ME 212

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Mechanics of Solids
Dr. Zafer ÖZDEMİR
krebnatlazafer@gmail.com

Textbook :“Mechanics of Materials” R.C.Hibbeler,

Prentice Hall Inc.
Reference Book:“Mechanics of Materials” F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston,
Mc-Graw Hill Comp.
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 COURSE PLAN
1. Week : Equilibrium of a deformable body, average normal and shear stress
2. Week : Allowable stress, factor of safety, Strain, deformation
Normal and shear strain, Mechanical Properties Of Materials: the tension test,Hooke’s law,
3. Week :
Poisson’s ratio.
4. Week : AXIAL LOAD: elastic deformation of an axially loaded members, principle of superposition

5. Week : AXIAL LOAD: statically indeterminate axially loaded member, thermal stress

6. Week : TORSION: the torsion formula, power transmission.

7. Week : TORSION: statically indeterminate torque-loaded members
8. Week : BENDING: Shear and moment diagrams, the flexure formula

9. Week : TRANSVERSE SHEAR: the shear formula, shear stresses in beams, shear flow in built-up members

10. Week : COMBINED LOADING: state of stress caused by combined loading.

11. Week : COMBINED LOADING: state of stress caused by combined loading.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION: plane stress transformation, general equations of plane stress
12. Week :
transformation.
13. Week : STRESS TRANSFORMATION: Mohr’s circle
14. Week : STRAIN TRANSFORMATION: plane strain, Mohr’s circle

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Assessment Criteria : Midterm 1 %25
Midterm 2 %25
Quizzes/Homeworks %10
Final Exam %40
Attendance : %70

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 MECHANICS
SOLID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS

RIGID BODY DEFORMABLE BODY

MECHANICS

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
STATICS DYNAMICS

ELASTICITY

PLASTICITY

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The main objective of the study of «strength of materials» is to
provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load-bearing structures.

Strength of materials is the study of the internal effects caused

by the external loads acting on the solid bodies that deform.

The solid bodies referred to here include shafts, bars, beams,

plates, shells, columns as well as structures and machines that
are assemblies of these components.

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 WHAT IS MECHANICS OF MATERIALS?
We can begin to answer the question, “What is mechanics of
materials?” by considering diving board in the figure. Whereas it
would be possible from rigid-body equilibrium alone, given the

weight of the diver and the lenghts 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 , to determine the

diving-board support reactions at A and B in thefigure.

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Roy R. Craig, Jr.
Questions of the following type can only be answered by
employing the principles and procedures of strength of
materials.

1.What weight W would cause

the given diving board to
break, and where would the
break occur?

2.Would a diving board made

of fiberglass be preferable to
one made of aluminum?

3.For a given diving board and position of roller B, what is the

relationship between the tip deflection at C and the weight W ?

4.Would a tapered diving board be better than one of constant

thickness? If so, how should the thickness, h, vary from A to C?

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 STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS

STRENGTH STIFFNESS STABILITY

• Is the object strong • Will the object deflect or
enough to withstand the deform so much that it
loads that will be applied cannot perform its
to it? intended function?
• Will it break or fracture?
• Will the object suddenly
bend or buckle out of
shape at some elevated
load so that it can no
longer continue to
perform its function?

• Will it continue to
perform properly under
repeated loads?

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The main objective of a mechanical design
process includes determination of

proper materials,
dimensions
shapes

of the components of a structure or machine so

that they will support given loads and function
without failure.

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 REVIEW OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

Types of loads: External loads and Internal loads

• External loads are due to surface forces and body forces

– Surface forces can be for example, a concentrated load
acting at a point or a distributed load both acting on the
surface of a body,
– Body forces act on a volumetric portion of the body, for
example, magnetic force or gravitational force,
– Reaction forces caused by the supports.

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• Internal loads can be considered as forces of interaction
between the constituent material particles of the body

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• SUPPORT REACTIONS
If the support prevents translation in a given direction, then a force
must be developed on the member in that direction. Likewise, if rotation
is prevented, a couple moment must be exerted on the member.

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Hibbeler
 • CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
• When a system of forces acting upon a body has zero resultant,
the body is said to be in force equilibrium.

• The equations of static equlibrium require;

∑Fx = 0; ∑Fy = 0, and ∑Fz = 0 ;

∑Mx = 0; ∑My = 0, and ∑Mz = 0

In other words, for a body to be in static equilibrium, the sum of all

forces acting upon a body in any direction is zero and also the sum
of all moments taken about any axis is also zero.

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 INTERNAL FORCE RESULTANTS
In strength of materials, statics is primarily used to determine the resultant
loadings that act within a body. This is done using the method of sections.

• “cut” through the region where the internal loadings are to be determined.
• Draw free-body diagram of one of the parts
• Here these loadings act at point O; however, this point is often chosen at the
centroid of the sectioned area.

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Components of internal loadings
• N is called the normal force
• V is called the shear force
• T is called the torsional
moment or torque
• M is called bending moment

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 IMPORTANT POINTS

• Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external loads

applied to a body and the stress and strain caused by the internal loads within the body.

• External forces can be applied to a body as distributed or concentrated surface

loadings, or as body forces that act throughout the volume of the body.

• Linear distributed loadings produce a resultant force having a magnitude equal to the
area under the load diagram, and having a location that passes through the centroid of
this area.
• A support produces a force in a particular direction on its attached member if it
prevents translation of the member in that direction, and it produces a couple moment on
the member if it prevents rotation.

• The equations of equilibrium F = 0 and M = 0 must be satisfied in order to prevent a

body from translating with accelerated motion and from rotating.

• The method of sections is used to determine the internal resultant loadings acting on
the surface of a sectioned body. In general, these resultants consist of a normal force,
shear force, torsional moment and bending moment.
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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The resultant internal loadings at a point located on the section of a body can be
obtained using the method of sections. This requires the following steps;

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 Support Reactions

When the body is sectioned, decide which segment of the body is to be considered.

If the segment has a support or connection to another body, then before the body is
sectioned, it will be necessary to determine the reactions acting on the chosen
segment.

To do this, draw the free-body diagram of the entire body and then apply the
necessary equations of equilibrium to obtain these reactions.

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 Free-Body Diagram.

Keep all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, and forces in
their exact locations, before passing the section through the body at the point
where the resultant internal loadings are to be determined.

Draw a free-body diagram of one of the “cut” segments and indicate the
unknown resultants N, V, M, and T at the section. These resultants are normally
placed at the point representing the geometric center or centroid of the
sectioned area.

If the member is subjected to a coplanar system of forces, only N, V, and M act

at the centroid.

Establish the x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at the centroid and show the
resultant internal loadings acting along the axes.

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 Equations of Equilibrium

Moments should be summed at the section, about each of the coordinate axes
where the resultants act. Doing this eliminates the unknown forces N and V and
allows a direct solution for M and T.

If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative value for a

resultant, the directional sense of the resultant is opposite to that shown on the
free-body diagram.

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EXAMPLES

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EXAMPLE 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C of the cantilevered beam
shown in Fig.a

The support reactions at A do not have to be determined if segment CB is considered.

Free-Body Diagram. The free-body diagram

of segment CB is w/6 m = (270 N/m)/9 m,
w = 180 N/m. The magnitude of the
resultant of the distributed load is equal to
the area under the loading curve (triangle)
and acts through the centroid of this area.
Thus, F = ½.(180 N/m)(6 m) = 540 N, which
acts 1/3.(6 m) = 2 m from C as shown in Fig.
b.

Equations of Equilibrium. Applying the equations of equilibrium ;

∑ Fx = 0; -NC = 0 NC = 0 Ans.
∑ Fy = 0; VC - 540 N = 0 VC = 540 N Ans.
∑ MC = 0; -MC - 540 N(2 m) = 0 MC = -1080 N/m Ans.
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EXAMPLE 1.1 (cont.)
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C of the cantilevered beam
shown in Fig.1-4a

The negative sign indicates that MC acts in the opposite direction to that shown on
the free-body diagram. Try solving this problem using segment AC, by first checking
the support reactions at A, which are given in Fig. c.

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EXAMPLE 1.2 . The 500 kg engine is suspended from the
crane boom in the Figure. Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on the cross section of the boom
at point E.

SOLUTION (cont.)

We will consider segment AE of the boom, so we

must first determine the pin reactions at A. Since member CD is a
two-force member, it acts like a cable, and therefore exerts a force
FCD having a known direction. The free-body diagram of the boom
is shown in Fig. 1–5b. Applying the equations of equilibrium,

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EXAMPLE 1.2 (cont.)
The 500 kg engine is suspended from the crane boom in
the Figure. Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section of the boom at point E.

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