854 CHAPTER 12 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

z but the traces in the xz- and yz-planes are the hyperbolas

x2 z2 z2
! !1 y!0 and y2 ! !1 x!0
4 4 4
(2, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)

x y This surface is called a hyperboloid of one sheet and is sketched in Figure 9.

The idea of using traces to draw a surface is employed in three-dimensional graphing

software for computers. In most such software, traces in the vertical planes x ! k and y ! k
are drawn for equally spaced values of k, and parts of the graph are eliminated using hid-
FIGURE 9
den line removal. Table 1 shows computer-drawn graphs of the six basic types of quadric
surfaces in standard form. All surfaces are symmetric with respect to the z-axis. If a quadric
surface is symmetric about a different axis, its equation changes accordingly.

TABLE 1 Graphs of quadric surfaces

Surface Equation Surface Equation

x2 y2 z2 z2 x2 y2
Ellipsoid 2
" 2 " 2 !1 Cone 2
! 2 " 2
a b c c a b
z z
All traces are ellipses. Horizontal traces are ellipses.
If a ! b ! c, the ellipsoid is Vertical traces in the planes
a sphere. x ! k and y ! k are
x y hyperbolas if k " 0 but are
x y pairs of lines if k ! 0.

z x2 y2 x2 y2 z2
Elliptic Paraboloid ! 2 " 2 Hyperboloid of One Sheet " ! !1
z
c a b z
a2 b2 c2
Horizontal traces are ellipses. Horizontal traces are ellipses.
Vertical traces are parabolas. Vertical traces are hyperbolas.
The variable raised to the The axis of symmetry
first power indicates the axis x corresponds to the variable
y
of the paraboloid. whose coefficient is negative.
x
y

z x2 y2 x2 y2 z2
Hyperbolic Paraboloid ! 2 ! 2 Hyperboloid of Two Sheets ! ! " !1
c a b a2 b2 c2
z
z Horizontal traces are Horizontal traces in z ! k are
hyperbolas. ellipses if k $ c or k # !c.
Vertical traces are parabolas. Vertical traces are hyperbolas.
y The case where c # 0 is The two minus signs indicate
x y
illustrated. two sheets.
x

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