Click on this button

Click on this button

 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
SERIES & MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC SERIES

1. The number e

1 1 1
The sum of the infinite series 1     ....   is denoted by the number e.
1! 2! 3!
n
 1 1 1 1
i.e., e  lim 1    1     ....  
n 
 n 1! 2! 3!
 n
1  1
 e    lim 1  
n 0 n!  n
n 

Note :
(i) The number lies between 2 and 3. Approximate value of e = 2.718281828.
(ii) e is an irrational number. (i.e., e Q)

2. Exponential Series
Expansion of any power x to the number e is the exponential series.

x x x2 x3 
xn
i.e., e  1     ....   (where x  R)
1! 2! 3! n 0 n!
(i) Exponential theorem :
Let a > 0 then for all real value of x,
x2 x3 
(x log e a) n
a x  1  x(log e a) 
(log e a) 2  (log e a)3  ....  
2! 3! n 0 n!
(ii) Some standard deductions from exponential series :
x x 2 x3 (1) n n
(i) e x  1     ....  x  .... {Replace x by – x)
1! 2! 3! n!

xn
e  x   ( 1) n .
n0 n!
1 1 1
(ii) e  1     .... {Putting x = 1 in (ex)}
1! 2! 3!

1
e
n  0 n!

1 1 1 1
(iii) e  1     .... {Putting x = –1 in (ex)}
1! 2! 3!

1
e 1   ( 1) n . x = –1
n0 n!
ex  ex x2 x4 x6
(iv)  1    ....
2 2! 4! 6!
[1]
[2] Mathematical Induction

e x  e x 
x 2n

2 n 0 (2n)!

e  e 1 1 1
(v)  1    ....
2 2! 4!
e1  e 1  1

2 n  0 (2n)!

3. Logarithmic Series : If ( |x | < 1 ), then

x2 x3 x4 
xn
log e (1  x)  x     ....   ( 1) n 1 . is called as logarithmic series.
2 3 4 n 1 n

Some standard deductions from logarithmic series :

x2 x3 x 4 
xn
(i) log(1  x)   x     ....  
2 3 4 n 1 n

1 x   x 3 x5 
(ii) log(1  x)  log(1  x)  log  
  x    .... 
1 x   3 5 

2  x 2 x 4 x6 
(iii) log(1  x)  log(1  x)  log(1  x )  2     .... 
 2 4 6 
Note :
(i) Naperian or Natural log can be converted into common by using following relation :
log10 N = loge N × 0.43429448
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) log 2  1       ....     .... .
2 3 4 5 6 2.1 3.4 5.6

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Mathematical statement:
Statements invovling mathematical reations are known as the mathematical statements. For example: 2 divides
16, (x + 1) is a factor of x2–3x+2.
The priciple of mathematical induction:
(i) First principle of mathematical induction:-
Let P(x) be a statement involving the natural number in such that
(i) P(1) is true i.e. P(n) is true for n = 1.
(ii) P(m+1) is true whenever P(m) is true.
then P(n) is true for all natural numbers n.
(ii) Second principle of mathematical induction:
Let P(n) be a statement involving the natural number n such that
(i) P(1) is true
(ii) P(m+1) is true, whenever P(n) is true n , where 1  n  m .
then P(n) is true for all natural numbers.