14 Transmission Lines 2017b MK

Nguyễn Công Phương
Engineering Electromagnetics
Transmission Lines
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. Transmission Lines
XIII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIV. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XV. Guided Waves & Radiation
Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
2. The Transmission Line Equations
3. Lossless Propagation
4. Transmission Line Equations & Their Solutions in Phasor Form
5. Wave Reflection at Discontinuities
6. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
7. Transmission Lines of Finite Length
8. Some Transmission Line Examples
9. Graphical Method
10. Transients Analysis

Introduction
I1 R1 R2 I2
+ +
+
– V1 V2
E D
− −
N. Ida. Engineering Electromagnetics. Springer 2015

The Transmission Line Equations (1)
I1 I2 I1 I2
+
+
– –
D
dz
I ( z,t ) I + dI
+ +
Rdz Ldz
v V + dV
Cdz Gdz
− −

I ( z,t ) I + dI
+ +
Rdz Ldz
V V + dV
Cdz
Gdz
− −
 I − ( I + dI ) − (Gdz )(V + dV ) − (Cdz )(V + dV )′ = 0


−V + ( Rdz ) I + ( Ldz ) I ′ + V + dV = 0
 dI  ∂V ∂I
 dV + ( Rdz )i + ( Ldz ) =0 −
 ∂z = RI + L
dt ∂t
→ →
dI + (Gdz )v + (Cdz ) dV = 0 − ∂I = GV + C ∂V
 dt  ∂z ∂t

I ( z,t ) I + dI
+ +
Rdz Ldz
v V + dV
Cdz
Gdz
− −
 ∂V ∂I
−
 ∂z = RI + L
∂t

− ∂I = GV + C ∂V
 ∂z ∂t
 ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂V
 2 = LC 2 + ( LG + RC ) + RGV
∂z ∂t ∂t
→ 2
 ∂ I ∂ 2
I ∂V
= LC 2 + ( LG + RC ) + RGI
 ∂z 2 ∂t ∂t
Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
9. Graphical Method

Lossless Propagation (1)
 ∂V ∂I  ∂2V ∂ 2V ∂V
− ∂z = RI + L ∂t  2 = LC 2 + ( LG + RC )
∂z ∂t ∂t
+ RGV
 ,  2
− ∂I = GV + C ∂V ∂ ∂ ∂V
2
 I I
= LC 2 + ( LG + RC ) + RGI
 ∂z ∂t  ∂z 2 ∂t ∂t
 ∂V ∂I  ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
− ∂z = L ∂t  ∂z 2 = LC ∂t 2
R = 0, G = 0 →  ,  2
∂I
− = C ∂ V  ∂ I ∂ 2
I
= LC
 ∂z ∂t  ∂z 2 ∂t 2
 z  z
→ V ( z , t ) = f1  t −  + f 2  t +  = V + + V −
 v  v
 z  z
V ( z , t ) = f1  t −  + f 2  t +  = V +
+ V −
 v  v
∂f1 ∂f1 ∂(t − z / v) 1

= = − f1′
∂z ∂(t − z / v) dz v
∂f1 ∂f1 ∂(t − z / v)

= = f1′
∂t ∂(t − z / v) ∂t
∂2 f1 1 ∂2 f1
= 2 f1′′, = f1′′
∂t 2
v ∂t 2
1
→ v=
∂2V ∂ 2V LC
= LC 2
∂z ∂t
 z  z
V ( z, t ) = f1  t −  + f 2  t +  = V + + V −
 v  v
1   z  z  + −
I ( z, t ) =  f1 t −  2  t +  = I − I
− f
Lv   v   v 
Z 0 = Lv = L / C
V + = Z0 I + , V − = − Z 0 I −
+ V+ V−
R1 I I− R2
+ +
+
–
− −

V ( z, t ) = V0 cos(ωt − β z + φ ) + V0 cos(ωt + β z + φ ) = V forward + Vbackward
V0 = V ( z = 0, t = 0)
ω
β=
v
e jx + e− jx
e = cos( x) + j sin(x) → cos( x) =
jx
2
jφ
 e j (ωt − β z +φ ) + e− j (ωt − β z +φ ) V0 e j (ωt − β z ) V0 e− jφ − j (ωt − β z )
 V0 cos(ωt − β z + φ ) = V0 = e + e
 2 2 2
→ jφ
 V cos(ωt + β z + φ ) = V e
j (ωt + β z +φ )
+ e− j (ωt + β z +φ ) V0 e j (ωt + β z ) V0 e− jφ − j (ωt + β z )
= e + e
 0 0
2 2 2

V ( z, t ) = V0 cos(ωt − β z + φ ) + V0 cos(ωt + β z + φ ) = V forward + Vbackward
 V0 e jφ j (ωt −β z ) V0 e− jφ − j ( ωt − β z )
 V0 cos(ωt − β z + φ ) = e + e
 2 2
 jφ − jφ
 V e j ( ωt + β z ) V e − j (ω t +β z )
V
 0 cos(ω t + β z + φ ) = 0
e + 0
e
2 2
V0 = V0 e jφ , Vc ( z, t ) = V0 e± j β z e jωt , Vs ( z) = V0 e± j β z
Vs ( z)e jωt + Vs* ( z)e− jωt

→ V f / b ( z, t ) = V0 cos(ω t ± β z + φ ) = Re{Vs ( z)e } = jω t

Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
4. Transmission Line Equations & Their Solutions in Phasor
Form
9. Graphical Method
Transmission Line Equations
& Their Solutions in Phasor Form (1)
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂V
= LC + ( LG + RC ) + RGV
∂z 2
∂t 2
∂t
V = Vs ( z ) e jωt
d 2Vs jωt
→ 2 e = ( jω )2 LCVs e jωt + jω ( LG + RC )Vs e jωt + RGVs e jωt
dz
d 2Vs
→ 2 = −ω 2 LCVs + jω (LG + RC )Vs + RGVs
dz
= (R + jω L)(G + jω C )Vs = γ 2Vs
Z Y
γ = (R + jω L)(G + jω C ) = ZY = α + jβ
Vs ( z ) = V0+ e− γ z + V0− eγ z
 + −γ z − γz
 Is ( z) = I0 e + I0 e
 ∂V ∂I
−
 ∂z = RI + L
∂t

− ∂I = GV + C ∂V
 ∂z ∂t
V = Vs (z )e jωt , I = I s (z )e jωt
 dVs
− dz = ( R + jω L) Is = ZI s
→
− dIs = (R + jω L)V = YV
 dz s s
Vs ( z ) = V0+ e− γ z + V0− eγ z

 + −γ z − γz
 Is ( z) = I0 e + I0 e
V0+ V0− Z Z Z R + jω L
→ + =− − = = = = = Z0 = Z0 e jθ
I0 I0 γ ZY Y G + jω C
Ex. & Their Solutions in Phasor Form (3)
A lossless transmission line is 100 cm long & operates at a frequency of 600 MHz. The line
parameters are L = 0.25 μH/m & C = 100 pF/m. Find the characteristic impedance, the phase
constant, & the phase velocity?
L 0.25 ×10−6
Z0 = = = 50 Ω
C 100 ×10 −12
γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = jω LC = α + jβ
→ β = ω LC = 2π × 600 ×106 (0.25 × 10−6 )(100 ×10−12 ) = 18.85 rad/m
ω 2π × 600 ×106
vp = = = 2 ×108 m/s
β 18.85

γ = (R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = ZY = α + jβ
R G
= jω LC 1 + 1+
jω L jω C
x x2
1+ x ≈ 1+ − ( x ≪ 1)
2 8
 R R2   G G2 
→ γ ≈ jω LC 1 + + 2 2  1 + + 2 2  ( R ≪ ω L, G ≪ ω C )
 j2ω L 8ω L   j 2ωC 8ω C 
 1  R G  1  R 2 2 RG G 2 
≈ jω LC 1 +  + + 2  2 − + 2 
 j 2ω  L C  8ω  L LC C 
 1 C L
α ≈  R +G 
 2  L C 
→
  1 G R  
2
β ≈ ω LC 1 + 8  ω C − ω L  
    
  1  R G  1  R 2 2RG G 2 
γ ≈ jω LC 1 +  + + 2  2 − + 2 
  j2ω  L C  8ω  L LC C 

α ≈ 1  R C + G L 
 
 2  L C 
R ≪ ω L, G ≪ ωC → 
  1 G R  
2
β ≈ ω LC 1 + 8  ω C − ω L  
    

Z 0 ≈ L 1 + 1  1 
 C  2ω 2  4 

Vs ( z ) = V0e −γ z = V0e− α z e− j β z
V0 −α z − j β z
Is ( z) = I0 e−γ z = I 0e−α z e− j β z = e e
Z0
1  − α z − j β z  V0
*

−α z j β z  
P = Re {Vs I s } = Re (V0e e )
1 *
 * e e 
2 2   Z0 
1   V0* 
−α z j β z 
= Re (V0e e
−αz − jβ z
)  e e 
2  − jθ 
 Z0 e 
2
1 V0V0* −2α z jθ  1 V0 − 2α z
= Re  e e = e cos θ
2  Z 0  2 Z 0
Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
9. Graphical Method

Wave Reflection at Discontinuities (1)
Vi ( z ) = V0 i e−α z e− jβ z R1 Vincident
Vr ( z ) = V0 r eα z e jβ z
+
– Z0 Z L = RL + jX L
VL = V0i + V0 r E Vreflected
V0i − V0 r VL V0i + V0 r
I L = I0i + I0r = = = z=0
Z0 ZL ZL Z L − Z0
→ Γ= = Γ e jφr
V0 r ZL + Z0
Γ=
V0 i
→ VL = (1 + Γ)V0 i
VL
τ=
V0i
2 ZL
→ τ = 1+ Γ = = τ e jφt
ZL + Z0
V0 r Z L − Z 0
Γ= = = Γ e jφr R1 Vincident
V0i Z L + Z 0
+
– Z0 Z L = RL + jX L
1 V0V0* −2α z jθ  E Vreflected
P = Re  e e 
2  Z 0 
2
=
1 V0 −2α z
e cos θ z=0 z=L
2 Z0
1 V0V0* −2α L jθ  1 V0 −2α L

2
Pi = P z =L = Re  e e = e cos θ
2  Z0  2 Z 0
2
1 V0V0* −2α L jθ  1 V0 −2α L →
Pr
= ΓΓ* = Γ
2
Pr = P z =L = Re  e e = e cos θ
2  Z0  2 Z 0
Pi
2 2
1  (ΓV0 )(Γ*V0* ) −2α L jθ  1 Γ V0 −2α L
= Re  e e = e cos θ
2  Z0  2 Z 0

V0 r Z L − Z 0
Γ= = = Γ e jφr
V0i Z L + Z 0
Vs ( z ) = V0+ e − γ z + V0− eγ z
VsT ( z) = V0e − jβ z + ΓV0e jβ z
= V0 e− j β z + Γ e j (β z +φ ) 
= V0e jφ /2 e − j β ze− jφ /2 + Γ e j β z e jφ /2 
= V0 (1 − Γ ) e − jβ z + V0 Γ e jφ /2 ( e− j β z e− jφ / 2 + e j β z e jφ /2 )
= V0 (1 − Γ ) e − jβ z + V0 Γ e jφ /2 cos( β z + φ / 2)
→ V ( z, t ) = Re {VsT ( z) e jωt } = V0 (1 − Γ ) cos(ω t − β z ) + 2 Γ V0 cos( β z + φ / 2)cos(ω t + φ / 2)

traveling wave standing wave

V0r Z L − Z 0
Γ= = = Γ e jφr
V0i Z L + Z 0
VsT ( z) = V0  e− j β z + Γ e j ( β z +φ ) 
−β z − ( β z + φ ) = (2m + 1)π
φ + (2m + 1)π
→ zmin = − (m = 0,1, 2, ...)
2β
V ( z, t ) = V0 (1 − Γ ) cos(ω t − β z ) + 2 Γ V0 cos(β z + φ / 2)cos(ωt + φ / 2)
 φ +π   φ +π 
→ V ( z, t ) = V0 (1 − Γ ) cos  ωt + β  + 2 Γ V cos  − β + φ / 2  cos(ωt + φ / 2)
2β  2β
0
  
 φ +π   φ +π 
= V0 (1 − Γ ) cos  ωt +  + 2 Γ V0 cos  − + φ / 2  cos(ω t + φ / 2)
 2   2 
= −V0 (1 − Γ ) sin(ω t + φ / 2) + 2 Γ V0 cos(π / 2) cos(ω t + φ / 2)
= −V0 (1 − Γ ) sin(ω t + φ / 2) → V ( zmin , t ) = ±V0 (1 − Γ ) sin(ωt + φ / 2)
V0r Z L − Z 0
Γ= = = Γ e jφr
V0i Z L + Z 0
VsT ( z) = V0  e− j β z + Γ e j ( β z +φ ) 
−β z − (β z + φ ) = 2mπ
φ + 2mπ
→ zm ax = − (m = 0,1, 2,...)
2β
V ( z, t ) = V0 (1 − Γ ) cos(ω t − β z ) + 2 Γ V0 cos(β z + φ / 2)cos(ωt + φ / 2)
 φ   φ 
→ V ( z, t ) = V0 (1 − Γ ) cos  ωt + β  + 2 Γ V cos  − β + φ / 2  cos(ωt + φ / 2)
2β  2β
0
  
 φ  φ 
= V0 (1 − Γ ) cos  ωt +  + 2 Γ V0 cos  − + φ / 2  cos(ωt + φ / 2)
 2  2 
= V0 (1 + Γ ) cos(ωt + φ / 2)
→ V ( zmax , t ) = ±V0 (1 + Γ ) cos(ωt + φ / 2)
V0r Z L − Z 0
Γ= = = Γ e jφr
V0i Z L + Z 0
φ + (2m + 1)π
V ( zmin , t ) = ±V0 (1 − Γ ) sin(ωt + φ / 2), zmin = −
2β
φ + 2mπ
V ( zmax , t) = ±V0 (1 + Γ ) cos(ωt + φ / 2), zm ax =− VsT
2β
V0 (1 + Γ )
V0 (1 − Γ )
−φ − 6π −φ − 4π −φ − 2π −φ 0 z
−φ − 7π 2β −φ − 5π 2β −φ − 3π 2β −φ − π 2β
2β 2β 2β 2β
VsT ( zmax ) 1 + Γ
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) : s = =
VsT ( zmin ) 1 − Γ
Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
9. Graphical Method

Transmission Lines of Finite Length (1)
Zg + +
+ − jβ z − jβ z
VsT ( z) = V e +V e
+
0 0
Vin Zin Z0 VL ZL
+ − jβ z jβ z
IsT ( z ) = I e +I e
−
–
0 0
E − −
VsT ( z )
Z w ( z) =
I sT ( z ) z = −L z=0
V0+ e− j β z + V0− e j β z
= + − jβ z e− j β z + Γe j β z
I0 e + I 0− e j β z → Z w ( z ) = Z0 − j β z
e − Γe j β z
V0− = Γ V0+ , I 0+ = V0+ / Z 0 , I 0− = −V0− / Z 0 V Z − Z0
Γ = 0r = L = Γ e jφr
V0i Z L + Z 0
e jφ = cos φ + j sin φ
Z L cos( β z ) − j Ζ0 sin( β z )
→ Z w ( z) = Z 0
Z 0 cos( β z ) − j Ζ L sin( β z )
Zg + +
+
– Vin Zin Z0 VL ZL
E − −
z = −L z=0
Z L cos( β z ) − j Ζ0 sin( β z )
Z w ( z) = Z 0
Z 0 cos( β z ) − j Ζ L sin( β z )
Zg +
Z L cos( β L) + j Ζ0 sin( β L)
→ Z in = Z w ( z = − L) = Z0
+
Z 0 cos( β L ) + j Ζ L sin( β L) – Vin Z in
E −

Z L cos( β L) + j Ζ0 sin( β L)
Z in = Z 0
Z 0 cos( β L) + j Ζ L sin( β L)
→ Zin ( L = mλ / 2) = Z L
2π
β=
λ → β L = mπ
mλ Z 02
L= (m = 0,1, 2,...) Zin ( L = λ / 4) =
2 ZL
Zg + + Zg +
+
+
– Vin Z i n Z0 VL ZL – Vi n ZL
E − − E −
z = −L, L = mλ / 2 z=0

Zg
Z03 − Z01
+
Γ01− 03 = Z 01 Z 03 ZL
Z03 + Z01
–
E
Z03 cos(β 2 L2 ) + j Ζ02 sin(β 2 L2 )

Z in02 = Z 02 Z022
Z02 cos( β2 L2 ) + j Ζ03 sin(β 2 L2 ) → Z in02 =
Z03
L2 = λ / 4 → Z 02 = Z 01Z 03
Zin 02 − Z 01
Γ01−02 = =0 → Z in02 − Z 01 = 0 → Z in02 = Z01
Zin 02 + Z 01
Zg
+
– Z 01 Z 02 Z 03 ZL
E
Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
9. Graphical Method

Some Transmission Line Examples (1)
Ex. 1 Z L − Z 0 300 − 300
Γ= = =0
Z L + Z 0 300 + 300 300 Ω + +
1+ Γ Z0 = 300Ω, L = 2m
1+ 0
+
s= = =1 – Vin VL 300 Ω
1− Γ 1− 0 60V v = 2.5 ×10 m/s
8
100MHz − −
ω 2π ×108
β= = = 0.8π rad/m
v 2.5 ×10 8
Z cos( β L) + j Ζ0 sin( β L)
Zin = Z0 L = Z 0 = 300 Ω
Z 0 cos( β L) + j ΖL sin( β L)
E
Vin = 300 = 30 cos(2π 108 t) V
300 + 300
VL = 30 cos(2π 108 t − β L) = 30 cos(2π 108 t − 1.6π ) V
300 Ω +
Vin 30 cos(2π 108 t )
+
I in = = = 0.1cos(2π108 t ) A – Vin Z in
300 300 60V
I L = 0.1cos(2π 10 t −1.6π ) A 100MHz −
8
1
Pin = PL = 30 × 0.1 = 1.5 W
2
Ex. 2
Z − Z 0 150 − 300
Γ= L = = −0.33 300 Ω + + 300Ω
Z L + Z 0 150 + 300 Z0 = 300Ω, L = 2m
+
– Vin VL
60V v = 2.5 ×10 m/s
8
1+ Γ 1 + 0.33 300Ω
s= = =2 100MHz − −
1 − Γ 1 − 0.33
Z L cos( β L) + jΖ0 sin( β L) 150 cos(1.6π ) + j300sin(1.6π )

Zin = Z0 = 300 = 466 − j 206 Ω
Z 0 cos( β L) + jΖL sin( β L) 300 cos(1.6π ) + j150sin(1.6π )
60
I s ,in = = 0.0756∠15o A
300 + (466 − j 206)
Vs ,in = Zin I s , in = 38.54∠ − 8.8o V

300 Ω +
+
1 2 1 Vin Z in
Pin = Rin I s,in = × 466 × 0.0756 2 = 1.333W = PL –
2 2 60V
2 100MHz −
1 Vs, L
PL = → Vs , L = 2 PL Z L = 2 ×1.333 × 150 = 20 V
2 ZL
Ex. 3
150(− j300)
ZL = = 120 − j 60 Ω 300 Ω + + 300 Ω
150 − j 300 Z0 = 300Ω, L = 2m
+
– Vin VL
Z L − Z 0 120 − j 60 − 300 60V v = 2.5 ×10 m/s
8
− j 300 Ω
Γ= = 300 Ω
Z L + Z 0 120 − j60 + 300 100MHz − −
= 0.447∠ − 153.4o
1 + Γ 1 + 0.447
s= = = 2.62
1 − Γ 1 − 0.447
(120 − j60) cos(1.6π ) + j 300 sin(1.6π )

Zin = 300 = 775 − j138.5 Ω
300 cos(1.6π ) + j (120 − j60) sin(1.6π )
300 Ω +
60
+
I s ,in = = 0.0564∠ 7.47o A – Vin Z in
300 + 755 − j138.5 60V
1 2 1 100MHz −
Pin = Rin I s ,in = × 755 × 0.05642 = 1.2 W = PL
2 2
Ex. 4
300 Ω + +
Z L − Z 0 − j300 − 300 Z0 = 300Ω, L = 2m
Γ= = = 1∠ − 90o
+
Z L + Z 0 − j300 + 300 – Vin VL
60V v = 2.5 ×10 m/s
8
− j 300 Ω
100MHz − −
1 + Γ 1+1
s= = =∞
1 − Γ 1 −1
− j300 cos(1.6π ) + j 300 sin(1.6π )

Zin = 300 = j589 Ω
300 cos(1.6π ) + j( − j 300) sin(1.6π )
300 Ω +
+
– Vin Z in
60V
100MHz −

Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
9. Graphical Method

Graphical Method (1)
ZL − Z0 1+ Γ
Γ= → Z L = Z0
ZL + Z0 1− Γ 1+ Γ
→ zL =
ZL 1− Γ
= z L (normalized load impedance)
Z0
1 + [ Re{Γ} + j Im{Γ}]
→ Re{z L } + j Im{ zL } =
1 − [ Re{Γ} − j Im{Γ}]
1 − Re 2{Γ} − Im2{Γ} + j 2 Im{Γ}

=
[1 − Re{Γ}] 2
+ Im 2{Γ}
1 − Re 2{Γ} − Im 2{Γ} + j 2 Im{Γ}
Re{ z L} + j Im{z L } =
[1 − Re{Γ}] + Im 2{Γ}
2
1 − Re 2{Γ} − Im 2{Γ}
Re{ zL } =
[1 − Re{Γ}] 2
+ Im 2{Γ}
→ Re{ zL }[ Re{Γ} − 1] + Re 2 ({Γ} − 1 +

2
(= 0)
 
1 1
+ Re{Γ}Im {Γ} + Im {Γ} +
2 2
− =0
1 + Re{ zL } 1 + Re{ zL }
2 2
 Re{z L }   Re{z L } 
→  Re{Γ} −  + Im {Γ} = 
2

 1 + Re{z L }   1 + Re{z L } 
1 − Re 2{Γ} − Im 2{Γ} + j 2 Im{Γ}
Re{ z L} + j Im{z L } =
[1 − Re{Γ}] + Im 2{Γ}
2
2 2
 Re{ z L }   Re{ z L } 
 Re{Γ} −  + Im 2 {Γ} =  
 1 + Re{ z L }   1 + Re{ z L } 
2
 1 
(Re{Γ} − 1)2 +  Im{Γ} −  = 2
1
 Im{ z L }  Im { z L }

2 2
 Re{ zL }   Re{ z L } 
 Re{Γ} −  + Im 2{Γ} =  
 1 + Re{ z L }   1 + Re{ zL } 
 1  1
Equation of a circle, centered at  ,0 & a radius of
1 + Re{ z L }  1 + Re{z L }
Im{Γ}
r = Re{z L }
Re{Γ}

2
 
(Re{Γ} − 1) +  Im{Γ} − 1  = 21
2
 Im{ zL }  Im {z L }
 1  1
Equation of a circle, centered at 1,  & a radius of Im{z }
 Im{ z L }  L
Im{Γ}
s = Im{ z L }
Re{Γ}

1. Find the normalized load impedance
ZL
zL = = Re{z L } + j Im{ z L }
Z0
2. Find the circle corresponding to Re{zL}
3. Find the arc corresponding to Im{zL}
4. The intersection of the circle & the arc is Γ.

Ex.: ZL = 25 + j100 Ω, Z0 = 50 Ω; Γ = ?
1. Normalization:
zL = (25 + j100)/50 = 0.5 + j2
2. The circle corresponds

to 0.5
3. The arc corresponds to

2
4. Γ is the intersection of the

circle & the arc.
Γ = 0.52 + j0.64
Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
9. Graphical Method

Transient Analysis (1)
V+
V0 0V
Z L − Z0 RL − Z0
Γ= = +
Z L + Z 0 RL + Z0
t=0 I+
Z0 RL
RL = Z 0 → Γ = 0 V0 Rg
−
RL = 0 → Γ = −1
z=0 z=L
RL = ∞ → Γ = 1
VL
RL − Z 0
ΓL = V0
RL + Z 0
Rg − Z 0
Γg =
Rg + Z 0 0 L/v t

L
Transient Analysis (2) Γg z (m) ΓL
0 V1+
t=0
L/v V1− = Γ LV1+
Z0 RL
V0 Rg 2L/v V2+ = Γ g Γ LV1+
3L/v V2− = Γ g Γ2LV1+
z=0 z=L 4L/v V3+ = Γ 2g Γ2LV1+
VL = V1+ + V1− + V2+ + V2− + V3+ + V3− + ... 5L/v V3− = Γ 2g Γ3LV1+
= V1+ (1 + ΓL + Γg Γ L + Γ g Γ2L + Γ2g Γ L2 + ...) 6L/v V4+ = Γ 3g Γ3LV1+
= V1+ (1 + Γ L )(1 + Γg Γ L + Γ2g Γ L2 + ...) 7L/v V4− = Γ3g ΓL4 V1+
1
= V1+ (1 + ΓL ) 8L/v V5+ = Γ 4g Γ4LV1+
1− Γ gΓ L
9L/v V5− = Γ 4g Γ5LV1+
V0 Z 0
V1+ = 10L/v
Rg + Z 0 t (s) t (s)
L
Transient Analysis (3) Γg z (m) 3L / 4 ΓL
0 V1+
t=0
L/v V1− = Γ LV1+
Z0 RL
V0 Rg 2L/v V2+ = Γ g Γ LV1+
3L/v V2− = Γ g Γ2LV1+
z=0 3L / 4 z=L 4L/v V3+ = Γ 2g Γ2LV1+
5L/v V3− = Γ 2g Γ3LV1+
V3/4
+ − +
V1 +V1 +V2 +V2 −
6L/v V4+ = Γ 3g Γ3LV1+
V1+ +V1− 7L/v V4− = Γ3g Γ4LV1+
V1+ +V1− +V2+
V1+ 8L/v V5+ = Γ 4g Γ4LV1+
0 9L/v V5− = Γ 4g Γ5LV1+

0 3L 5L 11L 13L
t 10L/v
t (s) t (s)
4v 4v 4v 4v
L
Transient Analysis (4) Γg z (m) ΓL
0 I1+ = V1+ / Z 0
t=0
L/v I1− = −V1− / Z0
Z0 RL
V0 Rg 2L/v I 2+ = V2+ / Z0
3L/v I 2− = −V2− / Z0
z=0 z=L 4L/v I 3+ = V3+ / Z0
I L = I1+ + I1− + I 2+ + I 2− + I 3+ + I3− + ... 5L/v I 3− = −V3+ / Z0
6L/v I 4+ = V4+ / Z0
7L/v I 4− = −V4− / Z0
8L/v I 5+ = V5+ / Z0
9L/v I 5− = −V5− / Z0
10L/v
t (s) t (s)
L
Transient Analysis (5) Γg z (m) 3L / 4 ΓL
0 I1+ = V1+ / Z 0
t=0
L/v I1− = −V1− / Z0
Z0 RL
V0 Rg 2L/v I 2+ = V2+ / Z0
3L/v I 2− = −V2− / Z0
z=0 3L / 4 z=L 4L/v I 3+ = V3+ / Z0
5L/v I 3− = −V3+ / Z0
I3/4 6L/v
I1+ + − + I 4+ = V4+ / Z0
I1 + I1 + I2
I1+ + I1− + − + −
7L/v I 4− = −V4− / Z0
I1 + I1 + I2 + I2
8L/v I 5+ = V5+ / Z0
0 9L/v I 5− = −V5− / Z0
0 3L 5L 11L 13L
t 10L/v
t (s) t (s)
4v 4v 4v 4v
Ex. 1
Transient Analysis (6)
Rg = Z0 = 50 Ω, RL = 25 Ω, V0 = 10 V. The
t=0
switch is closed at time t = 0. Determine
the voltage at the load resistor and the Z0 RL
current in the battery as functions of time. V0 Rg
RL − Z0 25 − 50
ΓL = = = −0.33
RL + Z0 25 + 50 Γg z (m) ΓL
Rg − Z 050 − 50 0 V1+
Γg = = =0
Rg + Z 0 50 + 50 L/v
V1− = Γ LV1+
V0 10
V1+ = Z0 = 50 = 5V 2L/v
Rg + Z0 50 + 50 t (s) t (s)
V1− = Γ LV1+ = (−0.33)5 = −1.67V Γg z (m) ΓL
0
+ V1+ 5 I1+
I =
1 = = 0.1A
Z0 50 L/v
I1−
− V1− (−1.67)
I =− =− = 0.033A 2L/v
1
Z0 50 t (s) t (s)
Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

14 Transmission Lines 2017b MK

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

14 Transmission Lines 2017b MK

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nguyễn Công Phương

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

N. Ida. Engineering Electromagnetics. Springer 2015

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 4

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 5

 I − ( I + dI ) − (Gdz )(V + dV ) − (Cdz )(V + dV )′ = 0

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 6

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 8

∂f1 ∂f1 ∂(t − z / v) 1

∂f1 ∂f1 ∂(t − z / v)

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 11

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 12

Vs ( z)e jωt + Vs* ( z)e− jωt

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 13

Vs ( z ) = V0+ e− γ z + V0− eγ z

→ β = ω LC = 2π × 600 ×106 (0.25 × 10−6 )(100 ×10−12 ) = 18.85 rad/m

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 17

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 19

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 21

1 V0V0* −2α L jθ  1 V0 −2α L

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 23

VsT ( z) = V0e − jβ z + ΓV0e jβ z

= V0e jφ /2 e − j β ze− jφ /2 + Γ e j β z e jφ /2 

→ V ( z, t ) = Re {VsT ( z) e jωt } = V0 (1 − Γ ) cos(ω t − β z ) + 2 Γ V0 cos( β z + φ / 2)cos(ω t + φ / 2)

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 24

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 28

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 30

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 31

Z03 cos(β 2 L2 ) + j Ζ02 sin(β 2 L2 )

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 33

Z L cos( β L) + jΖ0 sin( β L) 150 cos(1.6π ) + j300sin(1.6π )

Vs ,in = Zin I s , in = 38.54∠ − 8.8o V

(120 − j60) cos(1.6π ) + j 300 sin(1.6π )

− j300 cos(1.6π ) + j 300 sin(1.6π )

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 37

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 38

1 − Re 2{Γ} − Im2{Γ} + j 2 Im{Γ}

→ Re{ zL }[ Re{Γ} − 1] + Re 2 ({Γ} − 1 +

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 41

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 42

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 43

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44

2. The circle corresponds

3. The arc corresponds to

4. Γ is the intersection of the

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 47

Transmission Lines - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 48

0 9L/v V5− = Γ 4g Γ5LV1+

You might also like