04 Madurai

Madurai
Madurai (/ˈmʌdʊraɪ/ MUH-doo-

rai,[3][4] US also /ˌmɑːdǝˈraɪ/ MAH-
dǝ-RY,[4][5][6] Tamil: [mɐðuɾɐi̯ ]) is a
major city in the Indian state of
Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital
of Tamil Nadu and the
administrative headquarters of
Madurai District. As of the 2011
:
census, it was the third largest
urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu
after Chennai and Coimbatore and
the 33rd most populated city in
India.[7] Located on the banks of
River Vaigai, Madurai has been a
major settlement for two millennia
and has a documented history of
more than 2500 years.[8][9] It is
often referred to as "Thoonga
Nagaram", meaning "the city that
never sleeps".[10]
Madurai
:
Madura (colonial)
Metropolis
Meenakshi Sundaraswarar Temple
Koodal Azhagar Thirumalai Nayakkar

temple Mahal
Gandhi Museum Madurai Junction
Madurai Airport Vaigai river

:
Thiruparankundram Aerial view
Nickname(s): Thoonga Nagaram

(The City that never sleeps), Athens
of the East, City of Jasmine, City of
Festivals, Temple City
Madurai
Madurai, Tamil
Nadu
:
Show map of Tamil Nadu
Show map of India
Show
Coordinates: all
9.925200°N
78.119800°E (https://geohack.toolf
orge.org/geohack.php?pagename=
Madurai&params=9.925200_N_78
.119800_E_type:city_region:IN-
TN)
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
District Madurai
Government
• Body Madurai
Municipal
Corporation
• Mayor V. Indirani
Ponvasanth,
DMK
Area
• Metropolis 303.97 km2
:
• Metropolis 303.97 km2
(117.36 sq mi)
• Rank 2
Elevation 134 m (440 ft)
Population (2011)[2]
• Metropolis 1,017,865 [a]
• Rank 44th
• Metro 1,465,625
• Metro rank 31st
Language
• Official Tamil, English
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN 625 xxx
Telephone 0452
code
Website maduraicorporation
.co.in (http://madur
:
aicorporation.co.in
)
Madurai is closely associated with

the Tamil language. The third Tamil
Sangam, a major congregation of
Tamil scholars, is said to have been
held in the city. The recorded
history of the city goes back to the
3rd century BCE, being mentioned
by Megasthenes, the Greek
ambassador to the Mauryan
Empire, and Kautilya, a minister of
the Mauryan emperor
Chandragupta Maurya. Signs of
:
human settlements and Roman
trade links dating back to 300 BCE
are evident from excavations by
Archeological Survey of India in
Manalur.[11][12][13] The city is
believed to be of significant
antiquity and has been ruled, at
different times, by the Pandyas,
Cholas, Madurai Sultanate,
Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai
Nayaks, Carnatic kingdom, and the
British East India Company British
Raj.
:
The city has a number of historical
monuments, with the Koodal
Azhagar temple, Meenakshi Temple
and the Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal
being the most prominent. Madurai
is an important industrial and
educational hub in South Tamil
Nadu. The city is home to various
automobile, rubber, chemical and
granite manufacturing
industries.[14]
Madurai has important government

educational institutes such as the
:
Madurai Medical College,
Homeopathic Medical College,[15]
Madurai Law College, Agricultural
College and Research Institute.
Madurai city is administered by a
municipal corporation established
in 1971 as per the Municipal
Corporation Act. The city covers an
area of 147.97 km2 (57.13 sq mi)
and had a population of 1,470,755
in 2011.[16] The city is also the seat
of a bench of the Madras High
Court.[b]
:
Etymology
According to Iravatham
Mahadevan, a 2nd-century BCE
Tamil-Brahmi inscription refers to
the city as matiray, an Old Tamil
word meaning a "walled city".[17]
Madurai is one of the many temple

towns in the state which is named
after the groves, clusters or forests
dominated by a particular variety of
a tree or shrub and the same
variety of tree or shrub sheltering
:
the presiding deity. The region is
believed to have been covered with
Kadamba forest and hence called
Kadambavanam.[18] The city is
referred by various names including
"Madurai", "Koodal", "Malligai
Maanagar", "Naanmadakoodal"
and "Thirualavai". It is believed that
Madurai is the derivative of the
word Marutham, which refers to the
type of landscape of the Sangam
age. A town in the neighbouring
Dindigul district is called Vada
Madurai (North Madurai) and
:
another in Sivagangai district is
called Manamadurai. The different
names by which the city has been
referred to historically are listed in
the 7th-century poem
Thiruvilayaadal Puraanam written
by Paranjothi Munivar.[19][20]
Vaishnava texts refer to Madurai as
the "southern Mathura", probably
similar to Tenkasi (southern
Kashi).[21][22]
Koodal means an assembly or

congregation of scholarly people,
:
referring to the three Tamil
Sangams held at Madurai.
Naanmadakoodal, meaning the
junction of four towers, refers to the
four major temples for which
Madurai was known for.[19]
Madurai was primarily considered
as a Vaishnavaite city.[23] The
sangam literature mentions the
Koodal Azhagar temple at the
centre of the city. Historians are of
the opinion that Koodal Azhagar
temple finds mention in Sangam
literature (3 century BCE - 3
:
century CE) in works like Madurai
Kanchi by Mangudi Marudan,
Paripāṭal, Kaliththokai and
Silappatikaram. Madurai Kanchi
details the Thiruvonam festival
celebrated in the temple. Koodal
Azhagar temple is revered in
Nalayira Divya Prabhandam, the
5th–9th century Vaishnava canon,
by Periyalvar, Thirumalisai Alvar
and Thirumangai Alvar. The temple
is classified as a Divya Desams,
one of the 108 Vishnu temples that
are mentioned in the book.[24]
:
During the 18th and 19th centuries,
the temple finds mention in several
works like 108 Tirupathi Anthathi
by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal
Aiyangar and Koodal Sthala
Purana. Tevaram, the 7th- or 8th-
century Tamil compositions on
Shiva by the three prominent
Nayanars (Saivites), namely
Appar,[25] Sundarar and
Thirugnanasambandar,[26][27]
address the city as
Thirualavai.[19][28]
:
History
Hand coloured antique wood

engraving drawn by W. Purser
(1858) shows Madurai city and
Meenakshi Temple as seen from
the north bank of the Vaigai river
Madurai is mentioned in the

Buddhist text Mahavamsa, that in
the 6th century BCE, Prince Vijaya
(BCE 543–505) married the
daughter of King Pandu of Madurai
and 700 men of prince Vijaya
married 700 maidens from Madurai
:
as their wives. The princess and
maidens were sent to Sri Lanka
with valuable items by ships and
they landed in MahaTittha, present-
day Mannar.[29]
Madurai has been inhabited since

at least the 3rd century BCE.[30]
Megasthenes may have visited
Madurai during the 3rd century
BCE, with the city referred as
"Methora" in his accounts.[19] The
view is contested by some scholars
who believe "Methora" refers to the
:
north Indian city of Mathura, as it
was a large and established city in
the Mauryan Empire.[31] Madurai is
also mentioned in Kautilya's (370–
283 BCE)[32] Arthashastra.[19]
Sangam literature like
Maturaikkāñci records the
importance of Madurai as a capital
city of the Pandyan dynasty.[33][34]
Madurai is mentioned in the works
of Roman historians Pliny the
Younger (61 – c. 112 CE), Ptolemy
(c. 90 – c. CE 168), those of the
Greek geographer Strabo (64/63
:
BCE – c. 24 CE),[35] and also in
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.[20]
Pandyan dynasty at its greatest

extent
Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan,

first ruler of the Sultanate of
Madurai, 1335–1339 CE
After the Sangam age, most of

present-day Tamil Nadu, including
Madurai, came under the rule of the
:
Kalabhra dynasty,[36] which was
ousted by the Pandyas around 590
CE.[37][38] The Pandyas were
ousted from Madurai by the Chola
dynasty during the early 9th
century. The city was fought over
between the Cholas and the
Pandyas during the 12th century,
changing hands several times,[39]
until the early 13th century, when
the second Pandyan empire was
established with Madurai as its
capital.[40] After the death of
Kulasekara Pandian (1268–1308
:
CE), Madurai came under the rule
of the Delhi Sultanate.[40] The
Madurai Sultanate then seceded
from Delhi and functioned as an
independent kingdom until its
gradual annexation by the
Vijayanagara Empire in 1378 CE.
Madurai became independent from
Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the
Nayaks.[41] Nayak rule ended in
1736 CE and Madurai was
repeatedly captured several times
by Chanda Sahib (1740 – 1754
CE), Arcot Nawab and Muhammed
:
Yusuf Khan (1725 – 1764 CE) in
the middle of the 18th century.[19]
In 1801, Madurai came under the

direct control of the British East
India Company and was annexed
to the Madras Presidency.[42][43]
The British government made
donations to the Meenakshi temple
and participated in the Hindu
festivals during the early part of
their rule. The city evolved as a
political and industrial complex
through the 19th and 20th
:
centuries to become a district
headquarters of a larger Madurai
district.[44] In 1837, the
fortifications around the temple
were demolished by the British.[45]
The moat was drained and the
debris was used to construct new
streets – Veli, Marat and Perumaal
Mesthiri streets.[46] The city was
constituted as a municipality in
1866 under the Town Improvement
Act of 1865.[47] The British
government faced initial hiccups
during the earlier period of the
:
establishment of municipality in
land ceiling and tax collection in
Madurai and Dindigul districts
under the direct administration of
the officers of the government. The
city, along with the district, was
resurveyed between 1880 and
1885 CE and subsequently, five
municipalities were constituted in
the two districts and six taluk
boards were set up for local
administration. Police stations were
established in Madurai city, housing
the headquarters of the District
:
Superintendent.[48]
It was in Madurai, in 1921, that

Mahatma Gandhi, pre-eminent
leader of Indian nationalism in
British-ruled India, first adopted the
loin cloth as his mode of dress after
seeing agricultural labourers
wearing it.[49] Leaders of the
independence movement in
Madurai included N. M. R.
Subbaraman,[50][51] Karumuttu
Thiagarajan Chettiar and
Mohammad Ismail Sahib.[52] The
:
Temple Entry Authorization and
Indemnity Act passed by the
government of Madras Presidency
under C. Rajagopalachari in 1939
removed restrictions prohibiting
Shanars and Dalits from entering
Hindu temples. The temple entry
movement was first led in Madurai
Meenakshi temple by
independence activist A.
Vaidyanatha Iyer in 1939.[53][54]
In 1971, the municipality of Madurai

was upgraded to a Municipal
:
Corporation.[55] In 2011 the
Corporation of Madurai expanded
the area of its jurisdiction from
seventy-two wards to one hundred
wards, an increase in area from
51.82 square kilometres (12,810
acres) to 147.997 square
kilometres (36,571 acres).[55]
Architecture
:
Map of Madurai showing core
centre of the city and some
important landmarks
Madurai is built around the Koodal

Azhagar temple and Meenakshi
Temple, which acted as the
geographic and ritual centre of the
ancient city of Madurai. The city is
divided into a number of concentric
quadrangular streets around the
temple.[56] Viswanatha Nayak
(1529–64 CE), the first Madurai
:
Nayak king, redesigned the city in
accordance with the principles laid
out by Shilpa Shastras (Sanskrit:
śilpa śāstra, also anglicised as silpa
sastra meaning rules of
architecture) related to urban
planning. These squares retain their
traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai,
Avani-moola and Masi streets,
corresponding to the Tamil month
names and also to the festivals
associated.[56]
The temple prakarams (outer

:
precincts of a temple) and streets
accommodate an elaborate festival
calendar in which dramatic
processions circumambulate the
shrines at varying distances from
the centre. The temple chariots
used in processions are
progressively larger in size based
on the size of the concentric
streets.[57] Ancient Tamil classics
record the temple as the centre of
the city and the surrounding streets
appearing liken a lotus and its
petals.[20] The city's axes were
:
aligned with the four-quarters of
the compass, and the four
gateways of the temple provided
access to it. The wealthy and
higher echelons of the society were
placed in streets close to the
temple, while the poorest were
placed in the fringe streets. With
the advent of British rule during the
19th century, Madurai became the
headquarters of a large colonial
political complex and an industrial
town; with urbanisation, the social
hierarchical classes became
:
unified.[56]
Geography and climate
Vaigai River in Madurai
The Corporation of Madurai has an

area of 147.97 square kilometres or
57.13 square miles.[58]
:
Madurai is located at 9.93°N
78.12°E (https://geohack.toolforge.
org/geohack.php?pagename=Mad
urai&params=9.93_N_78.12_E_) .[59]
It has an average elevation of 134
metres. The city of Madurai lies on
the flat and fertile plain of the river
Vaigai, which runs in the
northwest–southeast direction
through the city, dividing it into two
almost equal halves.[60] The
Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to
the north and west of Madurai. The
land in and around Madurai is
:
utilised largely for agricultural
activity, which is fostered by the
Periyar Dam.[61] Madurai lies
southeast of the western ghats,
and the surrounding region
occupies the plains of South India
and contains several mountain
spurs.[62] The soil type in central
Madurai is predominantly clay
loam, while red loam and black
cotton types are widely prevalent in
the outer fringes of the city. Paddy
is the major crop, followed by
pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and
:
sugarcane.[63]
As is typical for Tamil Nadu,

Madurai has a tropical savanna
climate (Köppen Aw/As), although
it borders closely upon a hot semi-
arid climate (BSh).
Madurai is hot and dry for eight

months of the year. Cold winds are
experienced during February and
March as in the neighbouring
Dindigul. The hottest months are
from March to July. The city
experiences a moderate climate
:
from August to October, tempered
by heavy rain and thundershowers,
and a slightly cooler climate from
November to February. Fog and
dew are rare, occurring only during
the winter season. Being
equidistant from mountains and the
sea, it experiences similar monsoon
pattern with Northeast monsoon
and Southwest monsoon, with the
former providing more rain during
October to December.[64] The
average annual rainfall for the
Madurai district is about
:
85.76 cm.[65]
Temperatures during summer

generally reach a maximum of
42 °C or 107.6 °F and a minimum
of 26.3 °C or 79.3 °F, although
temperatures up to 43 °C or
109.4 °F are not uncommon.[66]
Winter temperatures range
between 29.6 °C or 85.3 °F and
18 °C or 64.4 °F. A study based on
the data available with the Indian
Meteorological Department on
Madurai over a period of 62 years
:
indicate rising trend in atmospheric
temperature over Madurai city,
attributed to urbanisation, growth
of vehicles and industrial
activity.[66] The maximum
temperature of 42 °C or 107.6 °F
for the decade of 2001 to 2010
was recorded in 2004 and in
2010.[66]
:
Climate data for Madurai, India (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Record high 39.1 38.5 41.7 42.1 44.5 42.2 40.6 40.0
°C (°F) (102.4) (101.3) (107.1) (107.8) (112.1) (108.0) (105.1) (104.0)
Average 30.8 33.3 36.0 37.2 37.9 37.2 36.5 36.2
high °C (°F) (87.4) (91.9) (96.8) (99.0) (100.2) (99.0) (97.7) (97.2)
Average low 19.6 21.5 23.4 25.6 26.3 26.2 25.9 25.5
°C (°F) (67.3) (70.7) (74.1) (78.1) (79.3) (79.2) (78.6) (77.9)
Record low 15.6 10.5 16.9 19.4 17.8 17.8 19.4 20.6
°C (°F) (60.1) (50.9) (62.4) (66.9) (64.0) (64.0) (66.9) (69.1)
Average
8.5 11.0 18.3 60.1 80.6 34.3 56.9 93.9
precipitation
(0.33) (0.43) (0.72) (2.37) (3.17) (1.35) (2.24) (3.70)
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation 0.8 1.1 1.2 3.3 4.0 2.2 2.9 4.6
days
Average
relative
77 77 76 72 70 68 70 71
humidity
(%)
Average
ultraviolet 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8
index
Source 1: Indian Meteorological Department Mean data from 1981–2010
Source 2: Weather Atlas[69]
Demographics
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
:
1951 361,781 —
1961 424,810 +17.4%
1971 549,114 +29.3%
1981 820,891+49.5%
1991 940,989 +14.6%
2001 928,869 −1.3%
2011 1,017,865 +9.6%
Source:
1951 – 1981:[70]
1991:[71]
2001:[72]
2011:[1]
:
Religion in Madurai (2011)
Religion Percent(%)
Hinduism 85.83%
Islam 8.54%
Christianity 5.18%
Others 0.47%
According to 2011 census based

on pre-expansion limits, the area
covered under the Corporation of
Madurai had a population of
1,017,865[1] with a sex-ratio of 999
females for every 1,000 males,
much above the national average
:
of 929.[73] A total of 100,324 were
under the age of six, constituting
51,485 males and 48,839 females.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes accounted for 6.27% and
0.31% of the population
respectively. The average literacy
of the city was 81.95%, compared
to the national average of
72.99%.[16] The urban
agglomeration of Madurai had a
population of 1,465,625,[74] and is
the third largest in Tamil Nadu and
the 31st in India.[75][76]
:
According to the religious census
of 2011, Madurai had 85.83%
Hindus, 8.54% Muslims, 5.18%
Christians and 0.47% others.[77]
Tamil is the main language, and the
standard dialect is the Madurai
Tamil dialect, and is spoken by
89.0% of the population.[78]
Saurashtra, is the largest minority
language which is spoken by 5.4%
of the population. Other significant
minority languages include Telugu
(2.7%) and Urdu (1.5%).[79] Roman
Catholics in Madurai are affiliated
:
with the Roman Catholic Diocese
of Madurai,[80] while Protestants
are affiliated with the Madurai-
Ramnad Diocese of the Church of
South India.[81]
In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise

32.6 per cent of the total
population, much higher than the
national average of 15.05 per
cent.[82][83] The increase in growth
rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to
1981 is due to the city's upgrade to
a municipal corporation in 1974
:
and the subsequent inclusion of 13
Panchayats into the corporation
limits. The decline in the population
growth rate between 1981 and
2001 is due to the bifurcation of
Madurai district into two, Madurai
and Dindigul in 1984, and the
subsequently of part of the city into
the Theni district in 1997. The
compounded annual growth rate
dropped from 4.10 per cent during
1971–81 to 1.27 per cent during
1991–2004.[84]
:
Administration and
politics
Municipal Corporation Officials
Mrs.Indirani
Mayor
Ponvasanth[85]
Commissioner Visagan[86]
Deputy Mayor seat vacant[87]
Members of Legislative Assembly
P.T.R. Palanivel
Madurai Central
Thiagarajan[88]
Madurai East P.Moorthy[88]
Madurai North G. Thalapathi[88]
Madurai South M. Boominathan
:
Madurai West Sellur K. Raju[88]
[89] V. V. Rajan
Thiruparankundram
Chellappa
Thirumangalam R.B.Udhayakumar
Members of Parliament
Madurai S. Venkatesan
Virudhunagar Manicka Tagore
Front view of the corporation

office
The municipality of Madurai was

constituted on 1 November 1866
:
as per the Town Improvement Act
of 1865.[47] The municipality was
headed by a chairperson and
elections were regularly conducted
for the post except during the
period 1891 to 1896, when no
elections were held due to violent
factionalism. During the early years
of independent India, the Madurai
municipality was dominated by
reformists of the Indian National
Congress.[92] Madurai was
upgraded to a municipal
corporation on 1 May 1971 as per
:
the Madurai City Municipal
Corporation Act, 1971.[93] It is the
second oldest municipal
corporation in Tamil Nadu, after
Chennai.[94] The functions of the
municipality are devolved into six
departments: General, Engineering,
Revenue, Public Health, Town
planning, and the Computer Wing.
All these departments are under
the control of a Municipal
Commissioner, who is the supreme
executive head.[95] The legislative
powers are vested in a body of 100
:
members, one each from the 100
wards. The legislative body is
headed by an elected Mayor
assisted by a Deputy Mayor.[96]
The corporation received several
awards in 2008 for implementing
development works.[97]
The city of Madurai is represented

in the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly by six elected members,
one each for the Madurai East,
Madurai West, Madurai North,
Madurai Central, Madurai South
:
and Thirupparankundram
constituencies.[98] Most of Madurai
city comes under the Madurai Lok
Sabha constituency and elects a
member to the Lok Sabha, the
lower house of the Parliament of
India, once every five years.[99]
From 1957, the Madurai parliament
seat was held by the Indian
National Congress seven times in
the 1962–67,[100] 1971–77,[101]
1977–80,[102] 1980–84,[103]
1984–89,[104] 1989–91[105] and
1991 elections.[106] The
:
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
won the seat three times during
1967–71,[107] 1999–2004[108] and
2004–09[109] general elections.
The Communist Party of India
(1957–61),[110] Tamil Maanila
Congress (Moopanar) (1996–
98),[111] Janata Party (1998),[112]
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(2009–2014)[113] and All India
Anna Dravida Munnertra
Kazhagam (2014–2020)[90] have
each won once. Part of the city
which falls under
:
Thirupparankundram assembly
constituency comes under the
Virudhunagar Lok Sabha
constituency.[91]
Law and order is enforced by the

Tamil Nadu Police, which, for
administrative purposes, has
constituted Madurai city as a
separate district. The district is
divided into four sub-divisions,
namely Thallakulam, Anna Nagar,
Thilagar Thidal and Town,[114] with
a total of 27 police stations.[115]
:
The Madurai city police force is
headed by a Commissioner of
police, assisted by Deputy
Commissioners. Enforcement of
law and order in the suburban
areas are handled by the Madurai
district police.[116] In 2008, the
crime rate in the city was 283.2 per
100,000 people, accounting for 1.1
per cent of all crimes reported in
major cities in India, and it was
ranked 19th among 35 major cities
in India. As of 2008, Madurai
recorded the second highest SLL
:
(Special and Local Laws) crimes, at
22,728, among cities in Tamil Nadu.
However, Madurai had the second
lowest crime rate at 169.1 of all the
cities in Tamil Nadu.[117] The city is
also the seat of a bench of the
Madras High Court, one of only a
few outside the state capitals of
India. It started functioning in July
2004.[118]
Transport
:
M.G.R. Bus Stand (Mattuthavani)
The National Highways NH 7, NH

45B, NH 208 and NH 49 pass
through Madurai.[119] The state
highways passing through the city
are SH-32, SH-33 and SH-72,
which connect various parts of
Madurai district. Madurai is one of
the seven circles of the Tamil Nadu
State Highway network.[120]
Madurai is the headquarters of the
:
Tamil Nadu State Transport
Corporation (Madurai) and
provides local and inter city bus
transport across four districts
namely Madurai, Dindigul, Theni,
and Virudhunagar.[121] Madurai has
four major bus stands, namely,
Mattuthavani Integrated Bus
Terminus (MIBT), Arappalayam,
Palanganatham and Periyar Bus
stand.[122] There are 12,754
registered three-wheeled vehicle
called auto rickshaws which are
commercially available for renting
:
within the city.[123] Over the
government operated city buses
that are used for public transport,
there are 236 registered private
mini-buses that support local
transportation.[124]
Madurai Junction railway

station, the main railway
station of Madurai
Madurai Junction is an important

railway junction in southern Tamil
Nadu and constitutes a separate
:
division of the Southern Railway
zone.[125] There are direct trains
from Madurai connecting the
important cities in Tamil Nadu like
Chennai, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari,
Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli,
Karaikudi, Mayiladuthurai,
Rameswaram, Thanjavur, Tiruttani,
Tirupathi and Virudhachalam.[126]
Madurai has rail connectivity with
most important cities and towns in
India.[126] Madurai has rail
connectivity with important cities
and towns in India.[127] The state
:
government has announced the
Madurai Monorail in 2011;[128] as of
2020, it remains in planning
stages.[129]
Madurai Domestic Airport,

Avaniyapuram
Madurai International Airport, first

used by the Royal Air Force in
World War II in 1942.,[130] is located
12 kilometers from the city.[131] The
airport was declared a customs
airport in 2012 allowing limited
:
number of international flights.[132]
It offers domestic flights to some
cities in India and international
services to Colombo, Dubai and for
Singapore on a daily basis started
by Air India Express since February
2018.[133] The carriers operating
from the airport are Air India, Air
India Express, SpiceJet, IndiGo and
SriLankan Airlines.[134] The airport
handled 842,300 passengers
between April 2015 and March
2016.[135][136]
:
Education
The American College, started in

1881, is the oldest college in the
city.
Madurai has been an academic

centre of learning for Tamil culture,
literature, art, music and dance for
centuries.[137] All three assemblies
of the Tamil language, the Tamil
Sangam (about the 3rd century
BCE to the 3rd century CE), were
said to have been held at
:
Madurai.[138] Tamil poets of
different epochs participated in
these assemblies, and their
compositions are referred to as
Sangam literature.[35] During the
third Tamil sangam, the
comparative merit of the poets was
decided by letting the works float in
the lotus tank of the temple. It was
believed that a divine force would
cause the work of superior merit to
float on the surface, while the
inferior ones would sink.[137][139]
:
The American College is the oldest
college in Madurai, and was
established in 1881 by American
Christian missionaries.[140] The
Lady Doak College, established in
1948, is the oldest women's
college in Madurai.[141] Thiagarajar
College (established in 1949),
Madura College (established in
1889),[142] Fatima College is a
women's general degree
college[143] (established in
1953),[144] Sourashtra College
(established in 1967) and M.S.S.
:
Wakf Board College (established in
1964), Tamil Nadu Polytechnic
College ( established in 1946),[145]
are the oldest educational
institutions of the city. Madurai
Kamaraj University (originally
called Madurai University),
established in 1966, is a state-run
university which has 109 affiliated
arts and science colleges in
Madurai and neighbouring districts.
There are 47 approved institutions
of the university in and around the
city, consisting of autonomous
:
colleges, aided colleges, self-
financing colleges, constituent
colleges, evening colleges and
other approved institutions.[146]
There are seven polytechnical

schools and five Industrial training
institutes (ITIs) in Madurai, with the
Government ITI and the
Government Polytechnic for
Women being the most prominent
of them all. There are two
government medical institutes in
Madurai, Madurai Medical College
:
and Homoeopathic Medical
College, Thirumangalam and 11
paramedical institutes. There are
fifteen engineering colleges in
Madurai affiliated to Anna
University, with the Thiagarajar
College of Engineering being the
oldest.[15] The Madurai Law
College, established in 1979, is one
of the seven government law
colleges in the state. It is
administered by the Tamil Nadu
Government Department of Legal
Studies, and affiliated with the
:
Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law
University.[147] There are three
teacher training institutes, two
music colleges, three management
institutes and 30 arts and sciences
colleges in Madurai.[15] The
agricultural college and research
institute in Madurai, started in 1965
by the state government, provides
agricultural education to aspirants
in the southern districts of Tamil
Nadu.[148] There are a total of 369
primary, secondary and higher
secondary schools in the city.[149]
:
All India Institutes of Medical
Sciences, a premier medical
institution, is also under
construction in Madurai and will
cover 224 acres (910,000 m2) of
land, at an estimated cost of
₹1,264 crore (US$160 million), and
additionally allotted ₹736 crore
(US$92 million) total around
₹2,000 crore (US$250 million) in
the sub-urban Thoppur Madurai
district.[150]
Economy
:
Harvey Mills, c. 1914
A software company at
Thirupparankundram
Madurai was traditionally an

agrarian society, with rice paddies
as the main crop. Cotton crop
cultivation in the regions with black
soil in Madurai district was
:
introduced during the Nayaka rule
during the 16th century to increase
the revenue from agriculture.[151]
The paddy fields cultivated in the
Vaigai delta across Madurai North,
Melur, Nilakottai and
Uthamapalayam are known as
"double-crop paddy belts".
Farmers in the district supplement
their income with subsidiary
occupations like dairy farming,
poultry-farming, pottery, brick
making, mat-weaving and
carpentry.[152] Madurai is famed for
:
its jasmine plantations, called
"Madurai Malli", primarily carried
out at the foothills of Kodaikanal
hills and traded at the Madurai
morning flower market. An average
of 2,000 farmers sell flowers daily
at the flower market.[137]
With the advent of Small Scale

Industries (SSI) after 1991, the
industrialisation of Madurai
increased employment in the
sector across the district from
63,271 in 1992–93 to 166,121
:
persons in 2001–02.[153] Madurai
is one of the few rubber growing
areas in South India,[154] and there
are rubber-based industries in
Madurai. Gloves, sporting goods,
mats, other utility products and
automobile rubber components are
the most produced items by these
industries. Automobile
manufacturers are the major
consumers of rubber components
produced in the city.[14] There are
numerous textile, granite and
chemical industries operating in
:
Madurai.[155]
Madurai is promoted as a tier II city

for IT and Industry. Kappalur which
is sub-urban of Madurai is business
hub for automotive industries such
as KUN BMW, Isuzu, Volkswagen,
Toyota, Mahindra, Tata, Maruti
Suzuki, Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland,
Jeep, Fiat India (FCA). The
government has created
Utchapatti-Thoppur satellite
Township in Kappalur. Small
Industries Development
:
Corporation Kappalur has many
polymer and houseware
manufacturing units.some software
companies have opened their
offices in Madurai.[156] Software
Technology Parks of India, an
agency of the Government of India,
has authorised several such
companies to receive benefits
under its national information
technology development program.
The state government proposed
two IT-based Special Economic
Zones (SEZ) in Madurai, and these
:
have been fully occupied by
various IT companies, HCLTech
and Honeywell have their own
campuses in ELCOT IT Park in
Madurai.[157][158][159]
Religious sites
:
Kazimar Big Mosque, the first
and oldest mosque in the city
Mahavira at Samanar Hills
Meenakshi Amman Temple is a

historic Hindu temple located on
the south side of the Vaigai River in
:
Madurai , which is one of the most
prominent landmarks of the
city.[138] It is dedicated to Parvati
known as Meenakshi and her
consort, Shiva as
Sundareswarar.[137] The complex
houses 14 gopurams (gateway
towers) ranging from 45–50
metres (148–164 ft) in height, the
tallest being the southern tower,
51.9 metres (170 ft) high. There are
also two golden sculptured vimana
(shrines) over the sanctum of the
main deities. The temple is a
:
significant symbol for Tamils and
has been mentioned since antiquity
in Tamil literature, though the
present structure was built
between 1623 and 1655
CE.[56][160] The temple attracts
15,000 visitors a day and around
25,000 during Fridays. There are
an estimated 33,000 sculptures in
the temple.[161]
Koodal Azhagar Temple is a historic

Hindu temple located on the south
:
side of the Vaigai River in Madurai ,
which is one of the most prominent
landmarks of the city. The temple is
dedicated to Maha Vishnu. It has
idols of the Navagraha (nine planet
deities), which are otherwise found
only in Shiva temples.[162][163] the
temple is glorified in the Naalayira
Divya Prabandham, the early
medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar
saints from the 6th–9th centuries
CE. It is one of the 108 Divya
Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who
is worshipped as Viyooga
:
Sundarrajan, and his consort
Lakshmi as Mathuravalli.[164] A
granite wall surrounds the temple,
enclosing all its shrines. The temple
has a five-tiered rajagopuram, the
gateway tower. The temple is
originally believed to be built by the
Pandyas, with later additions by the
Vijayanagara empire and Madurai
Nayaks kings who commissioned
pillared halls and major shrines of
the temple during the 16th century.
The Kallalagar temple, Alagar Koyil,

:
is a celebrated Vishnu temple 21
kilometres (13 mi) northeast of
Madurai situated at the foothills of
Solaimalai.[165] The deity,
Kallazhagar, is believed to be the
brother of Meenakshi and
worshiped by Meenakshi, the
presiding deity at the Meenakshi
temple.[35] The festival calendars
of these two temples overlap
during the Meenakshi
Thirukalyanam festival. The temple
is glorified in the Naalayira Divya
Prabandham, the early medieval
:
Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from
the 5th–9th centuries CE. It is one
of the 108 Divya Desams
dedicated to Maha Vishnu, who is
worshiped as Kallalagar, and his
consort Lakshmi as Thirumagal.
This temple is called as
Thirumaliruncholai in Sangam
literatures and Naalayira Divya
Prabandham sung by Tamil Alvar
saints.[166]
[167] Pazhamudircholai, one of the

other six abodes of the Hindu god
:
Murugan, is located atop the
Solaimalai hill.[165]
Thiruparankundram is a hill 8
kilometres (5.0 mi) away from
Madurai, where the Hindu god
Murugan is believed to have
married Deivanai. The temple is the
first among the six holy abodes of
Murugan, the Arupadai Veedu,
literally "Six Battle Camps", and
one of the most visited tourist
spots in Madurai.[168] The temple
has a wide range of Hindu gods
carved on the walls.[165]
:
Kazimar Big Mosque is the first
Muslim place of worship in the city.
It was constructed under the
supervision of Kazi Syed Tajuddin,
believed to be a descendant of the
prophet Muhammed. He came from
Oman and received the piece of
land from the Pandya ruler,
Kulasekara Pandiyan during the
13th century.[137][169][170] It is
claimed to be the oldest Islamic
monument in Madurai. The dargah
of Madurai Hazrats called as
Madurai Maqbara is located inside
:
the mosque.[169]
Tirupparankunram Dargah is the
grave of an Islamic saint who came
from Jeddah; his festival is
celebrated during Rajab every Hijri
year.[171]
Goripalayam Mosque is located in

Gorippalayam, the name of which is
derived from the Persian word Gor,
meaning Grave.[171] The graves of
Hazrat Sulthan Alauddin Badhusha,
Hazrat Sulthan Shamsuddeen
Badhusha and Hazrat Sulthan
:
Ghaibuddeen Badhusha are found
here. The urus festival of this
dargah is held on 15th night of the
Islamic month of Rabi al-awwal on
every hijri year.[172] St. Mary's
Cathedral is the seat of the Roman
Catholic Archdiocese of
Madurai.[80] Samanar Malai and
Panchapandavar Malai are
important Jain centres.[173]
Culture and tourism

:
Gandhi Memorial Museum, one of the five Gandhi
Sangrahalayas in India
Pillared halls of Thirumalai

Nayakar Palace, built during 1636
CE and a national monument
Madurai is popularly called

Thoonga Nagaram meaning the
:
city that never sleeps, on account
of the active night life.[174] The city
attracts a large number of tourists
from within the country and abroad.
About 9,100,000 tourists visited
Madurai in 2010, out of which
foreigners numbered 524,000.[175]
The palace complex of Thirumalai
Nayak Palace was constructed in
the Indo-Saracenic style by
Thirumalai Nayakar in 1636 CE. It is
a national monument maintained
by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological
Department. The daily sound and
:
light show organized by the
department explains the virtues of
King Thirumalai and the features of
the palace.[165] The palace of Rani
Mangamma has been renovated to
house one of the five Gandhi
Sanghralayas (Gandhi Memorial
Museum, Madurai) in the country. It
includes a part of the blood-
stained garment worn by Gandhi
when he was assassinated by
Nathuram Godse.[176] A visit by
Martin Luther King Jr. to the
museum inspired him to lead
:
peaceful protests against
discrimination.[177]
The Eco park, situated in

Tallakulam, features fountains and
lighting in trees using optical
fibres.[178] Rajaji children park,
maintained by the Corporation of
Madurai, is situated between the
Gandhi museum and the
Tamukkam grounds – it has a
visitor average of 5,000 per day
during holidays and 2,000–3,000
on working days.[179] MGR Race
:
Course Stadium is an athletic
stadium which has a synthetic
track and a swimming pool.[180]
Several National Meets are held
here.[181] It also hosts several
international and national level
Kabbadi Championships.[182]
Railway grounds at Arasaradi,
Medical college grounds & Madura
College Grounds are the full-
fledged cricket stadiums in the city.
:
Mariamman Theppakkulam, the
temple tank of Mariamman temple
The people of Madurai celebrate

numerous festivals, which include
Meenakshi Tirukkalyanam, the
Chittirai Festival and the Car
Festival. The annual 10 day
Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival,
also called Chittirai festival,
celebrated during April–May every
year attracts 1 million visitors.
Legend has it that Hindu god
Vishnu, as Alagar, rode on a golden
:
horse to Madurai to attend the
celestial wedding of Meenakshi
(Parvati) with Sundareswarar
(Shiva).[167] During the Cradle
festival, the festive idols of
Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are
taken in procession to a mirror
chamber and set on a rocking
swing for nine days.[167]
Avanimoolam festival is celebrated
during the month of September
when the 64 sacred games of
Hindu god Shiva, thiruvilayadal are
recited.[167] The Thepporchavam
:
festival or float festival is celebrated
in the month of January – February,
on the full moon day of Tamil
Month Thai to celebrate the birth
anniversary of King Thirumalai
Nayak. The decorated icons of the
Meenakshi and her consort are
taken out in a procession from the
Meenakshi Temple to the
Mariamman Teppakulam. The icons
are floated in the tank on a raft
decked with flowers and flickering
lamps.[165]
:
Jallikattu is the most popular
historical sport in Tamil Nadu,
which is a part of the Pongal
festival (harvest festival) celebrated
during January. The bull taming
event is held in the villages
surrounding Madurai when people
from the neighbouring villages
throng the open grounds to watch
man and bull pitting their strength
against each other.[167] Although
the event was banned by the
Supreme Court of India in 2014,
large protests in 2017 led to the
:
sport's reinstatement.[183]
Santhanakoodu festivals in Madurai
are celebrated on various days
during the Islamic calendar year to
commemorate Islamic saints.[184]
Media and utility services
The Madurai Bench of Madras

High Court
The city hosts several radio

stations, including the state-owned
:
All India Radio[185] and private
channels like Hello FM, Radio
Mirchi,[186] Suryan FM[187] and
Radio City. The Hindu,[188] The
New Indian Express[189] and The
Times of India[190] are the three
principal English-language daily
newspapers which have Madurai
editions. Deccan Chronicle, though
not printed in the city, is another
English-language daily newspaper
available in the city.[191] The most
read Tamil-language daily morning
newspapers include Dinamalar,[192]
:
Dina Thanthi,[193] Dinamani[189]
and Dinakaran[194] – all these
newspapers have editions from
Madurai. There are also daily Tamil
evening newspapers like Tamil
Murasu, Malai Murasu and Maalai
Malar[195] published in Madurai.
Television broadcasting from
Chennai for whole of Tamil Nadu
was started on 15 August
1975.[196] Direct-to-home cable
television services are provided by
DD Direct Plus[197][198] and other
private service providers.[199]
:
Electricity supply to the city is
regulated and distributed by the
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
(TNEB). The city is the
headquarters of the Madurai region
of TNEB and along with its suburbs,
forms the Madurai Metro Electricity
Distribution Circle, which is further
divided into six divisions.[200]
Water supply is provided by the
Madurai City Corporation with
overhead tanks and power pumps.
In the period 2010–2011, a total of
950.6 lakh litres of water was
:
supplied to 87,091 connections for
households in Madurai.[201]
About 400 metric tonnes of solid

waste are collected from the city
every day by door-to-door
collection, and the subsequent
source segregation and dumping is
carried out by the sanitary
department of the Corporation of
Madurai All the major channels in
Madurai are linked by the
corporation to receive the flood
water from primary, secondary and
:
tertiary drains constructed along
the roadsides to dispose of rain
water. The sewer system was first
established by the British in
Madurai in 1924 to cover the core
city area, which covers 30 per cent
of the present city area. It was
further expanded in 1959 and
1983 by a corporation plan. The
2011 Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission covered
90 per cent of households with
underground drainage system.[202]
:
Madurai comes under the Madurai
telecom district of the Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL),
India's state-owned telecom and
internet services provider. Both
Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) and Code
division multiple access (CDMA)
mobile services are available. Apart
from telecom, BSNL also provides
broadband internet service and
Caller Line Identification (CLI)
based internet service
Netone.[203][204]
:
A regional passport office was
opened on 17 December 2007 and
caters to the needs of nine
districts.[205] The city is served by
the Government Rajaji
Hospital.[206] A branch of All India
Institutes of Medical Sciences in
Thoppur, in the outskirts of the city,
is set to be completed by 2022 as
per Central government press
release.[207]
See also
:
Madurai metropolitan area
Thalaivankottai
Vaigai Dam
Athisayam Theme park
Footnotes
a. The figure corresponds to the
expanded city limits. According
to the 2011 census, the total city
covering an area of 51.82 square
kilometres (20.01 sq mi) had a
population of 1,017,865. [1]
b. The Madurai Bench has been
functioning since 2004.
:
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(https://tnchamber.in/)
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04 Madurai

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04 Madurai

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Madurai

Madurai (/ˈmʌdʊraɪ/ MUH-doo-

Meenakshi Sundaraswarar Temple

Koodal Azhagar Thirumalai Nayakkar

Gandhi Museum Madurai Junction

Madurai Airport Vaigai river

Nickname(s): Thoonga Nagaram

Madurai is closely associated with

Madurai has important government

Madurai is one of the many temple

Koodal means an assembly or

Hand coloured antique wood

Madurai is mentioned in the

Madurai has been inhabited since

Pandyan dynasty at its greatest

Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan,

After the Sangam age, most of

In 1801, Madurai came under the

It was in Madurai, in 1921, that

In 1971, the municipality of Madurai

Madurai is built around the Koodal

The temple prakarams (outer

Geography and climate

Vaigai River in Madurai

The Corporation of Madurai has an

As is typical for Tamil Nadu,

Madurai is hot and dry for eight

Temperatures during summer

According to 2011 census based

In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise

Front view of the corporation

The municipality of Madurai was

The city of Madurai is represented

Law and order is enforced by the

The National Highways NH 7, NH

Madurai Junction railway

Madurai Junction is an important

Madurai Domestic Airport,

Madurai International Airport, first

The American College, started in

Madurai has been an academic

There are seven polytechnical

Madurai was traditionally an

With the advent of Small Scale

Madurai is promoted as a tier II city

Mahavira at Samanar Hills

Meenakshi Amman Temple is a

Koodal Azhagar Temple is a historic

The Kallalagar temple, Alagar Koyil,

[167] Pazhamudircholai, one of the

Goripalayam Mosque is located in

Culture and tourism

Pillared halls of Thirumalai

Madurai is popularly called

The Eco park, situated in

The people of Madurai celebrate

Media and utility services

The Madurai Bench of Madras

The city hosts several radio

About 400 metric tonnes of solid

Reynolds, Holly Baker; Bardwell,

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