evLwZ‡bi Dcb¨vmZË¡

†gvnv¤§` AvRg

1 cvVcwiwa
wgLvBj evLwZ‡bi (1895-1975) Dcb¨vmZË¡ Zuvi b›`bZË¡B e‡U| BwZnv‡mi j¤^v cwiµgvq Avi Rxe‡bi †QvU-eo-gvSvwi
msL¨vZxZ ˆewP‡Î¨i g‡a¨ wZwb Dcb¨vm bv‡gi mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci ZË¡Zvjvk K‡i‡Qb| †mLv‡b BwZnv‡m-Rxe‡b-Dcb¨v‡m †Kv‡bv
Rj-APj dvivK ˆZwi nqwb| evLwZ‡bi †ÿ‡Î Dcb¨vmZË¡ G Kvi‡Y Zuvi RxebZ‡Ë¡iB we‡kl cÖKvk gvÎ|
wZwb wb‡R Aek¨ `k©b ev Rxeb`k©b cÖYq‡bi `vwe †Zv‡jbwb| Dcb¨v‡mi iKg-mKgB †Kej eyS‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi
`vwe †QvU bq| Zuvi g‡Z, G hveZ Dcb¨vm-we‡kølKiv A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zuviv KvR K‡i‡Qb we‡kl ai‡bi
Dcb¨vm ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl †jL‡Ki Dcb¨vm wb‡q| Kve¨Z‡Ë¡i cÖPwjZ fvlv-Abygvb-c×wZ e¨envi K‡iB Zuviv KvRUv
K‡i‡Qb| mgm¨v n‡q‡Q mvKz‡j¨ `y‡Uv, hvi †Kv‡bvwUB bMY¨ bq| GK. mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e Dcb¨vm Avjv`v †Kv‡bv mvgwMÖK
msÁv cvqwb; `yB. Dcb¨vm covi Rb¨ Riæwi Avjv`v Kjv‡KŠkj ev c×wZ ˆZwi nqwb| evLwZb wb‡R Zuvi cÖvq mgMÖ iPbvq
G KvR `ywUB Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
KvRUv wZwb K‡i‡Qb fvlv‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L Ges fvlv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i| fvlv‡K †`‡L‡Qb Rxe‡bi ˆewPΨ I mgMÖZvi
jxjv‡ÿÎ wnmv‡e| BD‡ivcxq BwZnv‡mi j¤^v cvUvZ‡b Rxeb I fvlvi cvi¯úwiKZv Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb Zuvi wek` K_vgvjvq|
Avi fvlvq Rvqgvb eûwewPÎ Rxe‡bi h_v_© Avavi wnmv‡e cvV K‡i‡Qb Dcb¨vm| evLwZ‡bi Dcb¨vm`k©b G Kvi‡Y Zuvi
fvlv`k©b Avi Rxeb`k©bI e‡U|
1
eZ©gvb wbeÜ evLwZ‡bi Dcb¨vmZ‡Ë¡i we‡kølYg~jK cvV bq, AvswkK cwiPqÁvcK cvV| Zuvi wecyj †jLv‡jwLi g‡a¨
cÖavbZ The Dialogic Imagination: Four essays (1994) Ges †MŠYZ Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (1999) GB cv‡V
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

2 Dcb¨vm: bZzb msÁvi †Luv‡R

evLwZ‡bi †jLv‡jwL‡Z Dcb¨vm K_vwU Kgc‡ÿ wZbwU A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GK. ÔAvaywbKÕ Rgvbvq weKwkZ †h
mvwnZ¨iƒcwU mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡ ev mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m Dcb¨vm bv‡g cwiwPZ; `yB. Dcb¨v‡mi evLwZb-ewY©Z Av`k© iƒc, `¯Íqfw¯‹i
Dcb¨v‡m hvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq; wZb. fvlvi ˆkwíK Dc¯’vcbvi GK wewkó aib, hv †MÖ‡Kv-†ivgvb bvbv `„óv‡šÍ ev
†jvKmvwn‡Z¨ A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB PwP©Z n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e †h A‡_©B ÔDcb¨vmÕ kãwU e¨eüZ †nvK bv †Kb, evLwZb G wel‡q Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ GKgZ †h, mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e
Dcb¨v‡mi cÖej DÌvb N‡U‡Q AvaywbK Kv‡j| K‡qK avc GwM‡q wZwb Av‡iv `vwe K‡i‡Qb, Dcb¨vmB Avgv‡`i Kv‡ji
GKgvÎ mvwnZ¨iƒc| ïay ZvB bq, Dcb¨v‡mi GKv‡j Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvI Kg-†ewk Dcb¨vwmZ (Novelized) n‡q‡Q
(Bakhtin 1994: 7)|

Dcb¨vm GL‡bv weKvkgvb| Gi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wbt‡k‡l e¨eüZ nqwb| gnvKve¨ ev Uª¨v‡RwWi g‡Zv AwaKvsk mvwnZ¨iƒc ïay
cyivbvB bq, cÖZœZvwË¡KI e‡U| G¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB Avwef©~Z I weKwkZ n‡q‡Q wjLb‰kjx Avi cy¯Í‡Ki Avwef©v‡ei Av‡M|
AvaywbK Rgvbvi Av‡MB G¸‡jvi iƒc wbw`©ó n‡q wM‡qwQj| Dcb¨vmB GKgvÎ e¨wZµg| Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc-cvV g„Zfvlv cv‡Vi
g‡Zv; Dcb¨vmcvV ïay RxweZ fvlvi g‡ZvB bq, Ggb GK fvlvi cvV, hv GL‡bv ZiæY|

1
GKv‡j cyivbv mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv hLb bZzb K‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q, ZLb †m¸‡jv bZzb Rgvbvi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q wb‡q‡Q—KL‡bv
fv‡jv n‡q‡Q, KL‡bv g›`| †hgb, Dcb¨v‡mi cÖfv‡e Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvI msjvcvwqZ (Dialogized) n‡q‡Q; nvwm,
e¨R¯‘wZ, VvÆv BZ¨vw` hy³ n‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nj, Dcb¨v‡mi cÖfv‡e G mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv‡Z ÔAwbiƒwcZÕ ˆewkó¨
Xz‡K‡Q, A‡_©i gyw³ N‡U‡Q Ges mgKvjxb ev¯ÍeZv—†h ev¯ÍeZv Pjgvb, GL‡bv †kl nqwb—MÖvn¨ n‡q‡Q| hy‡Mi cÖavb
mvwnZ¨iƒc n‡q IVvi GB Awfhv‡b Dcb¨vm Ab¨ me iƒ‡ci bevqb NwU‡q‡Q—we‡klZ Zv‡`i iPbv-cÖwµqv Avi ev¯Í‡ei
mewKQz AvZ¥xKi‡Yi w`K †_‡K| `yf©v‡M¨i K_v, mvwn‡Z¨i HwZnvwmKiv Dcb¨vm Avi cyivKv‡j weKwkZ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvi
ga¨Kvi jovB‡K mxwgZ K‡i ÔNivbvÕ ev ÔcÖeYZvÕi g‡a¨ wb‡q Av‡mb| Dcb¨vwmZ GKwU KweZv‡K, aiv hvK, Zuviv e‡jb
Ô†ivgvw›UKÕ KweZv| Aek¨B GUv †ivgvw›UK| wKš‘ G ch©šÍ ej‡jB K_v †kl n‡q hvq bv| mvwnZ¨ I fvlvi †h wbqwZ GKv‡j
Awbevh© n‡q D‡V‡Q Zvi Zzjbvq GB ÔNivbvÕ wØZxq-Z…Zxq †kÖwYi PwiÎ gvÎ|
Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv‡K Dcb¨vwmZ Kivi gv‡b G bq †h, Ab¨¸‡jvi cv‡k Dcb¨vm bv‡gi GK bZzb eM© hy³ nj| Av`‡Z
Dcb¨v‡mi †miKg wbw`©ó Kvq`v-KvbybB bvB| wbR¯^ ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡YB GwU wbw`©ó ixwZwenxb| bgbxq| Dcb¨vm wPi-
wbixÿvkxj| GwU wb‡R‡K wb‡qB cixÿv K‡i Ges wb‡Ri †h †Kv‡bv cÖwZwôZ ixwZ‡K cixÿvi Aaxb K‡i iv‡L| µg-
cwieZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿ m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z GKwU mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci Rb¨ Gi weKíI bvB| d‡j Ab¨ mvwnZ¨e‡M©i
Dcb¨vmvqb gv‡b Dcb¨vm bv‡gi wfbœ GK e‡M©i Aaxb nIqv bq; eis Dcb¨vwmZ nIqv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`iB gyw³ NUvq—
Zv‡`i wewae× D™¢e-weKvk †_‡K, †mme ˆewkó¨ †_‡K hv Zv‡`i cyivbv K‡i †i‡LwQj| PjwZ hyM †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡iwQj|
Dcb¨v‡mi GB Awbw`©ó Mob Avi cÖeYZvi ˆewkó¨m~PK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ evLwZb gnvKv‡e¨i mv‡_ Gi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb (Bakhtin 1994: 12-40)|

3 Dcb¨vm I gnvKve¨
Dcb¨vm I gnvKve¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jI wVK G `ywU iƒcB evLwZ‡bi jÿ¨ wQj bv| G Av‡jvPbvq wZwb Dcb¨vm ej‡Z
eywS‡q‡Qb Dcb¨v‡mi wKQz ˆewkó¨‡K| cyivbv wbiƒwcZ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk G¸‡jv Avw`Kvj †_‡KB we`¨gvb wQj| IB
cyivbv mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvi Av`k© cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q gnvKve¨| kã `y‡Uv GLv‡b msÁv-ÁvcK bq, ˆewkó¨evPK|
gnvKv‡e¨i wZbwU cÖavb ˆewkó¨: GK. gnvKv‡e¨i welq RvZxq AZxZ; `yB. RvZxq HwZn¨ gnvKv‡e¨i Drm, e¨w³i AwfÁZv
bq; wZb. gnvKvwe¨K `~iZ¡ eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K—†h ev¯ÍeZvq MvqK ev Kwe ev cvVK Ae¯’vb K‡i—gnvKvwe¨K RMZ‡K
Avjv`v K‡i| cyivbv mvwn‡Z¨, we‡klZ gnvKv‡e¨, AwfÁZv bq, ¯§„wZB wQj m„Rbkxj Aby‡cÖiYv-Abyf‡ei Drm Avi kw³| hv
wQj, Zvi cwieZ©b Am¤¢e| AZxZ HwZn¨ AcwieZ©bxq—cweÎ| wecix‡Z Dcb¨vm AwfÁZv, Ávb Avi fwel¨rgyLx
RxebPP©vi dmj|
gnvKv‡e¨i welq ÔP~ovšÍ AZxZÕ (absolute past), cweÎ RvZxq ¯§„wZ—Avi Gi fvlvI HwZn¨MZ| g„Z‡`i m¤ú‡K© Avgiv
wfbœ fvlvq K_v ewj| AZxZ wbiƒwcZ| Zvi fvlvI wbiƒwcZ| †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, AvPiY, bvq‡Ki K_v, bvqK-m¤úwK©Z
eqvb—meB †mLv‡b wfbœ| wbw`©ó| aªæc`x| gnvKve¨ iwPZ nq `~ieZ©x B‡g‡R| †h eZ©gvb Ac~Y©—n‡q DV‡Q Ggb,
cybwe©Pvi‡hvM¨—Zvi mv‡_ gnvKv‡e¨i Kvh©KviYMZ †Kv‡bv m¤úK© bvB|
gnvKve¨ m¤ú‡K© Dc‡i †h wZbwU ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v ejv nj, Zv †gvUv`v‡M cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvi †ÿ‡ÎI
cÖ‡hvR¨| mg‡qi †mB GKB e¨envi, HwZ‡n¨i mgiƒc f~wgKv, GKB gwngvwš^Z `~iZ¡| mgKv‡ji mv‡_ G¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv m¤úK©
bvB| mgKvjxb NUbv ev PwiÎ hw` M„nxZ nqI, Zvn‡jI †m¸‡jv AZx‡Zi wbðqZv-m¤úbœZv wb‡qB nvwRi nq| eZ©gv‡bi
g~j¨vq‡bi E‡aŸ© _v‡K| GLv‡b g‡b ivLv `iKvi, evLwZ‡bi iPbvq GB ÔAZxZÕ Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK e¨envwiK A‡_©i AZxZ
bq, eis GwU mg‡qi we‡kliKg gwngvwš^Z I `~ieZ©x eM©|

2
Ab¨w`‡K Dcb¨v‡mi gq`vb GK ev¯Íewjß AwbiƒwcZ eZ©gv‡bi RMZ, †hLv‡b wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i AwfÁZvi wewPÎ Zj, fvlv,
gZv`k© Avi `„wófw½i eû iƒc| GB wgjb‡ÿ‡Î G‡m †Rv‡U mvwnZ¨-ewnf©~Z bvbv Dcv`vbI—cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb Avi Av`wk©K
bvbv Dcv`vb| nqZ ˆbwZK ¯^xKv‡ivw³, `vk©wbK iPbv, ivR‰bwZK Bk‡Znvi BZ¨vw`I| D‡b¥‡li Kv‡jB Dcb¨vm e¨w³MZ I
mvgvwRK ev¯Í‡ei G iKg mvwnZ¨-ewnf©~Z bvbv iƒ‡c nvZ †c‡ZwQj| c‡ii av‡c wPwV, Wv‡qwi, AvZ¥¯^xKv‡ivw³, †Kv‡U©i eqvb
BZ¨vw`I e¨envi K‡i‡Q|
mvwnZ¨ ev mvwnZ¨-ewnf©~Z iPbv wKsev mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ iƒ‡ci msÁv Avmgvb †_‡K bv‡Rj nq bv, we‡kl HwZnvwmK
†cÖÿvc‡UB cq`v nq| e„nËi mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi AvIZvi g‡a¨B cwieZ©bUv N‡U—we‡kl iƒc wPwýZ nq| µgweKvkgvb
iƒc wnmv‡e Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv iƒ‡ci †P‡q Dcb¨v‡mB cwieZ©bUv fv‡jv aiv c‡o| GKB Kvi‡Y mvwn‡Z¨i AwbY©xZ fwel¨rI
Dcb¨v‡mi MwZwewa †_‡KB AuvP Kiv m¤¢e|
GB cwieZ©bUv me‡P‡q fv‡jv aiv c‡o e¨w³Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨| gnvKve¨ ev Uª¨v‡RwWi e¨w³ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbiƒwcZ e¨w³| †m ïiæ
†_‡K hveZxq ¸Y I ÿgZvi Avavi| †m¸‡jv cwic~Y© iƒ‡c e¨env‡iI †m mÿg| Zvi wfZi Ges evB‡ii g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv dvivK
_v‡K bv| Zvi `„wófw½B Zvi Rbmgv‡Ri `„wófw½; GKB m‡½ Kvwnwbi MvqK I †kÖvZviI `„wófw½| cwic~Y©ZvB Zvi Av`k©|
GB c~Y©Zv GZB cÖKvk¨, wfZi-evwni GgbB GKvKvi †h, Zvi wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri fvl¨ Ges Zvi m¤ú‡K© A‡b¨i—
iPwqZvi—fv‡l¨ †Kv‡bv ZdvZ _v‡K bv| †LuvRvLuywRi evjvB bvB, Abygv‡bi RiæiZ bvB, evowZ wKQz cÖKv‡ki dzimZ bvB|
gnvKv‡e¨i bvqK‡K †Kv‡bv gZv`wk©K-fvev`wk©K †LuvRvLyuwRI Ki‡Z nq bv| gnvKvwe¨K RMr GKK GKxf~Z wek¦`„wói
RMr—bvq‡Ki g‡Zv Kwe Avi †kÖvZvi Rb¨I| GgbwK †`eZvivI GB wbiƒwcZ m‡Z¨i Aaxb| Gme ˆewkó¨B gnvKve¨mn
my`~i AZx‡Zi Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvi AwgZ †mŠ›`h©, c~Y©Zv, ¯^”QZv Ges ˆkwíK m¤úbœZvi Drm| Avevi GKB Kvi‡Y
cwiewZ©Z gvbe-Aw¯ÍZ¡ I AwfÁZvi iƒcvq‡Y Zv‡`i e¨_©Zv|
Dcb¨v‡mi GKwU Mfxi ˆewkó¨ GB †h, bvq‡Ki Ae¯’vb Ges fvM¨ Zvi mgMÖ Aw¯ÍZ¡ wb‡`©k K‡i bv| Zv‡ZB †m wbt‡kl n‡q
hvq bv| e¨w³ GLv‡b Zvi wbqwZi †P‡q nq eo, bqZ gvbyl wnmv‡e Zvi Ae¯’v‡bi †P‡q †QvU| †Kivwb, f~¯^vgx, e¨emvqx,
†cÖwgKv, Av‡eMx Cl©vKvZi †cÖwgK, wcZv—GiKg cwiPqB Zvi GKgvÎ cwiPq n‡Z cv‡i bv| bvqK hw` GiKg nq, A_©vr
†m hw` Zvi Ae¯’v-Ae¯’vb-fv‡M¨B mgwc©Z nq—†hgbUv nq cyivbv mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv‡Z ev Dcb¨v‡mi †MŠY Pwi‡Î—Zvn‡j
Ab¨ cÖavb Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q gvbweK ˆewk‡ó¨i Aewkóvsk cÖKvwkZ n‡e| Dcb¨v‡mi cvUvZb wewPÎ eZ©gv‡bi Ges GKB
avivevwnKZvq fwel¨‡ZiI cÖK…Z wgjb‡ÿÎ| GB ˆewP‡Î¨i Pv‡cB Dcb¨v‡mi e¨w³ memgq GKB ˆewk‡ó¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
Zvi we‡kl ev cÖavb cwiPq me©Î iwÿZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
gnvKvwe¨K ev Uª¨vwRK Pwi‡Îi c~Y©Zv Dcb¨v‡m Av‡iKfv‡e bó nq| e¨w³i AšÍRM© r-ewnR©M‡Zi Uvbvc‡o‡b e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡
cixÿv-wbixÿvi Avavi n‡q I‡V| e¨w³‡K †`Lvi wewfbœ w`K—e¨w³i wb‡Ri we‡ePbv Ges A‡b¨i `„wó‡Z e¨w³‡K †`Lv—
c~e©-wba©vwiZ QK †f‡O †`q| Gfv‡e e¨w³PwiÎ cÖ‡ek K‡i bZzb GK D”PZvq, gnvKve¨ ev Uª¨v‡RwWi Pwi‡Îi GK‡ivLv
k„•Ljvi wecix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i GK bZzb, Ab¨iKg RwUj mgMÖZvq|
eZ©gvb Awbt‡kl| GB Awbt‡kl eZ©gvb‡K ˆkwíK-gZv`wk©K RvqMv †_‡K Avi¤¢we›`y wnmv‡e wb‡Z cviv gvby‡li m„wókxj
ˆPZ‡b¨i ˆecøweK avc| BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m GKw`‡K aªæc`x AZxZ I †n‡jbxq mf¨Zv, Ab¨w`‡K †kl ga¨hyM I †i‡bmvu—
G `yB‡qi ga¨eZ©x mg‡q Gi µg-D‡b¥l N‡U| Gi d‡j ÔAZxZÕ Zvi cyivbv gvnvZ¥¨ nvivq| eM© wnmv‡e Dcb¨v‡mi
Dcv`vb¸‡jv Gmg‡qB †Rviv‡jvfv‡e Avwef©~Z nq| hw`I wKQz Dcv`vb Av‡M †_‡KB wQj| ZvQvov Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Drm
Aek¨B †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ Zvjvk Ki‡Z n‡e| BwZg‡a¨ Av‡Mi mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv ïay c~Y©ZvB cvqwb, g‡iI †M‡Q| mgq‡K mvgwMÖK
A‡_© AZx‡Zi Z‡j Dc¯’vcb KivB IB mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jvi ˆewkó¨| wKš‘ Dcb¨vm G‡Kev‡i ïiæ †_‡KB mgq‡K m¤ú~Y© bZzb

3
iƒ‡c Dcjwäi c_ ˆZwi K‡i| wb‡iU AZxZ, HwZn¨, ev P~ovšÍ `~iZ¡ Dcb¨v‡m we‡kl f~wgKv cÖvq KL‡bvB iv‡Lwb, ev
mvgvb¨B †i‡L‡Q|
Dcb¨vm ZLbB iƒc †c‡Z _v‡K, hLb gnvKvwe¨K `~iZ¡ wek¦¯ÍZv nvwi‡q‡Q| hLb `ywbqv Ges `ywbqvi gvbyl cwiwPZ
nvm¨imvZ¥K fw½ AvZ¥mvr K‡i wb‡q‡Q, hLb mvwnwZ¨K-ˆkwíK Gb‡ZRvg mgmvgwqK ev¯ÍeZvi ¯Í‡i †b‡g‡Q, †h ev¯ÍeZv
mewKQz‡K A½xf~Z K‡i wb‡Z Pvq| cÖ_g †_‡KB Dcb¨vm M‡o D‡V‡Q cyivbv AZx‡Zi my`~i g~wZ©‡Z bq, ˆ`bw›`b ev¯ÍeZvi
MÖwnòz B‡g‡R| Gi AvZ¥vq Av‡Q e¨w³i AwfÁZv Avi gy³ m„wókxj Kíbv| ïiæ †_‡KB Dcb¨vm Ggb gvwUi `jv hv Av‡Mi
mvwnZ¨iƒc †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v—G GK wfbœiKg exRZjv, †hLvb †_‡K mg¯Í fwel¨r mvwnZ¨ Rb¥ †b‡e| Rb¥v‡bvi c‡iI
GwU Ab¨ `k mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci GKwU n‡q _v‡Kwb; Avi `kwUi mv‡_ mnve¯’vb I mvgÄm¨weav‡bi Rb¨ wewae× wbqgbxwZ wb‡q
Gi Rb¥ nqwb| eis Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ab¨ me mvwnZ¨iƒc G‡K AbyKiY K‡i‡Q| ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ab¨ eM©¸‡jvi Dcb¨vwmZ nIqvi
j¤^v jovB—ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nIqvi jovB| G jovB RwUj, eûeuvKm¤úbœ|
†`Lv hv‡”Q, D™¢e-weKv‡ki ev¯ÍeZv Avi AšÍM©Z ˆewkó¨—`yB w`K †_‡KB Dcb¨vm c~e©Zb mvwnZ¨iƒc †_‡K ˆecøweKfv‡e
Avjv`v| gnvKve¨ ev KvwnwbKv‡e¨ Dcb¨v‡mi c~e©m~wi †LuvRv, AšÍZ evLwZ‡bi gZvbyhvqx, m½Z bq| eis ejv hvq, cÖ_g
†_‡KB Dcb¨v‡mi wKQz Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ cÖwZwôZ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv‡Z AšÍNv© Z NwU‡q AvmwQj| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi eiv‡ZB
evLwZb Dcb¨v‡mi AZxZ †Luv‡Rb AšÍZ AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡K (Bakhtin 1994: 50-82)|

4 Dcb¨v‡mi AZxZ BwZe„Ë

my`~i AZx‡ZI Dcb¨v‡mi Dcv`vb wQj| wKš‘ c„_K mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e Avwef©~Z nIqvi ev¯ÍeZv wQj bv| wKQz wKQz iPbvq
AZx‡Zi Zzjbvq fwel¨rgyLx Dcv`vb †ewk wQj| wKš‘ cÖvPxb mgv‡R mgmvgwqKZv I fwel¨‡Zi †eva `ye©j wQj e‡j GB
iPbv¸‡jvi fwel¨rgywLZv weKwkZ nqwb| †i‡bmuvi Kv‡j G e¯‘ cÖ_g †`Lv †`q| IB mgq †_‡K eZ©gvb AZx‡Zi
avivevwnKZv wnmv‡eB †Kej bq, bZzb wKQzi m~Pbv wnmv‡eI Abyf~Z n‡Z _v‡K| IB Kv‡jB eZ©gvb ¯^”Qiƒ‡c gvby‡li †PZbvq
cÖwZfvZ nq, Avi AZx‡Zi Zzjbvq fwel¨‡Zi m‡½ †m †ewk ˆbKU¨ I AvZ¥xqZv †eva Ki‡Z _v‡K|
wKš‘ eûev¯Íemgwš^Z gvbeRxe‡bi (heteroglossia) †h ai‡bi Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨ evLwZ‡bi Kv‡Q Dcb¨v‡mi GZ K`i, Zvi
wewPÎ cÖKvk wZwb cyivbv `ywbqvq we¯Íi †`‡L‡Qb| †gŠwLK ms¯‹…wZ‡Z A‡b¨i K_v D×…wZ-AvKv‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi bgybv cvIqv
hvq| nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡KB—we‡klZ †jvKfvlvq—A‡b¨i K_v, D”PviY I fvlv myweavRbK bvbv `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
Dc¯’vc‡bi †iIqvR wQj| A_©vr cÖZ¨ÿZ Dcb¨vm ïiæi Av‡Mi BwZnv‡mI Dcb¨v‡mi PP©v n‡q‡Q| evLwZ‡bi g‡Z, cyivbv
Rgvbvq PwP©Z me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU Dcv`vb nvwm Avi eûfvlvmgš^q (polyglossia)|
c¨viwW AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB wQj| wMÖK‡`i KwgK AwWwmDm wKsev KwgK nviwKDwjm cÖgvY K‡i, RvZxq cyiv‡Yi
nvm¨imvZ¥K ev we`ªƒcvZ¥K Dc¯’vcbv †mLv‡b wbwl× ev kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ wQj bv| cÖZ¨ÿ (direct) wWm‡Kvm©, †hgb, gnvKve¨,
Uª¨v‡RwW, MxwZKweZv ev `vk©wbK iPbvgv‡ÎiB c¨viwW iwPZ nZ| GB Avewk¨K c¨viwWKiY cÖgvY K‡i, cÖZ¨ÿ wWm‡Kvm©¸‡jv
GKcÿxq, e×, welq‡K wbt‡k‡l cÖKv‡k Amg_©| c¨viwW‡Z mvaviYZ g~‡ji AcÖKvwkZ w`K¸‡jv mvg‡b Avbv nZ| cÖvPxb
GB c¨viwW¸‡jv wKš‘ LvwiwRcwš’ bq| G¸‡jv, aiv hvK, nviwKDwjm ev †UªvRvb hy× ev Zvi exi‡`i bq, c¨viwW KiZ †Lv`
gnvKvwe¨K ev Uª¨vwRK exiZ¡cbv‡K| cÖwZwôZ mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci msKxY© mxgvbvq †hme wecixZ fve aiv coZ bv, †m¸‡jvB
iƒcvwqZ nZ c¨viwW‡Z| †ivgvb BwZnv‡mI G e¯‘ gkûi| †ivgvb wk‡íi BwZnv‡m c¨viwW nq bvB, Ggb Ô¸iæM¤¢xiÕ
(serious) wkíK‡g©i Aw¯ÍZ¡B cvIqv hvq bv| Ggb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZi wkíKg© wQj bv hvi Ônvm¨imvZ¥K RgRÕ (comic double)
iwPZ nqwb| †`Lv hv‡”Q, Avgv‡`i Rvbv BwZnvm c¨viwW ev KwgK iPbvi ˆewPΨ ev mg„wׇZ D¾¡j|
cÖkœ nj, GB wewPÎ nvm¨imvZ¥K iPbvi HK¨m~Î †Kv_vq, Avi wKfv‡eB ev Zv Dcb¨v‡mi mv‡_ hy³?

4
cyivKv‡j c¨viwW-K‡gwW wKQz wKQz mvwnZ¨iƒc ˆZwi K‡i‡Q e‡U, †hgb m¨vUvqvi, K‡gwW, Kvwnwbnxb msjvc BZ¨vw`; wKš‘
G¸‡jv wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨iƒc n‡q DV‡Z cv‡iwb| KweZvi c¨viwW wbðqB KweZv bq| G¸‡jvi g~j f~wgKv wQj cÖwZwôZ
mvwnZ¨iƒc Ges Zvi fvlv, ˆkjx I ¯^i-myi‡K nvm¨imvZ¥K I mgv‡jvPbvg~jKfv‡e nvwRi K‡i g~‡j Abycw¯’Z fve m¤ú‡K©
†fv³v‡K mPwKZ Kiv| wØZxqZ, Dcv`vb¸‡jv GKmyZvq Muv_v mym¤úbœ iƒ‡c wQj bv e‡U, wKš‘ c¨viwWK…Z msjvc, cÖvZ¨wnK
RxebwPÎ, nvm¨im BZ¨vw` ˆewkó¨ G¸‡jv‡K GKUv we‡kl ÔaibÕ w`‡q‡Q| evLwZ‡bi g‡Z, Gi mvgwMÖK iƒcUv GK e„nr
Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv—wewPÎ iƒcKí I ˆkjxi mgš^‡q, wb®‹iæY mgv‡jvPbvq, gvwR©Z we`ªƒ‡c GUv eûfvlvmgš^‡qi GK c~Y©iƒc
cÖKvk K‡i—Ges Gfv‡e hy‡Mi ms¯‹…wZ I Rb‡Mvôxi wewPÎ ¯^‡ii Dc¯’vcK n‡q I‡V|
†mKvjUv Dcb¨vm †jLvi Rb¨ Dchy³ wQj bv| wKš‘ ˆewk󨸇jv wQj| GB c¨viwWK…Z we`ªƒcvZ¥K iPbv¸‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿÎ
ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| †h fvlvq welq Rv‡j AvUKv-covi g‡Zv e× wQj, †m fvlvi wbw`©óZv †_‡K G¸‡jv welq‡K gyw³ w`‡q‡Q;
fvlvi Dci wg‡_i †h AvwacZ¨ wQj, Zv aŸsm K‡i‡Q; cÖZ¨ÿ evP‡bi w¯’iwbw`©ó ev GKgvwÎK civµg †_‡K ˆPZb¨‡K gyw³
w`‡q‡Q; Nivbv-wbw`©ó fvlv Avi wWm‡Kv‡m©i cyiæ †`qvj †f‡O w`‡q‡Q|
ga¨hy‡Mi c¨viwW, nvm¨im Avi Kvwb©fv‡ji evafvOv ˆewPΨ msL¨vq †hgb cÖPzi, ai‡bI †Zgwb wewPÎ| Avi jÿY †_‡K
cwi®‹vi †evSv hvq, G¸‡jvi mvgvwRK Aby‡gv`bI wQj| ga¨hy‡Mi ÿ‡qi Kv‡j G ai‡bi iPbv ixwZ-iæwPi we`¨gvb †`qvj
Kvh©Z †f‡O †d‡j| †i‡bmuvi Kv‡j cyivbv kv¯¿wbw`©ó fvlv Avi K_¨fvlvi wØfvwlK Ae¯’vI aŸs‡mi †klav‡c †cuŠQvq| GB
aviv m¤úbœ nq gnvb †i‡bmuv-†jLK †i‡ewjqvm I Kv‡f©‡šÍ‡mi iPbvq| ga¨hyM ev ZviI Av‡M †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mi †hme
Dcv`v‡bi wewÿß PP©v PjwQj, GB `yB †jL‡Ki iPbvq †m¸‡jv P~ovšÍ gvÎvq GK‡Î e¨eüZ nq Ges bZzb fvwlK-mvwnwZ¨K
†PZbvi Rb¥ nq| †i‡bmuvi bZzb Rgvbvq bZzb †R‡M IVv Rb‰PZb¨ Avi `„wófw½i evnb n‡q I‡V wgkÖfvlvi AmsL¨ iPbv|
jvwZ‡bi mv‡_ K_¨fvlvi wg‡k‡j iwPZ GB †jLv¸‡jv bZzb ev¯ÍeZv Avi hyMPvwn`viB dmj—m‡PZb cÖqvm| G¸‡jv cÖgvY
K‡i fvlv Avi `„wófw½ Kx fxlY A‡”Q`¨| Av‡iv cÖgvY K‡i, cyivbv Avi bZzb `ywbqv wbR wbR fvlv‡ZB †Kej wPwÎZ n‡Z
cv‡i| G Ggb GK ÿY, hLb cyivbv fvlv Avi bZzb fvlv ci¯ú‡ii gy‡LvgywL| wKš‘ c‡ii av‡c DËi‡Yi KvRUv weg~Z© hyw³i
msjv‡c m¤¢e wQj bv, bvUKxq msjv‡cI bq—m¤¢e wQj †Kej RwUj msjvcag©x msKivq‡Y| †i‡bmuvi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jv
G iK‡gi msKi—hw`I G¸‡jv GKfvlx|
fvwlK cwieZ©‡bi GBKv‡j RvZxq fvlvi Dcfvlv¸‡jvI bZzb MwZ cvq| AÜKv‡i Zv‡`i †evev mnve¯’v‡bi hyM †kl nq|
cÖ‡Z¨K Dcfvlvi ¯^vZš¿¨ bZzbfv‡e Dcjä n‡Z _v‡K, Avi RvZxq fvlvi †K›`ªxq gq`v‡b Zviv kwiK nq| Dcfvlvi
GZw`bKvi c¨viwWK…Z iƒc ev e¨envi bv›`wbK Zvrc‡h© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnZ¨K‡g© ¯’vb K‡i †bq| fvlv¸‡jv ci¯úi‡K cÖvYešÍ
K‡i Zzj‡Z _v‡K| BD‡ivcxq fvlvi BwZnv‡mi GB we‡kl hy‡MB Dcb¨v‡mi D™¢e| nvm¨im Avi eûev¯Íemgwš^Z-cwiw¯’wZ
(heteroglossia) AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡mi c_ myMg K‡i| ejv `iKvi, Dcb¨v‡mi D™¢e †Kej mvwnwZ¨K ˆkjxi e¨vcvi bq,
mvwnwZ¨K cÖeYZvi jovB ev weg~Z© Rxeb`„wói gvgjv bq| GUv kZvãx-ci¤úivq Pjv ms¯‹…wZ I fvlvi RwUj jovB‡qi
¯§viK| cÖavb BD‡ivcxq fvlv Ges fvlvfvlx Rb‡Mvôxi msKU I cwieZ©‡bi cÖavb avc¸‡jvi mv‡_ Gi †hvM| msKxY©
mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK BwZnv‡mi AvIZvq GUv aiv co‡e bv|

5 Dcb¨vm Kx K‡i?
evLwZb Problems of Dostoevsky’s Art cÖKvk K‡ib 1929 mv‡j| GB ms¯‹i‡Y `¯Íqfw¯‹‡K wZwb Dcb¨v‡mi avivq AwØZxq
†jLK wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb| 1963 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Y wKQz bZzb †jLv hy³ nq| GLv‡b `¯Íqfw¯‹‡K
Dcb¨v‡mi avivcÖev‡ni GKRb wnmv‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q, huvi g‡a¨ gva¨gwUi wkíixwZ Pig mv_©KZv jvf K‡iwQj| †PŠwÎk eQ‡ii
ZrciZv Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© Zuvi `„wófw½i GB cwieZ©b Av‡b| wZwb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †h, `¯Íqfw¯‹i Dcb¨vm c~e©m~winxb bq|

5
eis Dcb¨v‡m GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv eiveiB wQj| Dcb¨vm †Kej Avgv‡`i Kv‡ji mvwnwZ¨K cÖMwZi cÖavb AbyNUK bq, cyivbv
RgvbvqI me‡P‡q Zvrch©c~Y© kw³B wQj, †hKv‡j Dcb¨vm Av‡`Š wQj bv e‡jB †ewkifvM cwÐZ g‡b K‡ib|
†cø‡Uvi Avw_bv ev ga¨hy‡M Dcb¨vm wQj bv huviv e‡jb, †mB cwÐZ‡`i msÁv-Abyhvqx K_vUv wVKB Av‡Q| evLwZb wKš‘
mv‡f©‡šÍm ev wiPvW©mb †_‡K †h Dcb¨v‡mi kyiæ, Dcb¨vm ej‡Z Zv †evSvbwb| GB †jLK‡`i †jLv ev †m¸‡jv †_‡K D™¢~Z
Dwbk kZ‡Ki gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm wbðqB ÔDcb¨vmÕ bv‡gi mvwnZ¨iƒc‡K cÖwZôv w`‡q‡Q| cwÐZ‡`i eo AskB wbw`©ó Kvq`v-
Kvby‡bi GB mvwnZ¨iƒcB we‡kølY K‡ib| G Kvi‡YB evLwZb g‡b K‡ib, Dcb¨v‡mi e¨vcviUv we‡kølY Kivi mvg_©¨ Av‡`Š
IB ai‡bi mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i †bB| Zuvi g‡Z ÔDcb¨vmÕ eis cÖwZwôZ mvwnZ¨Z‡š¿i wbw`©ó wewaweav‡bi mxgve×Zv wb‡`©k K‡i,
IB wewaweav‡bi K…wÎg evavwb‡la kbv³ K‡i| †h †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨Zš¿B Kvq`v-Kvby‡bi mgwó; Avi ÔDcb¨vmvqbÕ
Avewk¨Kfv‡e Kvbyb-we‡ivax| GLv‡b ¯^M‡Zvw³i †Kv‡bv RvqMv bvB| eis †h mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv cÖwZwôZ Z‡Ë¡i AbyMvgx Avi
†h¸‡jv Gi Aby‡gvw`Z mxgvi evB‡ii—G `yB‡qi g‡a¨ msjv‡ci DciB †Rvi †`q Dcb¨vm| hv‡K cÖ_vMZ A‡_© Dcb¨vm
ejv nq, Zv Avm‡j GB aviYviB RwUj cwi‡kvwaZ iƒcvqY (Holquist 1994: xxxi)|
Dcb¨vm‡K Gfv‡e †`L‡j cwЇZiv †hfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm‡K †`‡Lb, Zvi‡P‡q A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB Dcb¨v‡mi mÜvb
cvIqv hvq| evLwZb AšÍZ cÖvPxb wMÖK ch©šÍ hvb| wZwb bvUKxq msjv‡ci wbcyY cÖeZ©K wnmv‡e cÖ_g Jcb¨vwmK iƒ‡c
m‡µwUm‡KB cÖvq mve¨¯Í K‡i †d‡jb, KviY Dcb¨vm Kg-†ewk GKvRB K‡i| ¯^xKv‡ivw³, BD‡Uvwcqv, cÎ ev †gwbwcqvb
m¨vUvqvi cÖf…wZ AcÖwZwôZ iƒ‡ci e¨vcv‡i evLwZ‡bi cÖej AvMÖ‡ni KviYI GKB—msjvc‡K AvZ¥mvr K‡i †bqv| nvj-
Avg‡ji bvUK ev j¤^v KweZvq wZwb QÙ‡ekx Dcb¨vm‡KB †`‡Lb| Dcb¨v‡mi mvwnZ¨iƒc-we‡ivax kw³i cÖZv‡c GB cyivbv
cÖwZwôZ iƒc¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i weï×Zv nvwi‡q‡Q Ges ÔDcb¨vwmZÕ n‡q‡Q|
ˆkjxi w`K †_‡K cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ BD‡ivcxq Dcb¨v‡mi `yB aviv kbv³ K‡i‡Qb evLwZb (Bakhtin 1994: 367-
415)| GKfv‡M co‡e †mB Dcb¨vm, eûev¯Íemgwš^Z-cwiw¯’wZi †cÖÿvc‡U Rb¥ wb‡jI Ges msjvcvwqZ n‡jI eû¯^i ev
wewPÎ ev¯Íe‡K †h¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡ †`q bv| wØZxq avivi Dcb¨vm eûev¯Í‡ei mgš^q‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q; Pwi‡Îi wfbœZv msiÿ‡Yi
ga¨ w`‡q A‡b¨i wWm‡Kvm© A‡b¨i fvlvq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| ¯úóZB evLwZ‡bi cÿcvZ wØZxq avivi cÖwZ| G avivi
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡eB `¯Íqfw¯‹i cÖwZ Zuvi D`vi AvbyK~j¨| Problems of Dostoevsky’s Art eB‡qi cwiewa©Z
ms¯‹i‡YI Zuvi †h `vwewU AÿzYœ wQj Zv nj: `¯Íqfw¯‹ eû¯^i Dcb¨v‡mi Avwe®‹Zv© | c~e©m~wi‡`i †P‡q Zuvi Dcb¨v‡mi msMVb
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| Zv‡Z iPwqZv †kl K_v ejvi my‡hvM †bq bv, Pwiθ‡jv c~Y© I mgvb my‡hvMmn wbR wbR K_v ej‡Z cv‡i: ‘A
plurality of independent and unmerged voices and consciousnesses, a genuine polyphony of fully valid voices is in
fact the chief characteristic of Dostoevsky's novels.’ (Bakhtin 1999: 6) GB Dcb¨vm¸‡jv‡Z †Kv‡bv evowZ wkí-
m‡PZbZv Pwiθ‡jvi Mob Avi cwiYwZ wbqš¿Y K‡i bv| eis Pwiθ‡jvi ¯^i Avi eY©bvKvixi ¯^i GK Amgvß msjv‡c
wbiZ _v‡K| Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h, wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi wfbœ wfbœ wWm‡Kv‡m©i mgš^q mva‡bi e¨_©ZvB Gi jÿY| Zv bq| eis
eû¯^i Dcb¨v‡mi mvd‡j¨i cÖv_wgK kZ©B nj wewfbœ wWm‡Kv‡m©i cvi¯úwiKZv, †hLv‡b wbR Ges Aci Mfxifv‡e ci¯ú‡ii
2
g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i |
eû¯^iZvi GB bv›`wbKZv Dcb¨v‡mi Mo‡bi Rb¨I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GK¯^i Dcb¨v‡m †jLK Pwi‡Îi ˆPZb¨ wba©viY K‡i †`b, Ges
†kl ch©šÍ †KvbwU Rqx n‡e ZvI wba©viY K‡ib| P~ovšÍ K_vwU Gfv‡e iPwqZvi KZ…‡© Z¡B wba©vwiZ nq| evLwZ‡bi g‡Z,
`¯Íqfw¯‹i Dcb¨v‡m G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv P~ovšÍ K_vi †RvMvb _v‡K bv| iPwqZv ev Dcb¨vm we`¨gvb ؇›Øi †Kv‡bv myivnv
wb‡`©‡ki `vwqZ¡ †bq bv| AZxZ bq, fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨B Zv Db¥y³ _v‡K| Gfv‡e `¯Íqfw¯‹ Øvw›ØK c×wZ‡KI bvKP K‡i †`b|
KviY G c×wZ‡Z Ø›Ø Dc¯’vwcZ nq †Kej P~ovšÍ mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨| GUv GK¯^i Dcb¨v‡miB ˆewkó¨| e¨vcviUv †evSv‡bvi
Rb¨ evLwZb Jcb¨vwmK `¯Íqfw¯‹ Avi mvsevw`K-eyw×Rxex `¯Íqfw¯‹i g‡a¨ dvivK Uv‡bb (Dentith 1996: 45)| wZwb †`Lvb,

6
mvsevw`K-eyw×Rxex wnmv‡e `¯Íqfw¯‹ eû wel‡q gZ w`‡q‡Qb| cÿcvZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ Dcb¨v‡m Zuvi †m K_v¸‡jv
msjvcvwqZ n‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| A‡bK ¯^‡ii GKwU n‡q Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
Ab¨Î Dcb¨v‡mi Av`k© wnmv‡e wZwb wb‡q‡Qb cykwK‡bi BDwRb I‡bwMb‡K (Bakhtin 1994: 48-49)| e‡j‡Qb, Dcb¨v‡m
wewfbœ fvlv I ˆkjxi aib GKmv‡_ weivR K‡i| G Kvi‡YB GKB Z‡j ev GKB †iLvq Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv‡K msKxY© Kiv hvq
bv| eis G Ggb GK gq`vb †hLv‡b ci¯úi‡Q`x Zj ev †iLv GKmv‡_ Ae¯’vb K‡i—hv‡K ejv hvq: heterogenous
linguistic and stylistic forms| I‡bwM‡b Ggb kã Lyu‡R cvIqv `y®‹i, hv mivmwi †jL‡Ki kã wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
cykwK‡bi MxwZKweZv wKš‘ Zuvi wb‡RiB kã, wb‡RiB D”PviY| Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h, Dcb¨v‡m evwPK-Av`wk©K †Kv‡bv
wbqš¿Y bvB; †Kv‡bv †K›`ª bvB| _v‡K| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv GKwU fvwlK Z‡j †jLK‡K cvIqv hv‡e bv| cvIqv hv‡e Zj ev
†iLv¸‡jvi m½g¯’‡j| GB †K›`ª †_‡K Zj¸‡jv wewfbœ `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
†ewjbw¯‹ cykwK‡bi Dcb¨vm‡K e‡j‡Qb ÔiækRxe‡bi †KvlMÖš’Õ| cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi wb®úÖvY ZvwjKvi †KvlMÖš’ bq| Zuvi
Dcb¨v‡m iækRxeb mg¯Í ¯^‡i K_v e‡j, hy‡Mi mg¯Í fvlv I ˆkjx‡Z K_v e‡j| mvwnwZ¨K fvlv Dcb¨v‡m GK‰iwLK ev
m¤úbœ ev weZK©gy³ fvlv wnmv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv| eis Dcb¨vm ci¯úiwe‡ivax ¯^‡ii wRqj wgkÖY| ¯^i¸‡jv µ‡g
wb‡R‡`i‡KB M‡o †Zv‡j Ges ci¯úi‡K bZzbZ¡ †`q| Gi g‡a¨B †jL‡Ki fvlv wbišÍi jovB K‡i| G jovB hyMwbw`©ó
P‡ji gyg~l©y fvlvi ÔmvwnwZ¨KZvÕ †_‡K gyw³i jovB| †jvKgy‡L Pvjy fvlv †_‡K Rxebxkw³ ï‡l wb‡q wb‡R‡K bZzbZ¡ †`qvi
jovB| †jvKfvlv Avi cÖwZwôZ fvlviƒ‡ci BZi Ø›Ø G bq| cykwK‡bi Dcb¨vm hy‡Mi mvwnwZ¨K fvlvi bvbv ¯Íi‡K—ˆ`bw›`b
fvlv, wewfbœ mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci fvlv, Pvjy d¨vk‡bi fvlv BZ¨vw`‡K—bZzb Rxeb w`‡q‡Q| ci¯úi GKvKvi n‡q wM‡q GKwU fvlv
Ab¨wU‡K mRxe K‡i‡Q| fvlvi wewfbœ aib mswkøó Rxeb`„wó †_‡K Avjv`v wKQz bq| †h gvbylwU fv‡e, K_v e‡j, KvR K‡i,
†m mvgvwRK-HwZnvwmKfv‡e g~Z©| ˆkjxi w`K †_‡K ejv hvq, Dcb¨v‡m Avgiv msjvcgyLi MÖš’bvq hy‡Mi fvlv‰ewP‡Î¨i
RwUj KvVv‡gvi m‡½ m‡½ Rxeb-RwUjZvi ˆewPΨI cvB, †hLv‡b wfbœ ÔfvlvÕ ev Ô¯^iÕ¸‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkwíK-Av`wk©K †K›`ª
†_‡K wbR wbR `~iZ¡I iÿv K‡i| I‡bwM‡bi g‡Zv Av`k© me Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡ÎB GK_v mZ¨|
Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv ïay †`Lvq bv, wb‡R‡K †`Lvi Rb¨I nvwRi K‡i|

6 cÖPwjZ Dcb¨vmcv‡Vi mxgve×Zv

Dcb¨v‡mi aib-aviY m¤ú‡K© we¯Íi KvR n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e Dcb¨vm‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPwýZ Kivi KvRUv nqwb|
AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci g‡Zv K‡i, Zv‡`i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i, Dcb¨vm‡K †`Lv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G KvR¸‡jv
mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e Dcb¨v‡mi †Kv‡bv mvgwMÖK cwiPq †`q bv| cwiPq †`evi †Póv n‡q‡Q wKQz ˆewkó¨‡hv‡M; wKš‘ ciÿ‡YB
Av‡iv ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv Av‡Mi¸‡jv‡K evwZj K‡i †`q| †hgb, hw` ejv nq Dcb¨vm eû¯Íi, Zvn‡j ejv
hv‡e: GKK ¯Í‡ii gnr Dcb¨vmI Av‡Q| hw` ewj RwUj gva¨g, Zvn‡j ej‡Z nq: RbwcÖq mij Dcb¨vmI A‡bK|
Dcb¨vm‡K fv‡jvevmvi AvL¨vb ejv n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ BD‡iv‡ci fv‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi A‡bK¸‡jv‡ZB fv‡jvevmvi bvgMÜ bvB|
Dcb¨vm M‡`¨ †jLv nq ej‡j Pj‡Q bv, KviY c‡`¨I A‡bK †jLv n‡q‡Q|
Av‡iv wKQz AvbykvmwbK msÁv w`‡q‡Qb †Lv` Jcb¨vwmKiv| †Kv‡bv GKwU Dcb¨vm a‡iI Av`k© wVK Kivi †Póv n‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jv Kv‡Ri| KviY G¸‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi n‡q IVvi GK-GKwU c‡e©i wPývqK|
wdwìs †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †n‡Mj ch©šÍ A‡b‡KB bZzb mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e Dcb¨vm‡K wPwýZ Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i
Av‡jvPbvi mvims‡ÿc K‡i‡Qb evLwZb (Bakhtin 1994:10): 1. Kímvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨me kvLvq ÔKve¨Õ K_vwU †h A‡_© e¨eüZ
nq †m A‡_© Dcb¨vm Kvwe¨K n‡e bv; 2. Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK Uª¨v‡RwWi bvq‡Ki g‡Zv n‡e bv| fv‡jvi mv‡_ Zvi g‡a¨ g›`I
_vK‡e; bxPZvi mv‡_ gvnvZ¥¨; nv‡m¨i mv‡_ Mv¤¢xh©; 3. bvqK weKwkZ Ae¯’vq Avwef©~Z n‡e bv| n‡e weKvkgvb| Rxe‡bi
c_cwiµgvq †m AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q weKwkZ n‡e; 4. Dcb¨vm mgKv‡ji wRwbm, †h A‡_© gnvKve¨ cyivKv‡ji|
7
G ¸Y¸‡jv wbtm‡›`‡n Dcb¨vm‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPwýZ K‡i| wKš‘ G¸‡jv GUv †evSvq bv †h, Dcb¨vm wb‡RB wb‡R‡K
cwieZ©b K‡i Pj‡Q; Ges G hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨iƒc wnmv‡e Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv‡KI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
Dcb¨vm `xN©w`b cov n‡q‡Q ÔKx ejv n‡q‡QÕ ai‡bi RvqMv †_‡K| ˆkjxi w`KUvq bRi †`qv nqwb| fvlvMZ ˆkjx †evSv
n‡q‡Q Kve¨fvlvi mv‡c‡ÿ, A_ev Aj¼viwe`¨vi mv‡c‡ÿ| fvlvi ÔcÖKvkÿgZvÕ, ÔwPÎKíÕ, ÔMwZÕ, Ô¯^”QZvÕ BZ¨vw` Zvjvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K mvwnZ¨-Avw½K wnmv‡e †kÖôZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nevi †cÖÿvc‡U Dcb¨v‡mi M`¨‰kjxi
we‡kl‡Z¡i w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM ev‡o| wKš‘ mvwnZ¨iƒcMZ w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv †gv‡UB AMÖmi nqwb| g‡bv‡hvM mxwgZ wQj
Avw½KMZ mgm¨v¸‡jvi w`‡K| Dcb¨vm ev M‡í wWm‡Kvm© †h wewkó ˆkjx AR©b K‡i, Zv‡Z g‡bv‡hvM †`qv nqwb| fvlv I
ˆkjxi we‡ePbvq g~j¨vqbag©x cÖeYZvB ivRZ¡ KiwQj—K_vmvwn‡Z¨i M‡`¨i ¯^Zš¿ Zvrch© Avwe®‹…Z nqwb| G e¨_©Zvi d‡j
GKwU †Rviv‡jv gZ `uvwo‡q hvq: Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv Gi ˆkjxi Avewk¨K Dcv`vb bq, Ges Gi ¯^Zš¿ wkíg~j¨ bvB| GwU
ˆ`bw›`b fvlvi g‡ZvB, ev weÁvb-†jLvi fvlvi g‡Zv wkí-wbi‡cÿ fvlv| GB `„wófw½ Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjxMZ we‡kølY‡K
AcÖ‡qvRbxq K‡i †Zv‡j, †Kej w_‡gi we‡køl‡YB KvR †kl nq|
1920-Gi `k‡K Dcb¨vm wb‡q ¸iæZi Kv‡Ri cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| wKš‘ Av‡jvPbvi aibUv wQj e¨w³ Jcb¨vwmK Avi we‡kl
Dcb¨vm‡Kw›`ªK| mvgwMÖKfv‡e †Lv` Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjxi ZË¡vqb nqwb| G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri cuvPwU cÖeYZv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb
evLwZb (Bakhtin 1994: 42): 1. †jL‡Ki wb‡Ri K_v¸‡jv AvjMv K‡i wb‡q Zuvi `„wófw½ e¨vL¨v Kiv; 2. Dcb¨vm‡K ˆkwíK
mgMÖZvi wbwi‡L bv †`‡L Jcb¨vwm‡Ki fvlvi Avjv`v eqvb ˆZwi; 3. wbw`©ó Jcb¨vwm‡Ki cÖeYZv wb‡`©k—†ivgvw›UK ev
cÖK…wZev`x ev B‡¤úªkwbRgev`x BZ¨vw`; 4. Dcb¨v‡mi fvlvq †jL‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ †LuvRv; 5. Avj¼vwiK GKK wnmv‡e Dcb¨vm‡K
†`Lv—Dcb¨v‡mi Kjv‡KŠkj¸‡jv‡K Avj¼vwiK Kvh©KiZvi w`K †_‡K we‡kølY Kiv| me¸‡jv †ÿ‡ÎB Dcb¨v‡mi wewkó
eqv‡b kã ev K_vi †h we‡kl Zvrch© ˆZwi nq, Zvi e¨vL¨v Aaiv †_‡K hvq| Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv I ˆkjx ev` †i‡L Zuviv
Jcb¨vwm‡Ki fvlv I ˆkjx e¨vL¨v K‡ib| d‡j e¨vL¨vUv nq Avm‡j ÔKweZvi fvlvÕ ev Ômvwn‡Z¨i fvlvÕi AvIZvq| Dcb¨vm
fvlv-e¨env‡ii †h wewkó aib ˆZwi K‡i, †h we‡kl m¤¢vebv ˆZwi K‡i, Zv ev` c‡o hvq|
fvlvi ÔKvwe¨K e¨enviÕ Avi ÔJcb¨vwmK e¨enviÕ GZ Avjv`v †h, Kvwe¨K fvlvi aviYv w`‡q Dcb¨vmcvV e¨_© n‡Z eva¨|
Dcb¨v‡m, we‡klZ †jL‡Ki wbR¯^ wWm‡Kv‡m©, fvlvi Kvwe¨K e¨enviI nq; wKš‘ Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ Zv wbZvšÍB †MŠY|
evLwZ‡bi g‡Z:
[A]ll essentially novelistic images share this quality: they are internally dialogized images—of the
languages, styles, world views of another (all of which are inseparable from their concrete linguistic and
stylistic embodiment). The reigning theories of poetic imagery are completely powerless to analyze these
complex internally dialozied images of whole languages. (Bakhtin 1994: 47)

Avi G Kvi‡YB Dcb¨v‡mi A½‡b G‡jB mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i RvwiRywi duvm n‡q hvq| Ab¨ mvwnZ¨iƒc wb‡q Kvievi fv‡jvB P‡j|
I¸‡jvi weKvk A‡bK Av‡MB iæ× n‡q‡Q| aªæc`x hy‡M G¸‡jv mywbw`©ó iƒc †c‡q †M‡Q| hy‡M hy‡M Kx ai‡bi e`j n‡q‡Q
ZvI ¯úó| Nivbv ev cÖeYZvi cv_©K¨ ev hyMcv_©K¨ G¸‡jvi g~j KvVv‡gvq e`j NUv‡Z cv‡i bv| Gme e¨vcv‡i huviv †j‡Lb,
Zuviv A¨vwi÷U‡jiB AbymiY K‡ib| gv‡S gv‡S †evSv hvq bv e‡U, wKš‘ AvRZK mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbvq A¨vwi÷U‡ji
Kve¨ZË¡B cÖavb Drm| hZÿY Dcb¨v‡mi †`Lv bv †g‡j ZZÿY G‡ZB KvR P‡j| Dcb¨v‡m G‡jB ZË¡ KvbvMwj‡Z c_
nvivq| Dcb¨v‡mi hy‡M mvwnZ¨iƒc-m¤úwK©Z Z‡Ë¡i m¤ú~Y© bevqb Avewk¨K|

7 fvlvi ¯^fve I cÖPwjZ b›`bZ‡Ë¡i msKU

cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ evLwZb e¨wZµgnxbfv‡e GKUv KvR K‡i †M‡Qb—Lye ¯^Zš¿ ai‡b fvlvi e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY| fvlvi
Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wZwb †`‡L‡Qb `yB wecixZ ¯^fv‡ei we‡iva Avi weivgnxb jovB—GKw`‡K †K›`ªvwZM kw³, hv G‡K ˆewP‡Î¨ cÖmvwiZ
Ki‡Z Pvq; Ab¨w`‡K GK †K›`ªgyLx kw³, hv Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K mvgćm¨ wgjv‡Z Pvq| GB Ri¯’zÎxq Ø›Ø ms¯‹…wZ‡ZI Av‡Q,
8
cÖK…wZ‡ZI Av‡Q; gvby‡li ˆPZ‡b¨iI GUv mnRvZ, Avi gvby‡li D”Pvi‡YI Zv we‡klfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| gvby‡li fvlv nj GB
؇›Øi me‡P‡q c~Y©v½ Ges RwUj Avevm; Avi Dcb¨vm nj GB fvlvi m‡e©vËg cÖwZwjwc (Holquist 1994: xviii)| fvlv †Kej
GB ؇›Øi cÖKvkK ev AvkÖq bq; eis †m wb‡RB GB ؇›Øi cÖZ¨ÿ bgybv| KvVv‡gvev`x ZvwË¡K‡`i g‡Zv evLwZb GB `yB
؛؇K wecixZ kã‡Rvo (binary opposition) wnmv‡e †`‡Lbwb| Zuvi Kv‡Q GB `yB wecixZ kw³ HwZnvwmKfv‡e fvlvi n‡q
IVv, A‡_©i w¯’wZ I j‡qi mv‡_ hy³| GUv hvwš¿K bq, eis gvby‡li ¯^fv‡ei g‡ZvB Awbw`©ó|
fvlvi ¯^fve Avi Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjx m¤^‡Ü Giƒc ˆecøweK wm×všÍB evLwZb‡K bZzb b›`bZ‡Ë¡ DcbxZ K‡i‡Q| wecix‡Z,
cÖPwjZ b›`bZ‡Ë¡i mgm¨v, evLwZ‡bi w`K †_‡K, fvlv-m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½iB mgm¨v| †m GK †NviZi wePz¨wZB ˆewK| fvlv-
eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î G wePz¨wZi d‡jB mgv‡jvP‡Kiv Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv‡K †`‡Lb †mvmy¨ixq `„wófw½‡Z—fvlvi mvaviY †KZvi g‡a¨
e¨w³i fvlvi ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i w`K †_‡K| G `„wófw½ GKw`‡K Dcb¨v‡mi fvlvq H‡K¨i †LuvRUv‡KB eo K‡i †Zv‡j, Ab¨w`‡K †m
fvlvq e¨w³ wKfv‡e aiv c‡o Zvi AbymÜvb K‡i| Kvwe¨K fvlv we‡køl‡Y G `yB w`K Avewk¨K, hw`I Kve¨fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI
G¸‡jv h‡_ó bq| e¨w³MZ fvlv-eY©bv ev †Kv‡bv Kwei fvlv-eY©bvi jÿ¨ hw` †Kej GB nq †h, fvlvi cÖKvkÿgZv ev
fvwlK Dcv`vbB ïay we‡køwlZ n‡e, ZeyI Kv‡e¨i ˆkjx-e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ Zv h‡_ó bq, hw` bv cy‡iv fvlv-e¨e¯’v (system of
language) ev D”PviY-e¨e¯’vi (system of speech) mv‡_ Zv‡K m¤úwK©Z Kiv nq| A_©vr Kve¨fvlvi cvVI wewfbœ fvwlK
H‡K¨i mv‡c‡ÿ cvV¨, †Lv` Kve¨wUi fvlv-e¨e¯’vi mv‡c‡ÿ bq| ZeyI AwaKvsk Kve¨iƒ‡ci †ÿ‡Î fvlvi mvaviY †KZvi
g‡a¨ e¨w³-Kwei we‡kl fvlv †hfv‡e Avjv`v n‡q I‡V, Zvi cvV Kve¨‰kjxi cv‡Vi Rb¨ Avewk¨K| Dcb¨v‡m wKš‘ GUv
†Kej A`iKvwiB bq, ÿwZKiI e‡U| fvlvi bvbv ¯Íi, mvgvwRK eû¯^i, e¨w³MZ ¯^‡ii ˆewPΨ Dcb¨v‡mi fvlvi Avewk¨K
kZ©|
d‡j Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv-we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î (hw` GiKg fvlv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ Avjv`v K‡i †`Lv m¤¢e nq) `yiKg wec` N‡U: GKw`‡K
GB aviYvi mv‡_ Lvc Lvq Ggb Askwe‡kl ewY©Z nq Jcb¨vwm‡Ki fvlv wnmv‡e; Ab¨w`‡K, Dcb¨v‡mi fvlvi cÖavb †h
w`K—eû¯^iZv—Zv ev` c‡o| fvlvi †ÿ‡Î †hgb, cy‡iv Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjxi we‡ePbvqI N‡U GKB ai‡bi Mj`| AšÍM©Z
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi `y-GKwUi ˆkjx‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv nq Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjx wnmv‡e| †hgb cÖvqkB ejv nq, Dcb¨vm gnvKvwe¨K|
†m‡ÿ‡Î, gnvKv‡e¨i mv‡_ Dcb¨v‡mi wgj †hLv‡b, †mUzKzB †Kej e¨vL¨v Kiv nq; †hgb, iPwqZvi cÖZ¨ÿ eqvb| Dcb¨vm I
gnvKv‡e¨i Mfxi dvivK AMÖvn¨ Kiv nq| GiKg we‡kølY mg‡MÖi e¨vL¨v bq| GgbwK As‡kiI e¨vL¨v bq| KviY Ask‡K
hLb mgMÖ †_‡K Gfv‡e Avjv`v Kiv nq, ZLb Zv Avi †miKg _v‡K bv, mg‡MÖi Ask n‡q †hfv‡e _v‡K|
GB Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cwi®‹vi †evSv hvq, cÖPwjZ ˆkjxwe`¨v Ges Gi cwifvlv, †hgb, ÔKvwe¨K fvlvÕ, Ôfvlvi e¨w³Z¡Õ,
ÔB‡gRÕ, ÔcÖZxKÕ, ÔgnvKvwe¨K ˆkjxÕ BZ¨vw` Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z AcviM, e¨w³ mgv‡jvPK hZB gybwkqvbv †`LvK
bv †Kb| G¸‡jv GKK fvlv I GKK ˆkjxi mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci Rb¨ D™¢~Z I wb‡qvwRZ cwifvlv| mxwgZ A‡_© ejv hvq, Kve¨-
fvlvi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ G¸‡jvi D™¢e I weKvk| GB eM©¸‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi wWm‡Kvm© e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ LyeB Abyc‡hvMx| cÖPwjZ
Kve¨Z‡Ë¡i wKQz mxgve×ZvB Gi KviY| A¨vwi÷Uj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvR ch©šÍ Kve¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv ÔAvbyôvwbKÕ iƒc ˆZwii
w`‡KB g‡bv‡hvMx †_‡K‡Q| fvlvi Rxeb-m¤úwK©Z we‡kl HwZnvwmK cÖeYZv Gi mv‡_ hy³| fvlv-m¤úwK©Z eû ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K
G‡Z D‡cwÿZ †_‡K‡Q|
fvlvi `k©b, fvlvZË¡, ˆkjxwe`¨v G hveZ e¨w³i ÔwbR¯^Õ GKK fvlvi mv‡_ Zvi mij m¤úK© mve¨¯Í K‡i e¨w³i fvlv
we‡kølY K‡i‡Q| e¨w³i GK‰iwLK D”Pvi‡Y fvlvi †mŠ›`h© Lyu‡R‡Q| we`¨vi G kvLv¸‡jv fvlvi `ywU cÖvß-m¤ú‡K© †Kej
IqvwKenvj| Gi g‡a¨B Zv‡`i fvlvMZ I ˆkjxMZ ZveZ aviYv‡K Zviv ¸u‡R †`q| GKwU nj GK‰iwLK fvlvKvVv‡gv
(unitary language), Ab¨wU nj, GB fvlv-e¨enviKvix e¨w³| hy‡M hy‡M Kve¨ZË¡ ev gZv`wk©K ˆkjxi bvbv wewPÎ iƒc
Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q| hyM-m‡Z¨i Aax‡b fvlv`k©b, fvlvZË¡ ev ˆkjxweÁv‡bi bZzb bZzb iƒcI Avgiv †c‡qwQ| Ôfvlv-KvVv‡gvÕ,
ÔGK‰iwLK D”PviYÕ, ÔK_K e¨w³Õ BZ¨vw` aviYvi bvbv m~² wePvi-we‡kølY Zv‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q| wKš‘ GB `yB cÖvšÍmxgv
9
memg‡qB GKB †_‡K‡Q| ˆkjxwe`¨vi g~j eM©¸‡jv BD‡ivcxq BwZnv‡mi we‡kl MwZwewa Avi †m BwZnv‡mi cvUvZ‡b
fvlv`wk©K wWm‡Kvm©¸‡jv hv nvwmj Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q, Zvi wbwi‡LB mve¨¯Í n‡q‡Q| G K_v g‡b ivL‡j eM©¸‡jvi †Rv‡ii Drm
Avi mxgve×Zv mn‡RB kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e| we‡kl mvgvwRK eM© ev †kÖwYi fvwlK-gZv`wk©K AvIZvi g‡a¨B BwZnv‡mi wba©viK
Ôg~j kw³¸‡jvÕ KvR K‡i| fvlvZvwË¡K ev ˆkjx-m¤^Üxq eM©¸‡jv Gi Aax‡bB R‡b¥, †e‡o I‡V, iƒc cvq| fvlvi bZzb cÖvY-
m„wóKvix GB Ôg~jkw³¸‡jvÕi ZvwË¡K Awfe¨w³B cÖKvwkZ nq eM©¸‡jv‡Z: ‘These forces are the forces that serve to unity
and centralize the verbal-ideological world.’ (Bakhtin 1994: 270)

GK‰iwLK fvlv (unitary language) nj ˆewPΨ‡K GKxf~Z Avi †K›`ªxf~Z Kivi HwZnvwmK cÖwµqvi dj—fvlvi
†K›`ªgywLZvi cÖKvk| GK‰iwLK fvlv †Kv‡bv cÖvß ev ev¯Íe ev ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v bq, eis memg‡qB Av‡ivwcZ, K…wÎgfv‡e
wbwg©Z—Rb¥gyn~‡Z©B GwU eûfvwlK ev¯ÍeZv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡iB envj nq| Aek¨, GUv ˆewP‡Î¨i †Mvjgvj Kwg‡q cvi¯úwiK
†evaMg¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i; fvlvi cÖvZ¨wnK e¨nvi‡K m¤¢eci K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖvZ¨wnK K_¨fvlv Avi mvwnwZ¨K fvlvi ev¯Íem¤§Z
AvcvZ-HK¨ mvab K‡iB Ôï× fvlvÕ cÖ¯vÍ weZ nq| Gi Kvq`v-Kvby‡bi ga¨ w`‡q fvlv bZzb Rxeb cvq, evPwbK-gZv`wk©K
wPšÍv GKxf~Z I †K›`ªxf~Z nq, wewPÎ MwZ-cÖK…wZm¤úbœ RvZxq fvlvi g‡a¨B ¯^xK…Z mvwnwZ¨K fvlvi GKwU Abgbxq ¯’vqx iƒc
cÖwZwôZ nq| fvlv ej‡Z GLv‡b weg~Z© e¨vKiwYK e‡M©i mgwó †evSv‡bv n‡”Q bv; eis fvlv †h A‡_© gZv`k© wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ
nq, †h A‡_© wek¦`„wó wnmv‡e ewY©Z nq, Zv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| GgbwK fvev`wk©K Rxeb wewPÎ w`‡Ki cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi
ga¨ w`‡q fvlvi g‡a¨B cÖKvwkZ nq| d‡j GiKg †K›`ªxf‚Z GK‰iwLK fvlv mgvRKvVv‡gvq we`¨gvb AwacwZ kw³¸‡jvi
evPwbK-gZv`wk©K Ae¯’v‡biB evnb n‡q I‡V| ¯úóZB mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK ÿgZvm¤ú‡K©i Pj‡bi mv‡_ fvlvi
GB †K›`ªvqY Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z|
A¨vwi÷U‡ji Kve¨ZË¡, AMvw÷‡bi Kve¨ZË¡, ga¨hy‡Mi wMR©vi Kve¨ZË¡ —Ôm‡Z¨i GKgvÎ fvlvÕ hvi Aej¤^b, Kv‡_©Rxq be¨
aªæc`xev`, jvBewb‡Ri weg~Z© wek¦Rbxb e¨vKiY wKsev nvg‡ev‡ëi g~Z©Zvi cÖwZ †Rviv‡ivc—G‡`i g‡a¨ m~² hZ wfbœZvB
_vKzK bv †Kb, Av`‡Z mvgvwRK-fvwlK Ges gZv`wk©K Rxe‡bi †K›`ªgyLx AfxávB Zv‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| BD‡ivcxq
fvlv¸‡jvi †K›`ªgyLx GK‰iwLK iƒc cÖYq‡bi cÖK‡íB mevB mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Dcfvlv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwUi ivRZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡i
Ab¨¸‡jv‡K nwU‡q †`qv ev Ab¨¸‡jv‡K GKwUi `vm evbv‡bv; ÔLuvwU kãÕ †hv‡M G¸‡jv‡K Av‡jvwKZ Kivi cÖwµqv; wb¤œ‡kÖwYi
gvbyl I Ôee©iÕ‡`i GK‰iwLK ms¯‹…wZ I m‡Z¨ kvwgj Kiv‡bv; fvlv`wk©K KvVv‡gvi Aax‡b wbqg-Kvbyb ˆZwi Kiv; g„Zfvlv—
†h fvlv¸‡jv ¯^fveZB GK‰iwLK—cov‡bv-†kLv‡bvi fvlvZvwË¡K cÖwµqv; B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv¸‡jv cv‡Vi †ÿ‡Î †h
welq¸‡jv‡Z g‡bv‡hvM †`qv n‡q‡Q, we‡klZ fvwlK eû‡Z¡i e`‡j GKK cÖZœfvlvi mÜvb—GB mewKQzB ÔGKK fvlvÕ-e‡M©i
kw³ I mvi (content) wba©viY K‡i‡Q| wbg©vY K‡i‡Q AwaKvsk b›`bZ‡Ë¡i ixwZ-wba©viK eqvb| †K›`ªgyLx evPwbK-fvev`wk©K
Rxe‡bi mv‡_ GB fvwlK-b›`bZvwË¡K cÖwµqv GKB Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q|
gykwKj nj, ÔGKK fvlvÕq g~Z© GB †K›`ªgyLx fvwlK ev¯ÍeZv, aiv hvK, cÖwgZ fvlv, eûfvwlK mgvR-ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨B KvR
K‡i| †h †Kv‡bv we‡kl gyn~‡Z© fvlv †Kej Dcfvlvq (cÖPwjZ fvlvZvwË¡K msÁv †gvZv‡eK) wef³ _v‡K bv, eis—Avgv‡`i
Rb¨ AwaK Zvrch©c~Y©—wef³ _v‡K bvbv mvgvwRK-gZv`wk©K e‡M©I| wewfbœ mvgvwRK e‡M©i fvlv, †ckvMZ ev †kÖwYMZ
fvlv, cÖR‡b¥i fvlv BZ¨vw`| GB `„wófw½ †_‡K mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv Avm‡j eûfvwlK we`¨gvbZvi GKwU gvÎ; †m wb‡RI wewfbœ
iƒ‡c wef³—Dcb¨vm-bvUK-KweZvi fvlv, cÖvPxb-ga¨-AvaywbK hy‡Mi fvlv, †ivgvw›UK-K¬vwmK fvlv BZ¨vw`| GB †h fvlvi
wewfbœ ¯Íi Ges eûfvlvmgwš^Z ev¯ÍeZv, GUv hwÏb fvlv RxweZ Ges weKvkgvb _v‡K ZwÏb evo‡ZB _v‡K| †K›`ªgyLx
GK‰iwLK cÖwµqvi cvkvcvwk †K›`ªvwZM e‡ji Dcv`vb¸‡jvI wbiew”Qbœfv‡e KvR K‡i hvq| evPwbK-gZv`wk©K
†K›`ªxf~ZKiY Avi GKxKi‡Yi cv‡kB Pj‡Z _v‡K we‡K›`ªxKiY Ges eûavwef³KiY|
cÖ‡Z¨K D”PviY ¯^fveZB †K›`ªgyLx I †K›`ªvwZM kw³i wPý enb K‡i| IB D”PviY †Kej wb‡Ri wew”Qbœ GKK cÖ‡qvRb
†gUvq bv; †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi †h RM‡Z Zvi Rb¥ I Aew¯’wZ, Zvi cÖ‡qvRbI †gUvq| Zvi †P‡q eo K_v, fvlvMZ Aeqe Avi
10
ˆkjxi w`K †_‡K D”PviYwU GK‰iwLK fvlvKvVv‡gvi †K›`ªgyLx-wb‡`©kbv Øviv hZUv cÖfvweZ nq, †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi cÖfve Zvi
†P‡q †gv‡UB Kg bq| Zvi gv‡bB nj, fvwlK D”PviY GKB mv‡_ GK‰iwLK fvlv Avi †nUv‡ivMøwmqv—`yB‡qi †hŠ_Zvq
wb®úbœ nq| †h cwi‡e‡k D”PviYwUi Rb¥ I cwiYwZ Zv msjvcvwqZ (dialogized) †nUv‡ivMøwmqv; fvlvi g‡ZvB Zv mvgvwRK
Avi AvKvinxb; Ab¨w`‡K Avevi Zv g~Z©, wbw`©ó evZ©vevnx Ges e¨w³K D”Pvi‡Yi wewkóZvq wPwýZ|
hLb cyivbv cÖavb mvwnZ¨iƒc¸‡jv weKwkZ nw”Qj fvlvi GKK †K›`ªgyLx evPwbK-gZv`wk©K iƒ‡ci cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfv‡e, ZLwb
Dcb¨v‡mi ˆewkó¨m¤^wjZ M`¨iƒc¸‡jv weKwkZ nw”Qj fvlvi eûavwef³ †K›`ªvwZM kw³i cÖfv‡e| hLb Kve¨iƒc¸‡jv
wb‡R‡`i kvwbZ KiwQj AvbyôvwbK fvlvi ÔDuPzÕ iƒ‡ci mvgvwRK-gZv`wk©K cvUvZ‡b, mvs¯‹…wZK-RvZxq-ivR‰bwZK †K›`ªvq‡bi
QÎQvqvq, ZLb ÔwbPzÕ ¯Í‡ii ¯’vbxq ms¯‹…wZ Avi fuvo‡`i gq`v‡b †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi AbyiYb wbZ¨ cvIqv hvw”Qj| iv¯Ívi Mvb,
†jvKK_v, †QvU MíMvQvq cÖavb ÔfvlvÕ-Dcfvlv wbZ¨ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡LvgywL nw”Qj| Kwe, cwÐZ, cy‡ivwnZ, bvBUmn mK‡ji
ÔfvlvÕ cÖvYešÍ µxov-†KŠZz‡Ki gy‡LvgywL nw”Qj| IB gq`v‡b †Kv‡bv ÔmZ¨Õ fvlvi Kvievi n‡Zv bv| c¨viwWB Gi g~j
Aej¤^b, hvi jÿ¨ ¯^ ¯^ hy‡Mi AvbyôvwbK fvlvi we‡ivwaZv|
fvlvZË¡, ˆkjxweÁvb Avi fvlv`k©b fvlvi GB †K›`ªgyLx cÖeYZvi g‡a¨B KvR K‡i‡Q| fvlvi msjvcvwqZ †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi
A½xf~Z †K›`ªvwZM cÖeYZv¸‡jv memg‡qB D‡cwÿZ †_‡K‡Q| d‡j fvlvi msjvcvwqZ ¯^fve e¨vL¨vi †Kv‡bv my‡hvMB
G¸‡jv‡Z wQj bv| mwZ¨ ej‡Z Kx, wWm‡Kv‡m©i mvsjvwcK ¯^fve Ges Gi mv‡_ mswkøó †Kv‡bv ev¯ÍeZvB AvRZK
fvlvweÁv‡bi cwiwa‡Z Av‡mwb| ˆkjxwe`¨vI msjvc‡K †Kv‡bvcÖKvi cvËv †`qwb| ˆkjxwe`¨v GKwU mvwnZ¨Kg©‡K Ggbfv‡e
we‡kølY K‡i †hbev GwU e× ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© GK iPbv; iPwqZvi ¯^M‡Zvw³| Ab¨ D”Pvi‡Yi mv‡_ Gi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© bvB| hw`
GKwU iPbv‡K avivevwnK msjv‡ci Ask wnmv‡e fvev nq, hvi Av‡M I c‡i Ab¨ msjvc Av‡Q, Zvn‡j †mB iPbv cv‡Vi
†Kv‡bv Dcvq ˆkjxwe`¨v wb‡`©k K‡i bv| Dcb¨vm nj msjvcvwqZ †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi g~Z© iƒc| Gi cVb-cvV‡b cÖPwjZ
ˆkjxwe`¨v ev b›`bZË¡ h‡_ó MY¨ nIqvi †Kv‡bv KviY bvB|

8 Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv
evLwZb Zuvi eû-e¨eüZ ÔwWm‡Kvm©Õ K_vUv cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb kã, evK¨ ev GgbwK `xN© †Kv‡bv eqvb †evSv‡Z| mvgvwRK-
gZv`wk©K ¯^vZš¿¨ †evSv‡ZI Zuvi iPbvq Gi e¨envi `yj©f bq| wKš‘ wWm‡Kv‡m©, Dcb¨v‡m ev mvaviYfv‡e fvlvi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi
Kv‡Q me‡P‡q g~j¨evb Avm‡j ÔD”PviYÕ—wVK e¨envi-gyn~‡Z© fvlvi Ae¯’v| †h cÖvYevb mgMÖZvq D”PviY wb®úbœ nq, Zvi
ev¯ÍeZv aivB evLwZ‡bi jÿ¨—fvlvi we‡køl‡YI, Dcb¨v‡mi cV‡bI| KweZvi fvlvi mv‡_ Zzjbvm~‡Î evLwZb Dcb¨v‡mi
fvlvi GB wewkóZv we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb|
†Kv‡bv RxweZ kãB e¯‘i mv‡_ GKK m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z _v‡K bv: kã Ges e¯‘i gv‡S, kã Ges D”PviYKvix e¨w³i gv‡S
ÔA‡b¨Õi Rb¨ †ek j¤^v-PIov cwimi _v‡K| †mLv‡b _v‡K GKB e¯‘-m¤úwK©Z Ab¨ kã| _v‡K Ab¨ A_©MZ Uvb ev †SuvK| G
Kvi‡YB †Kv‡bv D”PviY hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, ZLb wb‡`©wkZ e¯‘ ev welqwU‡K g~j¨ ev ¸Y-wbi‡cÿ welq wnmv‡e
cvIqv hvq bv| GwU Av‡M †_‡KB bvbvbfv‡e wPwýZ _v‡K| d‡j †Kv‡bv D”PviY wb‡`©wkZ‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Kv‡j IB
wb‡`©wk‡Zi mv‡_ BwZg‡a¨B m¤úwK©Z GKivk aviYvi mv‡_ msjv‡c wjß nq| Zvi †Kv‡bvwU ewR©Z nq, †Kv‡bvwU mnvqK
wnmv‡e M„nxZ nq, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU nqZ mnve¯’vb K‡i| A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K D”PviYB Avm‡j GKwU we‡kl HwZnvwmK-
gZv`wk©K ev¯ÍeZvq we`¨gvb AmsL¨ msjv‡ci avivevwnKZvq Ask wb‡Z eva¨ nq| †Kv‡bv D”PviY Pjgvb msjv‡ci nq
avivevwnKZv, bqZ ms‡hvRb—wbi‡cÿ †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb m¤¢eci bq: ‘[E]very word is directed toward an answer and
cannot escape the profound influence of the answering word that it anticipates. … Such is the situation in any living
dialogue.’ (Bakhtin 1994: 280)

11
ˆkwíK M`¨ we‡klZ Dcb¨v‡m hLb †Kv‡bv kã ev D”PviY †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev fve‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z Pvq, ZLb †m we`¨gvb AmsL¨
A_©‡K Avg‡j Av‡b—†Kv‡bvwU‡K Pvcv †`q, Ab¨ A‡bK¸‡jv‡K D”PwKZ K‡i, Ges Gfv‡e eû‡KŠwYK A_©`xwß jvf K‡i|
†Kej Dcb¨v‡mB fvlv G ai‡bi RwUjZv I MfxiZv Ges GKBmv‡_ ˆkwíK e¨Äbv aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kvwe¨K fvlvq kã Zvi wb‡`©wk‡Zi mv‡c‡ÿ A‡_©i ˆewPΨ ˆZwi K‡i| fvlv‡K ev kã‡K †m Ggbfv‡e e¨envi K‡i, †hb GwU
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A_© ev g~j¨ ev ¸Y Øviv Av‡M wPwýZ-wPwÎZ nqwb| fz‡j hvIqv nq †h, bvbvb ci¯úiwe‡ivax evPwbK Kg©KvÐ ev
†nUv‡ivMøwmqvi ev¯ÍeZvq kãwU Aw¯ÍZ¡evb wQj| Dcb¨v‡mi †jLK wKš‘ mvgvwRK †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi †h ev¯ÍeZvq e¯‘ ev welqwUi
bvgvqb-msÁvqb-g~j¨vqb n‡q‡Q, Zv‡KB †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`b| wb‡`©wkZ e¯‘ ev fv‡ei AšÍwb©wnZ m¤¢vebvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi Kv‡Q
Pvicv‡ki mvgvwRK †nUv‡ivMøwmqvI mgvb ¸iæZ¡ cvq| wewPÎ ¯^i Avi aŸwbi g‡a¨B Zvi Kvw•ÿZ ¯^i †kvbv hvq| Avm‡j
we`¨gvb AmsL¨ ¯^i ev aŸwbi Dcw¯’wZ Qvov Zvi wb‡Ri Kvw•ÿZ ¯^iwU m~²Zv cvq bv; Zvi Kvw•ÿZ ¯^iwU e¯‘Z †kvbvB hvq
bv| GB WvqvjwRK ˆewkó¨ ïay ˆkwíK M‡`¨i bq, eis †h †Kv‡bv wWm‡Kv‡m©iB| †Kej Av`‡gi c‡ÿB c~e© g~j¨ ev ¸‡Yi
we‡ePbv bv K‡i kã D”PviY m¤¢e wQj| HwZnvwmK Kvj-cwim‡i GB myweav cvIqv Avi Kv‡iv c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq|
Kv‡e¨i fvlv wb‡Ri cÖKvkÿgZv Avi Kvh©KzkjZvi e¨vcv‡i KL‡bv mw›`nvb bq| mewKQz cÖKv‡kB Zvi mÿgZv| Kwe hv wKQz
†`‡Lb, hv †ev‡Sb ev wPšÍv K‡ib, Zv Zuvi wb‡Ri wbiƒwcZ fvlv‡ZB K‡ib| cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Zuvi Ab¨ Kv‡iv fvlvi `iKvi c‡o
bv| KweZvi fvlv GKK I Ab¨wbi‡cÿ fvlv, evB‡ii †Kv‡bv fvlvi Dci Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj bq| fvlvRM‡Zi ˆewPΨ ev
cÖKvkÿgZvi w`K †_‡K wewfbœ fvlvi mgvb mÿgZvi aviYv KweZvi RM‡Z APj| Kwe KZ¸‡jv Ø›Ø ev wbivgq-A‡hvM¨
weev` wb‡q KvR Ki‡Qb, Zv‡Z wKQzB G‡m hvq bv| Zuvi GKK-AweZwK©Z wWm‡Kvm©B me wKQz cÖKvk K‡i| ˆecixZ¨, Ø›Ø ev
wØav _v‡K wel‡q, wPšÍvq, Rxebhvc‡bi AwfÁZvq, A_©vr KweZvi welqe¯‘‡Z; †m¸‡jv Kve¨fvlvq cÖ‡ek K‡i bv| KweZvq
wØav-m¤úwK©Z wWm‡Kvm©I cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq Ggb fvlvq hvi m¤ú‡K© wØav _vK‡j P‡j bv| Zvi gv‡b G bq †h KweZvq Ab¨
fvlv ev †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡B _v‡K bv| _v‡K| Z‡e Gi my‡hvM AwZ bMY¨| me‡P‡q eo K_v, †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev PwiÎ
ev welq wPwÎZ Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ fvlv e¨eüZ n‡jI †m fvlv Ôg~jÕ fvlvi mgZ‡j mggh©v`vq Ae¯’vb K‡i bv|
Rxebhvc‡bi fvlv KL‡bv GKK ev GK‰iwLK bq| Gi eûwewPÎ w`K ev Zj| fvlvi GB †h wewPÎ MwZwewa, Zv Avevi
we‡klfv‡e D”PviYKvixi AwfcÖvq Avi ¯^ifw½i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| G¸‡jv‡K ev` w`‡q fvlvi cvV wbQK wbqg cv‡Vi kvwgj|
evLwZb ej‡Qb, Gfv‡e fvlvcvV A_©vr cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Zi evB‡i fvlv‡K Abyaveb-we‡kølY ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi evB‡i wM‡q Kv‡iv
g‡bvwe‡kølY Kivi g‡ZvB nvm¨Ki KvR| Zv‡Z fvlvi ev¯ÍeZv †gv‡UB aiv c‡o bv| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wbi‡cÿ fvlv e‡j wKQz
†bB| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvB ÔKv‡iv bv Kv‡ivÕ fvlv| †kÖwY, †ckv, eqm, ¯’vb BZ¨vw` bvbvb dvivK fvlv‡K wKQz‡ZB GKK Awfavq
wZôv‡Z †`q bv| we‡kl ¯’vwbK ev KvwjK ev¯ÍeZvqI fvlv cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K w`‡biB wbR¯^ †køvMvb Av‡Q| Ab¨
w`‡bi mv‡_ Zv wKQz‡ZB ûeû wgj‡e bv| KweZv Ges Dcb¨vm fvlvi GB ¯^fve‡K m¤ú~Y© wecixZfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv K‡i:
‘Poetry depersonalizes ‘days’ in language, while prose …often deliberately intensifies difference between them,
gives them embodied representation and dialogically opposes them to one another in unresolvable dialogues.
(Bakhtin 1994: 291)

fvlv hLb mvwn‡Z¨ e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv ¯^Zš¿ Wvqv‡j‡± iƒc †bq| Zvi web¨vm Avjv`v, wewfbœ fvlv‡K cvi¯úwiK K‡i
†Zvjvi aib Avjv`v| †mLv‡b fvlv wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’vq _v‡K bv| GKvKvi n‡q hvq| evLwZb D`vniY w`‡q K_vUv eywS‡q‡Qb|
MÖv‡gi GKRb K…lK K‡qKwU fvlv e¨envi K‡i: Zvi cÖv_©bvi fvlv, Mv‡bi fvlv, msmv‡ii K‡_vcK_‡bi fvlv, KZ…c© ‡ÿi
Kv‡Q wPwV †jLvi fvlv BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv †m bv wgwk‡qB e¨envi K‡i| Avjv`v K‡i e¨env‡ii mg‡q †m we‡kl m‡PZbI _v‡K
bv| wKš‘ Zvi GB fvlvB hLb RvZxq mvwnwZ¨K fvlv wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zvi iƒcvšÍi N‡U| KweZvi †ÿ‡Î G
iƒcvšÍiUv Ggbfv‡e N‡U †h, IB K…l‡Ki †Kv‡bv GKUv kã ev fvlvfw½ Kwe e¨envi Ki‡ZI cv‡ib; wKš‘ wZwb e¨envi
Ki‡eb ev¯Íe cwi‡cÖwÿZ †_‡K †mwU‡K Avjv`v K‡i wb‡q| KweZvi e¨env‡ii ga¨ w`‡q kãwU Avgv‡`i g~j cwi‡cÖwÿZ
m¤ú‡K© mZK© Ki‡ZI cv‡i; wKš‘ Kwei wWm‡Kvm© wnmv‡e| Ôev¯ÍeÕ cwi‡cÖwÿZ †_‡K hZ Avjv`v Kiv hvq, ZZB Zvi
12
e¨envwiK mvdj¨| KweZvi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcviUv we‡klfv‡e N‡U Q‡›` mgwc©Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y| Dcb¨vm Ges GgbwK †h †Kv‡bv
M`¨iPbv ev¯Íe cwi‡cÖwÿZ ev D”Pvi‡Yi ev¯Íe gyn~Z‡© K A‡bK †ewk g~j¨ †`q| K_viv †mLv‡b K_viZ e¨w³i D”PviY wnmv‡e
Dc¯’vwcZ nq| GUvB, evLwZ‡bi g‡Z, Dcb¨v‡mi g~j wfwË: ‘…the fundamental condition, that which makes a novel a
novel, that which is responsible for its stylistic uniqueness, is the speaking person and his discourse.’ (Bakhtin
1994: 332)

9 Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv I wkíixwZi wKQz w`K

Dcb¨v‡mi MVb‰kjxMZ HK¨ wb®úbœ nq wb‡¤œv³ Dcv`v‡b (Bakhtin 1994: 262): K) †jL‡Ki cÖZ¨ÿ mvwnwZ¨K-ˆkwíK
eqvb; L) cÖvZ¨wnK K_¨eP‡bi †KZv`yi¯Í Dc¯’vcbv; M) wPwV ev Wv‡qwii g‡Zv wbg-mvwnZ¨e‡M©i †KZv`yi¯Í Dc¯’vcbv; N)
mvwnwZ¨K wKš‘ ˆkwíK bq Ggb ˆbwZK, `vk©wbK-ˆeÁvwbK, b„-ˆeÁvwbK Dcv`v‡bi e¨envi; O) Pwiθ‡jvi ¯^Zš¿ eP‡bi
ˆkwíK Dc¯’vcbv|
GB wewPÎ Dcv`vb Dcb¨v‡m ˆkwíK AvKvi cvq, mgMÖ Dcb¨v‡mi e„nËi ˆkwíK KvVv‡gvi Aax‡b web¨¯Í nq, †hLv‡b mvgwMÖK
KvVv‡gv AšÍM©Z Avjv`v KvVv‡gv¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| Dcb¨v‡mi mvgwMÖK ˆkjxi ¯^vZš¿¨ A½xf~Z KvVv‡gv¸‡jvi
mgš^‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj, †h KvVv‡gv¸‡jv mg‡MÖi Aaxb, wKš‘ Av‡cwÿK ¯^vZš¿¨ AÿzYœ †i‡LB Zviv Ae¯’vb K‡i| Dcb¨v‡mi
ˆkjx LyuR‡Z n‡e Gi AšÍM©Z Ôˆkjx¸‡jvÕi wbcyY mgev‡q| Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv Gi AšÍM©Z Ôfvlv¸‡jvÕi Kzkjx mgš^q|
Pwiθ‡jvi ¯^Zš¿ ePbB †nvK, Avi cÖvZ¨wnK K_¨ePbB †nvK—Dcv`vb¸‡jv cÖ_gZ Ges cÖZ¨ÿZ m¤úwK©Z n‡e AšÍM©Z
KvVv‡gv¸‡jvi mv‡_| G Dcv`vb¸‡jvi kvã-Av_©-evwK¨K ˆkjx wPwýZ n‡e IB AšÍM©Z KvVv‡gvi mv‡c‡ÿ, hvi mv‡_ G¸‡jv
cÖZ¨ÿZ m¤úwK©Z| GKB m‡½ AšÍM©Z KvVv‡gvi Ask wnmv‡e †_‡KB G¸‡jv mg‡MÖi KvVv‡gv ˆZwi Ki‡e—mg‡MÖi gy`ªv
wPwýZ Ki‡e; Ask †b‡e †mB cÖwµqvq hv‡Z mgMÖ KvVv‡gvwU GKK mvgwMÖKZv cvq Avi Zvrch© D‡b¥vwPZ nq| GKwU eo
KvVv‡gvi wbcyY mgMÖZvi Aax‡b cÖvq-¯^vaxb †QvU KvVv‡gvi mgš^q—cÖ_vMZ ˆkjxwe`¨vq G e¯‘ A‡Pbv wQj| d‡j cyivbv
cwЇZiv Dcb¨v‡mi gvnvZ¥¨ ai‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖvqkB Zuv‡`i `y ai‡bi wePz¨wZ N‡U‡Q: GK. GKRb Jcb¨vwm‡Ki fvlvi
eY©bv‡K Zuviv Dcb¨v‡mi fvlvi eY©bv e‡j Pvwj‡q‡Qb; `yB. Dcb¨v‡mi AšÍM©Z KvVv‡gv¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡K cÖvqkB eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjx wnmv‡e|
Dcb¨vm wewPÎ mvgvwRK ePb Avi ˆewPΨgq e¨w³MZ eP‡bi ˆkwíK MÖš’bv| RvZxq fvlvi AšÍM©Z mvgvwRK Dcfvlv,
†Mvôxfvlv, †ckvMZ fvwlK gy`ªv, wewfbœ mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci fvlv, wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i fvlv, D‡Ïk¨cÖeY fvlv, KZ…©c‡ÿi fvlv, Pvjy
fvlv-d¨vk‡bi wewfbœ iƒc, cÖwZwU w`b GgbwK cÖwZwU N›Uv (cÖ‡Z¨K w`‡biB wbR¯^ kãfvÛvi Av‡Q, Av‡Q †Rviv‡iv‡ci
RvqMv) we‡kl mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ mvabv‡_© †h fvlv cq`v K‡i—we‡kl gyn~‡Z©i GiKg hveZxq fvlv¯ÍiB
Dcb¨v‡mi Dcv`vb| we‡kl gyn~‡Z© ˆZwi nIqv wewfbœ evwPK ˆewPΨ iÿv K‡i, wewfbœ e¨w³MZ D”Pvi‡Yi Avjv`v gvÎv wbwðZ
K‡i, Dcb¨vm Zvi Kvw•ÿZ cÖwZcv‡`¨i mgMÖ fzeb‡KB wPwýZ-wPwÎZ K‡i—me ˆewPΨ‡K mvgÄm¨ †`q| iPwqZvi ePb,
eY©bvKvix‡`i K_v, A½xf~Z wewfbœ mvwnZ¨iƒc, Pwiθ‡jvi D”PviY—G¸‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi †gŠwjK MvVwbK Dcv`vb, †h¸‡jvi
mvnv‡h¨ eûev¯Íemgwš^Z-cwiw¯’wZ (hetaroglossia) iwÿZ nq; G¸‡jvi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb eûwewPÎ mvgvwRK ¯^‡ii Dcw¯’wZ I
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbwðZ K‡i| cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB Kg‡ewk msjvcvwqZ (dialogized)| D”PviY I fvlvi g‡a¨ wewkó ms‡hvM
Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©; wewfbœ fvlv Avi D”PviYgy`ªvi g‡a¨ w_‡gi hvZvqvZ; mvgvwRK †nUv‡ivMøwmqvi wewPÎ kvLv-cÖkvLvq
mÂvwiZ nIqv; msjvcvwqZ nIqv—G¸‡jvB Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkjxi cÖavb ˆewkó¨|
cÖkœ nj, wewfbœ Dcv`vb Avi fvlvi mgš^‡q iPwqZvi f~wgKv Kx? G cÖm‡½ ejv `iKvi, evLwZb ÔeY©bvKvixi fvlvÕ
(Narrator’s language) Avi ÔiPwqZvi D‡Ïk¨Õ (author’s intention) G `y‡qi g‡a¨ dvivK K‡ib| Avm‡j eY©bvKvixi fvlvB
Dcb¨v‡m cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i, Avi Pwi‡Îi fvlv¸‡jvi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq| wKš‘ Gi †cQ‡b, evLwZb evievi
mveavb K‡i‡Qb, cvVK iPwqZvi D‡Ï‡k¨i gy‡LvgywL n‡Z _vK‡e, hv eY©bvKvixi fvlv †_‡K Avjv`v| Zvn‡j †jL‡Ki
13
KZ…©‡Z¡i cÖkwœ U wK GLv‡bI †Rviv‡jvB †_‡K hv‡”Q? bv| Avgiv Rvwb evLwZb cÖZ¨ÿ eqvb Kg cQ›` Ki‡Zb; Zuvi
MxwZKweZv msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbvq Zv ¯úó| Ab¨w`‡K Avevi evLwZb KL‡bvB D‡Ïk¨nxbZv‡K cÖkqÖ `vbKvix wPšÍK bb|
Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡ÎI wZwb iPwqZvi D‡Ïk¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ GB D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨B Dcb¨v‡mi wkímZ¨ wbwnZ _v‡K bv|
Avm‡j evLwZ‡bi Z‡Ë¡ Dcb¨v‡mi P~ovšÍ mZ¨ †Kv_vI _v‡K bv| †kl K_v e‡j wKQz bvB (Dentith 1996: 56)|
Zvn‡j iPwqZvi w`K †_‡K me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR nj, eûev¯Íemgwš^Z-ev¯ÍeZvq we`¨gvb fvlv¸‡jvi hyZmB B‡gR ˆZwi
Kiv Ges Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv †hb Zv‡`i eûgvwÎK cvi¯úwiKZv m¤¢e nq| evLwZ‡bi mvwnZ¨ ev¯Í‡ei ûeû AbymiY
bq, wKš‘ ˆkwíK ev¯Íe Avi AbyK…Z ev¯Í‡ei cvi¯úwiKZv Zv‡Z iwÿZ n‡e| wVK †Zgwb Dcb¨v‡mi fvlvI ev¯Í‡ei fvlvi
ûeû AbyKiY bq, eis ÔˆkwíKÕ Dc¯’vcbv: ‘[T]he central problem of the stylistics of the novel may be formulated as
the problem of artistically representing language, the problem of representing the image of a language.’ (Bakhtin
1994: 336) e¨vcviUv †evSvi Rb¨ PwiÎ cÖm‡½ Zuvi wZbwU mveavbevYx ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i: 1) Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ memg‡qB
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv gvÎvq we‡kl gZv`‡k©i aviK; Zvi K_v †mB gZv`‡k©i cwiPvqK| Zvi K_vq we‡kl RMr`„wó cÖKvwkZ nq,
hv mvgvwRK cwim‡i wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡bi b¨vh¨Zvi Rb¨ Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ jovBiZ _v‡K| 2) Dcb¨v‡m e¨w³PwiÎ Avi Zvi
cwiYwZ Avjv`vfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| e¨w³i wWm‡Kvm© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kej GRb¨ †h Zv mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm ev mvgvwRK cwim‡ii
AšÍM©Z n‡qB Dc¯’vwcZ nq, Avi Gfv‡e †nUv‡ivMøwmqv wbwðZ K‡i| 3) K_K Pwi‡Îi K_v Dcb¨v‡m mivmwi cybiærcvw`Z
nq bv| Dc¯’vwcZ nq ÔˆkwíKfv‡eÕ| G‡ÿ‡Î bvU‡Ki mv‡_ Dcb¨v‡mi g~j dvivK GB †h, Dcb¨v‡m Pwiθ‡jvi e¨w³MZ ev
cvi¯úwiK Avjvc P‡j iPwqZvi ga¨¯’Zvq|
Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (1999) MÖ‡š’ evLwZb cyivbv Kvwb©fvj Avi Kvwb©fv‡ji ai‡bi iwPZ †jLv‡jwLi mv‡_
Dcb¨vm‡K wgwj‡q cvV K‡i‡Qb (Dentith 1996: 51-52)| `¯Íqfw¯‹ G e¨vcv‡i Zuvi Av`k©| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡Q eY©bvKvixi
D”PviY-cÖvav‡b¨ iwPZ Dcb¨vm| BD‡ivcxq Dcb¨v‡mi GB cÖavb avivq GK ai‡bi ÔmvaviY fvlvÕ e¨eüZ nq| †gv‡Ui Dci
†mB fvlv ÔmvwnwZ¨K fvlvÕi mxgv AwZµg K‡i bv| †jL‡Ki wb‡Ri fvlv—†hgb †Kv‡bv †e`bv`xY© Abyf~wZ ev cÖK…wZi
eY©bv—†kÖwY-†ckv-eM©fz³ fvlv¸‡jvi mv‡_ mgxK…Z n‡q Dcb¨v‡mi †gvU AvqZbUv ˆZqvi K‡i| wKš‘ G ai‡bi Dcb¨v‡mi
†ÿ‡ÎI: ‘It is precisely the diversity of speech, and not the unity of a normative shared language, that is the ground
of style.’ (Bakhtin 1994: 308) eY©bv PwiÎI Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î Pwi‡Îi eqvb Avi †jL‡Ki c‡ivÿ eqvb GK‡Î KvR
K‡i| evLwZb G‡K e‡j‡Qb wد^i (double voiced) eqvb| Gi evB‡i Dcb¨v‡m Avm‡Z cv‡i Wv‡qwi, wPwV, msev`ag©x eqvb
BZ¨vw` ev KweZv, Mí, cÖev`-cÖeP‡bi g‡Zv mvwnZ¨iƒc| G¸‡jv †jL‡Ki AwfcÖvq Øviv cÖwZm„Z n‡q msjvcvwqZ nq|
†hfv‡eB wb®úbœ †nvK bv †Kb, m~² wePv‡i Dcb¨vm memgq ÔA‡b¨i D”PviY A‡b¨i fvlvÕq cÖKvk K‡i| iPwqZvi AwfcÖvq
GLv‡b cÖKvwkZ nq cÖwZm„Z fw½‡Z| G ai‡bi D”PviY we‡kl ai‡bi Ôwد^i wWm‡Kvm©Õ MVb K‡i| cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e K_‡Ki ¯^i,
Avi cÖwZm„Z Ae¯’vq iPwqZvi ¯^i|
Dcb¨v‡mi eûfvlv gv‡b wewfbœ fvlvi wgkÖY bq; eis fvlv¸‡jvi Abb¨ ˆkwíK e¨e¯’v, †hLv‡b fvlv¸‡jv GKB Z‡j Ae¯’vb
K‡i bv| GgbwK iPwqZvi fvlvI ZvB, A‡b¨i fvlv mivmwi ev AbyKiYg~jKfv‡e AvZ¥mvr K‡iB Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡| †h fvlv
iPwqZvi fvlv e‡j g‡b nq, D×…wZwP‡ýi g‡a¨ bv _vK‡jI, ¯^‡i-my‡i Zv A‡b¨i fvlvB e‡U| GB A‡K©÷vª wqZ Avi `~ieZ©x
wWm‡Kvm©¸‡jv‡K †jL‡Ki wWm‡Kvm© wnmv‡e AebwgZ Kiv, Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î, Lvivc cvV-cÖwµqv| evLwZb D`vniY w`‡q
e‡j‡Qb, Pwi·K RxešÍ Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi gy‡L e¨vKiYMZ fzj fvlv e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †jLK‡K `vqx Kiv †h ai‡bi
fzj-cvV, iPbvi AšÍM©Z wWm‡Kvm©‡K e¨w³-†jL‡Ki wR¤§vq cvV Kiv †Zgwb fzj-cvV| A‡K©÷ªvqbUv wbtm‡›`‡n †jLKB
K‡ib, Avi †jL‡Ki ˆkwíK D‡Ï‡k¨i ØvivB Gme Dcv`vb †klZK wPwýZ I wba©vwiZ nq; wKš‘ G¸‡jv wKQz‡ZB †jL‡Ki
fvlv bq| c×wZMZfv‡e ÔDcb¨v‡mi fvlvÕ-we‡kølY K_vUvi †Kv‡bv A_© nq bv, KviY G ai‡bi wKQz Av`‡Z bvB (Bakhtin
1994: 416)| eis Dcb¨v‡m _v‡K fvlv¸‡jvi ˆkwíK MÖš’bv, Av‡iv fv‡jv nq ej‡j fvlv¸‡jvi B‡g‡Ri ˆkwíK MÖš’bv| d‡j
we‡køl‡Yi welq n‡e A‡K©÷ªvwqZ fvlv¸‡jvi D‡b¥vPb, Zv‡`i A_©MZ dvivK wba©viY, cÖwZdwjZ D‡Ï‡k¨i ZË¡Zvjvk,
14
ci¯ú‡ii msjvcvwqZ m¤úK© †evSv, Avi P~ovšÍfv‡e hw` iPwqZvi cÖZ¨ÿ wWm‡Kvm© _v‡K hv iPbvwUi †cÖÿvc‡U we`¨gvb
eûev¯Íemgwš^Z `ywbqv‡K msjvcvwqZ K‡i, Zv ey‡S IVv|
Dcb¨v‡mi msMVb Avi we‡ePbvq evLwZb fvev`k©‡K (ideology) we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| e‡j‡Qb, Dcb¨v‡mi cv‡V ˆkwíK
Ges fvev`wk©K we‡ePbv GK‡Î KvR Kiv `iKvi| Avi e¨vcviUv Aek¨B g~j¨vqbag©x n‡e; KviY: ‘[T]here is no artistic
understanding without evalution.’ (Bakhtin 1994: 416) Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb, hZ m~² †nvK bv †Kb, LuvwU fvlvZvwË¡K c×wZ‡Z
Dcb¨v‡m cÖwZdwjZ †jL‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨i MwZwewa Ges µxov‰bcyY¨ (play) aiv Am¤¢e; KviY KvRUv nq wewfbœ fvlvq|
Dcb¨v‡mi ˆkwíK Ges fvev`wk©K we‡ePbv wbqwš¿Z n‡e ˆkjxMZ we‡kølY Øviv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, G¸‡jv fvwlK DcvË bq,
fvlvi wkwíZ B‡gR| AZx‡Zi Ges A‡Pbv fvlvi Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î—†h mgq Ges fvlv Avgiv eZ©gv‡bi AwfÁZv †_‡K
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi bv—fvlvweÁv‡bi we‡kølY †ewk Kv‡R jv‡M; hw`I mgmvgwqK Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡ÎI G Ávb
mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
hy‡Mi mvgvwRK-fvev`wk©K aviv Ges †m¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiKZv m¤ú‡K©, A_©vr ev¯Í‡e †m¸‡jv †hfv‡e we`¨gvb _v‡K †m m¤ú‡K©,
ch©vß Ávb Qvov ïay ˆkjxMZ ev fvlvZvwË¡K we‡kølYMZ we‡ePbvq Dcb¨v‡mi Zj cvIqv hv‡e bv|

10 Dcb¨v‡mi ¯’vb-Kvj: µ‡bv‡Uvc

ev¯Í‡ei ¯’vb-Kvj wKfv‡e Dcb¨v‡mi ¯’vb-Kv‡j cwiewZ©Z nq, Dcb¨v‡m Zv Kx KvR K‡i, Avi mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m Zvi
weeZ©‡bi aibwUB ev †Kgb—Gme wb‡q evLwZb Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb ‘Forms of time and of the chronotope in the novel:
Notes toward a historical poetics’ bv‡gi my`xN© cÖe‡Ü (Bakhtin 1994: 84-258)| wZwb eqv‡bi ¯’vbMZ-KvjMZ A‡”Q`¨
m¤ú‡K©i bvg w`‡q‡Qb Ôµ‡bv‡UvcÕ| kãwUi AvÿwiK A_©I e‡j w`‡q‡Qb wZwb—Ô¯’vb-KvjÕ| mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vbMZ Avi KvjMZ
wbY©vqK¸‡jv cwiKwíZ web¨v‡m g~wZ©gvb mgMÖZv jvf K‡i| mgq †hb ¯úk©‡hvM¨ I `„k¨gvb n‡q AvKvi †c‡Z _v‡K; Avi
mg‡qi Pj‡bi mv‡_ Zvj †i‡L, mvov w`‡q, cøU Avi BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ AšÍi½ n‡q cwimi¸‡jv iƒc cvq| µ‡bv‡Uvc eqvb‡K
g~wZ©gvb K‡i, Zv‡Z i³gvsm mÂvi K‡i| GKwU NUbv bvbvfv‡e †MvP‡i Avbv hvq| cÖPzi Z_¨ †`qv m¤¢e| mgq I ¯’vb
m¤ú‡K© Ges msNwUZ NUbv m¤ú‡K© wbf©i‡hvM¨ eY©bv m¤¢e| wKš‘ Gi ga¨ w`‡q NUbvUv GKvÆv iƒc cvq bv, g~wZ©gvb nq bv|
µ‡bv‡UvcB Avm‡j †mB Rv`y, hvi gš¿e‡j Z_¨cwÄ NUbv wnmv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nIqvi wfwË cvq| ïay ZvB bq| Dcb¨v‡mi
hveZxq weg~Z© aviYv, †m `vk©wbK-mgvRZvwË¡KB †nvK Avi fve ev Kvh©KviY m¤úK©B †nvK, µ‡bv‡Uvc‡K wN‡iB AvKvi jvf
K‡i; †h B‡gR wk‡íi cÖK…Z kw³, Zv‡K m¤¢eci K‡i †Zv‡j|
evLwZb my`~i AZxZ †_‡K PwP©Z µ‡bv‡Uv‡ci K‡qKwU cÖavb aib e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡bI wZwb ïiæ K‡i‡Qb wMÖK †ivgvÂ
†_‡K| G ai‡bi †ivgv‡Â mgq bvq‡Ki Rxeb‡K †gv‡UB cÖfvweZ K‡i bv| mvgvwRK-cÖvK…wZK †Kv‡bv e`j bv NwU‡qB
wek„•Lj mgqcÖev‡ni g‡a¨ †ivgvÂKi AwfhvÎv NU‡Z _v‡K| cwim‡ii aviYvI †_‡K hvq weg~Z|© Gi bvqK ïiæ †_‡KB c~Y©
gwngvq weKwkZ| ïay wKQz NUbv bvq‡Ki mZZv, mvnm BZ¨vw` ¸‡Yi Rvbvb w`‡q hvq| A¨v‡cvwjqvm I †c‡Uªvwbqv‡mi
ÔDcb¨v‡mÕ, †h¸‡jv‡K evLwZb kbv³ K‡i‡Qb ÔcÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi †ivgvÂKi Awfhv‡bi Dcb¨vmÕ wnmv‡e, µ‡bv‡Uv‡ci Ab¨
gvÎv hy³ nq| GLv‡b c‡_B NUbv NU‡Z _v‡K| GB c_ bvq‡Ki Rxeb-c‡_i mv‡_ GKvKvi n‡q hvq| †hgb,
A¨v‡cvwjqv‡mi `¨ †Mv‡ìb A¨vm-G bvqK jywmqvm Mvavq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| gy‡LvgywL nq eû †ivgvÂKi NUbvi| Ae‡k‡l
cwiï× mËvq DbœxZ nIqvi Av‡M Av‡M Avevi wd‡i cvq gvby‡li iƒc| GB µ‡bv‡Uv‡c wMÖK †ivgv‡Âi bvbv jÿY ¯úó; wKš‘
mg‡qi MwZ †hfv‡e Pwi‡Îi Dci cÖfve †d‡j hvq, Zv‡Z Zvrch©c~Y© bZzb gvÎvI AwPwýZ _v‡K bv| evLwZb Av‡iv jÿ
K‡i‡Qb, Dcv`vb mÂq Avi e¨env‡i GB Nivbvi µ‡bv‡Uv‡ci mv‡_ †jvKMuv_vi †hvM AwZ wbweo|

15
¯’vb-Kvj aviYvi †cÖÿvc‡U eqv‡bi cvV GKw`‡K †hgb bZzb, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb AvKl©Yxq| evLwZb µ‡bv‡Uv‡ci cÖavb
aib¸‡jvi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡Z iwPZ n‡q‡Q Dcb¨v‡mi bZzb ai‡bi BwZnvm| GLv‡bI †mB GKB PwiÎ: †mB wMÖK
ÔDcb¨vmÕ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †i‡ewjqvm ch©šÍ| Z‡e cÖwZwU cÖavb µ‡bv‡Uv‡ci †ÿ‡ÎB AvaywbK Jcb¨vwmK‡`iI wgwj‡q‡Qb
wZwb| D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †jvKMuv_v †_‡K cvIqv weewZ©Z bvbv Dcv`v‡bi K_v| †i‡ewjqv‡m G‡mB, Zuvi g‡Z, GB wewPÎ
µ‡bv‡Uvc bZzb iƒ‡c Avi cwiKíbvq AvaywbK Zvrc‡h© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ A‡bK Kvi‡Yi m‡½ G Kvi‡YI GB †i‡bmuv-
†jLK Zuvi Kv‡Q GZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avevi †i‡ewjqv‡mi c‡ÿ †h Zv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q, Zvi KviY wbwnZ Av‡Q IB mg‡qi g‡a¨|
gvby‡li ¯’vb-Kvj m¤úwK©Z be-D™¢~Z ˆPZ‡b¨i g‡a¨| wVK GLv‡bB mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡mi bZzb aib cÖ¯Ív‡ei evB‡i evLwZ‡bi
µ‡bv‡Uvc-m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvi Ab¨ me Mfxi Zvrch© wbwnZ| GKw`‡K wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, ¯’vb-KvjMZ Dcv`v‡bi aibB
eqv‡bi mvgwMÖK iƒc wba©viY K‡i †`q:
They are the organizing centers for the fundamental narrative events of the novel. The chronotope is the
place where the knots of narrative are tied and untied. It can be said without qualification that to them
belongs the meaning that shapes narrative. (Bakhtin 1994: 250)

Ab¨w`‡K, µ‡bv‡Uv‡ci iƒcvšÍi gvby‡li ¯’vb-Kvj-m¤úwK©Z †ev‡ai iƒcvšÍ‡ii dj| †ev‡ai iƒcvšÍi gvby‡li cÖK…Z Rxebavivi
cwieZ©‡bi d‡jB N‡U _v‡K| e„nËi A‡_© KvVv‡gvev`x-gvK©mev`x c¨vivWvBg †_‡K evLwZb KL‡bvB P~ovšÍfv‡e wePz¨Z nbwb,
hw`I mvs¯‹…wZK Drcv`b‡K cig g~j¨ w`‡q‡Qb| eZ©gvb mgq I ¯’vb‡K cig g~j¨ w`‡qI Pjgvb ¯’vb-Kvj Avi †jvKRxe‡bi
wewPÎ Dcv`vb‡K ZË¡-KvVv‡gvi A½xf~Z Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|

10 K‡qKwU ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK gšÍe¨

GK. Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv GKwU eûPwP©Z wel‡q evLwZ‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb nj GKwU Dcb¨vmZË¡ cÖ¯vÍ e Ki‡Z cviv| G †ÿ‡Î
evLwZb weg~Z© ÔAvKviev`xÕ (formal) cv‡Vi mv‡_ mgiƒc weg~Z© ÔgZv`wk©KÕ (ideological) cv‡Vi we`¨gvb we‡”Q` †NvPv‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb| GRb¨ wZwb †K›`ªxq ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb †Lv` mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci ˆkjxi Dci, we‡kl mgq ev †jL‡Ki iPbvi Dci bq|
Zuvi g‡Z, mvwnZ¨cv‡Vi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ ev KvjMZ ˆkjxi w`KwU ¸iæZ¡ cvIqvq g~j mvgvwRK we‡ePbv ÿzYœ n‡q‡Q|
mvwnZ¨iƒ‡ci D™¢e-weKv‡ki HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvc‡Ui Zzjbvq †m¸‡jvi iƒc-iƒcvšÍ‡ii †MŠY BwZe„Ë cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j
`vk©wbK ev mgvRZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv bv n‡q ˆkjxi g‡Zv Zz”Q wRwb‡m g‡bv‡hvM †e‡o‡Q| Av`‡Z ˆkwíK wWm‡Kvm©
Rb¥ †bq †h Rbcwim‡i, Rxebaviv I hyM-cwiµgvq, Zv XvKv c‡o e¨w³MZ ˆkjxi Kzqvkvq| e¨w³MZ ˆkjx ev we‡kl avivi
ˆkjx Rvqgvb wWm‡Kv‡m©i cÖZ¨ÿ mšÍvb bq, e¨w³MZ cÖwZfve‡j Zv †_‡K msM„nxZ Dcv`v‡bi we‡kl iƒcvqY| wKš‘ g~j Drm
†_‡K wePz¨Z n‡q, A_©vr ev¯ÍeZvi †h aviv-cÖev‡ni g‡a¨ Zvi Rb¥-weKvk, Zv †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡q, Zvi cvV mvij¨‡`v‡l `yó
Ges AwZkq weg~Z© n‡Z eva¨| hvi cwiYwZ‡Z wkíK‡g©i A_©MZ Zvrch© Aaiv †_‡K hv‡e|
`yB. evLwZ‡bi †jLv Ges ZË¡ Ñ `yBB RwUj| RwUjZvi GK KviY wecyj bZzb cwifvlvi e¨envi| wKš‘ g~j KviY: Av‡jvP¨
wel‡qi we¯Ívi| GKw`‡K wZwb fvlvi wewPÎ-RwUj ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ Zuvi b›`bZ‡Ë¡i mgvšÍijZv ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb; Ab¨w`‡K
Avevi gvby‡li hvwcZ Rxe‡bi j¤^v BwZnvm †_‡K KL‡bv wePz¨Z nbwb| eû‡Z¡i GK cÖej-Mfxi †eva Zuv‡K HwZnvwmK ev
A_©‰bwZK wba©viYev‡`i SzuwK †_‡K iÿv K‡i‡Q| Zuvi Z‡Ë¡ e¨w³i Zzjbvq mgwói f~wgKv cÖej| wKš‘ e¨w³i mxgv Avi
3
¯^vaxbZv Zv‡Z KL‡bvB jw•NZ nqwb |
wZb. evLwZb KvR K‡i‡Qb weky×Z BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm wb‡q| gvbe-mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi euvK¸‡jv wZwb mve¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb
BD‡ivcxq Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv †_‡KB| Aek¨ A-BD‡ivcxq‡`i cÖwZ Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡Ølfve cÖKvwkZ nqwb| cÖMwZi aviYv
Zuvi Kv‡Q cÖknœ xb bq, wKš‘ weÁvb Kx gvbweK, †h †Kv‡bv ÔAMÖMwZÕB wZwb e¨envi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb m¤¢e †ewk msL¨K gvby‡li
Kj¨v‡Y| cÖK‡íi MYgywLZv Zuvi ZË¡xq AwfhvÎvi Ab¨Zg KzjjÿY| GB mg¯Í †ÿ‡ÎB Zuvi m‡½ Mfxi wgj Av‡Q Rvg©vb

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ZvwË¡K Iqvëvi †eÄvwg‡bi| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z hZiKg wePz¨wZB _vK bv †Kb, Mfxi A‡_© `yRbB gvK©mev`x ZvwË¡K| nqZ Av‡iv
fv‡jv nq ej‡j, Gu‡`i wPšÍvq ey‡R©vqv-wjev‡ij `ywbqvi gvbweK AR©‡bi mv‡_ gvK©mev‡`i Kvh©Ki †gjeÜb N‡U‡Q|

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1| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ MÖš’ `ywU QvovI evLwZ‡bi bv‡g AšÍZ wZbwU msKjb Bs‡iwR‡Z †ewi‡q‡Q: Art and Answerability: Early
Philosophical Essays, Rabelais and His World, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays| ZvQvov evLwZb mv‡K©‡ji
Ab¨‡`i bv‡g ev †hŠ_fv‡e †ewi‡q‡Q Av‡iv K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖš’: The Formal Method in Literary Scholarship: A Critical
Introduction to Sociological Poetics, Freudianism: A Marxist Critique, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language,
Bakhtin School Papers| D‡jøL¨, A‡bK cwÐZB g‡b K‡ib, evLwZb mv‡K©‡ji Ab¨‡`i bv‡g cÖPwjZ iPbvw` AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
evLwZ‡bi iPbv|
2. Pwi‡Îi GB ¯^vZš¿¨ iÿv‡K cwðgv wjev‡ij e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i mv‡_ ¸wj‡q †djv hv‡e bv| evLwZb Ges `¯Íqfw¯‹ `yRbB G †_‡K
†giæ`~i| evLwZ‡bi g‡Z, GKK Avjv`v †Kv‡bv gvbe‰PZb¨ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv, wVK †hgb GKv e¨w³ †Kv‡bv fvlvi Drm n‡Z cv‡i bv:
‘A single consciousness is contradictio in adjecto. Consciousness is in essence multiple. Pluralia tantum.’ (Bakhtin
1999: 288) d‡j `¯Íqfw¯‹i Dcb¨vm aªæc`x wjevivwjR‡gi ¯^vaxb e¨w³‡`i wePiY‡ÿÎ bq, eis G‡`i Abyf~wZ ev Dcjä mZ¨ †Kej
A‡b¨i m‡Z¨i ms¯ú‡k©B iƒcvwqZ n‡q _v‡K (Dentith 1996: 44)|
3. cÖm½Z D‡jøL Kiv hvq evLwZ‡bi wb‡¤œv³ gšÍe¨:
we`¨gvb mvgvwRK-HwZnvwmK e‡M© †Kv‡bv gvby‡li c~Y© cwiPq †`qv hvq bv| Ggb †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨iƒc †bB †hLv‡b gvby‡li
m¤¢vebv I Pvwn`v Uª¨vwRK-GwcK bvq‡Ki g‡Zv wbt‡k‡l Dc¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i| gvbweK ˆewk‡ó¨i wKQz Dcv`vb me©ÎB ev`
†_‡K hv‡e| GB evowZ gvbe-ˆewk‡ó¨i wKQz w`K †jL‡Ki `„wó‡Kv‡YI aiv co‡Z cv‡i, †hgb N‡U‡Q †MvM‡ji †jLvq|
Dcb¨v‡m wPwÎZ ev¯ÍeZv Ab¨ AmsL¨ m¤¢ve¨ ev¯ÍeZvi GKwU gvÎ| GUv Awbevh© bq, Lvg‡LqvwjI bq Ñ Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨
m¤¢vebv¸‡jvI wPwýZ nq| (Bakhtin 1994: 37)

mnvqKcwÄ

Bakhtin, M. M. 1994, The Dialogic Imagination: Four essays, Edited by Michael Holquist, Translated by Caryl
Emerson and Michael Holquist, Ninth paperback printing, University of Texas Press, Austin

Bakhtin, M. M. 1999, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, Edited and Translated by Caryl Emerson, Introduction by
Wayne C. Booth, Eighth Printing, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, London

Dentith, Simon 1996, Bakhtinian Thought: An introductory reader, reprint, Routledge, London and New York

Holquist, Michael 1994, ‘Introduction’, The Dialogic Imagination: Four essays, Edited by Michael Holquist,
Translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, Ninth paperback printing, University of Texas Press, Austin

Holquist, Michael 2002, Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World, 2nd edition, Routledge, London and New York

Z‡cvaxi fÆvPvh© 1996, evLwZb: ZË¡ I cÖ‡qvM, cy¯ÍK wecwY, KjKvZv

†`‡ek ivq 1991, Dcb¨vm wb‡q, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv
AiæY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (m¤úv`K) 1403, Ges GB mgq, evLwZb we‡kl msL¨v, gbbkxj mvwnZ¨ ˆÎgvwmK, Øv`k el©, 36Zg MÖx®§ msL¨v

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