CHAPTER 1: HISTORY ● His interpretation of the historical fact is affected by his context and circumstances.

His subjectivity will inevitably influence the process of his historical research,
HISTORY: methodology he will use, facts that he shall select, his interpretation and even the
● STUDY OF THE PAST form of his writings.
● Often dread as a subject for it notoriety in requiring them to memorize dates, places, History has played various roles…
names and events from different eras. ● Lessons from the past can be used to make sense of the present.
● Greek word “historia” which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or ● Learning of past mistakes can help people to not repeat them.
investigation” ● Being reminded of a great past can inspire people to keep their good practices to
“no document, no history” move forward.
● Traditional Historians lived with the mantra of “no document, no history”
● It means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it SOURCES of HISTORY
CANNOT be considered as a HISTORICAL FACT. ● Primary & Secondary Sources
● Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is also DISCRIMINATION in Primary Sources Secondary Sources
other Social Classes who were not recorded in paper.
● Monarchs, Nobilities, elite, and even middle classes would have their birth, A piece of evidence created by Information created by someone who was
education, marriage and death as matters of government and historical record. someone at the time of the event. not present at an event, after an event
● But what of peasant famjlies or indigenous groups who were not given much thought happened.
about being registered to government records? Does the absence of written Examples include:
documents about them that they were people of no history or past? DID THEY EVEN ● Letters Examples include:
● Diaries ● Newspaper articles
EXIST? ● Original photographs ● Textbooks
● This loophole was recognized by historians who started using other kinds of ● Government records ● Biographies
historical sources, which may not be in written form but were just as valid. ● Autobiographies Artifacts ● TV Documentaries
HISTORIOGRAPHY: ● Some speeches ● Non-original photographs
● HISTORY of HISTORY ● And more… ● Encyclopedias
● It lets you have a better understanding of history. ● Dictionaries
● And more…
● How was a certain historical text written? Who wrote it? What was the context of it’s
publication? What particular historical method was employed? What were the
sources used? EXTERNAL CRITICISM & INTERNAL CRITICISM
HISTORY AND THE HISTORIANS:
● An EXACT and ACCURATE ACCOUNT of the past is impossible for the very simple EXTERNAL CRITICISM
reason that we cannot go back to the past. We cannot access the past. Historians ● The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining it’s physical
only get to access representation of the past through historical sources and characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it was
evidences. produced; and the materials used for the evidence.
● It is historian’s job NOT JUST to seek historical evidences and facts but also to Example: things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a
INTERPRET these facts. “Facts cannot speak for themselves” document include the quality of the paper, the type of the ink, and the language and
● It is the job of the historian to give meaning to these facts and organize them into a words used in the material.
timeline, establish causes, and write history. Meanwhile, the historian is not a blank INTERNAL CRITICISM
paper who mechanically interprets and analyses present historical facts. ● It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstances of its
● He is a person of HIS own who is influenced by his own context, environment, production. Internal criticism looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence
ideology, education and influences, among others. by looking at the author of the source, it’s context, the agenda behind its creation, the
● In that sense, HISTORY is always SUBJECTIVE. knowledge which informed it and it’s intended purpose among others.
 CHAPTER 2: CONTENT and CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS of
SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
● This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of
Context Analysis the sixteenth century. One of them was Italian nobleman Antonio Pigafetta, who
● Background of the event accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the world.
Refers to what was happening at the time of the writing/making of the ● Pigafetta's work instantly became a classic that prominent literary men in the West
source like William Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne, Giambattista Vico referred to the
● Background of the author book in their interpretation of the New World.
Basic information about the author/maker of the source such as what ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
washis/her profession or what was s/he doing at the time the source was ● Italian scholar and explorer
made,how old was s/he, where was his/her location at the time, etc. ● Born in Vicenza, Italy
● Type of source ● Born around 1420 – and died around 1534
● Is the source a diary? Newspaper article? A report to the officials? Speech? ● “CHRONICLER OF MAGELLAN”
Painting? Etc.
● Helps in determining why the source was A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN BY
Content Analysis ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
● Determine whether the information in the source is logical ● Pigafetta's travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of
● We make sure that the information we receive is logical so that our knowledge is the precolonial Philippines. His account was also a major referent to the events
based on the truth leading to Magellan's arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his
Summary death in the hands of Lapulapu's forces in the Battle of Mactan, and in the departure
● Context Analysis - is the source credible? of what was left of Magellan's fleet from the islands.
Background of the Event ● Examining the document reveals several insights not just in the character of the
Background of the author Philippines during the precolonial period, but also on how the fresh eyes of the
Type of source Europeans regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people, and culture.
● Content Analysis - is the information logical? ● Locating Pigafetta's account in the context of its writing warrants a familiarity on the
Main Idea dominant frame of mind in the age of exploration, which pervaded Europe in the
Specific information fifteenth and sixteenth century.
● Students of history need to realize that primary sources used in the subsequent
written histories depart from certain perspectives.
● Thus, Pigafetta's account was also written from the perspective of Pigafetta himself
CHAPTER 3: Content and Context Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
and was a product of the context of its production.
● The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan was published after Pigafetta
Who circumnavigated the world first?
returned to Italy.
Ferdinand Magellan
● The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands. These islands are
● Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521) was a Portuguese explorer who is credited with
located south-southeast of Japan, west southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea,
masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world.Magellan was
and east of Philippines.
sponsored by Spain to travel west across the Atlantic in search of the East Indies. In
● Here, he met two kings. The first king was Raia Siagu, and the other king was Raia
doing so, his expedition became the first from Europe to cross the Pacific Ocean and
Calambu, king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua).
circumnavigate the world.
● One day, Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore.
● The two kings heard of this plan and sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass.
3 G’s
GOD, GOLD, GLORY
 ● After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in
place. The king concurred and allowed for the cross to be planted.
● This Mass would go down in history as the first Mass in the Philippines, and the
cross would be the famed Magellan's Cross still preserved at present day.
● Magellan also reached the island of Cebu where he met and, as a sign of friendship,
made a blood compact with Raia Humabon, the king of Cebu.
● A principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) by the name of Zula went to see
Magellan and asked him to fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
● Magellan agreed and expressed to go to Mactan himself to fight the said chief.
● Outnumbered, 49 to 1,500, Magellan died in that battle.
ANALYSIS OF PIGAFETTA'S CHRONICLE
● The chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the most cited documents by historians who
wished to study the precolonial Philippines.
● Moreover, being the earliest detailed documentation, it was believed that Pigafetta's
writings account for the "purest" precolonial society.
● Nevertheless, there needs to have a more nuanced reading of the source within a
contextual backdrop.
● A student of history should recognize certain biases accompanying the author and
his identity, loyalties, and the circumstances that he was in; and how it affected the
text that he produced.
● In reading Pigafetta's description of the people, one has to keep in mind that he was
coming from a sixteenth century Euro peanperspective.
● It should be understood that such observations were rooted from the context of
Pigafetta and of his era.
● These contexts should be used and understood in order to have a more qualified
reading of Pigafetta's account.
CHAPTER 4: CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR
● Fray Juan de Plasencia
● Joan de Portocarrero (real name)
● He grew up in the region of Extremadura during the Golden Age (Siglo de Oro) of
Spain.
● During this period there was an upsurge of men entering religious life with the
intention of suiting up for missionary works in the newly discovered territories
● Plasencia belonged to the Franciscan order and came together with the first batch of
Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the Philippines on July 2, 1578.
● He and Fray Diego de Oropresa were assigned to do mission works in Southern
Tagalog area.
● His continuous interaction with the people he converted to Christianity enabled him
to write a book entitled Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
Tagalos (Customs of theTagalogs,
1589).
● It vividly describes the political, social, economic and cultural practices of the
Filipinos before they were Christianized
● His biggest challenge at that time was how to make l the articles of faith
comprehensible to people who have never heard of Christ nor the Catholic Church.
● In 1593, he published the book Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y
Tagala, the first printed book in the Philippines.
● He used it as reading material for those Filipinos who wanted to deepen their faith in
the newly accepted religion.
● After several years of converting the natives and teaching catechism, the Franciscan
Order honored him with the title "Venerable“.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
● During the first century of Spanish rule, colonial officials had the hard time running
local politics because of the limited number of Spaniards who wanted to live outside
Intramuros.
● This situation forced them to allow Filipinos to hold the position of gobernadorcillo.
● To ensure that they would remain loyal to the Crown, they instructed the friars
assigned in the parishes to supervise and monitor the activities of the
gobernadorcillo.
● Hence, the friars ended up performing the administrative duties that colonial officials
should have been doing in the local level.
● They supervised the election of the local executives, helped in the collection of taxes,
directly involved in educating the youth and performed other civic duties.
● As years went by, the friars ended up the most knowledgeable and influential figure
in the pueblo.
● Some duties of friars
a. inform periodically their superiors of what was going on in their respective
assignments.
b. report the number of natives they converted, the people’s way of life, their
socio-economic situation and the problems they encountered.
● They also shared their personal observations and experiences.
● Plasencia’s Relacion de l asCostumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalog,
1589) is an example of this kind of work.
● It contains numerous information that historians could use in reconstructing the
political and socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region.
 ● His work is a primary source because he personally witnessed the events and
observations that he discussed in his account. 1. THE TRIAL
1. TRIAL BY DATU
We can say that many of the information we know about the ● DATU = JUDGE
Philippine history during the first century of the Spanish period were derived from the ● COUNCIL OF ELDERS = JURY
accounts of the Spanish friars. ● Oath: "May the crocodile devour me if I lie. May lightning strike me if I give a wrong
statement. May I die where I am standing if I am not telling the truth."
ABOUT THE TEXT 2. TRIAL BY ORDEAL - Boiling water and stone Lighted candle Swimming underwater
● The work of Plasencia is considered by many historians as an example of a friar 3. TRIAL BY WAR - Fight it out until one gives up
account.
● The original text of Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in Archivo SOCIAL HIERARCHY
General de Indias (A.G.I.) in Seville, Spain. There are three status/castes within a barangay:
● There is also a duplicate copy of it in the Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental 1. Maginoos including Datus
(A.F.I.O.), in Madrid, Spain. 2. Maharlica/Timawa
● In the Philippines, an English version of it appeared in volume VII of the Blair and 3. Alipin (Aliping Namamahay at Aliping sa Guiguilir)
Robertson collections.
Maginoo
CONTENT PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL ● ruling class, the educated class, the royal class, and the privileged class. It was from
INFORMATIONS FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT this class that the Datu would come from.
Maharlica and timawa
1. Community (Barangay, Dato, Three Castes) ● warrior class.
2. Marriage Customs ● Unlike the Timawa, they were not expected to pay taxes. They would provide
3. Worship (Religion) -12 Priests of the Devil protection to the barangay, and were responsible for providing and preparing the
4. Burying the Dead weapons at their own expense.
● They could keep their status for a lifetime however, this can be taken if he/she
1. BARANGAY marries a slave.
● were originated from the Malay word Balangay which means sailboat. ● In this case, the kids would be divided and they would inherit the status of their
● The barangay was the Filipino's earliest form of government. Consisted 30-100 mother or father..
families Aliping namamahay
● it was ruled by a DATU/Village Chief/Raha/Rajah ● was a servant that lived in their own little house on the property of their master
● DATU - recommends a law ● They have their own properties but has to serve their own masters
● COUNCIL - reviews and agrees ● Children belonging to this caste inherit the status of their parents
● UMALAHOKAN - announces to the barangay ● Cannot be treated as a slave nor can be sold off
CHOOSING A LEADER Aliping sa Guiguilir
● AGE - the oldest of the group was the leader ● They serve their master in their houses and lands
● INHERITANCE - based on blood relations to the datu. (son or daughter of the datu, ● Can be sold off
next immediate relative)
EXTENT OF KNOWLEDGE - had enough knowledge of the customs and traditions 2. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
of the tribe. ● In the case of a divorce, if the wife would leave her husband for the sake of marrying
another man, all her belongings plus a certain amount would be given to her former
 husband however, if she chooses to leave and do not have any plans to marry, then 4. BURYING THE DEAD
all of her dowry will be returned to her ● ln burying the dead, the corpse would be placed beside its house and be mourned at
for 4 days.
3. WORSHIP AND BELIEF ● It will then be laid on a boat which serves as a coffin which is guarded by a slave.
● There were no temples or sacred places in which Filipinos would worship ● The grief of the relatives of the deceased is followed by eating and drinking.
● The word simbahan means a place to worship which is constructed at a large house ● Plasencia's historical writings also disprove the claim of some Spaniards that
of the chief where people of the tribe go to celebrate festivals (aka pandot or when they arrived in the Philippines, Filipinos were uncivilized and lacking in
worship) culture. still
● They beat large and small drums successively during the feast which usually lasted ● It is clear in the excerpts quoted above that at the time Plasencia was assigned in
four days the Tagalog region Filipinos were already politically and economically
Worship and Belief (Religion) organized.
● Anagaanitos - worship: (anito - soul or spirit of ancestors) ● They have a functioning government, tax system, set of laws, criminal justice
● sibi - a temporary shed, made on each side of the chief's house, for the assembled system, indigenous calendar and long- standing customs and traditions.
people. ● Moreover, they have already a concept of supreme being (Bathala), practiced
● Bathala - one of their many idols, whom they specially worshipped. burial customs and believed in life after death.
● They worshipped the sun, the moon, and some, even the stars or a particular dead ● Lastly, Plasencia also mentioned that the people he met were wearing garments,
with special capability that fought bravely or protected them in their time of need gold ornaments and their houses decorated with idols. were
'12 Priests of the Devil' ● All of these lead to the conclusion that prior to the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos
1. Catolonan were already civilized and maintained a lifestyle that was at par or even better
● Priest from a people of rank than other countries in Southeast Asia.
● Officiates the offering sacrifice for a feast and the food to be eaten being
offered to the devil
2. Mangagauay - They pretend to heal the sick in order to deceive others
3. Manyisalat - They can cast remedies to couples for them to abandon one another
4. Mancocolam - Can emit fire from himself which cannot be extinguished
5. Hocloban - Much more powerful than a mangagauay in which they can kill anyone
without the use of any medicine. They can also heal those who are ill.
6. Silagan - They would tear out and eat the liver of those they saw were wearing white
7. Magtatangal - They would go out at night without their heads and put it back into
their bodies before the sun rise
8. Osuang - Tribesmen reported that they saw the "osuang" who can fly and murdered
a man and ate his flesh.
9. Mangagayoma - They would seduce their partners with charms and other
accessories so they can deceive them.
10. Sonat - This devil helped people to die. They can also know if the soul they helped
to die can either be saved or not.
11. Pangatahojan - They can predict the future.
12. Bayoguin - These are men who are in the nature of a woman.