a) : đồ cổ /ænˈtiːk/
3 triumph (n) : chiến thắng, thành tựu /ˈtraɪ.əmf/ ~victory /ˈvɪk.tər.i/
~achievement
/əˈtʃiːv.mənt/
4 motive (n) : động cơ /ˈməʊ.tɪv/ ~incentive
/ɪnˈsen.tɪv/
5 inferior (a) : thấp kém hơn /ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ər/ # superior
/suːˈpɪə.ri.ər/
6 neatly (adv) : gọn gàng /ˈniːt.li/
7 depict (v) : mô tả /dɪˈpɪkt/ depiction (n)
/dɪˈpɪk.ʃən/
8 convey (v) : truyền tải /kənˈveɪ/
9 eccentric (a) : lập dị /ɪkˈsen.trɪk/
10 fulfillment : sự thỏa mãn /fʊlˈfɪl·mənt/ ~ satisfaction
/ˌsæt.ɪsˈfæk.ʃən/
Practice
1. He was suspicious of her _________________ in inviting him into the house.
2. Wisdom will help you find __________________ in every aspect of your life.
3. I'm not even going to ______________________ that stupid question with an answer.
4. Colours like red ___________________________ a sense of energy and strength.
5. Her paintings _________________ the lives of ordinary people in the last century.
6. His clothes are all _________________ folded in their drawers.
7. She was the classic __________________old lady, living with a houseful of cats.
8. Modern music is often considered ___________________ to that of the past.
9. The birth of the red panda cub is being hailed as a ____________________ for the zoo's
breeding programme.
10. We thought the chair was an _________________ worth a lot of money, but it turned out
to be a valueless replica.
 Reading
A. Collecting is one of the most varied of human activities. Many forms of collecting have
been dignified with a technical name: an archtophilist collects teddy bears, a philatelist
collects postage stamps, and a deltiologist collects postcards. There are some reasons why
people spend time and effort on this activity.

B. Some collect because they want to make money, like those who buy antiques cheaply
and sell them at a profit. Buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a sense of
triumph. There are also people who collect to develop their social life, meeting and
exchanging information on items. Another possible motive for collecting is the desire to find
something special, such as a rare early recording by a particular singer.

C. Collecting also has its educational value. Take stamp collecting as an example. It opens a
window to other countries, plants, animals, famous people around the globe. Without those
collections, our understanding would be greatly inferior to what it is. But not all collectors are
interested in learning from their hobby, but instead, in achieving a sense of control. For
instance, stamp collectors arrange their stamps in albums, usually very neatly, in a very
logical way, like in alphabetical order, or grouping them as what they depict: people, birds,
maps, and so on.

D. The last possible reason for collecting is to convey the belief that normal things may also
be interesting, like collecting dog collars. Although collecting appears eccentric to outsiders,
it actually gives the collectors a strong sense of fulfilment.

Which paragraph contains the following ideas:

1. Special names to address a collector
2. Collecting can enhance social life
3. People can learn about other countries by collecting stamps
4. How people can make money from collecting
5. Arranging items gives collectors a sense of control.
 UNIT 9. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INNOVATION
Vocabulary

1 inspire (v) : tạo cảm hứng /ɪnˈspaɪər/ inspiration (n)

/ˌɪn.spɪˈreɪ.ʃən/
2 state-of-the-art (adj) : tiên tiến, mới nhất ~cutting-edge
~advanced
3 fit (n) : phù hợp, hòa hợp /fɪt/
4 recruitment (n) : việc tuyển dụng /rɪˈkruːt.mənt/ recruit (v)
/rɪˈkruːt/
5 delicate (adj) : tinh tế, khéo léo /ˈdel.ɪ.kət/
6 collaborative (adj) : có tính hợp tác /kəˈlæb.ər.ə.tɪv/ collaborate (n)
/kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt/
collaboration (n)
/kəˌlæb.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
7 inhibit (v) : ngăn chặn, cản trở /ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/ ~impede /ɪmˈpiːd/
~hinder /ˈhɪn.dər/
8 overbearing (adj) : hống hách, độc đoán /ˌəʊ.vəˈbeə.rɪŋ/ ~dominating
9 credit (n) : sự tuyên dương /ˈkred.ɪt/
10 simultaneously (adv) : cùng lúc /ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/
Practice
1. The control panel uses all the newest technology and is considered ________________.
2. The game will be broadcast __________________ on TV and radio.
3. After her trip to Venezuela, she felt _________________ to learn Spanish.
4. An example of ___________________is a father not letting his teenage daughter have
any friends.
5. A lack of oxygen may __________________ brain development in the unborn child.
6. We need to work out the best ______________ between the staff required and the staff
available.
7. The presentation was a __________________ effort by all the children in the class.
8. Teachers need to strike a __________________ balance between instructing their
students and letting them discover things for themselves.
9. I can't take all the _________________ for the show's success - it was a team effort.
10. The recession has forced a lot of companies to cut down on graduate
 Reading
Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into
inspiring employees to develop new ideas. However, there are people working in luxurious,
state-of-the-art environments who do not feel creative at all, and some people who do not
have much space or budget but innovate successfully. So what actually stimulates
innovation? For Robert B. Cialdini, what matters is the value fit, and therefore innovation
starts with recruitment. If an employee's value fits with the company's value, they can make
great contributions and stay with the company longer.

Managing innovation is a delicate art. First, a company should develop a system which
ensures collaborative exchanges between departments; otherwise, small ‘pockets of
innovation' would disappear. Innovation is a contact sport and it should be made known to all
employees that all creative ideas will be taken into consideration. Secondly, team leaders
should not inhibit innovation by opting out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs. If
the leader is overbearing and just asks the members to follow him without any discussion,
the members may become deadly passive. And finally, an ideal boss should lead from
behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is expected.
Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned
that every recommendation is important.

Decide whether these statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN:

1. People working in luxury environment always feel inspired.
2. People with limited budget are happier than those working in state-of-the-art
environments.
3. People never want to change jobs if their value fits with their company's value.
4. It is necessary to establish a system in which departments can exchange ideas easily.
5. Employees are often active when working with overbearing boss.
6. Employees should be praised when they contribute to the success of the company.
 UNIT 10. GIFTED CHILDREN AND LEARNING
Vocabulary

1 cut-off point (n) : điểm ngưỡng

2 gifted (adj) : thiên tài /ˈɡɪf.tɪd/ ~ talented
/ˈtæl.ən.tɪd/
3 contributor (n) : người/ yếu tố đóng góp /kənˈtrɪb.jə.tər/ ~contribution (n)
/ˌkɒn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/
4 monitor (v) : giám sát /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tər/
5 conversely (adv) : ngược lại /kənˈvɜːs.li/ converse (adj)
/kənˈvɜːs/ /ˈkɒn.vɜːs/
6 diminish (v) : làm giảm /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ ~reduce
7 autonomy (n) : tính tự lập /ɔːˈtɒn.ə.mi/ autonomous (adj)
/ɔːˈtɒn.ə.məs/ U
8 reflect on (v) : suy ngẫm /rɪˈflekt/
9 indispensable (adj) : không thể thiếu /ˌɪn.dɪˈspen.sə.bəl/
10 advance (n) : tiến bộ /ədˈvɑːns/ ~development
/dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
~breakthrough
/ˈbreɪk.θruː/
Practice
1. Good management has been a big _________________ to the company's success
2. A good dictionary is ___________________ for learning a foreign language.
3. Television advertising should be strictly ________________.
4. Hindu science made great ______________ in astronomy and mathematics.
5. In many of his poems the poet ________________ the quietude of the countryside.
6. One of the aims of modern nursing is to encourage patients _______________.
7. The inaccuracy of the missiles greatly ____________ their effectiveness.
8. I'm sorry to say that we've reached our _______________ for accepting applications this
year.
9. You can add the fluid to the powder, or,_______________ , the powder to the fluid.
10. Mozart was a ________________ musician and a proficient pianist from an early age.
 Reading
Internationally, 'giftedness' is mostly frequently determined by a score on a general
intelligence test, known as an IQ test, which is above a chosen cut-off point, usually at
around the top 2-5%. In other words, children who achieve a score in the top 2-5% are
considered gifted. However, excellence does not emerge without appropriate help, but in
fact, depends on three main contributors. For one, children should be provided with the
means to learn, including material to work with, and strategies to help them learn in the most
effective way. Those strategies are planning, monitoring, evaluation, etc. and are often
refered to as metacognitive skills.

Gifted children often have internal regulation. But, in order to learn by themselves, the gifted
do need some support from their teachers. Conversely, teachers who have a tendency to
'overdirect’ can diminish their gifted pupils' learning autonomy. That means, too much
dependence on the teachers risks loss of autonomy and motivation to discover. Therefore,
teachers should just help pupils reflect on their own learning and thinking activities.

Finally, emotions are also an indispensable part of the learning process. Positive emotions
facilitate the creative aspects of learning and negative emotions inhibit it. For example, fear
can limit the development of curiosity, which is a strong force in scientific advance because it
motivates problem-solving behavior. Therefore, children should be encouraged to be curious
and confident.

Answer each question with NO MORE THAN THREE words:

1. What is considered a genius IQ score?
2. What are some strategies to help children learn effectively?
3. Besides motivation to discover, what do pupils lose when depending too much on the
teachers?
4. What is a strong force in scientific advance?