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General allocation problems with single-peaked preferences: path-


independence and related topics

Article in Spanish Economic Review · May 2002


DOI: 10.1007/s101080200038 · Source: RePEc

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dqg iru doo  5 c zh kdyh 8 E-c RE-c A  ' 4@ iRE- nbc fjc zkhuh b lv fkrvhq wr
rewdlq ihdvlelolw|1 Plog wudqvihu qr0hqy|/ h!flhqf|/ dqg sdwk0lqghshqghqfh kdyh
vwurqj lpsolfdwlrqv=
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hqy|/ dqg sdwk0lqghshqghqfh1 Wkhq/ iru doo e ' E-c fc A  5 G  c 8 Ee ' (Ee
Ixuwkhupruh/ li / ' (E-c fc A c wkhq/ 8 E-c /c A  ' (E-c /c A 
 

5 Surri= Vlqfh 8 vdwlvhv sdwk0lqghshqghqfh/ 8 E-c fc A  ' 8 E-c 5RE-c A 


R E- Qrz/ ehfdxvh ri plog wudqvihu qr0hqy|/
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8 E-c fc A  ' (E-c fc A 
Ohw qrz / ' 8 E-c fc A c dqg frqvlghu wkh sureohp E-c /c A  Li 8 vdwlv0


hv h!flhqf|/ plog wudqvihu qr0hqy| dqg sdwk0lqghshqghqfh/ / ' 8 E-c fc A  '
(E-c fc A  Ixuwkhupruh/ e| sdwk0lqghshqghqfh/ 8 E-c fc A n A  ' 8 E-c /c A c
 

dqg vlqfh 8 E-c fc A nA  ' (E-c fc A  ' (E-c /c A c zh rewdlq wkdw 8 E-c /c A  '
   

(E-c /c A  


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plog wudqvihu qr0hqy| kdv wr frlqflgh zlwk wkh htxdo0glvwdqfh uxoh iru sxuh glvwul0
exwlrq sureohpv/ dqg dovr iru jhqhudo sureohpv vxfk wkdw wkh hqgrzphqwv ehorqj
wr wkh qr hqgrzphqwv htxdo0glvwdqfh sdwk1
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2 hqylhv wkh glhuhqfh iurp lwv hqgrzphqw ri djhqw 4*v fruuhvsrqglqj glhuhqfh/
d n E  o2 
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Plog qr0hqy|= Iru doo  5 Q c doo - 5 8 c dqg doo e ' E-c /c A  5 J  c vxfk
wkdw / ' RE-c wkhuh duh qr c  5  vxfk wkdw 8 Ee 8 Ee
Wkh dowhuqdwlyh xqlirup uxoh vdwlvhv plog qr0hqy|1 Erwk wkh htxdo0glvwdqfh
dqg wkh xqlirup uxohv gr qrw1 Plog qr0hqy|/ h!flhqf|/ dqg sdwk0lqghshqghqfh
kdyh vwurqj lpsolfdwlrqv=

4;
Sursrvlwlrq := Ohw 8 eh d uxoh rq J vdwlvi|lqj h!flhqf|/ plog qr0hqy|/ dqg
sdwk0lqghshqghqfh1 Wkhq/ iru doo e ' E-c fc A  5 G c 8 Ee ' L Ee ' LEe W

Ixuwkhupruh/ li / ' L E-c fc A c wkhq/ 8 E-c /c A  ' L E-c /c A 


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5 Surri= Vlqfh 8 vdwlvhv sdwk0lqghshqghqfh/ 8 E-c fc 5A  ' 8 E-c RE-c A 


R E- E| plog qr0hqy|/ 8 E-c fc A  ' 8 E-c RE-c A  R E- ' LE-c fc A  '
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8 E-c fc A n A  ' L E-c fc A  ' L E-c /c A c zh rewdlq wkdw 8 E-c /c A  '


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frqglwlrqv> +6, wr vhsdudwh wkh surshuwlhv xvhg lq Wkhruhpv 4 dqg 5> +7, wr surylgh
zlwk d frpsohwh sdudooho vwxg| ri L dqg L  Vrph suholplqdu| uhvxowv dsshdu lq
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Uhihuhqfhv
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Uxohv/ Jdphv dqg hfrqrplf Ehkdylru/ 4;= 40541

^5` Fklqj/ V1/ 4<<7/ Dq dowhuqdwlyh fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh xqlirup uxoh/ Vrfldo
Fkrlfh dqg Zhoiduh/ 44= 46404691

^6` Gdjdq/ 4<<9/ D Qrwh rq Wkrpvrq*v fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh xqlirup uxoh/


Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 9<= 58805941

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doorfdwlrq sureohpv zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/ Plphr/ Xqlyhuvlgdg gh
Dolfdqwh1

^8` Khuuhur/ F1 dqg Yloodu/ D1/ 4<<9/ Djhqgd0lqghshqghqfh lq doorfdwlrq sureohpv


zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/ D Glvfxvlrq/ ZS0DG <9047/ Xqlyhuvlgdg gh
Dolfdqwh1

^9` Khuuhur/ F1 dqg Yloodu/ D1/ 4<<;/ Wkh htxdo0glvwdqfh uxoh lq doorfdwlrq sure0
ohpv zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/ lq Dolsudqwlv dqg \dqqholv +hgv,/ Fxu0
uhqw Wuhqgv lq Hfrqrplfv/ Wkhru| dqg Dssolfdwlrqv/ ss1 5480556/ Vsulqjhu0
Yhuodj/ Ehuolq

^:` Khuuhur/ F1 dqg Yloodu/ D1/ 5333/ Dq dowhuqdwlyh fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh htxdo0
glvwdqfh uxoh lq doorfdwlrq sureohpv zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/ Hfr0
qrplfv Ohwwhuv/ 99= 644064:1

^;` Nodxv/ E1/ 4<<;/ Idlu Doorfdwlrq dqg Uhdoorfdwlrq= Dq D{lrpdwlf Vwxg|/
Grfwrudo Glvvhuwdwlrq/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Pddvwulfkw1

^<` Nodxv/ E1/ Shwhuv/ K1/ dqg Vwrunhq/ W1/ 4<<:/ Uhdoorfdwlrq ri dq lqqlwho|
glylvleoh jrrg/ Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 43= 63806661

55
^43` Nodxv/ E1/ Shwhuv/ K1/ dqg Vwrunhq/ W1/ 4<<;/ Vwudwhj|0surri glylvlrq zlwk
vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv dqg lqglylgxdo hqgrzphqwv/ Vrfldo Fkrlfh dqg Zho0
iduh/ 48= 5<:06441

^44` Pdv0Frooho/ D1/ 4<<5/ Htxloleulxp Wkhru| zlwk srvvlelolw| ri vdwldwhg suhihu0
hqfhv/ lq Htxloleulxp dqg G|qdplfv/ Hvvd|v lq krqrxu ri G1 Jdoh/ P1 Pdq0
mxpgdu +hg,/ PfPloodq/ Orqgrq= 53405461

^45` Pruhqr/ E1 Wkh xqlirup uxoh lq hfrqrplhv zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/


hqgrzphqwv/ dqg srsxodwlrq prqrwrqlflw|/ D Glvfxvlrq/ ZS0DG <9043/ Xql0
yhuvlgdg gh Dolfdqwh1

^46` Vfkxpphu/ M1 dqg Wkrpvrq/ Z1/ 4<<:/ Wzr ghulydwlrqv ri wkh xqlirup uxoh
dqg dq dssolfdwlrq wr edqnuxswf|/ Hfrqrplfv Ohwwhuv/ 88= 666066:1

^47` Vùqph}/ W1/ 4<<7/ Frqvlvwhqf|/ prqrwrqlflw|/ dqg wkh xqlirup uxoh/ Hfr0
qrplfv Ohwwhuv/ 79= 55<05681

^48` Vsuxprqw/ \1/ 4<<4/ Wkh glylvlrq sureohp zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv= d
fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh xqlirup doorfdwlrq uxoh/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 8<= 83<084<1

^49` Wkrpvrq/ Z1/ 4<<7d/ Frqvlvwhqw vroxwlrqv wr wkh sureohp ri idlu glylvlrq
zkhq suhihuhqfhv duh vlqjoh0shdnhg/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 96= 54<0
5781

^4:` Wkrpvrq/ Z1/ 4<<7e/ Uhvrxufh prqrwrqlf vroxwlrqv wr wkh sureohp ri idlu
glylvlrq zkhq suhihuhqfhv duh vlqjoh0shdnhg/ Vrfldo Fkrlfh dqg Zhoiduh/ 44=
5380556

^4;` Wkrpvrq/ Z1/ 4<<8d/ Srsxodwlrq0prqrwrqlf vroxwlrqv wr wkh sureohp ri idlu


glylvlrq lq hfrqrplhv zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/ Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 8=
55<05791

^4<` Wkrpvrq/ Z1/ 4<<5/ Uhylvhg/ 4<<8e/ D{lrpdwlf dqdo|vlv ri jhqhudol}hg


hfrqrplhv zlwk vlqjoh0shdnhg suhihuhqfhv/ Plphr/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Urfkhvwhu1

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Dsshqgl{= Surri ri Sursrvlwlrq ;
41 Wkh xqlirup uxoh grhv qrw vdwlvi| rqh0gluhfwlrq lqghshqghqfh1
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