BS Mathematics Scheme of Studies

Curriculum and Syllabus of BS Mathematics
CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS

BS (H) IN MATHEMATICS UNDER THE
SEMESTER SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY,
FAISALABAD.
Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 1

Scheme of Studies
BS Mathematics
Total Semesters = 8
Duration of Each Semester = 18 Weeks
Cumulative Credits of BS (8 Semesters) = 142
SEMESTER-I
No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours
1 MTH-301 Calculus-I 3(3-0)
2 MTH-303 Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0)
3 STA-322 Introduction to Statistical Theory-I 3(3-0)
4 PHY-322 Fundamentals of Electricity and 3(2-1)
Magnetism
5 ENG-321 Functional English 3(3-0)
6 ISL-321 Islamic Studies/ 2(2-0)
7 ISL-322 Ethics(For non Muslims only) 2(2-0)
+
8 ISL-311 Translation of The Holy Quran -I 1(1–0)
Total 17
SEMESTER-II
1 MTH-302 Calculus-II 3(3-0)
2 MTH-304 Linear Algebra and Its Applications 3(3-0)
3 STA-323 Introduction to Statistical Theory-II 3(3-0)
4 PHY-425 Introduction to Heat and Thermodynamics 3(2-1)
5 ENG-322 English Comprehension and Composition 3(3-0)
6 PST-321 Pakistan Studies 2(2-0)
Total 17
SEMESTER-III
1 MTH-401 Calculus-III 3(3-0)
2 MTH-403 Mechanics –I 3(3-0)
3 MTH-405 Differential Equations-I 3(3-0)
4 MTH-407 Number Theory 3(3-0)
5 CSI-321 Introduction to Computing Applications 3(2-1)

6 ENG-421 Communication Skills 3(3-0)
+
7 ISL-411 Translation of The Holy Quran -II 1(1–0)
Total 18
SEMESTER-IV

1 MTH-402 Affine and Euclidean Geometry 3(3-0)
2 MTH-404 Mechanics –II 3(3-0)
3 MTH-406 Differential Equations-II 3(3-0)
4 MTH-408 Combinatorics 3(3-0)
5 MTH-410 C++ 3(2-1)
6 PSY-321 Introduction to Psychology 3(3-0)
Total 18
SEMESTER-V
1 MTH-501 Real Analysis-I 3(3-0)
2 MTH-503 Complex Analysis-I 3(3-0)
3 MTH-505 Algebra-I 3(3-0)
4 MTH-507 Vector and Tensor Analysis 3(3-0)
5 MTH-509 Point Set Topology 3(3-0)
6 MTH-511 Differential Geometry 3(3-0)
7 +
ISL-511 Translation of The Holy Quran -III 1(1–0)
Total 18
SEMESTER-VI
1 MTH-502 Real Analysis-II 3(3-0)
2 MTH-504 Complex Analysis-II 3(3-0)
3 MTH-506 Algebra-II 3(3-0)
4 MTH-508 Mechanics 3(3-0)
5 MTH-510 Functional Analysis 3(3-0)
6 MTH-512 Mathematical Methods 3(3-0)
Total 18
SEMESTER-VII
1 MTH-601 Numerical Analysis-I 3(3-0)
2 MTH-603 Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0)
3 MTH-605 Advanced Set Theory 3(3-0)

+
4 ISL-611 Translation of The Holy Quran -IV 1(1–0)
Optional Papers (3 out of following)
Applied Group Pure Group
Course Cr. Course Cr.
No Course Title No Course Title
Code Hours Code Hours
Algebraic
Algebraic
1 MTH-607 Number 3(3-0) 1 MTH-607 3(3-0)
Number Theory
Theory
MTH-609 Fluid 3(3-0) MTH-621 Advanced Group 3(3-0)
2 2
Mechanics-I Theory-I
Operations 3(3-0)
3 MTH-611 3(3-0) 3 MTH-623 Cryptography
Research
Special Advanced
4 MTH-613 Theory of 3(3-0) 4 MTH-625 Functional 3(3-0)
Relativity Analysis
Mathematical 3(3-0)
Concepts of Advanced
5 MTH-615 5 MTH-627 3(3-0)
Quantum Topology
Mechanics-I
Integral Continuous
6 MTH-617 3(3-0) 6 MTH-633 3(3-0)
Equations Groups
Total 18
SEMESTER-VIII
Course
No Course Title Cr. Hours
Code
1 MTH-602 Numerical Analysis-II 3(3-0)
MTH-604 Computing Tools for Mathematics 3(2-1)
2
3 MTH-606 Mathematical Statistics 3(3-0)
Optional Papers (3 out of following)
Applied Group Pure Group
Course Cr. Course
No Course Title No Course Title Cr. Hours
Code Hours Code
3(3-0) Advanced
Theory of
1 MTH-608 1 MTH-622 Group 3(3-0)
Optimization
Theory-II
Fluid 3(3-0) Measure 3(3-0)
MTH-610 2 MTH-624
Mechanics-II Theory
3(3-0) Advanced
Modeling and
2 MTH-612 3 MTH-626 Complex 3(3-0)
Simulation
Analysis
Special 3(3-0) Special 3(3-0)
MTH-614 4 MTH-614
Functions Functions
MTH-616 Theory of 3(3-0) MTH-634 Rings and
3 5 3(3-0)
Elasticity Fields
MTH-618 Mathematical 3(3-0) MTH-636 Operator 3(3-0)
4 6
Concepts of Theory

Quantum
Mechanics-II
Total 18
Note: Elective may be offered from the list attached depending on the availability of resources of
the Department.
+
Audit Course
Course Contents for BS (Mathematics)

Semester-I
Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks
MTH-301 Calculus I 3(3-0) 60
Prerequisites: Knowledge of Intermediate Calculus

Functions and graphs: Functions. Domains and Ranges. Sum of functions. Composition of functions.
Inverse functions. Symmetry. Even and odd functions. Translations. Reflections. Rational, algebraic,
trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Functions defined in pieces.
Limits and continuity: Limit of a function. Graphical approach. Properties of limits. Limits of polynomials,
rational and transcendental functions. Infinite limits and vertical asymptotes. Limits at infinity and horizontal
asymptotes. One-sided limits. Continuity, Continuity of polynomials, rational functions and composition of
functions. Properties of continuous functions. Continuity from the left and right.
Derivatives: Slopes and rates of change. Definition of derivative. Differentiability and continuity.
Derivatives at the end point of an interval. Techniques of differentiation. Derivatives of polynomials and
rational, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions. Chain rule. Implicit differentiation. Rates of
change in natural and social sciences. Related rates. Linear approximations and differentials. Higher
derivatives. Leibnitz's theorem.
Applications of derivatives: Increasing and decreasing functions. Relative extrema and optimization. First
derivative test for relative extrema. Convexity and point of inflection. Second derivative test for extrema.
Curve sketching. Mean value theorem (without proof). Indeterminate forms. L'Hospital’s rule (without
proof) and its applications.
Recommended Books:
1. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus (10th ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
2. J. R. Hass, C. E. Heil, M. D. Weir, Thomas’s Calculus (14th ed.), Pearson, 2017.
3. D. Hughes-Hallett, A. M. Gleason, W. G. McCallum et al. Calculus: Single Variable (6th ed.),
Wiley, 2012.
4. J. Stewart, Calculus (8th ed.), Cengage Learning, Boston, 2012.
5. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytic Geometry (6th ed.), PWS-Kent Publishing Company,
1994.
MTH-303 Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0) 60
Course Outlines:

Prerequisites: Knowledge of Intermediate Mathematics
Sets and Relations: Set and subsets. Arbitrary union and finite intersection of sets. Cartesian
product. Relations. Equivalence relations. Partitioning of a set. Order relations. Min, max, inf, sup.
Well-ordered sets and induction. Inductively ordered sets.
Computing cardinals: Cardinality of Cartesian product. Cardinality of all functions from a set to
another set. Operations with cardinal numbers.
Numbers: Divisibility and modular arithmetic. Integer representations and algorithms. Primes and
greatest common divisors. Solving congruencies. Applications of congruence.
Mathematical logic: Propositional Calculus. Truth tables. Predicate calculus.
Counting methods: Product and inclusion-exclusion formulae. Generating functions. Double
counting. Applications. Pigeonhole principle and its applications.
Recommended Books:
1. B. Kolman, R. Busby, S. C. Ross, Discrete Mathematical Structures (5the ed.), Prentice-Hall of
India, New Delhi, 2008.
2. K. H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and its Application (7th ed.), McGraw-Hill, 2007.
3. A. Rehman, M. Imran, S. Mubeen, B.R. Mughal, Discrete Mathematics with Applications, Allied
Book Center, Lahore, 2021
4. N. L. Brigs, Discrete Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 2003.
5. K. A. Ross, C. R. B. Wright, Discrete Mathematics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2003.
6. B. Rotman, G.T. Kneebone, The Theory of sets and Transfinite Numbers, Old Bourne London,
1968.
STA-322 Introduction to Statistical Theory-I 3(3-0) 60
Introduction and scope of statistics, Basic concepts of statistics, Different types of variables, types
of data and methods of data collection, Scales of measurement, Data arrangement and presentation,
formation of tables and charts, Measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode and quantiles
from grouped and ungrouped data. Measures of dispersion: computation of range, variance,
standard deviation, and coefficients of variation, Skewness and Kurtosis, Definition of probability,
Different terminology used in probability, Different laws of probability, Discrete distributions
(Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, Negative Binomial distribution, geometric distribution,
hyper geometric distribution with their properties and applications), Continuous distribution
(Normal distribution with their properties and applications), Correlation and Regression.
Recommended Books
1. Ronald Walpole, Myers, Myers, Ye, “Probability & Statistics for Engineers &
Scientists”, 8th edition, 2008, Prentice Hall Publisher.
2. Sher M. Chaudhry, Shahid Kamal, “Introduction to Statistical Theory I and II”.
3. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie,J. H.,1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill
International Editions.
4. Zar, 1998. Biostatistics Analysis.

PHY-322 Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism 3(2-1) 60
Electric charges, Conductor, Insulators, Coulomb’s law, Electric field, Electric field intensity, Flux of
electric field, Gauss’s law and applications, Potential energy, Electric potential energy, Electric potential,
Capacitor, Capacitance, Capacitors in series and parallel, Energy storage in an electric field, Electric current,
Electromotive force, Motion of charge particles in electrical and magnetic fields, Analysis of circuits,
Resistors in series and parallel, Energy transferred in an electric circuit, Magnetic force on a moving charge,
Magnetic force on a current carrying wire, Ampere’s law, Faraday law of induction, Lenz’s law, Motional
emf, Generator and motors, Induced electric fields, Visible light, Speed of light, Reflection and refraction of
light waves, Double refraction, Polarization by scattering, Total internal reflection, Diffraction, Single slit
diffraction, Diffraction grating, X-ray diffraction, Polarization, Types of polarization, Photon, Photoelectric
effect, Compton effect
1. To study the behavior of RLC series circuit and determination of its resonance frequency.
2. To study the behavior of RLC Parallel circuit and determination of its resonance frequency.
3. Calibration of a voltmeter by a potentiometer.
4. Calibration of an ammeter by a potentiometer.
5. To determine the high resistance by Neon flash lamp and a capacitor.
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, Resnick and Walker, 2011, Fundamental Physics, 9th Ed.Ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
New York.
2. Young and Freedman, 2010University Physics 12th edition.
3. Halliday, Resnick and Krane, 2002. Physics Vol. I & II, 5th Ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
4. Sears, Zemansky and Young, 2000, University Physics, 8th Ed, Addison-Wesley. Reading (MA)
USA.
ENG-321 Functional English 3(3-0) 60
Parts of speech (word classes) • Phrases • Clauses: subject, verb, direct/indirect object, object complement,
subject complement • Sentence structure • Kinds of sentences • Combining sentences (Synthesis) • Use of
active/passive voice and direct/indirect narration
Recommended Books:
1. High School Grammar by Wren and Martin
2. Practical Grammar of English: Thomson and Martinet Azar, Betty Schrampher. (1996) Basic
English Grammar (2nd Edition). New York: Longman
3. Azar, Betty Schrampher. (2000) Understanding and Using English Grammar (3rd Edition). New
York: Longman
4. Howe, D. H. et.al. (2004) English for Undergraduates (3rd Impression). Karachi: Oxford University
Press
5. Bloor, T., & Bloor, M. (2013). The functional analysis of English. Routledge.

ISL-321 Islamic Studies 3(3-0) 60

Semester-II
MTH-302 Calculus II 3(3-0) 60
Integration: Anti derivatives and integrals. Riemann sums and the definite integral. Properties of Integral.
The fundamental theorem of calculus.
Techniques of integration: Integrals of elementary, hyperbolic, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential
functions. Integration by parts, substitution and partial fractions. Approximate integration. Improper
integrals. Gamma functions.
Applications of integrals: Area between curves, average value. Volumes. Arc length. Area of a surface of
revolution. Applications to Economics, Physics, Engineering and Biology.
Infinite series: Sequences and series. Convergence and absolute convergence. Tests for convergence:
divergence test, integral test, p-series test, comparison test, limit comparison test, alternating series test, ratio
test, root test. Power series. Convergence of power series. Representation of functions as power series.
Differentiation and integration of power series. Taylor and Maclaurin series. Approximations by Taylor
polynomials.
Conic section, parameterized curves and polar coordinates: Curves defined by parametric equations.
Calculus with parametric curves: tangents, areas, arc length. Polar coordinates. Polar curves, tangents to
polar curves. Areas and arc length in polar coordinates.
Recommended Books:
1. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus (10th ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
2. J. R. Hass, C. E. Heil, M. D. Weir, Thomas’s Calculus (14th ed.), Pearson, 2017.
3. D. Hughes-Hallett, A. M. Gleason, W. G. McCallum et al. Calculus: Single Variable (6th ed.),
Wiley, 2012.
4. J. Stewart, Calculus (8th ed.), Cengage Learning, Boston, 2012.
5. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytic Geometry (6th ed.), PWS-Kent Publishing Company,
1994.
MTH-304 Linear Algebra 3(3-0) 60
Basic concepts of matrices. Types of matrices. Algebraic properties of matrices. Row and column operations
on matrices. Echelon and reduce echelon form of matrices. Rank of a matrix.
Definition and properties of determinants. Minor and cofactor. Inverse of a matrix. Singular and non-singular
matrices. Basic structure of system of linear equations. Method to solve system of linear equations (Gauss

Jordan method, Gauss elimination method).Consistency of system of linear equations. Non-trivial solution of
system of homogeneous linear equations.
Recommended Books:
1. Anton, H., Rorres, C., Elementary Linear Algebra: Applications Version (10th edition), John Wiley
& Sons, 2010.
2. Kolman, B., Hill, D. R., Introductory Linear Algebra (8th edition), Pearson Education India, 2008.
3. Lay, D. C., Linear Algebra and Its Applications (3rd edition), Pearson Education India, 2002.
4. Lipschutz, S., Lipson, M., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Linear Algebra (3rd
edition), Erlangga, 2001
STA-323 Introduction to Statistical Theory-II 3(3-0) 60
Survey sampling, Types of Sampling (probability and non probability sampling), Sampling
Distribution of mean, Hypothesis testing, Z-test for single and difference between mean, Student’s
‘t’ test for single and difference between mean. Chi-square test of Independence and goodness of
fit, Analysis of variance and LSD, Concept of experimental design, Basic principles of experimental
designs, CRD, RCBD.
Recommended Books
1. Ronald Walpole, Myers, Myers, Ye, “Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists”,
8th edition, 2008, Prentice Hall Publisher.
2. Sher M. Chaudhry, Shahid Kamal, “Introduction to Statistical Theory I and II”.
3. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie,J. H.,1980. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill
International Editions.
4. Zar, 1998. Biostatistics Analysis
PHY-425 Introduction to Heat and 3(2-1) 60

Thermodynamics
Kinetic theory of the ideal gas; work done on an ideal gas, material energy of an ideal gas, intermolecular
forces. Statistical mechanics, statistical distribution and mean values, distribution molecular speeds,
distribution of energies, Brownian motion. Heat, different theories of heat, specific heat, gram molecular
specific heat, laws of thermodynamics. Zeroth law, first law, second law, third law of thermodynamics,
reversible and irreversible processes, indicator diagram, entropy, law of thermodynamics, reversible and
irreversible processes, indicator diagram, entropy law of increase of entropy, temperature-entropy diagram.
Maxwell’s thermodynamics relations, TDS equations, Clapeyron’s equation, entropy and second law of
thermodynamics. Temperature scale, entropy, low temperature physics. Thermoelectricity, Seabeck effect,
Peltier effect, thermocouple.

1. The determination of wavelength of light by Diffraction grating.
2. Design a full-wave rectifier and study its output without and with a capacitor filter.
3. Design a Half-wave rectifier and study its output without and with a capacitor filter.
4. To study characteristics of NOT, AND, NOR, NOR, NAND and XOR and verify their truth
table.
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, Resnick and Walker, 2011, Fundamental Physics, 9th Ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
New York.
2. Halliday, Resnick and Krane, 2002. Physics Vol. I & II, 5th Ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New
York.
3. Sears, Zemansky and Young, 2000, University Physics, 8th Ed, Addison-Wesley. Reading (MA)
USA.
ENG-322 English Comprehension and Composition 3(3-0) 60
English Comprehension and Composition

1 Reading Comprehension
• Identify Main Idea/Topic Sentence
• Find Specific Information quickly
• Recognize and Interpret Cohesive Devices
• Distinguish Between Fact and Opinion
• Skimming and scanning
• Notes taking techniques
•Analyzing paragraph structure
•Identifying the writer’s intent such as cause effect, reasons, comparison and contrast, exemplification.
• Interpreting charts and diagrams
•Making appropriate notes using strategies such as mind maps, tables, lists, lists, graphs.
2. Enhancing Vocabulary Through Reading
3. General Study Skills Like Time Management, Finding Learning Style, Developing Reading Keys And
Systems
4. Getting organized and knowing one’s target
5. Dictionary skills
6. Using the library
7. Remembering and learning
8. Techniques for reading
9. Critical thinking
10. Tackling a book
Recommended Books:
1. Wallace Catherine: Study Skills: CUP

2. Yorky R.: Study Skills.
3. Smazler. : Write to be Read: reading, reflection and writing. CUP
4. Wallace, M. 1980 Study Skills in English. CUP
5. Langan, J. 1981 English Skills McGraw Hill Book Co.
6. McWhorter, K.T. 1983 College Reading and Study Skills Little Brown & Co.
7. O’Brien & Jordan. 1985 Developing Reference Skills Collins
8. Price-Machado, D. 1998 Skills for Success. CUP
9. Birsh, J. R. (2011). Multisensory teaching of basic language skills. Brookes Publishing Company.
PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285.
PST-321 Pakistan Studies 2(2-0) 40
Regeneration of Muslim Society in sub-continent and causes of decline of Muslim Rule.

War of Independence 1857 and its impacts upon the politics of South Asia.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement:
Educational Services
Political Services
Rational Interpretation of Islam
All India Muslim League:

Multiple approaches and causes of the formation of Muslim League.
Objectives of the party.
Comparison of the policies of All Indian National congress and All India
Muslim League.
Politics of Muslim League after the creation of Pakistan
Luckhnow Pact 1916, high water mark of Hindu-Muslim Unity.

Khilafat Movement:
Khilafat as an institution.
Hindu-Muslim Unity.
Role of Gandhi
Emergence of Muslim Ulma in Indian politics.
Causes of the failure and impacts of the movement.
Iqbal’s Address at Allahabad 1930 and political thoughts of Ch. Rehmat Ali.
Congress Ministries.
Pakistan Resolution 1940.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
Jinnah’s role in Indian politician.
As a governor General
Initial problems and constitutional development in Pakistan.
The study of constitutions of Pakistan (1956-1962-1973)
Political culture of Pakistan.
Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
Major determinants and objectives
Overview.

Recommended Books:
1. K.B. Saeed, Pakistan the Formative Phase.
2. I.H. Qureshi,. Struggle for Pakistan, Karachi: Oxford, 1995.
3. S. Mahmood, Pakistan Political Roots and Development, 1947-1999, Karachi, Oxford,
2000.
4. M.R. Afzal, Political Parties in Pakistan 1947-1958, Islamabad, NIHCR, 2002.
5. Choudhry, G.W. Constitutional Development in Pakistan, London, second Edition, 1969.
6. Ali, Ch. Muhammad, The Emergence of Pakistan, Lahore, 1973.
7. Mohiuddin, Y. N. (2007). Pakistan: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO.
SEMESTER-III
MTH-401 Calculus III 3(3-0) 60
Vectors and analytic geometry in space: Rectangular coordinates in space. Vectors. Dot product. Cross
product. Equations of lines and planes. Quadric surfaces. Cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Vector-valued functions: Vector-valued functions and space curves. Derivatives and integrals of vector
valued functions. Arc length. Curvature. Normal and binormal vectors.
Multivariable functions and partial derivatives: Functions of several variables. Limits and continuity.
Partial derivatives. Differentiability and differential. Chain rule. Directional derivatives and gradients.
Tangent planes and normal vectors. Optimization. Lagrange multipliers.
Multiple integrals: Double integrals. Double integrals over non-rectangular regions. Double integrals in
polar coordinates. Triple integrals. Triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. Applications of
double and triple integrals. Change of variables in double and triple integrals.
Recommended Books:
1. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus (10th ed.), John Wiley& Sons, 2012.
2. J. R. Hass, C. E. Heil, M. D. Weir, Thomas’s Calculus (14thed.), Pearson, 2017.
3. D. Hughes-Hallett, A. M. Gleason, W. G. McCallum et al. Calculus: Single & Multivariable (6th
ed.), Wiley, 2013.
4. J. Stewart, Calculus(8th ed.), Cengage Learning, Boston, 2012.
5. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytic Geometry(6th ed.),PWS-Kent Publishing Company, 1994.
MTH-403 Mechanics-I 3(3-0) 60
Prerequisites: Calculus I, Vector Calculus

Forces
Fundamental concepts and principles, Inertial-non-inertial frames, Newton’s laws, Resultant of several
concurrent forces, The parallelogram law of forces, Resolution of a forces, Triangle of forces, Lamy’s
theorem, Polygon of forces, Conditions of equilibrium for a particle, External and internal forces, Principle
of transmissibility, Resultant of like and unlike parallel forces, Moment of forces about a point, Varigon’s
theorem, Moment of a couple, equivalent couples, composition of couples, Reduction of coplanar forces to a
force or a couple
Friction

Dry friction and fluid friction, Laws of dry friction, Coefficients of friction, angle of friction, Equilibrium
of a particle on a rough inclined plane, Particle on a rough inclined plane acted on by an external force,
Conditions for sliding or titling
Virtual Work
Principle of virtual work, Problems involving tensions and thrust
Recommended Books:
1. Synge & Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
2. D.T. Greenwood, Principles of Dynamics, Prentice Hall, Inc.
3. W. Huser, Introduction to Principles of Mechanics, Addison Wesley, New York.
4. R.A Becker, Introduction to Theoretical Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
5. F. Chorlton, A Text Book of Dynamics.
6. Fowles, G.R, Cassiday, G.L. Analytical Mechanics, 7th Edition, Thomson Brook
Cole, 2005
7. Murray R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw Hill
Book Company
8. K .L. Mir, Theoretical Mechanics IlmiKitabKhana
9. Galindo, A., & Pascual, P. (2012). Quantum mechanics I. Springer Science & Business Media.
MTH-405 Differential Equations-I 3(3-0) 60
Differential Equations and their classification, Formation of Differential Equations, Initial values and
boundary values Problem, Separation of Variables. Homogenous Differential Equations, Exact Differential
Equations, Differential equations reduce able to homogenous form, Linear Differential Equations of 1st
Order, Bernoulli’s Equations. Orthogonal Trajectories, Homogenous linear equations, Non-Homogenous
Differential Equations with constant Coefficient, D & D-1 Operators, General & Particular Integrals. Cauchy-
Euler’s equations, Reduction of order, Method of Variation of Parameter’s, Exact Linear Equations, Power
Series Solutions of first order Differential Equations.
Recommended Books:
1. Zill D G, Cullen M.R. Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems (3rd Edition), 1997,
PWS Publishing Co.
2. Muhammad Amin, Mathematical Methods, 2007, IlmiKitabKhana Lahore.
3. Eisgolts L, Differential Equations and the Calculus of Variations, 1970, Mir Publishers Moscow.
4. Jerri A.J Introduction to Integral Equations with Applications, 1985, Marcel Dibber New York.
5. Simmons, G.F., Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.
6. Boyce, W. E. and DiPrima, R.C., Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems,
Sixth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1997
7. Hairer, E., Norsett, S. P., & Wanner, G. (2008). Solving ordinary differential equations I: nonstiff
problems (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.
MTH-407 Number Theory 3(3-0) 60
Preliminaries: Well-ordering principle. Principle of finite induction.

Divisibility Theory: The division algorithms. Basis representation theorem. Prime and composite numbers.
Canonical decomposition. The greatest common divisor. The Euclidean algorithm. The fundamental theorem
of arithmetic. Least common multiple.
Linear Diophantine Equations: Congruences. Linear congruences. System of linear congruences. The
Chinese remainder theorem. Divisibility tests. Solving polynomial congruences. Fermat's and Euler's
theorems. Wilson's theorem.
Arithmetic Functions: Euler's phi-function. The functions of𝜏 and sigma. The Mobius function. Perfect
numbers. Fermat and Mersenne primes.
Quadratic Residues: Legendre symbols and its properties. The quadratic reciprocity law. Quadratic
congruences with composite moduli. Pythagorean triples. Representing numbers as sum of two squares.
Recommended Books:
1. D.M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, McGraw-Hill, 2007.

2. S.B. Malik, Basic Number Theory, Vikas Publishing house, 1995.
3. K.H. Rosen, Elementary Number Theory and its Applications, 5th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2005.
CSI-321 Introduction to Computing 3(2-1) 60

Applications
Basic Definitions & Concepts, Hardware: Computer Systems & Components. Storage Devices, Number
Systems, Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software, Introduction to
Programming, Databases and Information Systems, Networks, Data Communication, The Internet, Browsers
and Search Engines, The Internet: Email, Collaborative Computing and Social Networking, The Internet: E-
Commerce, IT Security and other issues, Project Week, Review Week.
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Computers 6th International Edition, Peter, N. McGraw-Hill
2. Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer &
Communications, 6th Edition. Williams, S. McGraw-Hills.
3. Computers, Communications & information: A user's introduction, Sarah,
E. Hutchinson. Stacey, C. Swayer.
4. Fundamentals of Information Technology, Alexis L Mathewsleon Leon Press
5. Bobda, C. (2007). Introduction to reconfigurable computing: architectures, algorithms, and
applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
ENG-421 COMMUNICATION SKILLS 3(3-0) 60
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1. Introduction to Communication, Definition, The process of communication, Types of
Communication, Network of Communication, 7 C’s of Communication, Barriers of
Communication(noise and classification of noise), How to overcome Barriers
2. Active Listening, What is listening?, Types of Listening, Objectives, Traits of a good Listener,
Active Listening- an Effective Listening Skill, Note Taking Tips, Barriers for Good Listening,
Purpose of Listening, Outlines and Signposting
3. Oral communication/ Presentation skills, Successful persuasive public speaking, Importance of oral
communication, Effective Presentation strategies, Defining the purpose of presentation and

analyzing audience and locale, Organizing contents and preparing outline, Visual aids, Nuances’ of
delivery: Kinesics, proxemics, Paralinguistic, Chronemics
4. Interviews, Preparing for interviews (scholarship, job, placement for internship, etc.), Types of
Interviews, Tips for successful Interviews
5. Reading, Importance of Reading, Definition of Reading, Levels of Reading, Requirements of
Reading, improving reading rates and comprehension, Types of Reading (intensive and extensive,
and speed reading), Study skills
6. Writing, Writing formal letters, Memos writing, minutes of meetings, Writing different kinds of
applications (leave, job, complaint, etc.), Preparing a Cover Letter, Curriculum Vitae (CV) and
Resume, Writing reports, Types of reports, structure of reports, Progress report writing, How to write
a proposal for research paper/term paper, How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on
style, content, language, form, clarity, consistency), Technical Proposals writing
Recommended Books:
1. Meenakshi Raman & Sangeeta Sharma: Technical Communication. OUP  Murphy, Effective
Business Communication, 7th edition  Ellen, K. 2002.
2. Maximize Your Presentation Skills: How to Speak, Look and Act on Your Way to the Top
Hargie, O. (ed.) Hand book of Communications Skills  Mandel, S. 2000.
3. Effective Presentation Skills: A Practical Guide Better Speaking  Mark, P. 1996. Presenting in
English. Language Teaching Publications
4. Shockley-Zalabak, P. (2009). Fundamentals of organizational communication: Knowledge,
sensitivity, skills, values. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon Publishers.
SEMESTER-IV
MTH-402 Affine and Euclidean Geometry 3(3-0) 60
Vector spaces and affine geometry: Collinearity of three points, ratio AB/BC. Linear combinations and
linear dependent set versus affine combinations and affine dependent sets. Classical theorems in affine
geometry: Thales, Menelaus, Ceva, Desargues. Affine subspaces, affine maps. Dimension of a linear
subspace and of an affine subspace.
Euclidean geometry: Scalar product, Cauchy-Schwartz inequality: norm of a vector, distance between two
points, angles between two non-zero vectors. Pythagoras theorem, parallelogram law, cosine andesine rules.
Elementary geometric loci.
Orthogonal transformations: Isometries of plane (four types), Isometries of space (six types). Orthogonal
bases.
Platonic polyhedra: Euler theorem on finite planar graphs. Classification of regular polyhedra in space.
Isometries of regular polygons and regular polyhedra.
Recommended Books:
1. E. Rees, Notes on Geometry, Springer, 2004.
2. M. A. Armstrong, Groups and Symmetry, Springer, 1998.
3. H. Eves, Fundamentals of Modern Elementary Geometry, Jones and Bartlett
Publishers International, 1992
4. S. Stahl, The Poincare Half-Plane A Gateway to Modern Geometry, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers International, 1993.
5. Dattorro, J. (2010). Convex optimization & Euclidean distance geometry. Lulu. com.

MTH-404 Mechanics-II 3(3-0) 80
Velocity and Acceleration. Cartesian components of velocity and acceleration. Tangential and Normal
Components of Velocity and Acceleration. Transverse and Radial Components of Velocity and Acceleration.
Motion with constant Acceleration. Motion with Variable Acceleration. Graphical Methods. Motion of a
Free Particle along the vertical Line, Simple Harmonic Motion. The Nature of Simple Harmonic Motion.
Geometrical Representation. Speed of the Projectile Parabola of Safety. Range on the Inclined Plane.
Maximum range on horizontal and Inclined Plane. Time Period, Maximum Height. Motion under a Central
Force. Elliptic Orbit Under a central force. Polar form of the orbit. Apse and apsidal distance. Planetary
orbits. Kepler’s Laws. Damped Harmonic Oscillator, Damped force oscillations, Vertical motion with air
Resistance
Recommended Books:
1. Synge & Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
2. D.T. Greenwood, Principles of Dynamics, Prentice Hall, Inc.
3. W. Huser, Introduction to Principles of Mechanics, Addison Wesley, New York.
4. R.A Becker, Introduction to Theoretical Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York.
5. F. Chorlton, A Text Book of Dynamics.
6. K .L. Mir, Theoretical Mechanics, IlmiKitab Khan.
7. Landau, R. H. (2008). Quantum mechanics II: a second course in quantum theory. John Wiley
& Sons.
MTH-406 Differential Equations-II 3(3-0) 60
Power Series Solutions: Solutions About Ordinary Points, Power Series Solutions, Solutions About
Singular Points, Special Functions, Bessel’s Equation, Legendre’s Equation.
System of differential equations: Basic Theory of First Order Linear Systems, Systems of Two First Order
Linear Differential Equations, Homogeneous Linear Systems, Non-homogeneous Linear Systems, Complex
Eigen values, Repeated Eigen values, Introduction to Nonlinear Systems.
Laplace transforms: Definition of the Laplace Transform, Properties of the Laplace Transform, The Inverse
Laplace Transform, Solving Differential Equations with Laplace Transforms.
Sturm-Liouville systems: Introduction to SL-systems, Properties of SL-systems, Sturm–Liouville Boundary
Value Problems, Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems, Singular Sturm–Liouville Problems.
Recommended Books:
1. Zill D G, Cullen M.R. Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems (3rd Edition), 1997,
PWS Publishing Co.
2. Muhammad Amin, Mathematical Methods, 2007, Ilmi KitabKhana Lahore.
3. Eisgolts L, Differential Equations and the Calculus of Variations, 1970, Mir Publishers Moscow.
4. Simmons, G.F., Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.
5. Boyce, W. E. and DiPrima, R.C., Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems,
Sixth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1997

MTH-408 Combinatorics 3(3-0) 60
To basic counting principles, Permutations, Combinations. The injective and bijective principles,
Arrangements and selections with repetitions. Graphs in Combinatorics. The Binomial theorem,
combinatorial identities. Properties of binomial coefficients, Multinomial coefficients, The multinomial
theorem. The Pigeonhole principle, Examples, Ramsay numbers, The principle of inclusion and exclusion,
Generalization. Integer solutions. Surjective mapping, Stirling numbers of the second kind, The Sieve of
Eratostheries, Euler φ-function, The Problem des Manages. Ordinary Generating Functions, Modeling
problems. Partition of integers, Exponential generating functions. Linear homogeneous recurrence relations,
Algebraic solutions of linear recurrence relations and constant functions, The method of generating
functions, A non-linear recurrence relation and Catalpa numbers
Recommended Books:
1. A Tucker, Applied Combinatorics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2nd Edition, 1985.
2. C.C. Chen and K.M.Koh, Principles and Techniques in Combinatorics, World Scientific
Pub. Co. Pte. Ltd, Singapore. 1992.
3. V.K. Balakrishnan, Theory and Problems of Combunatorics, Schaum’s Outline Series,
MeGraw-Hill International Edition, Singapore, 1995.
4. A. Rehman, S. Mubeen M. Imran, Theory of Combinatorics with Applications.
Allied Book Center, Lahore, 2021
5. C.L. Liu, Introduction to Combinatorial Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
6. J.H. Van Ling & R.M. Wilson, A course on Combinatorics, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 2001.
7. Flajolet, P., & Sedgewick, R. (2009). Analytic combinatorics. Cambridge University Press.
MTH-410 C++ 3(2-1) 60
Introduction to operating systems, one language C++, building blocks, variables, input/output, loops (FOR,
WHILE, DO), decisions (IF, IF ELSE, ELSE IF) construct switch statement, conditional statement, function
hat returns a value using argument to pass data to another function, external variable, arrays and strings,
pointers, structure, files and introduction to object-oriented programming
Recommended Books:
1. Aho, A. V. and Ulman, J. D. (1995). Foundation of Computer Science. Computer Science Press, WH
Freeman, New York
2. Ein, J. L. Theory of Computation: An Introduction, 1st edition. Jones & Bartlett, Boston
3. Laffor. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming. McGraw Hill, New York
4. Musser, D. R., Derge, G. J., & Saini, A. (2009). STL tutorial and reference guide: C++
programming with the standard template library. Addison-Wesley Professional.

PSY-321 Introduction to Psychology 3(3-0) 60
Objectives
• To describe psychology with major areas in the field and identify the parameters of this discipline.
• To distinguish between the major perspectives on human thought and behavior.
• To appreciate the variety of ways psychological data are gathered and evaluated.
• To gain insight into human behavior and into one’s own personality or personal relationships.
• To explore the ways that psychological theories are used to describe, understand, predict and control
or modify behavior
Course Contents
1. Introduction to psychology
a. Nature and application of Psychology with special reference to Pakistan.
b. Historical Background and Schools of Psychology
2. Methods of psychology
a. Observation
b. Case History Method, Experimental Method
c. Interviewing Techniques
3. Biological Basis of Behavior
a. Neuron: Structure and Functions
b. Central Nervous system &Peripheral Nervous System
c. Endocrine Glands
4. Sensation, Perception and Attention
a. Sensation
a. Characteristics and Major Functions of different Sensations
b. Vision: Structure and Function of the Eye.
c. Audition: Structure and Function of the Ear.
b. Perception
a. Nature of perception
b. Factors of perception: Subjective, Objective and Social.
c. Kinds of Perception
d. Spatial Perception (Perception of depth and distance)
e. Temporal Perception; Auditory Perception
c. Attention
a. Factors, Subjective and Objective
b. Span of Attention
c. Fluctuation of Attention
d. Distraction of Attention (Causes and Control)
Practicum:
Following experiments shall be performed by the students:
• Color Zones of Retina
• Fluctuation in Attention
• Muller-Layer Illusion
• Perceptual Grouping
• Size Constancy
• Span of Attention

Books Recommended
1. Atkinson R. C. & Smith E. E. (2000). Introduction to psychology (13th Ed.). USA: Harcourt
Brace College Publishers.
2. Femald, L.D, & Femald, P. S. (2005). ). Introduction to psychology. USA: WMC Brown
Publishers.
3. Glassman, W.E. (2000). Approaches to Psychology. Open university Press.
4. Hayes,N (2000). Foundation of Psychology (3rd Ed.). Thomson Learning.
5. Lahey, B.B (2004). Physchology: An Introduction (8th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
6. Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. A. (2013). Human information processing: An introduction to
psychology. Academic press.
SEMESTER-V
MTH-501 Real Analysis-I 3(3-0) 60
Real Numbers: Algebraic and order properties of real numbers. Basic inequalities for absolute values.
Supremum and infimum. Completeness of real numbers. Archimedean property and its variants. The
existence of square roots of positive real numbers. Density of rational and irrational numbers.
Topology of real numbers: Open sets. Closed sets. Compact sets. Heine-Borel Theorem. Connected sets.
Sequences and Series of Real Numbers: Limits of sequences. Algebra of limits. Squeeze theorem and its
applications. Monotone convergence theorem and its applications. The existence of Monotone subsequences.
Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem. Cauchy sequences. Cauchy convergence criterion. Properly divergent
sequences. Limit inferior and limit superior of sequences. Limits of series. Convergences tests with
examples. Absolute and conditional convergence. Tests for absolute convergence. Tests for conditional
convergence.
Continuity: Sequential criterion for limits. Continuity. Sequential criterion for continuity. Continuity and
compactness, The existence of minimizers and maximizers. Continuity and connectedness. Intermediate
value theorem. Uniform continuity. Continuous extension theorem. Monotone functions and discontinuities..
Differentiation: Chain Rule. Derivative of inverse functions. Rolle’s theorem. Mean value theorem and its
applications. Indeterminate forms and L’Hospital’s Rule. Taylor’s Theorem and its applications.
Recommended Books:
1. S. Abbot, Understanding Analysis ( 2nd Ed.), Springer, New York, 2015.
2. G. Bartle and R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis (4th Ed.), John Wiley, New York, 2011.
3. S. G. Krantz, Real Analysis and Foundations (2nd Ed.), Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York, 2005.
4. M. H. Protter and C. B. Morrey, A First Course in Real Analysis (2nd Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New
York, 1991.
5. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd Ed.), Mc. Graw-Hill, 1976.
MTH-503 Complex Analysis-I 3(3-0) 60

Complex Analysis: Introduction to Complex numbers. Cartesian and Polar forms of complex numbers.
Triangle inequality. Roots in Complex number systems. Domain and Regions. Functions in Complex
variables. Limit, Continuity and Differentiability. Necessary and sufficient conditions for differentiability.
Analytic functions, Necessary and sufficient conditions for analyticity. Cauchy-Riemann equations in
Cartesian and polar form. Harmonic functions. Uniquely determined analytic functions. Reflection Principle.
Elementary functions. Exponential functions. Logarithmic function. Branches of Logarithmic function.
Complex Exponents. Trigonometric functions. Hyperbolic function. Inverse Hyperbolic functions. Complex
integrations. Contour integration. ML-Inequality. Cauchy Theorem. Cauchy Derivative and integral
formulae. Cauchy inequality. Morera Theorem. Liouville Theorem. Maximum Modulus principle.
Singularities, Branch points. Residues. Residue theorem. Application of calculus of residues to infinite
products.
Recommended Books:
1. L. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Science, (1979).
2. J. Brown and R. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications (9th ed), McGraw-Hill Education,
(2013).
3. J. B. Conway, Functions of One Complex Variable I, Springer, (1995).
4. M. Iqbal, Complex Analysis, IlmiKitabKhana, (1996).
5. S. Ponnusamy and H. Silverman , Complex Variables with Applications, Birkhäuser, Boston, (2006).
6. D. G. Zill and P. Shanahan, A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications, Jones and
Bartlett, (2003).
MTH-505 Algebra-I 3(3-0) 60
Prerequisites: Knowledge of Sets, Relations and Functions.

Outline:
Definition of the group and its properties., Cyclic group and its characteristics, Construction of finite
groups (Zn, U(n), Sn, Dn), Subgroups of a group and their properties, Cosets, Langrange’s theorem
and its application, Normal Subgroup and its properties, Construction of quotient or factor group,
Conjugacy class and class equation of a group, Centre of a group, Homomorphism and its properties,
Isomorphism theorems.
Recommended Books:
1. Fraleigh J. B., A First Course in Abstract Algebra (7th Edition), Pearson Education 2003
2. Gallian J. A., Contemporary Abstract Algebra (8th Ed.), Cengage Learning, India, 2013.
3. Khanna V. K., Bhambri S. K., A Course in Abstract Algebra (4th Edition), Vikas Publishing House,
India, 2006.
4. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons,
2004.
MTH-507 Vector and Tensor 3(3-0) 60

Curvilinear Coordinates, Scale Factors, Arc length, Area and volume in curvilinear coordinates. Spherical
and Cylindrical coordinates, Expansion formulas of Gradient, Divergence and Curl of point in curvilinear
coordinate, Relation between orthogonal bases, Curvilinear Coordinates, Spherical and cylindrical
coordinates and their applications, Line, Surface and volume integral. Gausses, Green’s and Stokes theorem
with their application.
Cartesian Tensor, Law of transformation, from one coordinates system to another coordinates
system. Algebra of Tensor, Sum, Difference, Quotient, Inner product, Contraction, Contraction theorem with
their application, Symmetric Tensor and Skew Symmetric Tensor, Kronecker Tensor and Levi Civita Tensor,
Relation between these Tensors, Isotropic Tensor, First and Second order Differential Operators in Tensor.
Application of Tensors in Vector Analysis, Proof of Expansions formulae using tensor formulism.
Recommended Books:
1. F. Charlton, Vector and Tensor Methods, Ellis Harwood. Publisher, Chichester, U.K. 1997.
2. H. Jeffrey, Cartesian Tensors, Cambridge University Press.
3. K. L. Mir, An introduction to Vector Analysis, IlmiKitabKhana.2012
4. N. A. Shah, Vector and Tensor Analysis, A One Publisher, 2005
5. Schaum Series, Vector and Tensor Analysis, McGraw Hill Company.1959.
MTH-509 Point Set Topology 3(3-0) 60
Topological spaces. Closed sets. Interior and closure of sets. Limit points. Boundary of a set. Subspace
topology. Product topology. Quotient topology. Basis for a topology. Continuous maps. Homeomorphisms.
Countability axioms. Separation axioms. Compact spaces. Connected spaces. Connected components. Path-
connectedness.
Recommended Books:
1. C. Adams and R. Franzosa. Introduction to topology: pure and applied, Prentice Hall, 2008.
2. J. Kelly, General Topology, Springer, 2005.
3. S. Lipschutz, General Topology, McGraw-Hill, 2004.
4. J. R. Munkres, Topology (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall, 2000.
5. G. Simmons, Topology and modern analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1963.
MTH-511 Differential Geometry 3(3-0) 60
The moving trihedron, Arc length parameter representations; The osculating plane, The osculating circle
analysis and the osculating sphere; Curvature and torsion of unit speed and non unit speed curves, Serret-
Frenet formulae. Helices, Spherical indicatericies, Evolutes. The theory of surfaces: Simple surface and
coordinate patches. The tangent plane and the normal planes, the first fundamental form and the metric,
Coordinate transformations. Surface curves: the angle between two curves on a surface; Normal curvature
Analysis and geodesic curvature, The second fundamental form, Christoffel symbols. Gauss theorem. Mean
and Gauss Ian curvatures, Principal curvatures, Asymptotic and principal direction, Euler’s theorem,
Dupin’sindicatericies. The Gauss-Weingarten, Guass-Codazzi equations.

Recommended Books:
1. A. Goetz, Introduction to Differential Geometry Addison- Wesley. 1970

2. B., O’ Neill. Elementary Differential Geometry. Academic Press; 2nd edition 2006.
3. D.J. Struik. Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry, Addison- Wesley. 2014.
4. F. Charlton, Vector and Tensor Methods, Ellis Harwood. Publisher, Chichester, U.K. 1997.
5. R. Millman, and G. Parker. Elements of differential Geometry, Prentice Hall Inc. 1977.
SEMESTER-VI
MTH-502 Real Analysis II 3(3-0) 60
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals: Definition and existence of integrals. Properties of

integrals. Fundamental theorem of calculus and its applications. Change of variable
theorem. Integration by parts.
Functions of Bounded Variation: Definition and examples. Properties of functions
of bounded variation.
Improper Integrals: Types of improper integrals. Tests for convergence of improper
integrals. Beta and gamma functions. Absolute and conditional convergence of
improper integrals.
Sequences and Series of Functions: Definitions and examples of point-wise and uniform convergence.
Uniform convergence and continuity. Uniform convergence and integration. Uniform convergence and
differentiation. Series of functions. The Weierstrass M-test, Power series.
Recommended Books:
1. R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis (4th Ed.), John Wiley, New York,
2011.
2. N. L. Carothers, Real Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000.
3. K. R. Davidson and A. P. Donsig, Real Analysis with Applications: Theory in Practice, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 2010.
4. E. Fischer, Intermediate Real Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.
5. S. R. Ghorpade and B. V. Limaye, A First Course in Calculus and Real Analysis, Springer-Verlag,
New York, 2006.
6. S. G. Krantz, Real and Foundations (2nd Ed.), Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York, 2005.
7. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, (3rd Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
8. M. H. Protter and C. B. Morrey, A First Course in Real Analysis (2nd Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New
York, 1991.
MTH-504 Complex Analysis II 3(3-0) 60
The argument principle, Rouche’s theorem, Poisson’s formula, The Mittag-Leffler theorem,
Weierstrass’s factorization theorem, Infinite products of numbers and functions, analytic
continuation, Linear mappings, the bilinear mappings, conformal mappings, The Schwarz
reflection principle, Mapping of Polygons, Schwartz-Christoffel theorem, Periodic functions,
Elliptic functions and its properties, Weierstrass functions, Elliptic functions in terms of
Weierstrass functions with the same periods, Quasi periodic functions, the Zeta and sigma functions
of Weierstrass, Jacobian elliptic function and its properties.

Recommended Books:
1. T. Bulboacǎ, S. B. Joshi,P. Goswami, Complex Analysis. De Gruyter Berlin, Boston, 2019
2. A. Bourchtein, T.W. Gamelin, L. Bourchtein, Complex Analysis, Switzerland, Springer Nature,
2021.
3. D.G. Zill, P.D., Shanahan,. Complex analysis: A first course with applications. Jones & Bartlett
Publishers, 2013
4. J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications (9th Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New
York, 2013.
5. S. Ponnusamy, H. Silverman, Complex Variables with Applications, Birkhäuser, 2006.
6. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall, 2005
7. J. B. Conway, Functions of one Complex Variable I, Springer, 1978.
8. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1980
9. E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
MTH-506 Algebra-II 3(3-0) 60
Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of elementary group theory.

Outline:
Vector space and its properties, Operations on vector space (Intersection, sum and direct sum). Subspace and
examples. Linear combination, Linear span and related concepts Basis and dimension, Linear transformations
and related results, Fundamental theorems of linear transformations, Algebra of linear transformations, Matrix
of linear transformation and related concepts, Dual space and its properties, Quotient space and its properties,
Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Inner product space and related concepts, Definition of a ring and its
properties, Units, Zero divisors and Integral Domain, Ideal and sub-ring, Principal Prime and Maximal ideals,
Quotient ring.
Recommended Books:
1. Fraleigh J. B., A First Course in Abstract Algebra (7th Edition), Pearson Education 2003
2. Gallian J. A., Contemporary Abstract Algebra (8th Ed.), Cengage Learning, India, 2013.
3. Khanna V. K., Bhambri S. K., A Course in Abstract Algebra (4th Edition), Vikas Publishing House, India,
2006.
4. P.R, Halmos, Finite Dimensional Vector Spaces, Von Nostrand.
5. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
MTH-508 Mechanics 3(3-0) 60
Non Inertial Reference Systems. Accelerated coordinate systems and inertial forces. Rotating coordinate
systems. Velocity and acceleration in moving system: Coriolis. Centripetal and transverse acceleration.
Dynamics of a particle in a rotating coordinate system. Planar Motion of Rigid Bodies
Kinetics: Work, power, kinetic energy, conservative force fields. Conservation of energy, impulse, torque.
Conservation of linear and angular momentum. Non-conservative forces.
Planer Motion of Rigid Bodies: Introduction to rigid and elastic bodies, degree of freedom, translations,
rotations, instantaneous axis and center of rotation, motion of the center of mass. Euler’s theorem and

Chasles’ theorem. Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, moments and products of inertia. Parallel and
perpendicular axis theorem.
Motion of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions: General motion of rigid bodies in space. The momental
ellipsoid and equimomental systems. Angular momentum vector and rotational kinetic energy. Principal axes
and principal moments of inertia. Determination of principal axes by diagonalizing the inertia matrix.
Euler Equations of Motion of a Rigid Body: Force free motion. Free rotation of a rigid body with an axis
of symmetry. Free rotation of a rigid body with three different principal moments. The Eulerian angles,
angular velocity and kinetic energy in terms of Euler angles. Motion of a spinning top and gyroscopes-steady
precession, sleeping top.
Recommended Books:
1. E. DiBenedetto, Classical Mechanics. Theory and Mathematical Modeling, ISBN: 978-0-8176-
4526-7, Birkhauser Boston, 2011.
2. John R. Taylor, Classical Mechanics, ISBN: 978-1-891389-22-1, University of Colorado, 2005.
3. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1980.
4. C. F. Chorlton, Text Book of Dynamics, Ellis Horwood, 1983.
5. M. R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2004.
6. G. R. Fowles and G. L. Cassiday, Analytical Mechanics, 7th edition, Thomson Brooks/COLE, USA,
2005.
7. L. N. Hand and J. D. Finch, Analytical Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 1998
8. K .L. Mir, Theoretical Mechanics IlmiKitabKhana. 2004
MTH-510 Functional Analysis 3(3-0) 60
Metric Spaces: Metric spaces. Separable metric spaces. Complete metric spaces. Isometric metric spaces.
Completion of metric spaces.
Normed Spaces: Normed spaces. Banach spaces. Infinite series in normed spaces. Absolute convergence.
Schauder basis. Seminorms. Quotient normed spaces. Finite dimensional normed spaces. Equivalent norms.
Compact sets in normed spaces. Compactness and finite dimension. Compactness and continuity. Bounded
linear operators. Continuity and boundedness. Bounded linear functionals. Linear operators and functionals
on finite dimensional normed spaces. Dual spaces.
Inner Product Spaces: Inner product spaces. Properties of inner product spaces. Hilbert spaces.
Completion of inner product spaces. Direct Sums. Orthogonal complements. Orthonormal sets and
sequences. Bessel inequality. Total orthonormal sets and sequences. Parseval identity. Separable Hilbert
spaces. Bounded linear functionals on Hilbert spaces. Hilbert-adjoint operator.
Recommended Books:
1. J. B. Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis (2nd Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
2. Y. Eidelman, V. Milman, and A. Tsolomitis, Functional Analysis: An Introduction, American
Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 2004.
3. E. Kreyszig, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, 1989.
4. B. P. Rynn, and M. A. Youngson, Linear Functional Analysis (2nd Ed.),Springer-Verlag, London,
2008.
5. A. Torchinsky, Problems in Real and Functional Analysis, American Mathematical Society,
Providence, Rhode Island, 2015.

MTH-512 Mathematical Methods 3(3-0) 60
Basics of differential equations, linear homogeneous differential equations of order n, fundamental set of
solutions, linearly dependent and independent solutions, Wronskian determinant, adjoint and self - adjoint
equations, self - adjoint operator, symmetric operator, Lagrange’s identity, Green’s identity, Eigen value
problem, Eigen functions and Eigen values, self-adjoint Eigen value problems, orthogonality of Eigen
functions, real Eigen values, regular, periodic and singular Sturm-Liouville systems, orthogonal sets of
functions, expansion of functions in terms of Eigen functions. Power series solutions, Legendre’s equation,
Legendre’s polynomials, generating function, Rodrigue’s formula, recursion relations, orthogonality and
normality of Legendre’s polynomials, Legendre’s series, Bessel equation, Bessel functions, generating
function, recurring relations, orthogonality of Bessel functions, Bessel series. Green’s function in one and
two dimensions, Green’s function methods applied to boundary value problems.
Recommended Books:
1. I. Stakgold, Boundary Value Problems of Mathematical Physics, Vol. I, II.
Macmillan,1968.
2. Lal Din BaigMethods of Mathematical Physics, IlmiKitabGhar Lahore, 2000.
3. H. Sagan, Boundary and Eigenvalue Problems in Mathematical Physics. John Wiley &Sons.New
York/London, 1961.
4. E.L Butkov, Mathematical Physics, Addison-Wesley 1968
5. H. J. Weber, G. B. Arfken, Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists, ISE, lsevier. 2003.
6. Arnol'd, V. I. (2013). Mathematical methods of classical mechanics (Vol. 60). Springer Science &
Business Media.
SEMESTER-VII
MTH-601 Numerical Analysis-I 3(3-0) 60
Error analysis: Floating point arithmetic, approximations and errors.

Methods for the solution of nonlinear equations: Bisection method, Regula-falsi method, Fixed point
iteration method, Newton-Raphson method, Secant method, Error analysis for iterative methods.
Numerical solution of a system of linear equations: Direct methods: Gaussian elimination method, Gauss-
Jordan method; matrix inversion; LU-factorization; Doolittle’s, Crout’s and Cholesky’s methods, Iterative
methods: Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and SOR. Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Power method. Ill conditioned
systems and condition number.
Interpolation and polynomial approximation: Operators, Lagrange interpolation, Newton’s divided
difference formula, forward, backward and centered difference formulae, Interpolation with a cubic spline,
Hermite interpolation, Least squares approximation.
Recommended Books:
1. C.F. Gerald and P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2005.
2. R. L. Burden and J. D. Faires: Numerical Analysis, latest edition, PWS Pub. Co.
3. J.H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, latest Edition, Prentice Hall International.
4. S. C. Chapra and R. P. Canale: Numerical Methods for Engineers, 6th edition, McGraw Hill.

5. Stoer, J., & Bulirsch, R. (2013). Introduction to numerical analysis (Vol. 12). Springer Science &
Business Media.
MTH-603 Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0) 60
First order PDEs: Introduction, formation of PDEs, solutions of PDEs of first order, The Cauchy’s
problem for quasilinear first order PDEs, First order nonlinear equations, Special types of first order
equations
Second order PDEs: Basic concepts and definitions, Mathematical problems, Linear operators,
Superposition, Mathematical models: The classical equations, the vibrating string, the vibrating membrane,
conduction of heat solids, canonical forms and variable, PDEs of second order in two independent variables
with constant and variable coefficients, Cauchy’s problem for second order PDEs in two independent
variables
Methods of separation of variables: Solutions of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs in Cartesian and
cylindrical coordinates
Laplace transform: Introduction and properties of Laplace transform, transforms of elementary functions,
periodic functions, error function and Dirac delta function, inverse Laplace transform, convolution theorem,
solution of PDEs by Laplace transform, Diffusion and wave equations
Fourier transforms: Fourier integral representation, Fourier sine and cosine representation, Fourier
transform pair, transform of elementary functions and Dirac delta function, finite Fourier transforms,
solutions of heat, wave and Laplace equations by Fourier transforms.
Recommended Books:
rd
1. Myint UT, Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, 3 edition, North
Holland, Amsterdam, 1987.
2. Dennis G. Zill, Michael R. Cullen, Differential equations with boundary value problems, Brooks
Cole, 2008.
3. John Polking, Al Boggess, Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems, 2nd Edition,
Pearson, July 28, 2005.
4. J. Wloka, Partial Differential Equations, Cambridge University press, 1987.
MTH-605 Advanced Set Theory 3(3-0) 60
Equivalent sets and examples, Countable sets, examples of countable sets, uncountable sets, examples of
uncountable sets, cardinal number as equivalence classes, example of cardinal numbers, Cantor’s theorem,
Partially ordered sets, chains, lattices, Partial ordering on cardinal numbers, Cantor-Bernstein theorem and
applications, Addition, multiplication and exponentiation of cardinals, Zorn’s lemma and applications, axiom
of choice, equivalence of axiom of choice and Zorn’s lemma, well ordered sets and related concepts, ordinal
numbers, addition and multiplication of ordinal numbers.
Recommended Book:
1. S. Shen, N. K. Vereshchagin, A. Shen. Basic Set Theory. American Mathematical Soc.; 2002.

2. I. Kaplansky, Set theory and metric spaces. Vol. 298. American Mathematical Soc.,
2001.
3. A. N. Kolmogorov ,& S. V. Fomin, (2012). Introductory Real Analysis. Courier
Corporation.
4. P. R. Halmos, Naïve Set Theory, New York, Van Nonstrand.
5. Hrbacek, Karel, and Thomas Jech. Introduction to Set Theory, Revised and
Expanded. Crc Press, 1999.
MTH-607 Algebraic Number Theory 3(3-0) 60
Unique Factorization Domains, Gaussian Integers, Fermat's Last Theorem, Rings of Integers, Dedekind
domains, Unique Factorization of Ideals, The ideal class group, Computing the ring of integers in a number
field, The splitting of primes, Cyclotomic Fields, Localization, Galois Theory and prime Decomposition, The
field $Q_{p}$, Applications to Diophantine equations.
Recommended Books:
1. Ireland K., Rosen M., A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory (2nd Edition), (1982,
Springer).
2. Daniel A. Marcus., Number Fields, (1977, Springer).
3. Lang S., Algebraic Number Theory (2nd Edition), (1986, Springer).
4. Dummit, S. and Foote, R. (2004). Abstract Algebra. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Williams, K. and Alaca, S. (2004). Introductory Algebraic Number Theory, Cambridge University
Press.
6. Robert, B. A. (2010). A Course in Algebraic Number Theory. New York, Dover Publications.
MTH-609 Fluid Mechanics-I 3(3-0) 60
Real fluids and ideal fluids, Velocity of a fluid at a point, Streamlines and path lines, Steady and unsteady
flows, Velocity potential, Vorticity vector, Local and particle rates of change, Equation of continuity.
Acceleration of a fluid, Conditions at a rigid boundary, General Analysis of fluid motion Euler’s equations of
motion, Bernoulli’s equations steady motion under conservative body forces, Some potential theorems,
impulsive motion. Sources, Sinks and doublets, Images in rigid infinite plane and solid spheres, Axis-
symmetric flows, Stokes’s stream function. Stream function, Complex potential for two-dimensional,
Irrational, Incompressible flow, Complex velocity spotential for uniform stream. Line sources and line sinks,
Line doublets image systems, Miline-Thomson circle theorem, Blasius’s Theorem.
Recommended Books:
1. Chorlton, F., Text Book of fluid Dynamics D. Van No strand Co. Ltd.1967.
2. Thomson, M., Theoretical Hydrodynamics, Macmillan Press, 1979.
3. Jaunzemics, W., Continuum Mechanic, Macmillan Company, 1967.
4. Landau, L.D, and Lifshitz, E.M., Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon Press, 1966.
5. Batchelor, G.K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1969.
6. Brvce R. Munson and Donald F. Young, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Department of
Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Mechanics Engineering Lowa State university
Amos Lowa USA.
7. Aris, R. (2012). Vectors, tensors and the basic equations of fluid mechanics. Courier Corporation.

MTH-611 Operational Research 3(3-0) 60
Linear Programming
Linear programming, Formulations and graphical solution, Simplex method, M-Technique and two-phase
technique, Special cases, The dual problem, Primal-dual relationships, Dual simplex method, Sensitivity and
post optimal analysis.
Transportation Models
North-West corner, Least-Cost and Vogel’s approximations methods, The method of multipliers, The
assignment model, The transshipment model, Hungarian method
Net work Minimization and Integer Programming
Network minimization, Shortest-Route algorithms for acyclic networks, Maximal-flow problem, Matrix
definition of LP problem, Revised simplex method, Bounded variables, Decomposition algorithm,
Parametric linear programming, Applications of integer programming, Cutting-plane algorithms, Branch-
and-bound method, Elements of dynamic programming, Programmes by dynamic programming.
Recommended Books:
1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research - An Introduction, (Macmillan Publishing
Company Inc., 2006)
2. B. E. Gillett, Introduction to Operations Research, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., 2006)
3. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Liebraman, Operations Research, (CBS Publishers and
Distributors, 2005)
4. W. M. Harvey, Operations Research, (North Holland, 2001)
5. Franco, L. A., & Montibeller, G. (2010). Facilitated modelling in operational research. European
Journal of Operational Research, 205(3), 489-500.
MTH-613 Special Theory of Relativity 3(3-0) 60
Historical background and fundamental concepts of Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz transformations
(for motion along axis).Length contraction. Time dilation and simultaneity. Velocity addition formulae.3-
dimensional Lorentz transformations. Introduction to 4-vector formalism. Lorentz transformations in the 4
vector formalism. The Lorentz and Poincare groups. Introduction to classical Mechanics. Minkowski space
time and null cone.4-velocity, 4 acceleration 4-momentum and 4-force.Application of Special Relativity to
Doppler shift and Compton Effect. Particle scattering. Binding energy, Particle production and decay.
Electromagnetism in Relativity. Electric current. Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves. The 4-
vector formulation of Maxwell’s equations. Special Relativity with small acceleration.
Recommended Books:
1. Qadir, Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory, World Scientific, 1989.
2. R. D’ Inverno, Introduction Einstein’s Relativity, Oxford University Press, 1992.
3. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addison Wesley, New York, 1962.
4. J.D. Jackson, Classical Relativity, Springer-Verlag, 1977.
5. J.G. Taylor, Special Theory of Relativity.
6. Naber, G. L. (2012). The geometry of Minkowski spacetime: An introduction to the mathematics
of the special theory of relativity (Vol. 92). Springer Science & Business Media.

MTH-615 Mathematical Concepts of 3(3-0) 60

Quantum Mechanics-I
Inadequacy of Classical Mechanics: Black body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Bohr’s
theory of atomic structure, Wave-particle duality, the de-Broglie postulate. The Uncertainty Principle:
Uncertainty of position and momentum, statement and proof of the uncertainty principle, Energy-time
uncertainty. Eigen values and Eigen functions, Operators and Eigen functions, Linear Operators, Operator
formalism in Quantum Mechanics, Orthonormal systems, Hermitian operators and their properties,
Simultaneous Eigen functions. Parity operators. Postulates of quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger wave
equation. Motion in one Dimension: Step potential, potential barrier, Potential well, and Harmonic oscillator.
Recommended Books:
1. J.G Taylor, Quantum Mechanics, George Allen and Unwin. 1970.
2. T.L Powell and B. Crasemann, Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, 1961.
3. E. Merzdacker, Quantum Mechanics John Wiley and sons.
4. R.M. Eisberg, Fundamental of Modern Mechanics, John Willey and Sons
5. H. Muirhead, The Physics of Elementary Particles, Pergamon Press, 1965.
6. R. Dicke, R & J .P. Witke, Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, 1960.
7. Galindo, A., & Pascual, P. (2012). Quantum mechanics I. Springer Science & Business Media.
MTH-617 Integral Equations 3(3-0) 60
Differential Equation: Second order ordinary differential equation, Linear integral equations of the first
kind and second kind. Relationship between differential equation and Volterra integral equation of first and
second kind.
Kinds & Kernels: Newmann series for the solution of the integral equations (first and second kind).
Fredholm integral equations of the first kind. Fredholm integral equation of the second kind with separable
Kernels. Degenerate kernels, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. Iterative scheme, Iterated kernels.
Methods: successive approximation, Quadrature methods. Least square methods, Homogeneous integral
equations of the second kind. Abel’s integral equations. Hilbert Schmidt theory of integral equations with
symmetric kernels, Solution of a symmetric integral equation, Regularization and filtering techniques,
Resolvent kernels, Approximation solution, Convolution integrals.
Recommended Books:
1. Baker, C. T. H. (1977). Integral Equation. Clarendon Press.
2. Smithies, F. (1989). Integral Equations. Cambridge University Press.
3. Muskhelishvili, N. I., & Radok, J. R. M. (2008). Singular integral equations: boundary problems of
function theory and their application to mathematical physics. Courier Corporation.
MTH-621 Advanced Group Theory-I 3(3-0) 60

Prerequisites: Elementry group Theory.
Outline:
Permutation group, Cayley's theorem The centralizer and the normalizer of a Group and their
properties, Finite presentation of a group, Simple groups, Direct and normal product of groups,
Automorphism, inner and outer automorphism of a group, Characteristics and fully invariant
groups, Commutator group and its properties, p- Group and its properties, Sylow's theorems and
their Applications.
Books Recommended:
1. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, 2nd
Ed. C.U.P. 1995.
2. Fraleigh J. B., A First course in Abstract Algebra (7th edition), Pearson Education 2003.
3. Gallian J. A., Contemporary Abstract Algebra (8th edition), Cengage Learning, India, 2013.
4. Khanna V. K., Bhambri S. K., A Course in Abstract Algebra (4th edition), Vikas publishing House,
India, 2006.
5. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons,
2004.
MTH-623 Cryptography 3(3-0) 60
Classic Ciphers and their analysis, Shanon’s Information theory, Public Key Cryptography (PKC), Discrete
Logarithm Problem (DLP), RSA Algorithm, Codes and cryptosystems
Detailed Contents:
• Classical Ciphers and their analysis: Suit-case problem, Introduction to Cryptography and its
applications, Advanced Topics in Number Theory (Solution of system of congruencies, Modular
Arithmetic), classical ciphers and their deciphering
• Shanon’s Information theory: Shanon’s theorem, Entropy, Redundancy and Unicity Distance,
Mutual Information and Unconditionally Secure Systems
• Public Key Cryptography(PKC): The Theoretical Model, Motivation and Set-up, Confidentiality,
Digital Signature, Confidentiality and Digital Signature
• Discrete Logarithm Based Systems: The Discrete Logarithm System, The Discrete Logarithm
Problem(DLP), ElGamal's Public-Key Cryptosystems, ElGamal's Signature Scheme, How to Take
Discrete Logarithms, Digital signature verification schemes
• RSA: The RSA System, Setting Up the System, RSA for Privacy, RSA for Signatures
• Coding Theory Based Systems: Introduction to coding theory, Repetition code and examples,
decoding, Error-detection codes and Error-correcting codes, Setting Up the System, Encryption and
Decryption
Recommended Book:
1. Henk C.A. van Tilborg, Fundamentals of Cryptology, Springer; 2000.
2. J. Katz, Y. Lindell, Introduction to Modern Cryptography, Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2007.
3. A. J. Menezes, P. C. van Oorschot, S. A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC
Press; 1st Edition, 1996.
4. S. Ling, C. Xing, Coding Theory: A First Course, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

MTH-625 Advanced Functional Analysis 3(3-0) 60
Hahn-Banach theorem. Adjoint operator. Uniform boundedness theorem. Weak convergence. Convergence
of sequence of operators. Open mapping theorem. Closed graph theorem. Banach fixed point theorem and
its applications. Spectral properties of bounded linear operators. Compact linear operators. Spectral
properties of compact linear operators.
Recommended Books:
1. J. B. Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis (2nd Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York,
1990.
2. Y. Eidelman, V. Milman, and A. Tsolomitis, Functional Analysis: An Introduction,
American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 2004.
3. E. Kreyszig, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York, 1989.
4. P. D. Lax. Functional Analysis, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 2002.
5. Oden, J. T., & Demkowicz, L. (2017). Applied functional analysis. Chapman
and Hall/CRC.
.
MTH-627 Advanced Topology 3(3-0) 60
General topology: topological spaces, continuous maps, connected spaces, compact spaces. Homotopy
theory: homotopy classes of maps, fundamental groups, Van Kampen's theorem, covering spaces,
classification of covering spaces. Elementary manifold theory: tangent vectors, derivative of maps,
transversality, Sard's theorem, differential forms, exterior derivative, de Rhamcohomology. Singular
homology theory: chain complex, relative homology, long exact sequence, excision, Mayer-Vietoris exact
sequence. Homology of manifold: co homology, cup and cap products, Poincare duality, Lefschetz fixed
point theorem.
Recommended Books:
1. A. Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
2. G.W. Whitehead, Elements of Homotopy Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 61, Springer-
Verlarg Berlin, 1978..
3. E.R. Fadell, S.Y. Husseini, Geometry and Topology of Configuration Spaces,
Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer-Verlarg Berlin, 2001.
4. C. Adams and R. Franzosa. Introduction to topology: pure and applied, Prentice Hall, 2008.
5. J. Kelly, General Topology, Springer, 2005.

MTH-633 Continuous Groups 3(3-0) 60
Continuous Groups; Gl(n,r), Gl(n,c), So(p,q), Sp(2n); generalities on

Continuous Groups; Groups of isometrics; Introduction to Lie groups with special emphasis on matrix Lie
groups; Relationship of isometrics and Lie group; Theorem of Cartan; Correspondence of continuous groups
with Lie algebras; Classification of groups of low dimensions; Homogeneous spaces and orbit types;
Curvature of invariant metrics on Lie groups and homogeneous spaces.
Recommended Books:
1. Bredon, G.E, Introduction to compact Transformation groups Academic Press, (1972).
2. Eisenhart, L.P. Continuous Groups of Transformations (Priceton U.P.1933).
3. Farrell, R. H. (2012). Multivariate calculation: Use of the continuous groups.
Springer Science & Business Media.
4. HussainTaqdir. Introduction to Topological Groups. (W.B. Saunder’s Company,

1966).
5. Miller Willard, Jr., Symmetry groups and their application; (Academic Press-New
York and London 1972).
SEMESTER-VIII
MTH-602 Numerical Analysis-II 3(3-0) 60
Numerical Differentiation: Forward, backward and central difference formulae,

Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal, Simpson and Gaussian quadrature using a system of orthogonal
polynomials (Legendre and Laguere polynomials).
Difference Equations: Formulation of difference equations, solution of linear (homogeneous and non-
homogeneous) difference equations with constant coefficients.
Numerical Solutions of Initial Value Problems: Picard’s method, Euler method, Modified Euler method,
Improved Euler method, Predictor-corrector type methods for solving initial value problems along with
convergence and instability criteria.
Recommended Books:
1. C.F. Gerald and P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2005.
2. R. L. Burden and J.D. Faires: Numerical Analysis, latest Edition, PWS Pub. Co.
3. J.H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, latest Edition, Prentice Hall International.
4. S. C. Chapra and R. P. Canale: Numerical Methods for Engineers, 6th edition, McGraw Hill.
5. Iserles, A. (2009). A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations (No. 44).
Cambridge university press.

MTH-604 Computing Tools For Mathematics 3(2-1) 60
The contents of the course are not fixed; however, the following points should be kept in mind while
teaching the course. The purpose of this course is to teach students the use of mathematical software like
MATLAB, MAPLE, MATHEMATICA for solving computationally-difficult problems in mathematics. The
student shall become well versed in using at least one mathematical software and shall learn a number of
techniques that are useful in calculus as well as in other areas of mathematics. The course should be taught in
a computer lab setting. Besides learning to use the software, the students must be able to utilize the software
to solve computationally difficult problems in calculus and other areas of mathematics. At the end of the
course, the students should have a good command on at least two of the three programs mentioned above.
Note: The software to teach for affiliated colleges is Mathemtica to avoid inconvenience in final
examination.
Recommended Books:
1. Etter DM, Kuncicky D, Hull D, Introduction to MATLAB 6, 2001, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, USA.
2. Garvan F, The Maple Book, 2002, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
3. Kaufmann S, Mathematica As a Tool: An Introduction with Practical Examples, 1994, Springer,
New York.
4. Monaghan, J., Trouche, L., & Borwein, J. M. (2016). Tools and mathematics. Berlin: Springer
International Publishing.
MTH-606 Mathematical Statistics 3(3-0) 60
Probability Distributions and Probability Densities: Probability distribution, Continuous Random

Variables, Probability Density Functions, Multivariate Distributions, Marginal Distributions, Conditional
Distributions
Mathematical Expectations: The Expected Value of a Random Variable, Moments, Chebyshev’s Theorem,
Moment-Generating Functions, Product Moments, Moments of Linear Combinations of Random Variables,
Conditional Expectations
Special Probability Distributions: Distributions of the Discrete Uniform, Bernoulli, Binomial, Negative
Binomial, Geometric, Poisson, Multinomial, and Hyper geometric
Special Probability Densities: Distributions of Uniform, Exponential, Gamma, Beta, and Normal
Functions of Random Variables: Distribution Function Technique, Transformation Techniques of One-
and Several, Moment-Generating Function Technique
Sampling Distributions: The distribution of the Mean, The Chi-Square Distribution, The t-Distribution, The
f-Distribution, Estimation of Means, Estimations of Proportions, Estimation of Variance, Testing of
Statistical Hypothesis Concerning Means, Proportions, and Variances
Recommended Books:
1. Mood, A.M. Graybill, F.A. Boes, D.C. Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, (2nd Edition),
McGraw-Hill Book Company New York, 1986.
2. Degroot, M.H. Probability and Statistics, (2nd Edition) Addison Wesley Company New York 1986.
3. Walpole-Myers. Myers. Ye Probability and Statistics (7th Edition)

4. M. H Degroot,. Probability and Statistics, (2nd Edition), Addison-Wesle Publishing Company, USA,
1986.
5. K.V. Mardia, Kent, J.T. Bibby, J.M. Multivariate Analysis. Academic Press New York, 1979.
6. Allen. T Craig, Robert V. Hogg, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, (5th edition) publish by
Pearson education Singapore (Pvt) Ltd.
7. Miller, I. and Miller, M. (1997). Mathematical Statistics. Prentice-Hall.
8. Seymour, L. and John, J. S. (2011). Introduction to Probability and Statistics. McGraw-Hill
MTH-608 Theory of Optimization 3(3-0) 60
Introduction to optimization. Relative and absolute extreme. Convex. Concave and unimodal functions.
Constants. Mathematical programming problems.
Optimization of one, two and several variables functions and necessary and sufficient conditions for their
optima. Direct substitution method and Lagrange multiplier method, necessary and sufficient conditions for
an equality-constrained optimum with bounded independent variables. Inequality constraints and Lagrange
multipliers. Kuhn- Tucker Theorem. Multidimensional optimization by Gradient method. Convex and
concave programming, Calculus of variation and Euler Language equations, Functions depending on several
independent variables. Variational problems in parametric form. Generalized mathematical formulation of
dynamics programming. Non-Linear continuous models, Dynamics programming and Variational calculus.
Control theory.
Recommended Books:
1. Gotfried B.S and Weisman, J. Introduction to Optimization Theory (Prentice-Inc. New Jersey,
1973).
2. Elsgolts. L. Differential Equations and the Calculus of Variations (Mir Publishers- Moscow,
1970).
3. Wismer D.A and Chattergy R. Introduction to Nonlinear Optimization (North -Holland, New
York, 1978).
4. Intriligator M.D. Mathematical Optimization and Economic Theory (Prentice-Hall, Inc, New
Jersey, 1971).
5. Rao, S. S. (2009). Engineering optimization: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
MTH-610 Fluid Mechanics-II 3(3-0) 60
Vortex motion, Line Vortex, Vortex row Image System, Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem, Uniqueness
theorem, Fluid streaming past a circular cylinder, Irrational motion produced by a vortex filament. The
Helmholtz vorticity equation, Karman’s vortex-street. Constitutive equations; Navier- Stoke’s equations;
Exact solution of Navier-Stoke’s equations; Steady unidirectional flow; Poiseuille flow; Couette flow;
Unsteady unidirectional flow, Sudden motion of a plane boundary in a fluid at rest; Flow due to an
oscillatory boundary; Equations of motion relative to a rotating system; Ekman flow; Dynamical similarity
of turbulent motion.
Recommended Books:
1. L.D. Landan & E. M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon Press, 1966.
2. Batchelor, G.K. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1969.
3. Walter Jaunzemis, Continuum Mechanics, McMillan Company, 1967.

4. Milne-Thomas, Theoretical Hydrodynamics, McMillan Company, 1967.
5. D. J Tritton, Physical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd Edition Oxford.
6. Morrison, F. A. (2013). An introduction to fluid mechanics. Cambridge University Press.
MTH-612 Modeling and Simulation 3(3-0) 60
Concepts of model, modeling and simulation, functions, linear equations, linear-differential equations,
nonlinear-differential equations and integral equations as models, introduction to simulation techniques
Ordinary-Differential Equations: Modeling with first order differential equations: Newton’s law of
cooling; radioactive decay; motion in a gravitational field; population growth; mixing problem; Newtonian
mechanics. Modeling with second order differential equations: vibrations; application to biological systems;
modeling with periodic or impulse, forcing functions. Modeling with systems of first order differential
equations; competitive hunter model; predator-prey model.
Partial-Differential Equations: Methodology of mathematical modeling; objective, background,
approximation and idealization, model validation, compounding. Modeling wave phenomena (wave
equation); shallow water waves, uniform transmission line, traffic flow, RC circuits. Modeling the heat
equation and some application to heat conduction problems in rods, lamina, cylinders etc. Modeling the
potential equation (Laplace equation), applications in fluid mechanics, gravitational problems. Equation of
continuity.
Simulation: Techniques of simulation (students are required to simulate at least one system)
Recommended Books:
1. Giordano FR, Weir MD, Differential Equations: A Modeling Approach, 1994, Addison-
Wesley, Reading, Ma, USA
2. Jerri AJ, Introduction to Integral Equations with Applications, 1985, Marcel Dekker, New
York
3. Myint UT, Debnath L, Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers
rd
(3 Edition), 1987, North Holland, Amsterdam
4. Fritzson, P. (2010). Principles of object-oriented modeling and simulation with Modelica
2.1. John Wiley & Sons.
MTH-614 Special Functions 3(3-0) 60
The Gamma function: definition, relations satisfied by Gamma function, Euler’s constant, the order symbols
o and O, asymptotic representation of the Gamma function for large O(Z), Beta function; Tye-
Hypergeometric function, the function F(a,b;c;z) and F(a,b;c;I), the hypergeometric differential equation,
simple transformations, a theorem due to Kummer, orthogonal polynomials, simple sets of polynomials,
orthogonality, the three term recurrence relation, the Christofell-Darboux formula, normalization, Bessel’s
inequality, Legendere Polynomials, generating function, differential equation, the Rodrigues formula,
recurrence relations, hypergeometric form of Pn(x), Some bounds on Pn(x), orthogonality, Hermite
Polynomials, definition of Hn(x), recurrence relations, the Rodringues formula, the Hermite polynomials as 2
Fo , orthogonality, Laguerre Polynomials, The polynomial Ln(x), generating functions, Rodrigues formula,
the differential equation, orthogonality.
Recommended Books:
1. Rainville, E.D., Special Functions. 2nd Ed. Chelsea Publishing Co. 1971

2. Lebedev, N.N., Special Functions and their Applications. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall,
1972.
3. Whittaker & Watson. A Course in Modern analysis. 2nd Ed. Cambridge
University Press, 1978.
4. Mathai, A. M., & Haubold, H. J. (2008). Special functions for applied scientists.
New York:Springer Science+ Business Media.
MTH-616 Theory of Elasticity 3(3-0) 60
Cartesian tensors, Analysis of stress and strain, Generalized Hooke’s law; crystalline structure, Point groups
of crystals, Reduction in the number of elastic moduli due to crystal symmetry; Equations of equilibrium;
Boundary conditions, compatibility equations; Plane stress and plane strain problems; Two dimensional
problems in rectangular and polar co-ordinates; torsion of rods and beams.
Recommended Books:
1. S. P. Timoshenko and J.N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company,
1970, 1987.
2. P. Boresi and K. P. Chong, Elasticity iri Engineering Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2000.
3. A.C. Ugural and S.K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, 2nd Edition Elsevier
Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1987.
4. Adel S. Saada, Elasticity: Theory and Applications, Second Edition, Krieger Publishing, Malabar,
Florida, 1993.
5. Abdel-Rahman Ragab & Salah EldinBayoumi, Engineering Solid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999.
6. Love, A. E. H. (2013). A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity. Cambridge university
press.
MTH-618 Mathematical Concepts of 3(3-0) 60

Quantum Mechanics-II
Motion in three dimensions, angular momentum, commutation relations between components of angular
momentum, and their representation in spherical polar coordinates, simultaneous Eigen functions of Lz and
L2, Spherically symmetric potential and the hydrogen atom. Scattering Theory: The scattering cross-section,
scattering amplitude, scattering equation, Born approximation, partial wave analysis. Perturbation Theory:
Time independent perturbation of non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Time-dependent perturbations.
Identical Particle: Symmetric and anti-symmetric Eigen function, The Pauli exclusion principle.
Recommended Books:
1. J.G Taylor, Quantum Mechanics, George Allen and Unwin, 1970.
2. T.L Powell and B. Crasemann, Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, 1961.
3. E. Merzdacker, Quantum Mechanics John Wiley and Sons.
4. R.M. Eisberg, Fundamental of Modern Mechanics, John Willey and Sons
5. H. Muirhead, The Physics of Elementary Particles, Pergamon Press, 1965.
6. R. Dicke, R & J .P. Witke, Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, 1960.

7. Gustafson, S. J., & Sigal, I. M. (2011). Mathematical concepts of quantum mechanics. Springer
Science & Business Media.
MTH-622 Advanced Group Theory-II 3(3-0) 60
Prerequisites: Elementary group Theory.

Outline:
• Series in group, upper and lower central series, Butterfly lemma, Schreier refinement theorem,
Jordan Holder Theorem, Solvable groups definition and examples, Theorems on solvable groups,
Nilpotent groups, characterization of finite nilpotent groups, Free groups and their basic theorems,
Definition and examples of free products of groups, Definition of action of a group and examples ,
orbit and stabilizer, transitive and intransitive action, Regular action and basic theorems. Linear
groups and types of linear groups.
Recommended Books:
1. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
2. Derek John, Scott Robinson, A Course in the Theory of Groups, Springer, 1996.
3. MacDonald, The Theory of Groups, Oxford University Press, 1968.
4. P.M. Cohn, Classic Algebra, London: John Wiley, 2000.
5. D. Burton, Abstract and Linear Algebra, Addison-Wesley publishing Co, 1987.
6. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed.C.U.P. 1995.
7. V. J Khanna, S.K Bhambri, A course in Abstract Algebra,
8. Robinson, D. J. (2012). A Course in the Theory of Groups (Vol. 80). Springer Science & Business
Media.
MTH-624 Measure Theory 3(3-0) 60
Introduction, outer measure, Measurable sets and Lebesgue measure. A non-measurable set. Measurable
function, the Lebesgue integral and the Riemann integral, the Lebesgue integral of a bounded function over a
set of finite measure, The integral of a non-negative function. The general Lebesgue integral. Convergence in
measure.
Recommended Books:
1. G. B. Folland, (2013). Real analysis: modern techniques and their applications. John Wiley & Sons.
2. R. L. Wheeden, A. Zygmund (2015). Measure and integral: an introduction to real Analysis (Vol.
308). CRC Press.
3. P.R. Halmos, Naïve Set Theory, New York, Van Nostrand.
4. B. Rotman& G.T. Kneebone, The Theory of Sets and Transfinite Numbers, Old bourne London.

MTH-626 Advanced Complex Analysis 3(3-0) 60
Mobius transforms, Conformal mappings and transformations. Hadamard's three circles theorem, Phragmen-
Lindeloftheorem. The space of continuous functions C(G,Ω ), spaces of analytic functions, Huwitz'sthorem,
Montel's theorem, spaces of meromorphic functions, Riemann mapping theorem, Weiersirass' factorization
theorem, factorization of the sine function, the gamma function, the Riemann zeta function, the Riemann
functional equation, Runge's theorem, simply connected regions, Mittag-Leffler's theorem Harmonic
functions, maximum and minimum principles, harmonic functions on a disk, Harnack's theorem, sub-
harmonic and super-harmonic functions, maximum and minimum principles, Dirichlet problem, Green's
function.
Recommended Books:
1. J. B. Conway, Functions of one Complex Variables, Springer, 2002.
2. D. C. Ullrich, Complex Made Simple, American Mathematical Society, 2008.
3. W. Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, MacGrawHill, 1987.
4. E. Hille, Analytic functions theory, Chelsea AMS, 2002.
MTH-634 Rings and Fields 3(3-0) 60
Rings: Basic Definitions and Examples of Rings, Ring Homomorphism, Ring of Fractions, Quotient Rings,
Definitions of Ideals, Prime Ideals, Maximal Ideals, The Chinese Remainder Theorem, Euclidean Domains,
Principal Ideal Domains, Unique Factorization Domains, Polynomial Rings, Polynomial Rings Over Fields
Modules: Basic Definitions and Examples of Modules, Modules Homomorphism, Quotient Modules, Direct
Sums
Fields: Definition and examples of Fields, Finite Fields, Extension fields, Algebraic and transcendental
elements, simple extension, Introduction to Galois theory.
Recommended Books:
1. Hartley, B. and Hawkes, T.O. Rings, Modules and Linear Algebra, Chapman and Hall, 1980.
2. Herstein, I.N. Topics in Algebra, John Wiley and Sons, 1975.
3. Blyth, T.S., Module theory, Oxford University Press, 1977.
4. Adamson, J. Rings and Modules.
5. Dummit, D. and Foote. R. (2004). Abstract Algebra. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Fraleigh, B. (1967).A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Pearson Education
MTH-636 Operator Theory 3(3-0) 60
Spectral Theory of Linear operators in Normal spaces: Spectral theory in finite dimensional normed
spaces. Basic concepts. Spectral properties of bounded liner operators. Further properties of resolvent and
spectrum. Use of complex analysis in spectral theory. Basic algebras. Further properties of Banach algebra.
Compact linear Operators on Normed Spaces and their Spectrum: Compact linear operators on normed
spaces. Further properties of compact linear operators. Special properties of compact liner operators on
normed spaces.

Spectral Theory of Bounded Self-Adjoint Operators linear operators: Spectral properties. Operations of
bounded self adjoint linear operators. Positive operators. Square roots of positive operators. Projection
operators.
Recommended Books:
1. Kreyszig, E. (1989). Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications. USA, John Wiley.
2. Nachbin, L. (1981). Introduction to functional Analysis: Branch Spaces and Differential
Calculus. USA, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
3. Zhu, K. (2007). Operator theory in function spaces (No. 138). American Mathematical Soc.

BS Mathematics Scheme of Studies

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Curriculum and Syllabus of BS Mathematics

CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 1

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 2

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 3

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 4

Course Contents for BS (Mathematics)

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-301 Calculus I 3(3-0) 60

Prerequisites: Knowledge of Intermediate Calculus

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-303 Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0) 60

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 5

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

STA-322 Introduction to Statistical Theory-I 3(3-0) 60

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 6

PHY-322 Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism 3(2-1) 60

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

ENG-321 Functional English 3(3-0) 60

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 7

ISL-321 Islamic Studies 3(3-0) 60

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 8

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-302 Calculus II 3(3-0) 60

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-304 Linear Algebra 3(3-0) 60

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 12

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

STA-323 Introduction to Statistical Theory-II 3(3-0) 60

2. Sher M. Chaudhry, Shahid Kamal, “Introduction to Statistical Theory I and II”.

4. Zar, 1998. Biostatistics Analysis

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

PHY-425 Introduction to Heat and 3(2-1) 60

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 13

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

ENG-322 English Comprehension and Composition 3(3-0) 60

English Comprehension and Composition

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 14

3. Smazler. : Write to be Read: reading, reflection and writing. CUP

4. Wallace, M. 1980 Study Skills in English. CUP

5. Langan, J. 1981 English Skills McGraw Hill Book Co.

7. O’Brien & Jordan. 1985 Developing Reference Skills Collins

8. Price-Machado, D. 1998 Skills for Success. CUP

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

PST-321 Pakistan Studies 2(2-0) 40

Regeneration of Muslim Society in sub-continent and causes of decline of Muslim Rule.

All India Muslim League:

Luckhnow Pact 1916, high water mark of Hindu-Muslim Unity.

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 15

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-401 Calculus III 3(3-0) 60

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-403 Mechanics-I 3(3-0) 60

Prerequisites: Calculus I, Vector Calculus

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 16

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-405 Differential Equations-I 3(3-0) 60

Course Number Title Credit Hours Marks

MTH-407 Number Theory 3(3-0) 60

Preliminaries: Well-ordering principle. Principle of finite induction.

Outlines BS Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad. Page 17

1. D.M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, McGraw-Hill, 2007.