Prepared by:

Norhamreeza Abdul Hamid

1. Program Development Environment

2. General Form of C

3. Parts of C Programming

4. Special Characters

5. Program Block

6. Basic Syntax of Programming

7. Common Programming Errors

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Involves translating high-level language (programming
language such as C,C++, Java, PHP,Visual Basic, C#,etc.)

WHY? Because computers do NOT

understand high level language!

Translated to

00011101 01010101 11011111

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Typical program development environment consist of six
phases to be executed.

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 Phase 1: Creating a Program
 Programmer types or creates program in an editor.
 Makes corrections if necessary.
 Saves or stores program on disk such as C:\
or F:\ etc.
Editor?
Editor or text editor is a type
of program used for editing
plain text files.

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 Dev-C++
editor
(free)

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 Online tools

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 Phase 2: Preprocessing

 Programmer gives command to compile the program.

 Preprocessor program executes automatically and process
the program code.
 The preprocessor obeys commands from preprocessor
directives.
 Preprocessing occurs before a program is compiled.

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 Phase 3: Compiling a Program

 When compiled, compiler translates program into machine

language code and creates object code.
Programmer click
 The object code will be stored in disk.
Compile button

Dialog box in
Dev-C++ editor
shows
compiling
process.
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 Phase 3: Compiling a Program

 The object code will be only created if the translation

process into machine code is successful.
 Otherwise, if unsuccessful, error messages will be displayed
in the compiling dialogue box.
 Programmer must fix all the errors before proceed to the
next phase.
 The process of correcting errors is called debugging.

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 Phase 4: Linking

 A linker links the object code with the libraries.

 A linker will creates an executable file and stores it on disk
if the program compiles and links correctly.
 A linker might name the executable file
with .exe file extension depending on
type of programming language used.

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 Phase 5: Loading

 Before a program can be executed, the program must first

be placed in memory.
 Loader takes the stored program from disk and puts in
memory.
 Additional components from shared libraries that support
the program are also loaded.

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 Phase 6: Executing

CPU takes each instructions and executes it.

Results or output will be displayed.

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 Terms Description
Machine language Binary number codes understood by a specific
CPU.

High-level Machine-independent programming language

language that combines algebraic expressions and
English symbols.

Source file File containing a program written in a high-

level language; the input for compiler

Compiler Software that translates a high-level language

program into machine language.

Linker Software that combines object files and create

an executable machine language program.

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C is a programming language developed in the
1970's alongside the UNIX operating system.
C provides a comprehensive set of features for
handling a wide variety of applications, such as
systems development and scientific computation.

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// Program description or comment
#include directives
int main()
{
constant declarations
variable declarations
executable statements
return 0;
}
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 Comment
// sample C program
Preprocessor
#include <stdio.h> directive

int main() Beginning

of function
{ Beginning named main Output
of block for statement
main

printf(“Ye! Ye! I got it!”);

return 0; String
literal
} End of
block for
main
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Character Name Meaning
// Double slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor
directive
< > Open / close Enclose filename in #include
brackets
( ) Open / close Used when naming a function
parentheses
{ } Open / close brace Encloses a group of statements
" " Open / close Encloses string of characters
quotation marks
; Semicolon End of a programming statement

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 Preprocessor Directive
 Inserts the contents of another file into the program.
 Utility program which link files from compiler library to the
program code.
 This is preprocessor directive, not part of C language.
 Must be included in the first line of a computer program.
 Must be started with the symbol #, otherwise syntax errors
will be occurred.
 Two types of common preprocessor directive: #include
and #define.
 DO NOT semicolon at the END of #include line.

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 Preprocessor Directive
Format:
#include<header file> or #include“user defined files”

Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include “jam.h”

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 Preprocessor Directive
Example:
Called from
standard library

 A directive to the C preprocessor

 Lines beginning with # are processed by the preprocessor
before the program is compiled.
 The above code line tells the preprocessor to include the
contents of stdio.h (standard input/output header)

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  Consists of built-in functions.

Standard  Functions contains standard

Library instructions.

 Function will be called and linked to

program via header file.

List of header file and its function

Header file List of functions
stdio.h scanf, printf, etc.
conio.h clrscr(), putch(), getch(), etc
math.h sqrt(),pow(), log(),etc

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  Contain functions defined by
User-defined programmer.
Library
 Developed by expert programmers.

List of header file and its function

List of user-defined
Header file
functions
utama.h cetak(), baca(), papar(), etc.

kira.h tambah(),tolak(), darab(),etc.

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 Preprocessor Directive
Format:
#define“filename” or #define constant_name constant_value

Example

#define MAX 100

#define “jam.h”

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 Program Body
 The part in which the program code will be started to
execute.
 Consists of main function, C statements and identifiers.
 Use { to start the program code and } to end the
program code.

Format: main function

{
//identifiers
//C statements
}
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 Main Function

void main( )
{ …………..}

int main( ) main( )

{ {
return 0; return 0;
Main function
} }

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Write the most basic structures of C
programming.

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 C Statement
 Instruction to be executed by computers
 Every statements must be ended with semicolon

Function
Statement

Declaration Control
Statement Statement

Types

Input /
Compound
Output
Statement
Statement

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Reserved Words / Key Words
 Standard / special word in standard library
 Contain special meaning in C which understood by compiler
 Cannot be used for any other purpose

Rules
Case –sensitive
Cannot be used as identifier
Must be written in
or variables
small case

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Reserved Words / Key Words
int
Example: The acronym for
void integer
Refer to the function that will not
return any value

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 Data Types
 Represents types of data can be stored in computer.
 Types of data to be stored and used in programming should be
informed to the compiler/system

floating
point

integer
boolean

character

Data Types
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 Data Types
•Represent any round numbers with +/- values

Integer •Divided into short and long integer

•Reserved word for integer – int
•Ex: int age;

Floating •Represent any floating point numbers +/- values

•Reserved word - double / float
number •Ex: float weight;

•Represents character data

Character •Reserved word – char
•Ex: char gender;

Boolean •Represent true or false

•Reserved word - bool

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 Integer Data Types
 Integer variables can hold whole numbers such as 550, 32, 4, -9

Data Type Size Range

short 2 bytes -32, 768 to +32, 767
unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to +65, 535
int 4 bytes -2, 147, 483, 648 to +2, 147, 483, 647
unsigned int 4 bytes 0 to 4, 294, 967, 295
long 4 bytes -2, 147, 483, 648 to +2, 147, 483, 647
unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4, 294, 967, 295

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Floating number Data Types
 The floating-point data types are:
float
double
long double
 They can hold real numbers such as:
12.45 -3.8
 Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
 All floating-point numbers are signed

Data Type Key Word Description

Single precision float 4 bytes. Numbers between ±3.4E-38 and
±3.4E38
Double precision double 8 bytes. Numbers between ±1.7E-308 and
±1.7E308
Long double precision long double 8 bytes. Numbers between ±1.7E-308 and
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±1.7E308
Character Data Types
 Used to hold characters or very small integer values
 Usually 1 byte of memory
 Numeric values of character from the character set is stored in
memory:

CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67

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Character String Data Types
 A series of characters in consecutive memory locations:
"Hello"
 Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end
 Comprised of the characters between the " "

H e l l o \0

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 Boolean Data Types

 Represents values that are true or false

 bool variables are stored as small integers
 false is represents by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false;

allDone finished

1 0

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 Identifier
 Representing particular name in programming
 Store values to be used in programming
 An identifier is a programmer-defined name for some part of a
program: variables, functions, etc.
 You cannot use any of the C reserved words / key words as an
identifier. These words have reserved meaning.

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Identifier

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 Identifier (Standard)

 Displays output on the computer screen

printf(“Programming is fun!”);

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 Identifier (Standard)

 Read input entered from user

scanf(“%d”, &integer);

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 Identifier (Standard)
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int h;
printf(“Please enter a number”);
scanf(“%d”, &h);
h = h*5;
printf(“The answer is %d”, h);
return 0;
}

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Identifier (Standard)

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Identifier (User-defined)

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Identifier (User-defined)
Valid identifiers

UThM BIC10204 Seven_eleven integer

WHY?
Invalid identifiers
8Century BIC 1033 Two*four

‘Sixsense’ void
WHY?
WHY? WHY?
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 Identifier (User-defined)

 Name which used to store data value

 Refer to name of one cell in computer
storage
 Constants value is fixed

How to give Follow identifiers

name to a
constant value? rules

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 Identifier (User-defined)

const data_type const_name = const_value;

Constant
Reserved word const float pi = 3.142;
Value

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 Identifier (User-defined)

#define const_name = const_value;

Constant
Reserved word #define pi = 3.142;
Value

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Identifier (User-defined)

#define minimum 0;
#define MAX 100;

const int counter = 100;

const char alphabet = ‘J’;
const float value = 4.5;

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Identifier (User-defined)
 Name which used to store data / input
value
 Refer to name of one cell in computer
storage
 Variable’s value can be modified/changed
during execution
 Must be defined before it can be used

data_type variable_name;

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 Identifier (User-defined)

 Variables of the same type can be defined

 On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
 On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
 Variables of different types must be in different definitions

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Identifier (User-defined)

int number;

float weight;

char alphabet;

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Identifier (User-defined)

Constant declaration

Variable declaration

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 Identifier (User-defined)

 Assign value to variable during

 Input/enter data through
declaration.
input devices
 Assign value to variable.
 Use input statement (scanf)
 Use assign symbol, “=”

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 Identifier (User-defined)

 To initialize a variable means to assign it a value when it is

defined:
int length = 18;
 Can initialize some or all variables:
int length = 18, width = 5, area;

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 Identifier (User-defined)

 An assignment statement uses the “=” operator to store a value

in a variable.
item = 55;
 This statement assigns the value 55 to the item variable.
 The variable receiving the value must appear on the left side of
the “=” operator.
 This will NOT work:
//ERROR!!
55 = item;

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Identifier (User-defined)

Initialize
variable

Interactive
variable

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 Comment
 Statement in program code that will be ignored by
compiler
 Differs in terms of colour : blue

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 Comment
 Intended for persons reading the source code of the
program:
 Indicate the purpose of the program
 Describe the use of variables
 Explain complex sections of code
 Comprise of:
 Single Line
 Multi Line

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 Single Line Comments
 Begin with // through to the end of line:
int length = 18; // length in inches
int width = 4; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area

calculate rectangle area

area = lentgh * width

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 Multi Line Comments
 Begin with /* end with */
 Can span multiple lines:
/* this is a multi-line
comment
*/
 Can begin and end on the same line:
int area; /* calculated area */

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Common Programming Errors

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1 Syntax Error
Error occurred during compilation
normally due to syntax problem

 Misplaced else.
 Declaration sytanx error
 Undefined symbol ‘_main’ in module.
 Statement missing in function main()

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2 Logic Error
Error occurred due to inappropriate output.
Programming mistake.
Not detected during compilation.

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3 Run-time Error
Error occurred due to wrong user input.
User’s mistake.
System would either display alert message
or hang.

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Determine whether the following identifiers is valid or invalid.
Give reason for invalid cases.
1) Parit Raja
2) 20thCentury
3) int
4) INTEGER
5) copy.jer
6) Reservedword_10
7) totalSales$
8) markah_pelajar
9) jam*kredit
10) printf
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Write a suitable variable declaration for each of the following statement:
i. Salary of an employee
ii. Student’s mark for programming subject
iii. ATM pin number
iv. Phone number
v. Price of one item
vi. IC number with – e.g: 990930-14-9999
vii. Student name
viii. Your email password

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Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate
variables can be declared:

Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12,

find the result of the following equation:

y = 2x + a - 6

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 Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate
variables can be declared:

Mrs Sue needs to determine her students grade for

programming subject based on the mark scored during
final examination. The ‘A’ grade will be given if the mark
scored is between 85 to 100. If a student has scored 90
marks, what is the grade should Mrs Sue gives to the
student?

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 Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate
variables can be declared:

A box has height, width and length.

Calculate the volume of a box.

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 Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate
variables can be declared:

Uncle Rahman wants to buy 5 tins of paint from

Maria’s shop. The price of each tin of the paint is
RM 15.60. Calculate the price which Uncle Rahman have
to pay for all the tin of paints he bought.

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