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Introduction
Solid waste management refers to the method of collecting and treating solid waste. In this
module, the sources of solid waste will be identified as well as the impacts, treatment and
prevention of solid waste will be discussed.
Learning Outcomes
Intended Learning Outcomes
Identify the various effects of environmental pollution and describe the engineer's role in
the manipulation of materials and resources.
Select appropriate design treatment schemes and efficient safety measures for waste
disposal and explain their effect if implemented in the community and in the workplace.
Topic Outcomes
Define solid waste and determine its impacts and treatment, prevention and protection
related to solid waste pollution.
Recommend treatment, prevention, and protection ways related to solid waste based on
existing rules and standards."
Identify the sources of solid waste and discuss how to control them
SOLID WASTE
• these are the discarded solid substances generated from human activities and having no
more value with respect to its economic, physiological or technological process
• solid waste in a broader sense corresponds to any domestic, industrial and agricultural
resources that are considered already useless.
Source: http://mizenvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/SolidWastes_2971.aspx?format=Print
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Organic waste- These are the wastes generated during the preparation of food like
vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, and other wastes from market places.
Biodegradable wastes –Wastes that come from plants or animals that can be degraded by
other living organisms, often used for composting, If processed, this can be a source of
heat, electricity and fuel. These include human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse
waste.
Non-biodegradable wastes - Waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms
Combustibles – These are usually organic waste having low moisture content. Examples
are paper, wood, dried leaves, etc.
Toxic wastes – Examples are old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans,
fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclables – These wastes can be recycled or used again for the same or different
purpose. These includes paper, glass, metals, plastics, etc.
Construction wastes - These wastes consist of unwanted materials that are produced
directly or indirectly from the manufacturing, assembly and other construction processes.
Examples of these are rubble, roofing, broken concrete, nails, electrical wiring, etc.
Hazardous wastes - These waste are considered harmful and dangerous and can consist
of medical waste, industrial waste and hospital waste.
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
A. Residential
One of the main sources of solid waste come from households. These places generate huge
amount of solid waste that includes food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals,
yard wastes, ashes and special wastes such as electronics, tires, batteries, old mattresses and used
oil.
B. Industrial
One of the leading contributors to solid waste are the manufacturing industries,
construction sites, fabrication and power plants. The solid waste are generated from housekeeping,
food and packaging, construction and demolition materials, medical and hazardous wastes.
C. Commercial
Existence of many commercial facilities and buildings are significant factors considered in
the generation of solid waste particularly the hotels, restaurants, stores and office buildings. These
facilities produce lots of solid wastes ranging from plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass,
wood, cardboard materials, and other hazardous wastes.
D. Institutional
Institutions such as schools, prisons, military barracks and other government centers can
also generate solid wastes. Example of wastes produced in these places consist of glass, plastics,
food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous
wastes.
E. Construction and Demolition Areas
Many solid wastes generated can also be attributed to the construction and demolition sites.
The solid wastes produced in these sites usually consist of steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics,
rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass.
F. Municipal Services
Urban centers also greatly contribute to the generation of solid waste. Among the solid
waste brought about by the municipal services are those from street cleaning, wastes from parks
and beaches, wastewater treatment plants, landscaping wastes and wastes from recreational areas,
including sludge.
G. Agriculture
Agricultural wastes like pesticides, spoiled foods and some hazardous materials are
produced from farms, orchards, dairies and vineyards.
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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H. Biomedical
Biomedical wastes refer to the wastes generated by hospitals and biomedical equipment
and chemical manufacturing firms. These include syringes, bandages, used gloves, drugs, paper,
plastics, food wastes and chemicals. Biomedical wastes should be disposed of properly to avoid
environmental and human problems as well
Leachates from garbage dumps seep into the soil can pollute underground water.
Scavengers, stray animals and insects can invade the garbage and clutter the waste that
can damage the atmosphere and can spread various diseases
Food and water supply, if gets contaminated with pathogens present in solid wastes, may
result in cholera, jaundice, hepatitis, gastro enteric diseases etc.
Waste plastics and rubber pollute the atmosphere with toxic fumes while organic solid
wastes emit obnoxious odor upon decomposition that make the environment polluted.
Hospital and clinic wastes if not properly handled can cause transmission of diseases.
Solid wastes can result in water logging that facilitates breeding of mosquitoes resulting
to the spread of diseases like malaria and plague.
The main goal, therefore, of solid waste management is to reduce and eradicate the adverse
effect of solid waste to individual’s health and to the environment as well so that economy will be
developed and the quality of life will be improved. It also aims to convert solid waste into
something valuable and as a beneficial resource.
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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landfill problems can be minimized and the negative impacts on the environment will be lessened.
Below is the hierarchy of 5R’s. It can be seen that recycling is the last recourse after trying to
refuse, reduce, reuse, or repurpose.
REFUSE
REDUCE
REUSE
REPURPOSE
E
RECYCLE
1. Refuse
The first in the hierarchy of 5R’s is refuse and this is the best way to minimize waste.
Every business should learn how to refuse waste; they should not buy non- recyclable products
and should be clever in their purchasing decisions and setting standards as early as possible so
that in the process, the organization will become used to refuse waste. When buying products,
refusing unnecessary product packaging is also advised.
2. Reduce
Reducing the amount of waste is one of the best things that all of us can do. Avoiding too
much use of resources can help reduce the waste and therefore, there is less waste to manage.
Listed below are some tips on how to reduce the waste.
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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3. Reuse
One important thing that an individual can do is to reuse waste materials. Start by
focusing in one area of your business or home. You can replace all of the single-used items
with reusable materials and in so doing, the waste material will not end up in landfill but can
be used up again. As a consequence, you will not be prompt to buy a new product. This can
also save money, energy and resources. Listed below are some tips on how to reuse waste.
Unwanted toys, books and clothes can be given to hospitals, schools or care centers
Plastic containers, wrapping papers and boxes can be saved and can be used again
Old jars can be reused for storage
Buy second hand items in stores or online trading websites
Bring used household stuffs to a resource recovery center
Source: LEARNZ
Fig. 3. Reuse shopping bags to reduce waste. Fig. 4. Be creative and find ways to reuse waste
material.
4. Repurpose
If an item cannot be refused, reduced or reused, the option will be to repurpose. This
method is also referred to as upcycling. Repurposing requires creativity because you have to
think of all possibilities on how each product will serve more than one purpose. Example of
this is the binder clip, you have to think of different ways on how the binder clip can be used
aside from its own purpose like for holding power cords and charger in place; tin cans can be
used for keeping pencil, ball pens and other office supplies in place and can also be used as
decorative vase, etc. Everyone should be encouraged to repurpose items which they think they
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
no longer need and once you have done this, a brighter tomorrow is coming on our way. So let
us start to repurpose!
5. Recycle
Another form of reprocessing waste materials is through recycling. In this way, new
product is formed. Common example of this is the recycling of plastic bottles to make plastic
chairs, plastic buckets, etc. Most commonly, paper, cardboard, aluminum, glass, tin and
plastics are example of wastes that can be recycled. Organic wastes can also undergo recycling
like composting and worm plants.
Source: LEARNZ
Fig. 5. Wastes that can be recycled.
Challenge: What reusable products can be used to replace the following items in order to
reduce wastes? plastic containers, paper towels, disposable diapers, disposable batteries, plastic
cups
1. Waste generation
This pertains to some actions that focused on distinguishing materials that are not
functioning anymore or valueless to the owner and are subjected for disposal
2. Onsite handling, storage, and processing
Storage corresponds to a system for keeping the waste generated that has been
discarded prior to collection and disposal. For easier collection, disposal or storage
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
facilities like waste bins can be located at places that generate plenty of waste. To determine
the size and quantity of storage facilities, several factors like the number of users, type and
quantity of waste as well as the frequency of emptying must be considered and should
make sure that the facilities are safe.
5. Disposal
This is the final phase of waste management that involves activities with the
purpose of disposing waste materials in locations such as landfills or in places that converts
waste-to-usable materials facilities.
recognize
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
I. Thermal Processes
A. Solid Waste Incineration
B. Pyrolysis
C. Pyrolysis / Gasification
D. Conventional Gasification
E. Plasma Arc Gasification
II. Biological Processes
A. Composting/ Aerobic Digestion
B. Anaerobic Digestion
III. Other Processes
A. Recycling
B. Landfill
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Volume Reduction
The volume of solid wastes is reduced by an average of 90% depending on
its composition, likewise, the weight of the solid is lessened by 70- 75%.
Stabilization of wastes
The organic components of the waste stream undergo oxidation that
makes the output(ash) more inert than the input(solid waste)
Sterilization of waste
Incineration of solid wastes can destroy the pathogens before it is disposed
particularly the clinical or biomedical waste.
B. Pyrolysis
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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Source: https://www.slideshare.net/tanviralam31337/municipal-solid-waste-msw-to-energy
Fig. 8. Schematic Diagram for MSW to Energy via Pyrolysis
C. Pyrolysis / Gasification
D. Conventional Gasification
A thermal method where carbonaceous materials are converted into syngas using a
limited amount of air or oxygen.
The gasification condition ranges from 800-1600 °C
In this process, the conventional gasification reactor is injected with steam to
produce CO and H2
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/tanviralam31337/municipal-solid-waste-msw-to-energy
Fig. 9. Schematic Diagram for MSW to Energy via Pyrolysis/Gasification
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/tanviralam31337/municipal-solid-waste-msw-to-energy
Fig. 10. Schematic Diagram for MSW to Energy via Plasma Arc Gasifiation
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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Particle Size
Materials should undergo either grinding, chipping, and shredding to increase the
surface area on which microorganisms can feed.
A compost mixture that is more homogeneous increases pile insulation that helps
sustain optimum temperatures
Mixtures having very small particles is not also advisable because they might
prevent the air from flowing freely through the pile.
Moisture Content
Compost pile must have sufficient moistness for microorganisms to survive
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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Water carries the substances within the compost pile so that the nutrients in organic
material can be accessible to the microbes
Oxygen Flow
Decomposition can occur faster by aerating the pile
Aerating the pile can be done by using series of pipes, or bulking agents like wood
chips or shredded newspaper
Too much oxygen is not recommended because it can lessen the moisture content
the pile that can delay the composting process
Temperature
For microorganisms to have optimal activity, a temperature of at least 140° F is
needed
To promote a speedy composting and to destroy pathogens and weed seeds,
accurate temperatures must be used, if not, rooting might occur.
Fig. 11. Food Waste for Composting Fig. 12. Compost from Food Waste
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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Source: https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/fabe-6611
Fig. 13. Anaerobic digestion of Organic Waste
Source:https://www.metropolitantransferstation.com.au/blog/modern
-waste-management-techniques
Fig. 14. Examples of waste segregation for recycling process
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Benefits of Recycling
Recycling Symbol #1
One of the most common recyclable plastics is PET or PETE (polyethylene
terephthalate)
Examples of these are the plastic bottles like soft drinks, beer bottles, mouthwash
bottles, salad dressing, and vegetable oil bottles but their caps cannot be recycled
Recycling Symbol #2
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is another highly recyclable material.
This in the form of milk jugs, household cleaners, detergent, shampoo, conditioner,
and cereal box liners. Just empty and clean them but caps cannot be recycled.
Recycling Symbol #3
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl (V) is slightly more toxic than PET and HDPE
When recycling them, you need to be extra careful
Examples of these can be found in blister packaging, wire jacketing, and siding
windows.
Recycling Symbol #4
Plastics like the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has many applications but
unfortunately, is not accepted in most recycling programs
Examples of these plastic come in squeezable bottles, frozen food, dry cleaning,
shopping bags, and some furniture.
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Recycling Symbol #5
Yogurt containers, syrup and medicine bottles, caps, and straws belong this kind of
material
These are polypropylene (PP) which are more accepted by recycling programs
although not yet widely accepted
To dispose, check if your curbside pick will take it, and if not, take it to a
community center or throw them in the designated trash bin
Recycling Symbol #6
This is the typical Styrofoam or the polystyrene (PS)
This is classified as a probable carcinogen and therefore not accepted for recycling
by most state programs.
Most materials that contain PS are egg cartons, meat trays, carry-out containers and
compact disc cases
B. Sanitary Landfill
The most common solid waste disposal method is the sanitary landfill. The refuse collected
is basically spread out in thin layers and compressed. In the design of modern landfills, the
lowermost part of the landfill is enclosed with several water resistant liner like thick plastic and
sand. This is done to safeguard the groundwater from contamination due to leaching and
percolation. To prevent seepage of water, it is shielded with sand, clay, topsoil and gravel. In
addition, sanitary landfill should be well managed to ensure that it will not damage the environment
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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On the contrary, dumps are open hole in the ground where wastes are thrown and
buried and rats and insects thrive and is not environmentally regulated so it becomes health
hazard.
Source: https://wasteaid.org/closing-worlds-dumpsites/
Fig, 17. Picture of dumpsite
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Technical requirements:
Better planning
Proper design and construction
Continuous maintenance during and after waste filling.
Environmental requirements:
Environmental aspects are the most important aspects in any appropriate
Solid Waste Management system.
Environmental protection must be considered for all phases of SWM.
Social requirements:
This is the most challenging of all requirements considering that it is very
difficult to motivate the communities and other stakeholders, especially
people living in the vicinity at shorter distances from disposal sites
Economic requirements:
The minimum possible overall cost should be ensured and the benefits
through proper solid waste management should be maximized.
Institutional requirements:
There must be a responsible institution capable of managing the overall
planning, operation, and maintenance of solid waste landfill sites
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Infrastructure damage
Example of this is the damage to access roads by heavy vehicles
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
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Bell, Shelby (2020, Jan 21), The 5R’s: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle. Available:
https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/the-5-rs-of-waste-recycling. ((Accessed: July 18, 2020)
Composting. Available:https://www.suez.co.uk/en-gb/our-offering/communities-and-
individuals/what-happens-to-waste/food-and-garden-waste/composting (Accessed: July 20,
2020)
Difference Between Sanitary Landfills and Open Dumps You Must Know. Available:
https://helpsavenature.com/about. ((Accessed: July 27, 2020)
Jamal, Haseeb. (2020, March 01), Requirements of Solid Waste Disposal Sites.
Available:https://www.aboutcivil.org/Requirements-Solid-Waste-Disposal-Sites ((Accessed: July
27, 2020)
Jamal, Haseeb. (2020, March 01), Sanitary Landfills Vs. Dump Sites. Available:
https://www.aboutcivil.org/Sanitary-Landfills-vs-Dump-Sites((Accessed: July 27, 2020)
Leblanc. Rick (2019, Oct. 11). An Introduction to Solid Waste Management. Available:
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/reduce-reuse-and-recycle-the-waste-management-hierarchy-
2878202 (Accessed: July 17, 2020)
Leblanc. Rick (2019, Nov. 20) The Waste Management Hierarchy. Available:
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/an-introduction-to-solid-waste-management-
2878102(Accessed: July 17, 2020)
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ENGG 413- Environmental Science and Engineering
Main Topic 2: Natural Resources and Pollution in the Environment
Solid Waste Management: Types, Sources, Effects and Methods of Solid Waste Management.
Available:
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/waste-management/solid-waste-management-types-sources-
effects-and-methods-of-solid-waste-management/9949. (Accessed: July 17, 2020)
Waste Management Waste Disposal(2018, Oct. 17) Modern Waste Management Techniques:
Available:
https://www.metropolitantransferstation.com.au/blog/modern-waste-management-techniques
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