Platforme radar , aeriene şi

satelitare (Radarsat, ERS etc.)

ERS-1 / ERS-2 European Space Agency ESA
ERS-1 launch 1991
ERS-2 launch 1995
SAR C-band (l = 5.6cm)
Image mode: 10 – 30m pixel, swath 100km

Orbit: 785 km
View angle: 23°

Ground resolution: 20 m - 25 m
period: 35 days
Scene size: 100 km x 100 km
Envisat-1 European Space Agency ESA
launch February 2002
most important instrument:
SAR
C-band, l=5.6cm
different polarisation,
different operation modes
-30m – 1000m pixel
-Swath 100 km – 405 km
RADARSAT-1 Canada
Launch: Nov. 1995
C-band (5.6cm), polarization HH
up to 10m pixel
 RADARSAT-2 Canada
Launch: 2005
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) together with
Mac Donald, Dettwiller & Ass.
C-band (5.6cm), polarization HH, HV, VH, VV
3m - 100m pixel, swath 20km – 500km
left and right looking mode
GPS + high precision attitude control system
sun-synchronous, hg=798 km, inclination 98.6°
ascending node at 18:00

Delay by intervention of
USA against 3m SAR,
supply of U.S. radar
components stopped 
now satellite platform
from Alenia Spazio, Italy
 TerraSAR-X

X-band, 9.65 GHz (=3.1cm)

Dimensiunea unui pixel este de 1m
Altitudine de preluare: 515 km,
Inclinarea orbitei (97.44°)
Unghiul de incidenta: 15° - 60°

6
 SAR-X Cosmo-Skymed
Italy in cooperation with France
launch ~ 2005
polarization: HH, VV, HV, VH
modes: SPOTLIGHT 1m pixel, 10km x 10km
HIMAGE stripmap few m pixel
WIDEREGION few tenth of m
HUGEREGION several tenth of m
cartwheel concept: 1 active emitter +
3 – 4 passive micro satellites
 DEM with 1m accuracy (in open areas)

South Korea ~ 2005: SAR with 1 ~ 3m resolution

India: RISAT, C-band SAR with multiple modes
cartwheel concept pixel size 3m – 50m
 Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM)

C-band (5.6cm): USA

X-band (3cm): Germany + Italy
SRTM mission: February 2000, 11 days
computations finished 2003
3‟‟ C-band DEM: http://edcsgs9.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/srtm/ free of
charge
 Interferometric SAR (INSAR)

Shuttle Radar
Topographic D
Mission (SRTM) D
 SRTM Technik im Space Shuttle
Endeavour
Mast ausgefahren (60 m)

Mast eingefahren
(3 m)
X-SAR Außenbordantenne
SRTM Antennen und Crew

(Photo: NASA/JPL)
 SRTM-Mission:
Dauer der Mission:Endeavour beim
11.-22. Februar 2000 Start
Instrumente: C-Band (USA/NASA-JPL), 5,6 cm Wellenlänge
X-Band (D/DLR, I/ASI), 3,1 cm Wellenlänge
Datenmenge: ca. 10 Terabytes (15.000 CDs)
deutscher Anteil: ca. 40 Mio. €
US Anteil: ca. 190 Mio. US$
SRTM C-band DEM Romania
 SRTM coverage
X-SAR: more accurate
because of shorter
wavelength
Disadvantage: no
complete coverage

scan-SAR-mode 
SIR-C

X-SAR 
SRTM X-band – coverage by X-band

Coverage by X-band
 C-band coverage

60.25
°

56°
Australia and Islands not yet
available

3„„ DEM available: http://edcsgs9.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/srtm/

for USA also 1‟‟ data (DTED level 2)
geoid
3‟‟ DEM = averaged values over 3 x 3 values
99.96% of area 56° South – 60.25° North
areas
reference: WGS84, EGM96
in geographic coordinates
0.15% gaps because of steep
 SRTM X-band Z-profile, test area Germany

displacement of
SRTM DEM:
Z
shift X: 4m
250
shift Y: 1m
forest shift Z: -2.7m
200
Accuracy in open
areas after absolute
orientation: ~ +/- 3m
150

Often problem with

100 datum of national
0 1km 2 km 3 km
net
 SRTM C-band
Investigation by Paul Salamonowicz, NIMA
Test area elevation [m] vegetation systematic SZ [m]
difference [m]
Guatemala 408 – 2432 heavy -1.7 12.1
Venezuela 118 – 229 moderate 0.0 2.5
Stennis 0 – 52 heavy 0.5 2.6
Red River 252 – 293 light 2.6 1.5
San Diego 79 – 478 light 1.4 3.5
Panama 502 – 2153 heavy -3.1 25.2
White Sands 1355 – 2066 scrub 2.4 3.2
Nevada TR 1413 - 1813 scrub -1.5 3.1

strong influence of mountainous area, in extreme steep areas no data,

influence of vegetation ! accuracy cannot be described just with 1 figure !
Analysis SRTM X-band coverage, rejected points

White = rejected points in whole areas (DZ > 50m)

 SRTM C-band - X-band

SRTM C-band DEM spacing 3“ SRTM X-band DEM spacing

1“
Spacing of 3” (~ 90m) is leading to a loss of morphologic details
22
23
SRTM / X-SAR: Vulkane auf
Java, Indonesien
SRTM / X-SAR Produkte:
Bildprodukt (geokodiert)

SRTM / X-SAR GIFDS

Produkt Format
Projektion UTM
Pixelgröße 25 x 25 m
Geodät. Datum WGS84
Datenformat 16-bit unsigned integer
Auslieferungsformat CEOS, (GEOTIFF)
M edium CD-rom, ftp (online)
 SRTM / X-SAR: DHM-Mosaik
• Farb-
von NW-Frankreich
schattierte
s DHM
• Mosaik
aus 37
Szenen
 User Interface EOWEB
(http://www.eoweb.dlr.de)
 Vergleich verschiedener
Höhenmodelle: Balkan

SRTM MONA PRO (DTED-1)

 mean value [m]

Build up area

Road

Airfield

Farmland

Grass

Garden
SRTM X-band

Forest

Water

Bush

root mean square [m]