Electostatics 5 « fh i Y a hg te ate) tre clechic_bields do_not_change with time. : ie etree VB = fy —® Gaus’ law of ebeckeors Vx es oz > Foraday's (01d of clechayrespeh Vie =o —_ qausss low of Magnetostntics 7 xH = Z + ay > s Qu eatitpteal + Bho rte! 2 eye w Under stabe ond 4 So, 9 Cod fy \ > Rectastas) (vxe =o ee leq under slate con's + serie £ mogtele Goi care et coarse che GA Doi T Coulembls (arg States that the force aaa ‘\ point eg a,2 O bw: pytony, the Bing jtining Bore Dicestly pragte) ja, produck 918». re distance” © treed eae jaw apes EAS TG en Ophea, oobi a whew «9 prpetony ey wot ce depend) 1 He Helin ; ae = axis! mF (pou ae © 9 permithvity of free 7 bo & 818s KI! ee Criny = 6 aun Fle?* ' By a pest choye we mem a Chaye that 1s toented 0 a Rady urhose dimentiont are muck smaller than ether fielevant oltmentiou; Cer ep, they au vely Amall Lompared wile the deitance of Seprrrabon , 2), * Irn a oliclechoe meolium, & > = Ge) E> permilivily of Hy = felechic. G&A Relative permi tivity oy Dielechie constank. PTR ES] beat, for fret spue/air, + Sf point chauyes 81-4 G2 au Looted ad points having poston verter, FAT; thin de force Fh On G. due to G, & Given bys Es Joe af eae ae of the seme A Cboth Gove or beth OVE), Fir is Give | Crepeave); and if Ort Breve of \ obpewte Aiyns Fs Cove. (attrechi)- = Nole Haak 2- ® fu force Fa - in os —— Be Bla = RIO 72 + Ben = - Be,,) ® Une chayes Cchares % game Fain) xpd eocl, ae ohile eee ‘ + = DR — <— ‘hayes advo « Se blice OK Rep 2 “Cabin 7 Te dipne Ho te dug beds 868. must be Leyes Compared with Hee Water Uimesos of the lodion + e+ 9) 4 Bp raf be point chovyes: Bik By must be Sihe Gt rut Te “signs of 81482 Mrest be fber info accountsap sf we hove more Hon choo point ee) pent eh spelen fe “Moun the force on ao park b th principle bbb Ut if thre ae N chores? 81, B,- By Rocated at points with posihion vectors 7) Dy. > Th, rafetin You Yerbbant force P on a chaye & focated ot point P tk He vecler sum of the forces eperted on S tay coh ob \ the hayes oye ee ee Ag BFA 4 BGR) em - 450 P 7) Face USAFE) AE LP-HP? ance Yap a | leche. bield Intensity Cor, Clechic Bield Shergth)s C2) | * Subic. bield Intensity is defined ag The force_por unit Sage that a voy bral Aiton teat ebhonie epperiences _wohen iT se_bseld emists CS [plesed ina Supionn where _am dleebse _& _f 2) (im) or ea g] “ce The chestic bield inde A is lviewly fn He clr Ob Hg force Pe IS weasned i (Nc) 2° (im) « . ? OH A se ta deste biel) intensity york daw to Plier wie ve toatl ak Fo tk aire a? so 38 aes 6 LF-*) EO ame ae UP-FP) * Fer N point ca Bi) Say =o -7 Be Located at BH 7 Fw? He oleic bichd ienshy at pelt P's ebleined a8% bi i rt P S an t?-®)K A ay — ane - \ ¢ \ tae Z| Son Oo Koo” —_ Y L \ vous \ \ Sroqples.6— @D Point cheyes Lime & ame are Located at ¢ © Colaote The electric Gerce Oe ede Gield indevag a 2,24) RUA), vesperbively Jone chaye Located of C03, & the et Hod points sdit4- pry Sh _& = 38 6u?-%) Kaye We ee eae te |p-rep 58 Ls — Gi2DJ _ ave Lois) CW V3 ah Jean ~ Caen? [@ 311) - Coed 43]? noni y w Pesud re Abe anew Cie ie tay? ek = aya peu. ceri) tu SY 26 IH cob TON| Ans pa -6 sr & 3 Y +} j Ot Hot pet, Pe arb k& 1 ¢ at ob) x12 0, 3817, WE! = 19 x10 x A ale= sue BNF ps6 oe KVM) Ay Qdenmine the cleclic boeld intensity at PCO OF -2:3) due to pod, ~2s) in an. qu dimensions ove in meters a pent cheye of +5 ne ak (0-2 SMe Te posshion veelor or te Geld pol) e Pz e-med -234 Toe horihion verter ber the pelt Unge 4 Be GB = Ord + otal are bbe bt BR 2 ond} - of} +o a, a = Vea& sy 2-28] = Pour teen +e) = oure m ox! (coy y-01G ¢ 8 (2-®) = Ix Xx /, Gust)” oan) ~ & > tae Tey? in A Ee Qed (- 0893 ogre ay + 0.43? 4) ) Aes ae Db op e, aA. eR irl te say weg BO ~ ys bse ey Elechic Gields due to Continuous Chen{s chisbibeydions? & So fou we howe oa concerned forces = elechire bields oink changes, whidh We exserdralty hevrges Aue to eccubying voy amo prude apace tom * Tt 1 abso pore to howe contnuess e “ or In @ vehi a3 Bows lon a Unt, on a sunt, sy fw 8 Line chaye Sunfpce chore amchanye Point change fy. Yasiess eye _cishibatins 4 chenfe. Sm, da=tde > B= fea] Chine chord ue (sunpoce hays) da>fyde f= [7.40] (ver chaye) we Te clecbie bield inddenashy od & point clus to eaah af: the chee disbrudios 2, 43,2 fy may be regarded. as the Stonmiblon of the bield conbsbubed by dhe mumons oink Unaryes nae) Up fhe. chang. Ads hbo:€D Hee, Ry Mafilcing Go wiAS obmge element 18 teal 4 ine we geht ___ wy @ 4 Line charges * Coneder a bine chonge wie Uniform change ty ft catending bem Aa to B oblong the 2-Anis+ + The ec clement AS ascocistel with emer dt de af Ie foe Age pdt = Kde X heme te th) coe 6 a uber B= (ade J F Ta edhe Geld Intensity @ ak an anbibong fait um) Gm be found we - Bo 1 (ade A. qr Je G field pei 3 Gyr) Souee pot — (x) y/e) & (de ql (ue ae_] in ia) chun 01) 2 (muy (8 Re = xa rey a ea,or ead + @-2) a ae ahaa ere sae ot a z c aay ye . B ee (le ey . Ae a +e Hi dar pe we { ton t- Read 2D (RE Speer =f EA ac oT -ftanc (Ge = - tse dx] Se 0 Pe he Pa eee a a C+ poem) Xe a whe Abo | sca Pap + tot BH) as A a, ft Coane py Av ate | of ate wep \ ZA see ' 5 A sac Pa BBee) dx = J “Cosady + Gwar Jae = ae ate a wel (Sinda = Sine) dy + Gosete waa] “ecidoms 6 Pe an a Tae \ Point & —> (0, 0,-*) 49, (ee, eae X= Ae ees i a- & f--) 4) - onto? tf SS pa? wap! sleet” wef fe@_A Surface changeit Z a toniider am inbinile sheet t ott Tq Whe mg Plan with berm hone lense As. * Te dye associated with an clemerbd area As u dg > fds XR Hen, He tobe choye % Qe fads < aa Sa 3 d iN CHEESE eee ana 2 He eit head et as 22% oes at punt? Re fede na 7 jalee= peek ~ Ac Bw & ABH pads =fs gdeady IRI a har) sf agaf (-74 & ge set ie ance [ar we die bo af rhe 2 besbibubiow s bor we Ba be pent men tt Oe The Het conbibubbas fo a) ay canals dak of leet Ds Tes & whe bo meme BD hes only xocomp mmponok + ueenls, peplatl Q- eos ae Lge = infeprabion ‘eI ee ort tee Thenhyore, 2 = aa o ze fa (" A Sn pape a deh . oe Gane co Ms 5 7 m= a Mek deg Se oe “gel be pata] nasa has x een 02) - ve j . dy oop al ib He -_ ain Heep jo vs an eben sheet ts by ile ae veehor Bee Cmern_te be shee ee @ hh dy sheet & saps aya | rte dane fs tts seek 8 wr in we beste ee copes tHe ep ish bio Pe we aks Reig egsel PRES wae eet +8e 7 Be Fs * 4+ vey ca) a sie eo ute lili? 4 © A_vokuame ee ¢@ Uk we vom choye wit uniform nye du shown. 6 The hye da acgouiated ghe lemenks) vr ae u Vda = fee hene He tol het ino sport youlins * v Qe “Teed 2 fe fee op Be fold dB at Plo» dus $o Ha elementary vl OUvye u Ee ay as A & arte & Az whe, ape casa dy + Sink . disbibedion atemahy fv with + Te decdde* Que fo mmeby ap Hh ne @ corvbaabient fo Ex or & odd v_zem- 2 ee aca ~ Gain, we need bo denive expose a, ages tort. See dr'deldd! = y* eng! dr! de! old! —a — wor dil. wert p! weeping 2 4 a) biped, Tene’ do! = RAR zy wey | ie RAR py gato { ee ak & ab gee Now Pray 1 Eye Sy { a# We Yoo ea ww at ra = Wan , \ ete Ope] “ 3 , Y a GROe jico RUT : 7 aya dy’ wer) \ 2 wa (Leo TR” J are 35 wot 2? 4 (E* sv) a UB Ce ee © ae © Le. 7 Ret 6 alé= 6 _ iy @ at plo) 1%) Gree WY aLiskstndion 1 ane Hectic bield we Que be the sagronety ‘ 7 ak o(0o) YA. 8 & OG ak PhO oh % tole Fin eletbic_Gield_ot Hu Art Eo op which 4 idecbel te moe th conden oy tue Spleriot oye, _ AON oo hO Ty how@ A credon hing of Hadas a conics a unikory Cheye fi Um & te ploced on the UE plane Lith ols He Same og Me re wis @ sroo Hot Pe (ooh) = Seah ae Qe (hs ay dhe ode Soll $— Qe ade ha aefayeJerr , &? zg 5 ) om 2 Ba ag rnh = I? tt Rv [2 [ara eye Ll css fo 270° og eee Here Hn , qe fa ov a quis is ewiclert trom a Stel . wy element cLiamehi pete Bow correspond} lew amet ee staion eel an gual lout opposite dep £0 Cou ther + . we Tay we one bet with the ae component + ees = A o Do ahead (lye fue Gree Lat} } Dev (neearyee proved, iciaeiastiicL Anaemia © Bo te {Oho —gnem ry”) ae bo (utrat)® For Barmy 1 a ae (eae (te ak) _ + 2a at alt= Ddfhete - wz} As SSoy © Swe the charge & wihormly dibsaded , Ha fine chaye dents C SG fude = Kee = feare) A 8 a 5 3 38 eh an eee Pe es are We or ork 2 a ' Sn , - 8 ae dROOKR gab drone 33 : tok of & PM © which the ome we ape @ a ever on He v20 plant hes S Te rite shef of xdr, oS tS a Chee demwaty f= ry Ot+ ge easy nclar TM why ean the shee meee @ me eleeec pield tye ame cheye docated 3 TL forte epperent tt re ne si ©) og. fads = ff rey (ote st 35)" dx ty od « pepabon were »y 2 ce J dest) alll at bi - . yk 2 J dane bdo) ee vontlesinteu 3) xan > ) ae I a) be. fa (ata jracy ae) dy ae a ° oO | i! pda +2] |+t ais J 7% . . el plytsen™a99"] ay) ah Hf Cot I Seana)" 204 ote& remot goo = ‘el snc) Ag 5 ; © ee { se on [sey } HP cena tee) ear :Hence, ( bof f Aer bO™ (xy +18) tte o a (hepa “ BER | t i 4 \ 24 [-pew Jo a Pate (shay 4 asfusefaea® 5a ny Ax nat Ans Fa vaisn . chat to MC] a 3 © elanes ae nye) veel | SE , Cabelde Bat of Poa bine 1701 BR CO cage von Ti = dusts es Gu dun ro the yore OV" Fite, Bie snd . Gn ter Meh SIS Lb ae ae dt bo < dete inpinte AAD sed ~ Aud (1-2) ae Geo) ay 48 BUA Hee, >) 71 3a “ 4 BE pene ALC 38) = ald ai) 5 ox 16 so,J9 RAE ee selld -eleran aang sua) AS, ne Blechic Flue Density B)s & » alec} toleld tntenasdy Aefenmlend om the mmecdiun wotolidy Mae change placed: ay ‘ p , L. = “eye _bis Aerverhy CB) is debsned a3% aye Oa [® ee YO which ts Trolependent of dhe Whe elecbien oflum Yo in terms of Bs Eien: — —) Ive Cf Pde wm fn sh unde, et Sine by eleeiie buy emanates from Wie Venminotes om ~hE' TMunefpoe efeetie meomnred _j in, _cowlonhe O°) ' ® Meme + dhe, vector seta D ts cabled elecbte GL de zasity. A is aneostired tn_€/ )e # Por hishowiod preauone, The ele che. bly devoy ‘ abso Called eleehte césploweantsl HA cliclechde maenial nf medion ts Gineon. If ace) nth, Le. ete indepowient of Be tt e hemeyencous I SE independent _oh_| poston, MF. st ts_isoterpic ue Yb — “LS Enhornegencous mn uw ( vanes with Ace. 7 Venits of @ penton of oe > Anisobrepse medium Cire ‘ clin depenetot) _ ushich is we genenslly cles Fe tinea medeaeh EDS hormegenveut & leslespies 2 @ 2 A ° 5 9 g ya 13) canister Gs oly | ser % For an ee wnediumy xn] 2 Cu Cy Cee J] Ex Et a tentor § by, De oe eyy Gr{ | &y _ Gx &y G&rfL& OnO=0' © = 70" eee Seti yes Y=o y = DS wser 90 > SJauss's law —(Mapwell’s ast Equation) ¢ od sungee G -(Ma ah 5 os of th Fundamentl Caos sf Bleshowagnibism+ * Qauss's state that the total Clechic Mu Y throwh any closed Sunfere G equal ty the tobe! Cherge enclose ley that Bunfowe- ofa) change oe closed & Phy (ve tu Creassty) Ele) een a sigs aaa epee 5 Saw ort aiSerp sa 2 @y sprlyrg o" (vb de = ftede ——~ 7 fads =? Jg A alts fr 2 Companie) He _ te an indegrals A Point form or Dipgenestinl die, : eye ushors be be 4 hich it Pa Fiesk of ves pa SF stakes Bk the ves change enishy a ae Hu clivergence of He elec. bluye densi Hu clivengenee Ob SSNote t &@ @® Me above two equations ont botd atainy Gousls Low in chi , Ome & Phe ft een dhe atten % the dibkenurbal or saint form off Crane's lau) @ bavse! (ovo Is an qthoutive Stademenk off Cotllomlas (a0; reper iexbow of Ye divengente theorem Wy Coulombls uo ' “te ; ° esults_in Gauss! $ (40 3) Crpuss* [aso provides an_Oo8 smeans_ of fino @ PS sayorwnebital change. adurbubens such of % sink chanye, 2 a , pt 3 ie inbinite Bie shenger npn efndaie Bahs SSE a_efhenies) Autre Cenge ae @\ conhinuois chonge, dispsbidion hos he wma if ito 7 onby owe Lory om, expindical syoet if it depords ont yi ra vente) Byrn ib_it deport onty om! C independents BD: F whekhue Hue Charge disbibadion, ig aymnebic on 1s fo cluoays holals. gn sunbace guest? 5 pata. re |sne w {eero). (because 0 & undated) Thin we tee Paak Gyouuts'® law , Ye Bue) 's shill obe ed ‘ even Haenph the ec _dubrbubion te not _ayimmehse- , Hons, we Con ret Wwe Hy Lovo do aleteymine, Pod when the Change _aislibabion is not [fp -~- 4,4] * 2-4 a oo & Conder Hae Infinite sheet OF Uniform henge 4, Celme) Lyrt on athe x20 plane: Ly qe determi, Blo 2) paint P, we choose © npectemgdan : loop os Cygueir suapate Mot ts crt symm’ 4 Hy shed of Saarge & as too of Oo par to the “shee (Bea ont Wat 9 each thes (nowt! > = levy we Sux 2 (4sds - 8 §o-ds > (ds = ve [ (+ as] top ace Hob BiB enalusdel on the Mees of Row Ea becmmse 3 ho no cowponends ala oy a ty Cher Bed aw ty te, Roe ett a top + bettow? of the bye eneh hoa anes Ah then. ane bras 2 pee a[p. = 4] a \e 5 in bree Spee al Ces Trpetel). @ whidh & iplpodent of aislaneetes Hoy_peesibion. fm thy sheets yFor an indpndt , f surge chanye denaty o> agli MT ee # Vovy Lane , hwo C 7 fare phone sheet of Cheye with @ wii L4t poanuel pokes with the sae cemshy + fs ie he bho \ ea ae ee ES \/ NM a ee a vi Fe © ED) %., \4 IPF ‘ e} a 9G} Ye 4s, aad a Tas, C gk te AU, Prindge Fields (Ges a? nich abplicable)- @) oniforml Hello Sphere’ Fer [cals u Bun =? $o.Re mee © o (ee)! v2 Bene 78 cH This implies ok fone & Los) wledse _piedd ineide a holler _sphene i if de the sphere. © Bb uniformly obibibuted On Hy Kurfere % vows os jy ike boca. poink Chane plowed ot dee cakesles 3— @ Betermint the @ bid caused by a sprerkal cloud eon a vel Chevye lest cereal for [OLE EE i ¥ Zr &b | both 4b 2 “ee (SD. foc ecb one: sms oe CET) th hota poe Spheres) siapeue of yada yh UW? A) Bene = (4. dav 2 -f (er ve gee wnt 2 “ff bre ging dy dd ae ate bo Be a ate 4a x peg Pas oo oa = vr J aie reine dod J J, = pany D> Yodan Dh ERLE pray A\ [= 3 eae a pe eG a fer osreb D\de = a Fer (24 * ag gu ogee Da wer be . ty (a ow j prev Gnodrdo dy ee Saas - ga 970 wee % “Cea 3) ane . 3 verse ? atv ten = Pe ae cok TH Can be noted Hak qutsicl to 2 Cloud Ay @ biel i eeeig Me ap hick, 1 Soe Np Cae by fob oe@ ai tim Boh Fn fatter cog hong ellos im witt -2¢z4a mi a a” au Sole - —* 3 4 oc VD = (&* ig +34)-(0+ on ile De tet) 2p cop ca AY C1413) ki 7 7 eapinder co” bs ie in *wo The Joka) crys enclosed by the ele ass 3 mata ; . ay af dp de Geter og, Se ds ft a 3 ; - fe Ss cote de aft oe 5 a < Ths, wos 1, Pe Qs oF mA ttl, VO BI Ag@ F change dishierdion. us Chang tiahetion with spherica) Agrom choy hos olensihy se ebtained Geom Colors (aud la gentael » e dlubibetion fe_symmebic- bom Hy eterbie stale al 4 Gaol soy of obininiy Eb ee eee ee debined bows in ox so Hs Seth binding 8s sexier Diced ie b_gatien, ty handle See" * Qubpace we ish te move & ps chanye. 9 Brom point a to B fe om ee beld 2.From Corby wt's fou, He force bo the workdom fn obisp baci! = ?. Die on 8 4% Pe ae, 4 Ha croye bg He mw Ty, the Ts, eee ty cleanin Yop. 61s tee Initia) pot @ 3 ta Reel pore ® tk Vay _& wre , Hho k Ae Cam WB, thls Smplied cneygiy 9 moving F dhak wore dos ay Ht Hewserer it_Vao ¢ CO en a a ynovemen; an soles - oe © Vo is_ topes te pal (a) 2Y). @ Vives a“ measures! in _| eee ( Lorsenvetion tf v4)yr Pehenkial cobain 8 OAS Dae 2 New Va ? nw ’ we assume tee potest! op We chesst 00 A reLOUUNe ; ie. % Ue: at 0 us, ee Sh he pobenlial pot er) ae Ay a ped chevye 8 Mu OOP? $ Ve 8 an ot ok Qeceted ok \ 2 Te pluck) at any pelot ws ie pote otihe Sl , ite a _poieh ak teh pee * Tr oth words, hy ovrsumnby cen poteclal at wpe vt aaj v frome He HAE OTE work, omternat agent in fromsperoy Aone por wok lg Oe co fo the print. nee) yo Wen ed Le rat at 0%) o ce point with pesabion veelor +! & ty Bt dey) 9 Lowded ca potestial Vou yj.) °F cinply v2 at_Ybofan @ 4 for a ec Adbdbhor, tHe ssc Flea 2 1 Zamt bose i pert choge ‘con be opplied - eee 3, Bout at for pe ayes C8ye Bee oo 3 7, , - --%) qh. poled at PS 5. fe Bo ae ne to ve) = Sug wer Sera are (FT 5 = By. Weezer Jer er for tocgmumen chege atotabations o)- nat, a M19 VW) = BERG ( ee an L aa Ene amas, (seo vr vV@)e aAko | oT hey 2 wl) ad! cv ve) ede Seer ab reed Coverdi > som? port . — fea port Che Poy e vw Vv fo be Se Lnpawet ” wet © rt te refoune peit @ nb ab infest fram Ger poiat cheg® # whan > carat HA Ih oldewined af Hob ve SO +0 ; aK chen pont ob deere, ©) tu potest af © post com debenydveol tn fe WI deb om onde tog chan bain, or EE tok aft dupibubou bensan)a FEO eros (vz sed 6) e@ above dase oh v with |p pug poh dAbG + . ve Sette te aro Ved -Quahenship bho @ € Vv - (Mapwell's 2nd eg for elechwstrhis) 2 me pated) cbt. bla ports A 6 & Independent of the path an Fedeetn, SerThs | 1 (@e-vv) Wm) ale e—gerv | © » clehic bield & , On Cove qrediet ob clebic pete. py a seater qrodihy a rH ve dhass Hk He itt of SHEET a. die tne 4 whieh _Y_inerensest hed means _€ _V. ev Aireded Grom Wt aor he Pewee. Revels oft © Sie, te Ga Loh te greionl ob Malan fonelin eee DP vat_be& also always \ edie te a eee é from Ths vector Mel we cour obkoin @e- 3 Coedourb! > low a6 2 can la pbtedned pee etesbic pote V eld Prom «sen pote ¥ wp Find a vets _ Abe eeplest Oot» TB the scala pobel VS NES” own ong Sealer Frucbon ¥ con probly KE Que usender Lovtain a He iu son that Me three Lovponels eh veer © eomg We tree els of Boe mt. ghey ont eepticitty indewrdatd Taped oF eee wns i 2 ‘oy He Gn” [ZF a * 7 OSA Vn Fas won et edusiy % Peale sealon ams Tuoguall® 2st eps Gor Hs oe of fhe wireblhopf > Vi Ww CVO 1 “ ce yall certed O close foal obguows Gum ofp ot tw ack & ut ft 120 > cossowsion ofleg gm ; @ ®D wo ont Cheyer Kquie 2S UC ane Located at @-19) Q (OM) -2) respecbvely. Ard the potenti) et C1011) assuming, Vero potential at Infpwihy « SoMZ— Gb Gy. H~FHC, Sr = SHE vu) = _& 4 Op ane PF] ato |?) +O 'F Vie) S82, Co 0 (?-*) = [Wow = (2/32) alc 1,0) > 56 2 Pa ia |Q.21) —Cop4,-9| - [a,-4/ 2 = Sg Vesntt it -u_ + S| VGi,o1!) rer ttl FE Tk 6A 3 ’ 104906) = SRA ZKY dy S ayie (Vest [ avr mebisey @ aver te potential ve 1, Sind cos, (Assume free Space @ Sind the dechic bln dewsty Bak Gy M17): @® Clooble He work done in moving & otic, change brim point dp & (490,60): 4 307 12 peoe a stim © 9g 8 B+ LRN O27 FO gu Ty Be ae aN € yy od +b, OY.83 +E ee") = wd =i +> 76 iP od A 10 ces Bd 28 re 10, asind ay + ap ‘- 2 B= 2 anewed — y> ar (2,12) Be ete a2 mt) A A A 2 oles _oay b 0%] = asge% Cm)®D Te wordon an ke found in hoo ways, toring ithe 2, feted 2. % ince Vy Known, @ Lob cacite mutta Bom | & We-@ (Bd? = 8V%an A =O (van Va) & 10 xP 12 Ging wsed Sele aut 5 19 elusp" Ces) 20 ; 3) Oo) . 1 Poet ae) = 212848 Ay STWobip ee ome to L w \ousetah ede 9230, Pens ba yoy, 6-8 8 ossab esint APClectyic Bipele & Fluw Lines ¢ &) An elechse Lipole iS Formed when two poind Chonyes of ead ‘mo nibs Now “opposite Fenn we sepa voy @ _bmall distance. HeConsiden. the dipole as ?—~ > The potenbal ot point (0,2) ts Siven byt ve 8 fat Gre lm a>V FF ree (22%) Saar when, vy, Oe one ue dutances bin pe +a ad P&G, tpt f Gr] thew Ry ao tebe Sipser oy) yer, 2 dsd ve Lv dyes? = a& v \ So ve & Ase — Go, = os A aus ahy = ] wel Geka) mere [me] Sime, doug 2 Zh 4 wWhine_é P eka, ik we olefiine Ges) = Hoe Lipele moment then “le ab the ile moma directeo) Grom -9 40 + ve dy, cos9 #4 Ra dipole contr ‘ts nob ad the origin dud at vr!) then V(®) = Pee 5 aia acam be abteined directly prom the gradient veladou £ 70 e A A 2 -We- n y 1 @r-We (Be & ry Ba Lae —] 23 adesol & +155) ae 4 [23 adenet di ¥ 26, Anart ? : rN + adese ay 4 BASH By 2x bo ¥ aR bo? a 4 Te cede bleld due to the dipole with center at He a \ y 2 tts elec bickA varia Note thar 3 eld varies jnvoucly os” + 4 point onge is a wnonepsle invouely os x, while TE potenti 4 . a drcamert, Céad RY ey) > Fr pare Ney J » Ger a ote, (eat bly tae ceo ee e | wr saint frag fe J For a oehnptley (eo) sy eae Li, - & Ge ON Eletbe fluy Lines % Qn elechic 6b Line Cor, lectic Lines ok force) ee lmaginay, path or Pine drawn in buch a way tr U divections ak ony point it the tie” of the clesbie f at Ln ofher vverda, Shey ork the Lines to which the electric dreth fon deneity , B (or 2) & Peryenlal ot every. point: 9 Arny aurfare bm whidy thi potential ic the Aunt Hrroglouk & kono oa sgulpalentel nbnads Bunfrues Fig. (@) Point change sobs * Te infeasechon of ane juspotenbial ue & oe plane results mm o-_padh or Lins Knoan aso equipotent Line, - awe No Worlg ts dont in moving O | © trom one point to ayncthen._olong am eguipolenbiel Line o Eqinipolenbinl Benpore, Chris Rh a a Ok (2a zg om te Bre or Be F Tras, the Lines coor feu Maes lov, the div” of) ot alasnys novel to equip Spe #4 hpi applicakon of fed mapping. (Shot Pines « see gushouts) founs_to_ He dingnes’s “ofthe, human het: Te an eecdc field potersiol ab cea “ake. heank_Com vee Chanaetenixed 05 Aipole. voit. the Hol rop_ Kila te dat oh Sestie Os. 5 x i ey, or the cupit Sn. @) obtain o ran for Tae elechie bielel intensity f poe eae al hak connie a worn Aunjace Chanyt clonsty SIPT- Qiheagh the ai hos drenlen ae , we _Cannet visualize 2 g 2 anownd_ it over whide the Hence Qouys's Wad ifs rat uted, poe Ps = Leot clint conorobinades 5 @ | ds 2 pdt dg fee a aa cleohic. pobeckd at poiat Poy 0,2) veperriofp—h—tee fs qb x L a ok « ds ” eatad As x74, aa | oaeaer oo Uatee * a 2G ) ROA apt =e > eo 4s (fat e fs ie fen Bafe 60 ° 2 edge z(4*) Jo co ast Pan” a 4 Jer) ~ Azn% | p60 sew I] wat vt sare tee ES, >) vz canes 2M meal Theft, Ee -w = _—& a, ae = St pee & 2S peed Ye senibedm Ding ensrge. aeanihy 1 Fe: Ba ves ( are 2, *% . Uy + fe oferta] ed 4, ea 4b, on RO CETUSMorterial Meclia in. Static Clectric Fielels @ # Ir gene , materials ag broadly clasdpied, datrcting, fo their eleabieal properties, into Hhree types & Orductors Beri conduthrs 5k insulators (or, alictechia). Ly conduchors > MULL CS>>1) Ep: copper. & Aumnintaen Trsulina (or, dideehdes) =) Non conducts Co Change, Jhat t free to move. Fe cgnsistion Cunnenh Vequlves & Gondry © tu deibt veledly iy B fold & | Bane aerrnebilly 2 2 + ap ho = & => <—e? 2 &e Soy D be FI5-@ On ioladed concluder under tre Fig.) 9. Conducchor Pa Influence ef an applied field. Under alebe pale a + When an eoternal elecse Gidd E2 & applicd, He Cove free charge ane _pushed story: tle some liv ost the applicd freld, while Myce free chonys move tape appetite. die”, Mtr change migrebins takes place veg quicly, Th free chevyes clo too Horse -9 fad, they ac on The Burpee of tu Conduelor 4 form an “Tiducesl Auaface chavye &* Set), He Induced choy es 6k an internal i 2) vohigle , camesls yes sek up an Internal induced bield ©, coves, the geld, applick field EZ Cov te od > A_penpeck Conductor cannot _conkain_oun ‘eleckostetic bree c _wtthin ib A conduut t 3 , ; conduttor is coed on ripobuntial 2 implying, that the potential is ta Bont exenpahent fn the conductor, ie (Ee =) Crider conbetdoD ; > Saas) # Another way of booking oF pa te te comer Obl? (9.08 Th maintain & finite cumert clewsty 3, in a porget combustor C2 Ce e0), requives ode pha Cleese Gretel inode the conductor awa Vanish + Jn often words, 2-90 besantl «3% in at Gonder a gone dung one tnvoused hte HDA the chones wil) move_to fhe surpace & re olishilede quickly in suds © mammer that the fila ings conductsr vanishes, Aeoting * crowse’t low, 4 ee, ha chovye =e => A perhert conduator Ccannct C2 field writin 4. ; «© Corctifions ¢ e =O conducts) fv 20 4 Te chaye adibibubens om te surpee of a conductor clepends ye on the Shope ok Hae Stayt & obviowtly » Me a wood vst vn tin oo crake of eyuilibaiuom Sf Meens ales ext a awake fhe cheebic Biuld indemdly Tat prec set _tongentel Qerce. 2, rove Hoe henge | 9 Te a n. stabie tordibone, the @ field on a co Si w fe ae Se tienen, marel Fe fon® 0 Londudor free spare iwhapacet 4 ate, En™ 2) Conlden Hu poe ES ° contour abcde & os ee ake cd = OW pee ee Ay be eda = 4h ES ae at the inepate, Ra gust eeoD for SES 9, «{t20) tn a contactor place j 27> $ 2 dt =egaw FO 2 on ‘abtde ae whidh Souys se fanjensial to om a. condtbie. Birth “Comalon stoi Lond’) g5in order bo Gnd Gy, the norm) componet ott Dah He surfer, ofr He conductor, We conshuck a ROUEN sungoce fn Ye form of & Yhin Pill bre ath Yee tap foe te bese space Hhe bottom foe In The Conduetor elute Boo. Cas mihh of ; pillaep 32) § 2. = & - 4s “Ladd ete = fle fs = ue CHB Bote = tsasCn A poextve Pp conducting, shed ts Ro, Detoming @ 4 Vv as functions of The radia) liskunce. k. Se sohented SY ve BEAM sphosed 19 a) OY 15 CPivsk Three Aisnek fsyiot 4 ; & @O & a 3 O BrR@ > wow const Ganson © a ont loo OUss i) at Hwy) cs ‘ Ro ck RT ee A [Ea > aret co 2 = (Ende © an eh 2% AME © facet) 1 Jucho g Aine sue eodaabry ST ad of © shel CHlece reel ors fe Yotedie) in Hes vepon U2 va= Seah 4K Ba K ts (wa [Ers=—— erat Teabeph | V reimaink Contin Q is of the center. a spherical ane Gen. nodes M2 ay Outer hadeg = a 3s cng aufot é > ys any pupae $3) % ? tay leds aw. shown AB bs diatonbinwosst +A diconiinused v wouldl tar an intnile 2, on Nile BaeLickctrics_in Static. Gleetvic Field t @ ¥ Dicleebyes Cov, ing Reever Se ne Rec ~ 0 FE vowilable for concluthie. of current weeter, | Qirewph othe chars in Hy clelechta ant not able to vnove fredy they art bourne ey finite forces & we wey certainty expeck on biplacement when an epternal force _& _spplieel. Dan cleebte ciple Fes Grom the Liplorement of tha, Chars, anol He clielectrics ts mall to be [polerzal), vin tee poleried ginfe, the eltebon Co) ced 6 distorted, toy the applied dleebS< field 2. =a +e +8 Ore, ° w “Ely Prariration of a 70” alar._atomn °F rnolecete: + EE ; a hoy iilontiow 0 raven to The oa W me olubyted eo duet! ay ee Glvbubow ae Aipote whose clip “ eeapel s f sion) (pest : 3 dakence veelor +38 c — 8 9 Tieles orf tem ow» a es In a vel A of the ctelechiet, He ket) stipele moment cae *° He clewbic bield & ® Polairabor vay is te baad deni te Hele Sp Aipole. moments that Albign idechic & Said bas. eonpeer].® Cramps of nonprlor ocbeleotyics we ® ri np t rep hyerrosen, SLAB) rnibroson, © wlenpolur. Meleebia molecules do_not possess dipoles nts} He applicator of the cleric greta og we _have seen eantive B ote types of motewter such a wot, antfin ciantle, & hydrochloric acid. have built-in peumamnent olipetes Phe vo tendon ovine 4 x anid fe tsp, when ones shes, . Te) pater. melee. hc pormonest dipole culty appli) te pole. molesle sf diple ymownent Popertenter Aorgue_ fending te aligue ts <2 o boi Co “8 +Q > @& —etaa oa a8 Perwan ek Adie Burien ss, Caray Or ent ips Cero) of peona eld dus 4o_potasined idleshit E , ap of an elemensl Ti hy vel Me 4 bes Pav), whide proctuces an clechost ie potenbe) Ce Sy 2429, | ante LC eee Sa chiclect is ~ 2% dw! wer Aipole moment B prwite >D\v =a, Va | PZ vol of He ns | ole. mower a (2) crt rg tp nore usehul phytital werpretation of tg fe eset re elechte ot Cbtecks of the inchcad ecbse olipoles con we observed boy tha fetloust ‘ " Vel™ obfects of Hue pelanrabion veetor P. “h Roteue @ ey valeowt palarrabor sirfoue chovye tert. feet $2 Po | im) feog sett 6 © see ep [fe Be j& y f cities bg wpebyis € bot 1 @ cbielednies],@ eqwialent_palarirtion votm chaye denwihy , fre i? ® For a Ssuspeue ‘s! bourdiry a vom 'v’, tha net Poel Charge flowing ont of ‘vi as © Result of Pelanrrtorn & obtalned &y Intepraby the above C Fes). The re soe remarking with the vel! ty he cove of th Integral ¢ 8< ~Ssae e & Bids ds A Soro = S feo te che the eprivaent pelanrshon val charge clenmity con be olfined as t- fas 2?) Cpr) = Toa Dye = F tat +S trete = Pan ds - \ wre ao & Tus phe fof change ef the beled beled SSG ari ah sevnedns 28/70 cleodi ae seleabrie_wwas_olechical ais U_empected because, the SOT TT potanizaliow . 7) wNept, thee polorirbor eo denrmes fr & foo PA om ey one TOn ety clectic. fseld clue to a pelo Meee ods! 4 1 v= art we anG c : (Fe) : EoD the Poloviretion vector in cbilectic spree of © ais eo ad Pe rod. Setevmine ¢ @ te cpvivealent pokrirabon surpace € vat charpe sonny e ® he total eprivealent wye on Hy burfece & Tngrele of ter spent:Mg SolMg G) De polavratow supace Cheye clensty on He, gunpace C2~F) pti asters ae Dido = a 8) Ap = Pe Aa yolerindrn et chore eniy DA A “A fos = Pe -v CQ) = 2 [argo 34 spot CaSO = “SK =O © Pra Burfoce Cheyer 1 , a . § fads e 5 { ecrine cosh 44 9° a? aA a 4 = Co J smpae j es ye 4 a C x Ee Po pees), Fake choy a — (: oewp So, tw clechic fluw alemmity , Cor Gleetic Breplarement) Dob (clm-) Leen, we can contd Ha te net ebfect of Hee Diolechic on Hu dd. elecbie bield 2 fe tncrense BD ingde Ho by Ye amount P. fn ater wordt, olue to tHe app Lication of @ bo the didlecbic wateria) , Hu Abo clewsity & Tk wets be in bree spore > qrenten Hr So, Ge yhe specs isehepic, ae Ya medium qu ings. &- ona) re * when biekd inten’ rect proorieea) te Ha clei a inkenad, Hhe_pwpedienliby enn TRAPS oh Hu tive of Hu frdd 8 whey, Xe 7 worn ay the elechric Suse Hbilihy ob the material , Ly a dimervonls woobhy, o ae 49 didechic_ medion 8 isco te Me independiol of 2 hom cme if Xe_# Frdleperdent of spate corer ha. Dine torstent 2 Sidehie Steg’ z | @ A. @llexn® = OF Da GEL RRE * &o, - a on alWbzach, why ]é ua imenrio Les quobhy lownn af Aidetse constonk ofBhles Rielechre onsrets (04 velabve Patil) Aelectyie bbe of Sem Lemmon rpderiots Biclerfic Garton [sedi ne Cs) Moderiot Bic (chraptesic premey 10 [ 2 x = Wren ol | i payor id esas yen eS & 2 . lot Rito ben 2o— re ext me em Bo K1o8 Wie | G-0 aon x1aé AB Te Vals 1 te Treble oe fee stvic or for 4 Aorvo freg. (<1000m) abt Bethe, the voudu i elds 5 ex mmo Chee AE Sr = ® 3 boop ae el i aelt, eB Ps pe sah Dan mapoels jos Couch os mefes) ea. ) at The_dicledie she 4s Wu wan' eleetste bielol that o clicker cn _telebte ov Withstand wrthont lbresledoun. Sr @_ Consider. too spherical] cgnduclors with reolli toy < b> Chats ‘ ane connected Oo ce corres The disjance & bow vw al conduutors assumed ty be ve, tee 0 en ar nes be covsad os un te ed eT eo plas a ~ Wy two spheus , + ee Owe field qrreabes ode the sphere Surfaces. ___ atin emilee ples GaSIMIB— Grae, He spheicnl eyes tondutrs Crt at Pe Som potehy , we howe Oe ee 5 oprés 41 R60 bo a> fa - 8 Ss = Ale = by | 9 cheqes Sree pees rhiow he Oe (Ge 64) aaa % yer pin’ |\ ste) — D ce etechic biel Iwtenubes ar tha llexpares $ ole He trop conduty spheut we = be date be Serge PENT Se eftahe HHS Su te = (SB) Be eS, oo The deeb geld intensihe > \Em 2 be : Je ee aesehave: invent Pr |) hy Hee Feel, ber oa propos of. te Sphere which tha hos a pony Coed’ Brrr ~ cayial ue Eaad te cong leee foots He eG Us Seal > ’ a a ee en oy eka cunnent, & the oven Mae by rhe veltoye & the type of intulating, maberdd wed Oshuns Hol Bee eee - ree Lm) & The Insedchry wnterial potgsterena, warn : af He ender Londuchos, %6 go thap the cele 'v Piserk of a velhye el °F voky)- En aaa preakdoon dar M1 auyes ancl Oy highren & our abnor) eptiannl cow, Le reed eleebic bield i ve Ra. inseladty moter) Ce veh hy exceed 26% of ids dLielechi SreyRole Me cliglecbric cosh CED = AGL Heclebie ghey ad for the ™ TM elechic bel Plenishy, clue Ko Le Pelpestyrent. u @ en TE! 5 Poets th. 2a teor Qs ta ble dbo werk ak a pots clubs, Ot Lonductos pve seh f hog. + GOT) a, a Ye {7s —— lol = J &y tole =f tule =) fa (% Jo 62% nt fn owder fo : a UC (2-6) ¥e 2.) 7 Tn ow. . lew Rit dha mn (Ginn) = wh eontine are vy ar Man be Fo wAWANes fF or Trebore 4 DRS oF xwxwre = seid x 2x10? = 10 a 3 [adm ve = 1+ Ln (eR) ae Y Ber) = SUL AER] ay be Crndany Conditions ir Clecbostahe Piel § in detaminty the biel cowdihors are hh in 4 Orel sade ot andy th fs eld en tha otha . be known: * a tthe bound ony tondifow abt ah inderfere sopra} to O Declecvc (6s) © Aidkeebic (Or) © tworducter & dieleee Condit <— Free Space:Jo Aedermint te bo et Conel'S we need bh tute om wells Ge wells G4 Olas. decompose 2 field tte roo orthogonal Low peks BL BsB4> Noma} to} Py eects Grey BD Conc 8 [ere « [gee @) Pielechie -Aiclerbic Bound > aif bh 8 3D _ Pak Ed = Et Bn Covmde Hee Close poh apply puppvl" a 5 : ey aw — En OD En — Epo +6, +n eo Th <2 Aloz Ge CN wlan ee —|@) & en= [Al OS 0 BHP 8) Hom LS by pf = Ext O48 > feca ee] we Te, a 4 1 Te tenet) Lomfpeucds of Bore thy tame ou tr boo ides of Hhee_beunglonyA In Her words, we chaps on Hh bounta ee Aik & potd wie stan ow ie dig Gives, Dee 2 DL + Oy 2a" Set be = le es ee “a ee CR. OE Ae got aertt fhe wWleface. ; be U Sram] acres Hee Het Hemet, De & Yyedd bo Tae i se bss (O03 for du filbye ( Cretan Sunheu) : ply Cooma Gllrsiy Ehoe\ Gs —_ > 5 Qe BD Pmes~ Pom 5p “ = m)os = fs 2S ogee ae BI Reems Ganome ts | wi ea daily od the Where. fs free chaye tenhhy plete SO ; =. 0 D> gy averted from Pepin ® 49 WH WHNN are epist at Yan Whepaee, ta» ae rh ne free neta Se8" * Haw Din = Don } 7 D (i 5 outs “cand coupon of DO conn , 3 Ce. Dn urndlengots no home of the bourdony. io Ge (Bee 1, & [Gane eon | ciaiy fot eh at te eral Lompontt ef eu apne ree cond! colich mush hebihy Sponilely astoe (tsas ahs@ Conductor —Mielectie Bowonclory Conct”§ w poet op edrAc Ce -butv) a & 2 OG ; os Gs ~ va - 2 : Y G Joe fe] te ft awe a Cguookt Le =?) c (2 =) © © Opely Moy well’ 2p ya = O16w FOtA +e ge 2. =o > ° Uda - Ge 00 - Ena 0. oh ae as (x21 = Ginsilaly opply secuatt enn CE fo_t& pillar dR $k , wey, POs Ona CEES) Cue Es 5 420 one 224s oo > [ina ) Ths, unde stebe cord’ 3, the felncrf conclurions con 14 ‘Hain a Covoleuloy @ No eleckrc field upkt wi . (aay lea} Osincla a 2) ane ae jo il bi be: any cots paints ae tena. Candler “Gam efuipelertil body,© Te chechie bield con be Lplermt by Hy 4 R novel to ifs Buh, Le. © Gn importol opplicahion of Her fark Haat (@ £0 insite ot tonoluboy Lp an Clechvslrb'e Scveenby] Or shields « Prem. > ib conduuher a kept ab 1x0 potertad sunrowds Londucy & os shown 9 if Such as Conducloy Cy sot. , ' ‘ely Bo decid te be cechiendly sry 8 Eom oe das dediel bypteny Ay portend by Afton ‘ ‘ — She ipa. gurggn ont, comcpictetefh tet Hai A SES A og cash othe |£20 A Lucite gheet Cer = 3:2) UL inhovelucecl perpends | a uniborm elecbic bield [2 = eo AS in bree Spee: Deferns Di 4B tracks “the Lucite» 5 Jae Se] wy bo rele jue pucite aheck ene coin “her (R29) Made The free SPA vector ° clade intensity. Te pot -& ae BL a ee (I-45 &s & ay Re obese Gay} (cr) AS ro) vhs Ag n ec with permidivibes € & ew eae was sdicoe We ee veto: Te @ biel tn med ax chaste Free beandanty pds 6) & makes an angle ot, with Ths Par heint Py ha a mee © ctiveshon of thee? bield ab pein p, smoqrnel « Dekerindbe fee MAPS TT Thy ed O.Sol Fo Gi ot needled ts de solved for hye unkwourd Gre 4 En DHE exe 4 Bim hove been bound, Erba, will bellow aliredty. Froley Bew-dory Cond > um na, Ey Bra T= Fin a Sind Hem ees Hur _twss (Se =) 4 (Se =) The ws sof & 8 = “] f uv eetes, = — + Gest) 2 ERO +f e can) * xf mel) bk a concduchta, Hern 7 be no an met" @® under saehe ean A Boar He boundey oy A Mowmal eomponed Cay mo)) We howe & = Emam = Binds s 6) = 45. a) whe Ay F te Surrate choye ohevihy RD, & the entvorral “yer feo ee @B Wo eotemidve homofencorns Sehypie clieleeht. meet wn pony Tr E01 & TH & He 80, rye 3 A Uniform clechie Gield KIM epists ber =z0+ Find@®E2 ber z<0, - ith thn intefeuee + Om ony les GA Er make W Sol % om eal @ ee 1* @ oer 2 an ae nv sho, We ebhedy fo vor components ot Ps Gi, b RAs a Gye ad) ee | qe &yue a VOr = 10 ae emed 4 ee 7 SEM 2B are 2 [ey = 60P a . g0ge 2A? peme, 81 = 708 609 Heanals AC a\ Bier ) As. — Jeannkively, Qed = |G) cosa, 2 wsar ete = oyesy Yeoh sell 38 ——— Gok tint, Ge = Ee IG fend, = Gt = SA = 1346 otis 64) rn a erste tes [On BEE) @ 1" Deston yee costs Of perfect conductor while regio yro bo Airledsic mneciven (@rF%) + TE then GA Buspeee oh a nc}ne om Hee Conductor, delermdne 2eDdar OQ rrr @ U4, ue)z 1e CHS) 2 chided é 22) Sol 2- : — ® Peteb ate ti) a oF Ga nor e yerd mt A. © pute (Pao ~B) Porte Blt ns) Bin Hee eelediic meds Cd y 21?) ote Dn = ts © anc]w- # Wht bs Pook Cbi4-S) tase by Auwerhy ot Go kuefwre ak He pls att ms ; salts fe point GeD bs | dy He bok p xo) a (er inginite soe +f Se Ser fer & asp eA) ince ot Cinhivate Po in se pled 2 2 \al= eke be 30 Mel De = 30k) = —3ody Mt] wh Jp aon ate) fr ole peat (19,4, 9) oy, poinh with pe 78) a) Bn © +300) icf | beans the pein vii be OH He Bde oh Hee ce vie vPoisson's & Laplace Equahions §__ & Laplace Sie — ae az (e224) 2 a) In o Linea & jeer rection D vee atv 2 [rer aot of pen ben Cinhomoyeod) tote C3 Com be puebion of A can be 5S west Ger a owegpnens wets * frucon ont tf He a yo Lenplowiren L wy) saw L aya Be av gudfo_sphateals. ~ 9 ‘ge )+ wy 2 fh Oe (OS, Te Fe S93 ou 02SNO apt & Th “no™ of pete ep in three Liwo tion weijed 2 preserved hovaclouy Cord, ingen hot a4 CAS both ve pe coq EL” He eclinns » Then Vv va) > face * aa {w-per de v Lapace ac" vceap avy or con OU J way on erect “d Be AD) Te hate ) . ag thew ele, TRE . sy) wointeed of be oa cee ca phe B billed wih @ coninwors clan dé bnivon of tie ee tot) eee WE Der vevieg wT ON tenia 9 ak we wi ob Aye, dee" Boker A5 Heres Hu governing <4" & Poreron' yl lich stmpdibrer FOF diva o fot oh > aa (bea Tabepraky hater, we phi (te. Be) vu) » dew eed to Be ty phates ott pa Ha fo concbchy Me be cond’? deny cond oe GSI 17 ; Stow Me ed mb ycd, ve Voe et 40d a6 yd, Ceo 7 ep ot Persson? SP ' hebebhdiy in above, we get me fel” Ted veg gt (i - e) 9] as Ke ubie Bel Wheshy, Be VV) yng ng ov d = -[i te) 2 Ws “Gy = Lea can be bound by phe] Ba amare neh Pn Lente PLS TE ae Orb Tad pile 7 ih ve Loy ote om, (Tatts) * eee Ry eae eet np ope oY er