12 Plane Wave Reflection 2018mk

Nguyễn Công Phương
Engineering Electromagnetics
Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. Transmission Lines
XIII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIV. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XV. Guided Waves & Radiation
Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

1. Reflection of Uniform Plane Waves at Normal
Incidence
2. Standing Wave Ratio
3. Wave Reflection from Multiple Interfaces
4. Plane Wave Propagation in General Directions
5. Plane Wave Reflection at Oblique Incidence Angles
6. Wave Propagation in Dispersive Media

Reflection of Uniform Plane Waves at Normal Incidence (1)
Ex+1 ( z , t ) = E x+10 e−α1z cos(ωt − β1 z ) Region 1 x Region 2
+
µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
Exs1 = E x+10e− jk1z
1 E1+ , H1+
H +ys1 = E x+10e− jk1z
η1 Incident wave
E+2 , H +2
+ + − jk 2 z
Exs = E e
E1− , H1−
2 x 20 Transmitted wave
+ 1 + − jk 2z
H ys 2 = Ex 20e Reflected wave
η2 z
+
Boundary c.: E xs1
+
= E xs 2
→ Ex+10 = E x+20 z=0
z =0 z =0
→ η1 = η2 (unreasonable)
+ + Ex+10 Ex+20
Boundary c.: H xs = H xs → =
1
z =0
2
z =0 η1 η2 −
Exs = E −
e jk1 z
1 x10
1
H −ys1 =− E x−10 e jk1z
η1
Region 1 x Region 2
µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
y
µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
E1+ , H1+
H +2
µ1 , ε1′ , ε 2′′ Incident wave
E+2 , H +2
E+2 S +2
H1+ E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
x z
E1+ S1+
Reflected wave
0 z
z=0
E1−
S1−
H1−

Exs1 = E xs 2 ( z = 0) Region 1 x Region 2
+ − +
→ Ex+10 + E x−10 = Ex+20 µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
→ Exs1 + E xs1 = E xs 2 ( z = 0)
H ys1 = H ys 2 ( z = 0) E1+ , H1+
Ex+10 Ex−10 Ex+20
→ − =
E+2 , H +2
Incident wave
→ +
H ys1 + H −
ys1 = H +ys 2 ( z = 0) η1 η1 η2
E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
η2 + η2 −
→ Ex+10 + E x−10 = Ex10 − E x10
η1 η1 Reflected wave
z
− + η2 −η1 z=0
→ Ex10 = E x10
η2 +η1
Ex−10 η2 − η1
→Γ= = Ex+20 2η2
Ex+10 η2 + η1 →τ = = =1+ Γ
Ex+10 η1 + η2
Ex+10 + E x−10 = E x+20
Ex−10 η −η Ex+20 2η2 Region 1 x Region 2
Γ= = 2 1 τ= = = 1+ Γ
µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
Ex+10 η 2 + η1 Ex+10 η1 + η2
Region 1 is dielectric, region 2 is conductor: E1+ , H1+

jωµ 2 E+2 , H +2
Incident wave
+
η2 = = 0 → τ = 0 → E x 20 = 0
σ 2 + jωε 2′ E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
Γ = −1 → Ex+10 = −E x−10 Reflected wave
+ − + − j β1 z + j β1 z z
Exs1 = Exs1 + E xs1 = E x10 e − E x10 e z=0
Dielectric: jk1 = 0 + j β1
→ Exs1 = ( e− j β1z − e j β1z ) Ex+10 = − j 2sin( β1 z ) E x+10

→ Ex1 ( z , t ) = 2E x+10 sin( β1z ) sin(ωt )
Γ= = 2 1 τ= = = 1+ Γ
µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
Ex+10 η 2 + η1 Ex+10 η1 + η2

E+2 , H +2
Incident wave
Ex1 ( z , t ) = 2E x+10 sin(β1 z )sin(ωt )
E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
Ex1 = 0 → β1 z = mπ (m = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...)
Reflected wave
2π λ1
→ z = mπ → z = m z=0
z
λ1 2
x
Conductor
3 1
z = − λ1 z = −λ1 z = − λ1
2 2 z=0 z
Γ= = 2 1 τ= = = 1+ Γ
µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
Ex+10 η 2 + η1 Ex+10 η1 + η2

E+2 , H +2
Incident wave
+ −
H ys1 = H ys1 + H ys1
E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
+
Exs
H +ys1 = 1
Reflected wave
η1
z
− z=0
E xs
H −ys1 =− 1
η1
E x+10 E x+10
→ H ys1 = (e− jβ1z + e jβ1z ) → H y1( z , t ) = 2 cos( β1z ) cos(ωt )
η1 η1

Γ= = 2 1 τ= = = 1+ Γ
µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
Ex+10 η 2 + η1 Ex+10 η1 + η2
Region 1 is dielectric, region 2 is dielectric: E1+ , H1+

E+2 , H +2
Incident wave
η1 & η2 are positive real values,

E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
α1 = α2 = 0
Reflected wave
z
z=0

Ex. 1 Reflection of Uniform Plane Waves at Normal Incidence (8)
Given η1 = 100Ω, η2 = 300Ω, E x+10 = 100 V/ m . Find the incident, reflected,
and transmitted waves.
Ex−10 η2 − η1 300 − 100
Γ= + = = = 0.5 Region 1 x Region 2
Ex10 η2 + η1 300 + 100 µ1 , ε 1′, ε 2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
Ex−10 = ΓE x+10 = 0.5 × 100 = 50 V/ m
+ E1+ , H1+
E 100
H y+10 = x10 = = 1 A/ m Incident wave
E+2 , H +2
η1 100
− E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
E 50
H y−10 = − x10 = − = −0.5 A/ m
η1 100 Reflected wave
τ = 1 + Γ = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 z=0

z
Ex+20 = τ E x+10 = 1.5 ×100 = 150 V/m
+ Ex+20 150
H x 20 = = = 0.5 A/m
η2 300
1 1 ˆ+
+ E x10
S1,+ av + ˆ+ Region 1 x Region 2
= Re[ E x10 H y10 ] = Re[ E x10 ]
2 2 η1
ˆ µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
1 1 + 2
= Re   E x10 E1+ , H1+
2 ηˆ1 
1 1 ˆ ˆ+
+ ΓE x10
Incident wave
E+2 , H +2
S1,− av − ˆ−
= − Re[ E x10 H y10 ] = Re[ ΓE x10 ]
2 2 ηˆ1 E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
1 1 + 2 2
= Re   Ex10 Γ
2 ηˆ1 
Reflected wave
z
→ S1,−av S1,+av
2 z=0
=Γ
+
+ 1 + ˆ+ 1 + τˆE ˆ 1 1 + 2 2
S2, = Re[ E x 20 H y 20 ] = Re[τ E x10 x10
] = Re   E x10 τ
av
2 2 ηˆ2 2 ηˆ2 
( )
2
Re[1/ ηˆ2 ] 2 + η1 η2 + ηˆ2 2 + + 2 +
= τ S1, av = τ S1, av → S 2, av = 1 − Γ S1, av
Re[1/ ηˆ1 ] η2 η1 + ηˆ1
A 50-MHz uniform plane wave propagating in a medium (μr = 1, εr = 16, σ = 0.02 S/m)
strikes normally to the surface of another medium (μr = 1, εr = 25, σ = 0.2 S/m). If the
amplitude of the incident EFI at the interface is 10 V/m, find the average power density of
the transmitted wave?
ε1 = ε1′ − jε1′′
σ1 −12 0.02
σ 1 → ε1 = ε r1ε 0 − j = 16 × 8.854 ×10 − j
ε1 =
′′ 2π f 2π × 50 ×106
ω
= (14.17 − j 6.366)10−11 F/ m
jk1 = jω µ1ε1 = jω µr1µ0 ε1′ − jε 2′′
= j 2π × 50 ×106 4π × 10− 7 (14.17 − j 6.366)10 −11 = 0.92 + j 4.29 1/ m
µ1 4π ×10 −7
η1 = = −
= 87.95 + j18.85 Ω
ε1 (14.17 − j 6.366)10 11
A 50-MHz uniform plane wave propagating in a medium (μr = 1, εr = 16, σ = 0.02 S/m)
ε 2 = ε 2′ − jε 2′
σ2 −12 0.22
σ 2 → ε 2 = ε r 2ε 0 − j = 25 × 8.854 ×10 − j
ε2 =
′′ 2π f 2π × 50 ×106
ω
= (2.21 − j 6.366)10−10 F/ m
jk2 = jω µ2ε 2 = jω µ r 2 µ0 ε 2′ − jε 2′′
= j 2π × 50 ×106 4π × 10 −7 (2.21 − j 6.366)10−10 = 5.30 + j 7.45 1 / m
µ2 4π ×10 −7
η2 = = −
= 35.19 + j 25.02 Ω
ε2 (2.21 − j 6.366)10 10
A 50-MHz uniform wave plane propagating in a medium (μr = 1, εr = 16, σ = 0.02 S/m)
η1 = 87.95 + j18.85 Ω; η 2 = 35.19 + j 25.02 Ω
Region 1 x Region 2
η 2 −η1 35.19 + j 25.02 − (87.95 + j18.85) µ1 , ε1′, ε2′′ µ 2 , ε 2′ , ε 2′′
Γ= =
η2 +η1 35.19 + j 25.02 + (87.95 + j18.85)
E1+ , H1+
= −0.36 + j 0.18
E+2 , H +2
Incident wave
τ = Γ + 1 = −0.36 + j 0.18 + 1 = 0.63 + j 0.18
E1− , H1−
Transmitted wave
Ex+20
τ= → Ex+20 = τ Ex+10 = 10τ
Ex+10
Reflected wave
→ Ex+2 s = 10τ e − jk2 z z
z=0
Ex+2s = Ex+20e − jk2 z
jk2 = 5.30 + j 7.45 1/ m; τ = 0.63 + j 0.18; η 2 = 35.19 + j 25.02 Ω
Ex+2s = 10τ e − jk2 z = 10(0.63 + j 0.18)e − (5.30+ j 7.45) z µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′

y
µ1 , ε1′ , ε 2′′ H +2
= 10(0.6552e j15.9o
)e −(5.30+ j 7.45) z +
E2 S +2
H1+ x
−5.30 z − j7.45 z j15.9 o
= 6.55e e e V/ m z
S1+
Ex+2 s = 6.55e −5.30 z − j 7.45 z j15.9o
e e E1+ 0
H y+2 s = = E1−
η2
o
43.18e j35.4
S1− H1−
= 0.152e −5.30 z e− j 7.45 z e− j19.5 A/ m
o

 E + = 6.55e −5.30 z e − j 7.45 z e j15.9o V/ m y µ2 , ε 2′ , ε 2′′
 x 2s
 + µ1 , ε1′ , ε 2′′ + H +2
−5.30 z − j 7.45 z − j19.5
S +2
o
 H y 2s = 0.152e e e A/ m
H1 +
E2
x
z
+
E = 6.55e − 5.30 z − j 7.45 z j15.9 o
+
 2s e e a x V/ m S1
→ E1+ 0
+ −5.30 z − j 7.45 z − j19.5o
 H 2s = 0.152e e e a y A/ m E1−
1 S1− H1−
S +2,av = Re  Es × H
ˆs

2
1  −5.30 z − j 7.45 z j15.9o −5.30 z j 7.45 z j19.5o
= Re (6.55e e e )(0.152e e e )a z 
2  
1
S+2,av 
= Re (6.55e −5.30 z − j 7.45 z j15.9 o
e e )(0.152e −5.30 z j 7.45 z j19.5o
e e )a z 
2  
y µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′
1  −10.60 z j 35.4o
= Re 0.9956e e az  µ1 , ε1′ , ε 2′′ + H +2
2   E2 S +2
H1+ x
z
−10.60 z
= 0.4978e o
cos 35.4 a z S1+
E1+ 0
E1−
= 0.4058e −10.60 z a z W/ m 2
S1− H1−
Incidence

Standing Wave Ratio (1)
Exs1 = Ex+1 + Ex−1 = E x+10e− jβ1z + ΓEx+10e jβ1 z Dielectric x Region 2
η1 η2
η 2 − η1
Γ= = Γ e jϕ
η 2 + η1 E1+ , H1+
( )
→ Exs1 = e− jβ1z + Γ e j ( β1 z +ϕ ) E x+10 Incident wave
E+2 , H +2
Exs1,max = (1 + Γ ) Ex+10 E1− , H1−

Transmitted wave
→ − β1 z = β1 z + ϕ + 2 mπ ( m = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...) Reflected wave
1 z
→ z max = − (ϕ + 2mπ ) z=0
2β1
Exs1, min = (1 − Γ ) E x+10

1
→ − β1 z = β1 z + ϕ + π + 2mπ ( m = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...) → z min = − [ϕ + (2m + 1)π ]
2β1
( )
E xs1 = e− jβ1z + Γ e j (β1z +ϕ ) Ex+10 zmax = −
1
2β1
(ϕ + 2mπ ) zmin = −
1
2β1
[ϕ + (2m + 1)π ]
E xs1
λ /2
(1 + Γ ) Ex+10
(1 − Γ ) E x+10
z
ϕ + 6π ϕ + 4π ϕ + 2π ϕ
− − −
2β ϕ + 5π 2β ϕ + 3π 2β ϕ +π 2β
− − −
2β 2β 2β
(
Exs1 = e− jβ1 z + Γ e j ( β1z +ϕ ) E x+10 )
(
= E x+10 e− jϕ / 2 e− jβ1z + Γ e jϕ / 2e jβ1z e jϕ / 2 )
= E x+10 (e − jϕ / 2 − j β1 z
e + Γ e jϕ / 2e jβ1z )e ϕ
j /2
( ) (
+ Γ E x+10 e− jϕ / 2 e− jβ1z − Γ E x+10 e− jϕ / 2 e− jβ1z )
( )
= E x+10 (1 − Γ ) e− jβ1z + Ex+10 Γ e− jϕ / 2e− j β1z + e jϕ /2 e jβ1z e jϕ / 2
= E x+10 (1 − Γ ) e − j β1 z + 2 Γ E x+10e jϕ / 2 cos( β1z + ϕ / 2)
→ Ex1 ( z , t ) = (1 − Γ ) Ex+10 cos(ω t − β1z ) + 2 Γ Ex+10 cos( β1z + ϕ / 2) cos(ω t + ϕ / 2)

Ex1 ( z , t ) = (1 − Γ ) E x+10 cos(ωt − β1 z ) + 2 Γ E x+10 cos( β1 z + ϕ / 2) cos(ωt + ϕ / 2)
Exs1,max = 1 + Γ
Exs1,min = 1 − Γ
Exs1,max 1+ Γ
s= =
E xs1, min 1− Γ

Incidence

x
Wave Reflection from Multiple Interfaces (1)
η1 η2 η3
The steady – state has 5 waves:
• Incident wave in region 1
• Reflected wave in region 1 Incident energy
• Transmitted wave in region 3 ηin z
• 2 opposite waves in region 2 –l 0
E xs 2 = E x+20e− jβ 2 z + E x−20e jβ 2 z where β 2 = ω ε r 2 c, E x+20 & E x−20 are complex

H ys 2 = H y+20e − j β2 z + H −y 20e j β 2 z
η3 − η 2
Γ23 =
η3 + η2
Ex−20 = Γ23 E x+20 ⋮
Ex+20 Ex−20 Γ 23 E x+20
H +y 20 = H −y 20 =− =−
η2 η2 η2
x
Exs 2 = E x+20 e − jβ 2 z + Ex−20e jβ 2 z η1 η2 η3
H ys 2 = H +y 20 e − j β2 z + H y−20 e j β2 z
E xs2 Ex+20e− j β2 z + Ex−20e j β2 z
Define ηw ( z ) = = + − jβ z − β
Incident energy
H ys2 H y 20e 2 + H y 20e 2 j z
ηin z
+ +
E Γ E
E x−20 = Γ 23 Ex+20 , H y+20 = x 20 , H y−20 = − 23 x 20 –l 0
η2 η2
e− jβ 2 z + Γ23 e j β2 z
→ ηw ( z ) = η2 − j β z
e 2 − Γ23e j β2 z
η −η
Γ23 = 3 2 , e jϕ = cos ϕ + j sin ϕ
η3 +η2
(η +η )(cos β 2 z − j sin β2 z ) + (η3 −η2 )(cos β 2 z + j sin β2 z )
→ ηw (z ) = η2 × 3 2
(η3 + η2 )(cos β 2 z − j sin β2 z ) − (η3 −η2 )(cos β2 z + j sin β2 z )
η3 cos β2 z − jη2 sin β2 z
= η2
η2 cos β2 z − jη3 sin β2 z
x
+ − η1 η2 η3
Exs1+ Exs1 = Exs 2 ( z = −l )
→ Ex+10 + Ex−10 = Exs 2 ( z = −l )
+ − Incident energy
H ys1 + H ys1 = H ys 2 ( z = −l )
ηin z
Ex+10 Ex−10 Exs 2 ( z = −l )
→ − = –l 0
η1 η1 η w (− l )
E x−10 η −η
→ + = Γ = in 1 , where ηin = ηw z =−l
E x10 ηin + η1 η3 cos β2l + jη2 sin β 2l
→ ηin = η2
η3 cos β 2 z − jη 2 sin β 2 z η2 cos β2l + jη3 sin β 2l
ηw ( z ) = η2
η 2 cos β 2 z − jη3 sin β 2 z
ηin = η1 : matched

x
η1 η2 η3
Incident energy
ηin z
https://www.presentermedia.com/index.php?
–l 0
η3 = η1
target=closeup&maincat=animsp&id=11706
Assume: 
 β 2l = mπ λ2
2π → l = m
β2 = 2
λ2
η cos β2l + jη2 sin β2l
ηin = η2 3
η2 cos β2l + jη3 sin β2l
→ ηin = η3
https://w ww.turbosquid.com/3d-models/russian-beriev-a-50-aircraft-3d-lw o/449074

x
η1 η2 η3
η3 ≠ η1

Assume:  π
β
 2 l = (2m − 1)
2 λ2
→ l = (2 m − 1) Incident energy
2π 4
β2 = ηv z
λ2
–l 0
η 3 cos β 2l + jη2 sin β 2l
ηin = η 2
η 2 cos β 2l + jη 3 sin β 2l
η22
→ ηin =
η3 → η2 = η1η3
Total transmission: ηv = η1

Ex.
It is required to coat a glass surface with an appropriate dielectric layer to provide total
transmission from air to the glass at a wavelength of 570 nm. The glass has dielectric constant,
εr = 2.1. Find the required dielectric constant for the coating and its minimum thickness.
µ0
η1 = η 0 = = 377 Ω
ε0
µ µ0 µr µ01 η 377
η3 = = = = 1 = = 260 Ω
ε ε 0ε r ε 0ε r εr 2.1
Total transmission: η2 = η1η3 = 377 × 260 = 313 Ω

2
η1  η1   377 2
η2 = → εr 2 =  =  = 1.45
εr2 η
 2  313 
λ1 570 λ 473
λ2 = = = 473 nm → l2 = 2 = = 118 nm = 0.118 µm
µ r2ε r 2 1× 1.45 4 4
x
η1 η2 η3 η4
η4 cos β3lb + jη3 sin β3lb
ηin, b = η3
η3 cos β3lb + jη4 sin β3lb
Incident energy
ηv , b cos β 2la + jη2 sin β 2la
ηin, a = η2 ηin, a ηin, b z
η2 cos β 2la + jηv , b sin β 2la – (la + lb) – lb 0
la lb
ηin , a − η1
Γ=
ηin, a + η1
The reflected power fraction: |Γ|2
The fraction of the power transmitted into region 4: 1 – |Γ|2

Incidence

Plane Wave Propagation in General Directions (1)
Phase: k.r z
λ vp
− j k.r
E s = E0 e
k = k xa x + k z a z k
kz
r = xa x + z a z r (x, z)
→ k.r = k x x + k z z
θ x
− j (kx x+kz z )
→ Es = E0e λx kx
 kz  2π 2π ω ω
θ = atan   λ= = vp = =
 kx  k k x2 + k z2 k k x2 + k z2

Ex. 1
Given a 50 MHz uniform wave, it has electric field amplitude 10 V/m. The medium is
lossless, εr = ε’r= 9.0; μr = 1.0. The wave propagates in the x, y plane at a 30o angle to the
x axis, & is linearly polarized along z. Find the phasor expression of the electric field.
ω ε r 2π × 50 ×106 9
k = ω µε = = y
λ
c 3 ×10
8 vp
= 3.14 m−1
k
k = 3.14cos 30 a x + 3.14sin 30 a y
o o
ky
r (x, y)
= 2.72a x + 1.57a y
r = xa x + ya y θ x
kx
− jk.r − j(k x x+k y y )
E s = E0 e a z = E0 e a z = 10e− j (2.72 x +1.57 y )a z V/ m
Ex. 2
The EFI of a uniform plane wave is 377e–j0.866ze–j0.5yax V/m. Find the direction of
propagation?
− j (0.866 z + 0.5 y ) − jk.r y

E s = 377e a x = E0e ax
k = k cos θ a z + k sin θ a y k
0.5
r = za z + ya y x z
θ
0.866
k.r = ( k cosθ ) z + ( k sin θ ) y = 0.866z + 0.5 y 0
k cos θ = 0.866 0.5

→ → θ = atan = 30o
k sin θ = 0.5 0.866
Incidence

Plane Wave Reflection at Oblique Incidence Angles (1)
+ − + −
k1+ E10 E10 k 1− k1+ H10 H10 k1−
θ1 θ1′ θ1 θ1′
+
H10 Ez+10 Ez−10 −
H10 +
E10 H z+10 Ez−10 −
E10
θ1θ1′ θ1θ1′
η1 z η1 z
η2 θ2 η2 θ2
θ2 E20 θ2 H20
H20 Ez 20 E20 H z 20
x k2 x k2
p – polarization, TM s – polarization, TE

+ − jk 1+ .r
E s+1
+ −
k1+ E10 E10 k 1− = E10 e
θ1 θ1′
− − jk 1− .r
+
H10 Ez+10 Ez−10 −
H10 E s−1= E10 e
θ1θ1′ E s2 = E20e − jk 2 .r
η1 z
η2 θ2 k1+ = k1 (cos θ1a x + sin θ1a z )
θ2 E20 k1− = k1 ( − cos θ1′a x + sin θ1′a z )
H20 Ez 20 k 2 = k 2 (cos θ 2a x + sin θ 2a z )
k2
x r = xa x + za z
p – polarization, TM
ω n1ω ω εr2 n2ω
k1 = ω µ1ε1 = k0 µr1ε r1 = ε r1 = k2 = =
c c c c
+ − jk 1+ .r
E s+1
+ −
k1+ E10 E10 k 1− = E10 e
θ1 θ1′
− − jk 1− .r
+
H10 Ez+10 Ez−10 −
H10 E s−1 = E10 e
θ1θ1′ E s2 = E20e − jk 2 .r
η1 z
η2 θ2
+
Ezs1
+ − j k1+ .r
= Ez10e +
= E10 cosθ1e − jk1 ( x cosθ1 + z sinθ1 )
− − − jk 1− .r − ' − jk1 ( x cos θ1' − z sin θ1' )
θ2 E20 Ezs1 = E z10 e = E10 cos θ1e
Ezs 2 = Ez 20e − jk 2 .r = E20 cos θ 2 e− jk 2 ( x cos θ2 + z sin θ2 )
H20 Ez 20
k2 + −
x E zs1 + E zs1 = Ezs 2 (at x = 0)
p – polarization, TM
+
→ E10 cos θ1e − jk1 z sin θ1 + E10
−
cos θ1′e − jk1 z sin θ1′ = E20 cosθ 2 e − jk2 z sin θ2
θ1′ = θ1
→ k1z sin θ1 = k1 z sin θ1 = k2 z sin θ 2 → 
′
k1 sin θ1 = k2 sin θ 2 → n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
+ −
k1+ E10 E10 k 1− θ1′ = θ1
θ1 θ1′
+ Ez+10 Ez−10 −
k1 sin θ1 = k2 sin θ2
H10 H10
+
E10 cos θ1e − jk1 z sin θ1 + E10
−
cos θ1′e− jk1 z sin θ1′ =
θ1θ1′
η1 z = E20 cos θ2e − jk2 z sin θ 2
η2 θ2 + −
→ E10 cosθ1 + E10 cosθ1 = E20 cos θ2
θ2 E20
+ −
H20 H10 + H10 = H20 (at x = 0)
Ez 20
+ −
x k2 E10 cos θ1 E10 cos θ1 E20 cos θ 2
→ − =
p – polarization, TM η1 p η1 p η2 p
where η1 p = η1 cos θ1, η 2 p = η2 cos θ 2

+ −
k1+ E10 E10 k 1−
θ1 θ1′ + −
E10 cos θ1 + E10 cos θ1 = E20 cosθ 2
+
H10 Ez+10 Ez−10 −
H10
+ −
θ1θ1′ E10 cosθ1 E10 cos θ1 E20 cos θ2
− =
η1 z η1p η1 p η2 p
η2 θ2
θ2 E20
 −
E10 η2 p − η1 p
H20 Ez 20 Γ p = + =
k2  E10 η2 p + η1 p
x →
p – polarization, TM τ = E20 = 2η 2 p
 p E+ η +η
 10 2p 1p

+ −
k1+ H10 H10 k1−
E y−10 η2 s − η1s θ1 θ1′
Γs = = + H z+10 Ez−10 −
E y+10 η 2s + η1s E10 E10
θ1θ1′
E y 20 2η 2s η1 z
τs = = η2 θ2
E y+10 η2 s +η1s
θ2 H20
η1 E20
η1s = H z 20
cos θ1 x k2
η2
s – polarization, TE
η2 s =
cos θ 2

Ex. 1
A uniform plane wave is incident from air onto glass at an angle of 30o from the
normal. Find the fraction of the incident power that is reflected and transmitted for
(a) p – polarization, & (b) s – polarization. Given glass refractive index n2 = 1.45.
sin 30o
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sinθ 2 → θ 2 = asin = 20.2o
1.45
η1 p = η1 cos30o = 377 × 0.866 = 326 Ω
µ1 µr1µ0 µ0
η1 = = =
ε1 ε r1ε 0 ε0 η1
→ = εr 2 η
µ2 µr 2 µ0 µ0 η2 → 1 = n2
η2 = = = η2
ε2 ε r 2ε 0 ε r 2ε 0 n2 = ε r 2 η 377
→ η2 = 1 = = 260 Ω
n2 1.45
→ η2 p = η2 cos θ2 = 260 cos20.2 o = 244 Ω
Ex. 1
η1 p = 326 Ω, η2 p = 244 Ω
η2 p − η1 p 244 − 326
Γp = = = − 0.144
η2 p + η1 p 244 + 326
Preflected 2
= Γ p = ( −0.144)2 = 0.021
Pincident
Ptransmitted 2
= 1 − Γ p = 1 − ( −0.144)2 = 0.979
Pincident

Ex. 1
η1 377 + −
η1s = = = 435 Ω k1+ E10 E10 k1−
cos θ1 cos30 o
θ1 θ1′
η 260 + Ez+10 Ez−10 −
η2 s = 2 = = 277 Ω H10 H10
cos θ2 cos20.2 o
θ1θ1′
η −η 277 − 435 η1
Γ s = 2 s 1s = = −0.222 z
η2 s + η1s 277 + 435 η2 θ2
Preflected 2 θ2 E20
= Γs = (−0.222)2 = 0.049
Pincident H20 Ez 20
Ptransmitted 2 k2
= 1 − Γs = 1 − ( −0.222) 2 = 0.951 x
Pincident p – polarization, TM
Ex. 2
A uniform plane wave is incident from air onto a dielectric medium (εr = 9) at 30o with respect to
the normal to the plane interface. Its EFI in air is 377e–j0.866ze–j0.5yax V/m. Find the angular
frequency, expressions for the EFI & MFI fields in both media, & the average power density of the
wave in the dielectric medium. Assume that μ of the medium is the same as that of free space.
− j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y − j [ k1+ cos(30o ) z + k1+ sin(30o ) y ]
Exs = 377e e = 377e
y
k2
k1+ =
0.866
= 1 rad/ m k 1−
cos30 o x θ2
z
ω
k1+ = ε r1 → ω = ck1+ = 3 ×108 ×1 = 3 ×108 rad/ s 0.866 θ1 0
c
ω 3×10 8 k1+ 0.5
k2 = ε r2 = 9 = 3 rad/ m
c 3×10 8
η1 = η0 = µ0 / ε 0 = 377 = 120π Ω
η2 = µ 2 / ε 2 = µ 0 / ε r 2ε 0 = η0 / ε r 2 = 120π / 9 = 40π Ω
Ex. 2
k1+ sin θ1 = k2 sin θ 2

y
 k1+  1  k2
θ 2 = asin  sin θ1  = asin  sin 30o  = 9.6o k 1−
 k2  3  x θ2
 
η2 η z
− 1 0.866 θ1 0
η −η cos θ 2 cos θ1 η2 cos θ1 − η2 cos θ1
Γs = 2 s 1s = =
η2 s +η1s η η η2 cos θ1 + η2 cos θ1 k1+ 0.5
2
− 1
cos θ 2 cos θ1
40π cos30 o − 120π cos 9.6 o
= = −0.547
40π cos 30 + 120π cos9.6
o o
τ s = 1 + Γ s = 1 − 0.547 = 0.453
Ex. 2
E1+s = 377e− j 0.866 z e− j 0.5 y a x V/ m

+ −
+ + k1+ H10 H10 k1−
∂E ∂E θ1 θ1′
∇ × E1+s = − jωµ1H1+s → 1xs a y − 1xs a z = − jωµ1H1+s +
E −z10 −
∂z ∂y +
E10 H z 10 E10
θ1 θ1′
→ ( − j 0.866a y + j0.5az )377e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y = − jωµ1H1+s η1 y
η2 θ2
(− j 0.866a y + j 0.5a z )377e − j 0.866 z e − j0.5 y θ2 H 20

→ H1+s = E20
− j3 ×10 × 4π ×10
8 −7
k2
H z 20
− j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y
z
=e e (0.866a y − 0.5a z ) A/ m s – polarization, TE
Ex. 2
E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y

e + − j k1+ .r
a x = E10e ax V/ m
y
k2
+
H =e
1s
− j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y
e (0.866a y − 0.5a z ) A/ m k 1−
x θ2
k1+ = k1+ (cos θ1a z + sin θ1a y ) z
0.866 θ1 0
= 1(cos 30 a z + sin 30 a y ) = 0.866a z + 0.5a y rad/ m
o o
k1+ 0.5
r = za z + ya y m
k1− = −0.866az + 0.5a y rad/ m
k 2 = k 2 (cos θ 2a z + sin θ 2 )a y = 3(cos9.6o a z + sin 9.6o a y ) = 2.958a z + 0.5a y rad/ m

Ex. 2
E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y

e ax = + − jk1+ .r
E10e ax V/ m
+ −
H1+s = e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y (0.866a y − 0.5az ) A/ m k1+ H10 H10 k1−
θ1 θ1′
+
k1+ = 0.866a z + 0.5a y rad/ m; k1− = −0.866a z + 0.5a y rad/ m + H z 10 E −z10 E10−
E10
k 2 = 2.958a z + 0.5a y rad/ m; r = za z + ya y m θ1 θ1′
η1 y
− η2 θ2
E10 − +
Γs = +
→ E10 = Γ s E10 = −0.547 × 377 = −206.22 V/ m θ2 H 20
E10
E20 H z 20
− − j ( − 0.866a z + 0.5 a y ) .( z az + ya y )
− − −
E =E e
1s 10
jk 1 .r
a x = − 206.22 e ax z k2
= − 206.22 e− j ( −0.866 z +0.5 y )a x = −206.22e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m s – polarization, TE

Ex. 2
E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y

e ax = + − jk1+ .r
E10e ax V/ m
+ −
H1+s = e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y (0.866a y − 0.5a z ) A/ m k1+ H10 H10 k1−
θ1 θ1′
+
E −z10 −
k1+ = 0.866a z + 0.5a y rad/ m; k1− = −0.866a z + 0.5a y rad/ m +
E10 H z 10 E10
k 2 = 2.958a z + 0.5a y rad/ m; r = za z + ya y m θ1 θ1′

η1 y
E20 η2 θ2
+
τs = +
→ E20 = τ s E10 = 0.453 × 377 = 170.78 V/ m
θ2 H 20
E10
E20 H z 20
− j k 2 .r − j (2.958a z + 0.5 a y ) .( z a z + ya y )
E2 s = E20 e a x = 170.78e ax z k2
= 170.78e − j (2.958 z +0.5 y ) a x = 170.78e − j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m s – polarization, TE
Ex. 2
E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m; E1−s = −206.22e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m

E2 s = 170.78e− j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 ya x V/ m +
k1+ H10 H10−
k1−
θ1 θ1′
∂E1−xs ∂E1−xs
+
+ H E −z10 −
∇× E1−s az = − jωµ1H1−s E10 z 10 E10
= ay −
∂z ∂y θ1 θ1′
η1 y
→ ( j 0.866a y + j0.5az )(−206.22e j0.866 z e − j0.5 y ) = − jωµ1H1−s η2 θ2
j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y θ2 H 20
− (− j 0.866a y − j 0.5a z )206.22e e
→H = −7
E20 H z 20
− j3 × 10 × 4π × 10
1s 8
z k2
= e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y (0.474a y + 0.274a z ) A/ m s – polarization, TE
Ex. 2
E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m; E1−s = −206.22e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m

E2 s = 170.78e− j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 ya x V/ m +
k1+ H10 H10−
k1−
θ1 θ1′
∂E2 xs ∂ E2 xs + H +
E −z10 −
∇ × E2 s = ay − a z = − jωµ 2 H 2s E10 z 10 E10
∂z ∂y θ1 θ1′
η1 y
→ ( − j 2.958a y − j 0.5a z )170.78e− j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 y = − jωµ1 H 2 s η2 θ2
− j 2.958 z − j 0.5 y θ2 H 20
(− j 2.958a y + j 0.5a z )170.78e e
→ H2s = −7
E20 H z 20
− j3 × 10 × 4π × 10
8
z k2
= e − j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 y (1.34a y − 0.227 a z ) A/ m s – polarization, TE
Ex. 2
E2 s = 170.78e− j 2.958z e − j 0.5 ya x V/ m
y
k2
k1−
H 2 s = e − j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 y (1.34a y − 0.227a z ) A/ m x θ2
z
0.866 θ1 0
k1+ 0.5
1  ˆ 
S2 = Re E 2 s × H 2s 
2
1
{
= Re (170.78e − j 2.958 z e − j 0.5 y a x ) × e j 2.958 z e j 0.5 y (1.34a y − 0.227a z ) 
2
}
= 114.42az + 19.38a y W/ m 2
2
Total reflection: Γ = ΓΓˆ = 1
2
cos θ 2 = 1 − sin θ2
2  n1 
→ cos θ 2 = 1 −   sin2 θ1
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2  n2 
→ η2 p = j η2 p
η 2 p = η 2 cos θ2
n
If sin θ1 > 2
n1
η1 p = η1 cos θ1
→ η1 p > 0
η1 > 0
η2 p −η1 p j η2 p −η1 p η1 p − j η2 p Z
→Γp = = =− =− → Γ pΓˆ p = 1
η2 p +η1 p j η2 p +η1 p η1 p + j η2 p Zˆ
n2 n2
→ If sin θ1 ≥ then total reflection → θ1 ≥ θc = asin
n1 n1
Ex. 3
Compute n1 so that total reflection occurs at the back
surface.
n1
45o
n2 = 1

Total transmission: Γ = 0
Γs = 0
η −η → η2 s = η1s
Γ s = 2 s 1s η
η2 s +η1s η1s = 1 η2 η1
cos θ1 → =
cos θ 2 cos θ1
η2
η 2s = n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
cos θ2
1
−
  n 2  2 −
1
→ η2 1 −  1  sin 2 θ1  = η1 1 − sin 2 θ1  2
  n2    
 
2
 n1  n2
Γ p = 0 → η2 1 −   sin θ1 = η1 1− sin θ1 → sin θ1 = sin θ B =
2 2
 n2  n12 + n22

Incidence

Wave Propagation in Dispersive Media (1)

ω ω
β (ω ) = k = ω µ 0ε (ω ) = n (ω )
c ωb
(
Ec, net ( z , t ) = E0 e − j β a ze − jωa t + e − j βb ze − jωb t ) ω0
ωa
∆ω = ω0 − ω a = ωb − ω0
β
∆β = β 0 − β a = βb − β 0 βa β0 βb
(
→ Ec , net ( z , t ) = E0 e− jβ 0 ze jω0t e j ∆β z e − j∆ ωt + e− j∆β ze j∆ ωt )
= 2 E0e − j β0 z e jω0t cos(∆ω t − ∆β z )
→ Enet ( z , t ) = Re[Ec, net ] = 2E0 cos(∆ωt − ∆β t) cos(ω0t − β 0t )

ω
Enet ( z, t ) = 2E0 cos( ∆ωt − ∆β t ) cos(ω0t − β0t ) vp, sm = vg(ω0)
ωb
ω0 ω0
v p, carrier =
β0 ωa vp, sb
β
∆ω
v p, envelope = βa β0 βb
∆β
∆ω d ω
lim = = v g (ω0 )
∆ω→0 ∆β dβ ω
0

12 Plane Wave Reflection 2018mk

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Nguyễn Công Phương

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 5

Region 1 is dielectric, region 2 is conductor: E1+ , H1+

Γ = −1 → Ex+10 = −E x−10 Reflected wave

→ Exs1 = ( e− j β1z − e j β1z ) Ex+10 = − j 2sin( β1 z ) E x+10

Region 1 is dielectric, region 2 is conductor: E1+ , H1+

Region 1 is dielectric, region 2 is conductor: E1+ , H1+

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 9

Region 1 is dielectric, region 2 is dielectric: E1+ , H1+

η1 & η2 are positive real values,

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 10

τ = 1 + Γ = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 z=0

= j 2π × 50 ×106 4π × 10− 7 (14.17 − j 6.366)10 −11 = 0.92 + j 4.29 1/ m

= j 2π × 50 ×106 4π × 10 −7 (2.21 − j 6.366)10−10 = 5.30 + j 7.45 1 / m

Ex+2s = 10τ e − jk2 z = 10(0.63 + j 0.18)e − (5.30+ j 7.45) z µ2 , ε2′ , ε 2′′

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 16

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 19

Exs1,max = (1 + Γ ) Ex+10 E1− , H1−

→ − β1 z = β1 z + ϕ + 2 mπ ( m = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...) Reflected wave

Exs1, min = (1 − Γ ) E x+10

= E x+10 (1 − Γ ) e − j β1 z + 2 Γ E x+10e jϕ / 2 cos( β1z + ϕ / 2)

→ Ex1 ( z , t ) = (1 − Γ ) Ex+10 cos(ω t − β1z ) + 2 Γ Ex+10 cos( β1z + ϕ / 2) cos(ω t + ϕ / 2)

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 22

Ex1 ( z , t ) = (1 − Γ ) E x+10 cos(ωt − β1 z ) + 2 Γ E x+10 cos( β1 z + ϕ / 2) cos(ωt + ϕ / 2)

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 23

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 24

E xs 2 = E x+20e− jβ 2 z + E x−20e jβ 2 z where β 2 = ω ε r 2 c, E x+20 & E x−20 are complex

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 27

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 28

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 29

Total transmission: η2 = η1η3 = 377 × 260 = 313 Ω

The reflected power fraction: |Γ|2

The fraction of the power transmitted into region 4: 1 – |Γ|2

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 31

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 32

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 33

− j (0.866 z + 0.5 y ) − jk.r y

k cos θ = 0.866 0.5

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 36

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 37

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 40

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 41

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 42

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44

k1+ sin θ1 = k2 sin θ 2

E1+s = 377e− j 0.866 z e− j 0.5 y a x V/ m

(− j 0.866a y + j 0.5a z )377e − j 0.866 z e − j0.5 y θ2 H 20

E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y

k1− = −0.866az + 0.5a y rad/ m

k 2 = k 2 (cos θ 2a z + sin θ 2 )a y = 3(cos9.6o a z + sin 9.6o a y ) = 2.958a z + 0.5a y rad/ m

E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y

= − 206.22 e− j ( −0.866 z +0.5 y )a x = −206.22e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m s – polarization, TE

E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z − j 0.5 y

k 2 = 2.958a z + 0.5a y rad/ m; r = za z + ya y m θ1 θ1′

E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m; E1−s = −206.22e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m

E1+s = 377e − j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m; E1−s = −206.22e j 0.866 z e − j 0.5 y a x V/ m

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 56

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 58

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 59

Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 60