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1 "Noah's sons were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Shem became father ofthe semitic peoples.
including the Jews and the Arabs, Ham was the Father of the hamitic Peoples, Japheth was
the father of peoples of Asia minor and Europe. In traditions Originally unrelated to the flood.
Noah is pictured as a garnener, and Credited with the discovery of wine,'
WORLD BOOK
ENCYCLOPEDIA
VOLUME 14,1994
«1t.U fhUtwJl.n Mol- IIttt.JD:ri h4-C:'f Mol- XIJ.:: f)1..c.e lJ9" 1JtIt.m- hdN'l
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14
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'- "f".·-,.r-A-f ;r6h '1-11.1' (,:r;J' -(,'1:)"" a'I"M 11'(:~ onJl.6.r

"f"...rr-k.r ;r6h" hhfJ .')i\Ilt.~. 11"'1CJ''I'' 1948 'J..l1"
.. ·I'T·~:t h.,·..,.r-k.r ..r')'lh. ;J·th " !lon6 &-(1. h.. h.l1" filI.e 1986 'J..l1"
"I'h. ..rr-k.r h·).(:~-l·'i"' "."Ifl.J'" !lAIC -tOlAY. "-11-0 1990 'J..l1"
'Ancient and medieval Ethipian History to 1270' Sergu Hablesilassie
• ETHIOPIA in Brief" Y ohannes Petros 1979
.. ' Gojjam The stigma' Dr, Muse Tegegne
- The Times Concise Atlas of world History III edition
• Checked by prof. Richard k. Pankhurst

15
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"'~t'I 11..1: 1 "'~t'I o\I\.M 1 tol\M.IJ:t. ItChJ" 6fo.f1 (roct)! M~ ,.tnt'l j\,"'l
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I EARLY STONE AGE CULTURE IN ETHIOPIA.
By ALEMSEGED ABBAY
2 SPECTRUM GUIDE TO ETHIOPIA
Compiled and Edition by CAMERAPIX REVISED EDITION 2000

16
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~1il:t':" " f.,. 00 t-. 14 10.... 1 ~ 1il:t':" .,. L t-.C'" (J). O:t' A ::

19
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" f""l..~ n.f"'L ooonm+ foo'}.,n;.f-:f(l).'} .,tI"" he.,.::
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hlJ1-Ct; f+A.f, 'A,.. h"'ct: I:cJ!-+l- ..,t; "76h~ (oo"l t;)
lft; ".f1A1Al- +1;;rAl-::
noolf.,.,.. n'A,.. ;.f-~h AII61: 111&.+ ~.e~
.f~+011.l-+ ~'~:f:'} m11.4'+ II;",.'} hnhll&.+ hl1t:::'}
+-)t;,4- f'fl.l- 11:f;;r hct:~tJl'f+ 111C 1t.+r-,...f ooll'S:
.e;.f-m.4'~::l

MI'I Jiflll 11+"7 3W hOO IITlM flIM.f"I" "'JiPlnt 1tN1&-f "..'1'12('

dJCQ."",1 ....,t\,! 4-&' 11*'" ftC' 0fJ'l'1r;t1 A.(;f-! fIJI_ "'~"":f ,.111"'1:
I ETHIOPIA is the only African country whose government is directly drived from an
indigenous pre-colonial poletical sysIem: other African states have poletical
organizations large\y evolV1:d from western mode\s-usa1ly by the independence
constitutions given to them as former colonies or other fonns of government which have
succeeded them.
MORDECHAI ABIR
c<~d'f'A"f'f·,.r "'lilT 11--1\ : IIhCI'l1'-1'l ! lloomoo!: 1''''I.£l'lro- 6t7]'} II1.C11-
oo'f'4i 1''''I.t.fJlI<l>II-}· 1.1"'~1- ~ro- :: »TIC ool'llf:1 (111"'1Cfl'"
krf-A'" hl'1- (11901- 1985
20
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-----"
'ihl"": itA'''' 40 -- 1930-1890
Itf\.f-*. 19 1890-1871
4. IJq/2"111 15 1871-1856
5. h. :'-f-*.ll 1"11 56 1856-1800
6. '1h'~' 'fmC/.6 30 1800-1770
!

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9. "'-""f-*.ll 2"11 30 1730-1700
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1
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23. ""11. 5 1460-1455
24. (I'io 2"11 2 1455-1453
25. IJft 3"11 15 1453-1438

21
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.rf\.+ 'I,f,(I"f hai\6J. IIC fml.4- 'ITdJ.:: W1!tTdJ. 0,(dJ.~+

I • ETHIOPIA is a complex and, unusual counrty, with an exceptional topograglly.

history, culture, population, tlom and muna. It is also the site of the discovery of the
earliest hominia remains yet to be found. In the far south in the omo valley region and in
the east in the Awash valley. Very recently 119941 the oldest-kno\m branch of the
hwnan family tree, represented by Australopithecus afilrensis has been superseded by
even older discoveries of hominid remains, known as Australopithecus ramidus. These
take the record ill Ethiopia back to 4.4 millon years ago. Later paleaolithic and
mesolithic stone industries have been discovered in number of places in the south and 10
the central area. and .pre historic sites of more recent date are known all over the
counrtry ... WORD BmLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES
VOLUME 179 ETmOPIA STUART MUNRO·HAY AND RICHARD
PANKHURST

22
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23
I "f'l'')-l- "·fUICll./') IIA"I'l. n",,:f IIA"I~ j,,).'\AO'~ f--r.h6-h~ 1Il1'l":f fll"'-'l."II')

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h ').'\11). '),..
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"/lll~.w.~ t.1~'" itO'') f.,b1l 'Ioflb "'-I..I\-l- fMI6-'I!/')Cf fH:,) "'-I..A OD1~ ,..')"V
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-l-II).A~ f~/lt.+hll,..+.e'l"6-A"':: .ell A..,.,. ~/lAIIA -l-II).A~ ~II). 'I'/lll,)Cf bll).1'-l-')
h_J':oo6/11). J':,..c: IIhll,.. 111111 /l.,1I" h~C1 IIlI.. .,6" /l_I\" f :1"1\':" IIA"I'l.
1I11/l.-l- hll.,...,6Cf 006 fO'~II).::"· h,-l-r-A-I fA.A"l\.hll.t..C ,..1Im.C "'~C
"f",.. Hc::f IAI'IL~/l-l- f1:1" hM/lt.,..:: ~J'.,"'II f.,6" 1'1..,..-l- ~CP61P:f f",..
Hc::f ~/l~ 1I').A::" fh,-l-t"A-I h')~H ACf h,"IIlI /lJ'.,/C "'IIlAI.. .,.IJ.A 1990
h"lll Mil
ETHIOPAN. n & adj, E'thiop. E'thio. ope. adj .
E'thio'pi .a/-o'p ..a; 159/ .n. A region anciently called /lat! Aethiopia supra A egyptum !Ethiopia
above Egypt! and generally iaenitfied with the ancient cush . or the valley of the nile above the
first cataract, although also taken as including territories reaching to the Red sea and the Blue
Nile. In modem usage,
Ethiopia is: a. officially the Abyssinian Empire.
b. Abyssinia together with adjacent southern territories esp. the domain of the
Gallas.
c. The territories above the first cataract, an indefinite and extensive area.
Zoo geog. Designed + ing a region, the Ethiopan region, including Africa south of the Sahara,
Southern Arabia. and some times Madagascar and the adjacent islands, see MALAGASY
REGION .
E~hi'o'pi . an /ethU\'pT"an. I 59/, n.1 a native of Ethiopia; hence; a An ancient Ehiopian,
probably of mixed Harnatic and Negra race. b An Abyssinian. esp.one of Semetic and
Hamitics stock with Nigroadmixturelsee ABYSSINIAN.nI
WEBSTER'S NEW TNTERNAI0NAL DICTIONARY Second Edition 1959 UNABRIDGED

24
llH.U 'rflA' f'r1ODI\h.,.(I). n. -}of-!\-! I ABISSININ llhrt:I\-~u,,~ I\.e
f'Jllt.-}o fOD.'..-}o .e,.:h m1t)t. fOD1'?fl-}o'1 fUlIl1 Mlrt:LC '1"1
!UA fl'li.'1 f~llt. ).11..'JllC ~ODAt)T 'J(I).:: .eU 'rflAh'l.'.. 394
~OD:J--}O ll~-}o )..h. .~ m610 ~.'r 1l)'1'?1\!IIf!(I). f:J-~h fJth~ 1l~1
fl1:.ct f .,.",1\ ft.tr"'l
: : A 11 111\ TlJ. .,. ODA hrf> -}o .,. 1.. 'I" I\. A 1.. fl. fI If! ~ -}ol\ 1 t h (1).'"! if fl
f n. -}of-!\-! (1).'"!iffl ITHE AETHOPIAN OCEAN/ M.,.flI\ .emt.
).11..'JllC ll"'a»fI~ !t.:J'?flJA:: :J-.ct! ~lJ.1 1\'1"1 "''''ft.? f'?tf-}o
ml'l5:fl h'i1..-}o 'i1..-}o ).!'JI'I ffl;"'C llC )'flh"'1flJ-}o !1..t."'-}o
'rflm.C '1"1 .etr1? 1~-}o1\1th flUC )'1~ (I)."'!iffl ~I\ODtr"'1'r
~t.:J,?((\oo ::

1_ ·rh.Tf"*"J' rof-LTC' .f.I7"OC .,..e I1.loC ~0J0; .,..e I1.loC &of\. rh.Tf"*"J' rof-LTC'
III(\") 11'<:' ""tI'H\17" .e<:'&Ol\::' &oil ,.,1\-11 ,.,11 ~;J
"In the 2 nd pan of the 18 .. century and the J~ decades of the J9"' • the trade of
M!3.SS8.wa declined and became of linJe imponance although Massawa was still the
main commercial out let of Ethiopia. Massawa. like the other trading centers of the
Red·Sea, suffered from the general slagnation of the trade of the region.'
~assawa is at present the only port through which any article can be conveyed to
Abyssinia, and there are no Banyans or other merchants in the place who could
purchas the cargo of a ship and make inunediate payment ?"
Mordechai Abir. !India office!

'.e.U 9"f\tI h),-I'· h{JCj4'(J)o /\/I.e "·"roM. ~ro. ::

25
 f~1""110}- hhCn+n
H,., 11,,0}-
29 DWt..~-C 2 .,.,
30 hilS '''111+ '''111+ "p,.t 1 11 h 1358-1347
31 1f"1.11-C 40 h 1347-1307
30 h 1307-1277
:
33 ,hC,h"'C 3~ 1 h 1277-1276
34 20 h 1276-1256
35 10
36 1 mC
137 5
5
39 )1'''11 2~
40 1"I~11
40
30
16

16 h 1073-1057
14 h 1057-1043
7 h 1043-1036
10 h 1036-1026

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1lC0 f"'l110+ 'I. :: ~'}O"-'} Al'lh 1\.-1: Il~C ~t.1'I 'I.:: 4'<:'\.~ fll"'.
/106- ~.:: h4'<:' \. fl.1I\. 1"(11\ ::»
fT'}:1; h.+r-k.f +14h. ;t-&tI
(1_6 6-1'1 • h. .h.9" (l1j,e.

26
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r h..+r-* J' fou1"}11+ dlt. "} AlIh 1,,}11+ ...,h"l hwt.~ 11;;\1\
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fllAU'l+'1' fhll+"I~C ifft..:" nll'1' fl9"':" n.("1"} A'1
A1~+mn4'if m007 ,., ~1'm·;;:1 hllh+I\ hOc ... :"
unJrif+ hncnc hUtiflif+ hht.flif'1' hOThC fI'Pif .?C 120
9"'119"'11 I ouhA. + I wc:" ;' 11". 1j.f,,'1' A:e::"} fhnt. A14:
A1JlIJ.9'" ft.ft..if1 ,~ nt.h.fif .etl w~ AC(a. th.~if:: AC(a.9'"
nh...,t.'1' n:"I\:" h·nc +4'nl\+::2 CII+9'" .e11'1'+ /11.(" n.'S.c
(a.Aill1 9"'.("C fl:" flill+ :: noul1-"9'" f+ftJ'~ 1~""+'1'
hllJ'+ hClItJ''1'+ +flc+m.n+ AlIhtf&. .("t.1I ou1Ll)'J!
h1A,,}ft..+ Afflm· .e1~i\.::

I "aU"''!! ~,I\.I'I 1947 'U" /)T9''':fh.Tf'~.I' :i'"&n (1M :'1I'1Tt-'l. 1948 '.9"
1 • Among the countless visitors who flocked to see the wonders Solomon had
wroUghl was Ihe queen ofSheba, Bible dose nOI lell her name, bUI ancient legends call
her Bilki. and emphasize her striking beauty, Ariving with a train of camels. probabls to
concude II commercial she presented rare spices, gold and p=ious stones to the
after whichJ;;.olomon her al a banquet in his palace and took her on a four
Jerusalem,
• cleary, the two got on well together, How far their
10 lell us, But according to a strong tradition which places in East Africa.
and Ihe conceived a son who founded still-reigning dynasty, "KJog Solomon
In All Glory. By ERNEST DJ'1>'U»L",

27
 ,.,11-1- 111/ ",,1// h "M A",.,

.7C Mr:r It" "11Im-

/ ht:~C I/,eXII-1-/ /969A.A.Ji./

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f/t," /I, :in f:tI.t ." )' ret, ·, ,""1111 t,
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28
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rh.+"A-r nAIIJ'I. aall.e .,I..e -:111.+ 1983 OJ."
Tbe times coaclse Atlas ofwortd blstory ill edition
THE SIGN AND THE SEAL BY GRAHAM HANCOCK

29
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hh.'MI\,'J" '_"1+ 7(1-1" l\"1'"
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.."
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"No. lIs construction was ordered by our late Emperor.... in 1965 I think, Before that the relic
had rested for many hundreds of years with in the holy of holies of the nearby chW'Ch of saint
mary of :tion .... Zlelelew paused then added; 'Haile selassie had a special interest in this matter
by way....He was the two hundred and 25th direct-line descendant of Melelik, son of the
queen otShaba and king solomon. it was Melelik who brought the Ark of the covenant to our
country ......•
.. Geber-egziabher is the guardian of the ark"
THE SIGN AND THE SEAL GRAHAM HANCOCK 1992

30
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4 h"t 1 tr1:'f H"'IJS.C 41 h930-889

t "MENILEK I, ,..tAb: Emperorl perhaps fl. 10th century B.C/, was according to the kebri
NlIglist 1'Glory of the kings 'I, the son of the queen ofl[)l)eba Iq.vJ and king,SoIomon. born on
the queen return to Ethiopia. Tradition has it that when M!!Oilk grew up he went to Jerusalem
to vist his father, who received him with great honour and splendour .....
EDWARD ULLEN OORFF
THE DICTIONRY OF ETIllOPIAN BIOGRAPHYN.II
I.E.S,! A.A.U 11975

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29 "'*'t-h 10 h423-413
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32 '" :"1\ e h '" IIIl. 1 3:;: 10 h383-373
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34 th.4,.«; 10 h363-353
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1'1\.:"I""'J' h,)~~:"'i h.nrA.J' nMC ""f1JA~ .,..tJ.h 1989

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I "The Aksum kingdom gained much wealth through trade with Arabia, Egypt, Greece, India,
persia, and Rome . The Aksumites exported gold, ivory, and spices. Aksum TlIIIChed its height
of power in the 3OO's under king Ezana. He made christianity the official religion of Aksum.
In the 6OO's. Aksum's power fell sharply after muslims gaind control of Arabia, the Red sea.
and the coast of northern Africa. The muslims, religious enemies of christian Aksum, put an
end to the kingdom's foreign trade. "
WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA E.VOLUME 6 1994
2_. Under kingCIIleb. Ethiopia oecupied and ruled a part of South Arabia. The prosperity and
power ofAxum reached its zenith." Etbloplaln Brtefby Yohannes Petros
-" KALEB. ttll.ll:,Emperor. also known as ELLA-ASBAHAI greek HELLESTHABOS or
ELLESBAAS/ Itl. early 6" century A.DJ, was the last important ruler of the AlcJumito
Empire, believed to have ruled from about S14 to about S30, or perhaps later ACCf.II1iillltothe
king lists, an inscription and his coins. which were produced in gold, sliver, and bronze, bleb
was the son ofTazen or Tazena, who was perhaph his predecessor as emperor....•
A.K. IRVINE and SERGEW- HABLE SELMSIE
THE DICTIONARY OF ETHIOPIAN BIOGRAPHYI V.IIIES 1975.

40
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1
• According to the rules of the Abyssinian church, the bishop must be a coptic priest
ordained at cairo. The Expenses required for the consecmtion of a bishop amount to BOut
10,000 dollars.
DR. HENRY BLANC
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.. =Fill- •
1'1\.:",,*,' :1'&h '10"'.1' I .. :r:1'-OIIL'I!I/i'i' _""'t;: "'.'1.011 1965 'f.I'"

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43
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I • Axumite Empire become a major power in the region uniting within its frontiers
Ethiopian tribes. Axwn controlled the Red sea trade and was the third world power by the
4th century,'
Ehloplan In Brief By Yohannes Petros

44
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r"illA'rt; ;)"'''''I'fo}-') hlA.,."'O,,"9" )oct; 0)11~ ooUoo~t;
O.,..h;l-,."::fro- ,..". Ait; i'.Il}~-:'Q:fro- )11~ ooUoo~
.,.h;l-,."::fro-') (DF.. 1\.o}-,.*I "1\.o}-,.*I r6ro-)0}- U1C t;o}-
')"M'P9" 001At}9" i'ro- ~ro-::Of\. H')~ ""1')9" i'ro- h".OF..A9"t;
fh,..., L.cJ>JS. tr'f ooh,..hl ;)"'A M.ht;1~ ~l.n mF..If.I
'l~':ftJ. "to. l1;1-l}A4- 001At}9" ~ro-t; ""1')9" i'ro- mF..
""I "'OF..IA Oo}-t; ftt ~.p U1C (D F.. tr ~".fro- th..JS. 0""11\0}- ,..1).:fro- : :
ft

')1-i' ~1il ~ 9" """'l1Ao " ') F.. tt:'" -) ;I-:fro- hil'" 00 III :fro- ::
000 tr~9" I' hl.l1 1'irsP".f I\h &. hC ""I" ilF...,.. 7f':f " ') Jloo I\f\.

1
GUDIT,'I-"l..'t:, GWEDIT,.'I-"l..'t:, YODlT,~"l..'t:,or mDITH, Queen (?perhaps fl. 10th
Century A.D.) , also known in Amharic as, ESATO, hll-f:,and in Teltal as GA'GWA,:){)'f':,
was a rebel leader to whom the down fall of the ancient Aksumite Empire is traditionally
ascribed..... ..
THE DICTIONARY OF ETHIOPIAN BIOGRAPHY
IES (V.I) 1975.

46
 h1,,-nloh+;JC ~1VHI. llAf1.n+ "fmC,," .,.&-&- lI+hm-=S
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n1\4j:t.t}:- f 7'1l1:t} Ilm.T+ fAh".,.,"T ooil'f..'f..+t; fnJJsP"T
mlo&- 1\ilh.,.Il::1• ~1im.9" f.(-At;.(- A,,}~&-I\. f~nlo oo&-
1i

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f "h:t' "'m" ~ f .(- At;.(-") A~ oofa1l mC:""}
1\"711.,. oo"}"7il.p,,} n~~A illlmh~m. foo"}"7il.p (I:t' 11333
100:t'+ n"il:t' Ie''! I lT~:: "m"'lJ~fJ+ oo"}"7il.,. Ah&-h.A
~n 1J=l" ~"A::2 f .....~ fHC IJlo"7 h"}... il hll.,.,"}t; h,,}"7il+ tall
~ "}1m-C f "'mll ~m. I\.mC,(- I\. m &-lo.(- f 00 III oolT.,.
~:t'm:J>A::
I" ....O"ll\r n('{.'} 1IP'"f ~ft\l1l:r· 1111· jllC hMM"f 111.1\ fhtlt'l·r'} '}'1-i1
t'lou(J)-;J'}' -t~fl;J' MC 11"'1'l'oj.·}· fll&-:r'(J)- fl&- h,1-r-tt f 1-1\'" 1-~1- .P.UtI)·)· ::
.eu:f {).o}- ( f..I!..1' ) f-tlDt'l1.1·(J)- h.eU·.t'; hqq fl"'1.I)1\ nfl"'1.,} h'IC 11"'1:1'1
ou'}.t'..C ~(J)- ::" hfl.t'.. "'1.1J1l.1\ f t 7flr ;t-6t1 {i~qDjI\·th~ 'Il\' 0
I'~ There were three major reasons for the decline of Aksum, and we shall out line them here
briefly
I. political changes in Amca
2. spreadofIsiam
3. The Beja invasions'
History for young Etblopians
1.1 published 1974 A.A
2 "The:lagwe Agaw dynasty, which ruled Ethiopia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,
tried to adapt itselfto theChristian semitic heritage of Altum, but was nevertheless not
):ompletely accepted by the semitized christian population."
Mordeebal Ablr

47
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11:\~

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48
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49
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I f"~,e..,. h":"I"*'J.' :"'.IIJ /1981 '.9"1

2
• Abba tekla haymanot interved and reconciledTesfa lyesus with the king. It is believed that
the following agreement were made between the two rivals
I. Nakuto- La'ab was to continue to rule until his death,and he was to be succeeded by
Tesfa- Iyesus.
2. Tesfa- Iyesu~ and his successors were to appoint only members of the Zligwe Dynasty as
governors ofLaSla.
3. The governors of Lasta who descended from the ?:a/Swe Dynasty were to have a throne
and negarit of sliver.
4. Tesfa- lyesus had his descendants would greet and treat the Governors of Lasta as their
brotbers
5. The7agwe Govennors of Lasta free from paying tribute"
History for Young Ethiopian 1974 A.A

50
 n"ll:r 'l.,Il:r+-r n9"''l.Ah 'l"Il;J-+ ool]hA fllAiIJ' chh-tl
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2 h'?-tl'Jo 1\'' ' 9 1268~1277 .

3 1\"L hC"~ 1 1277~1278

4 tb1fn hll"~ 1 1278-1279

5 .if> ~oo hll'? ~ 1 1279~1280

6 ih hll'?~ 1 1280~1281

7 lIllh hll'? ~ 1 1281-1282

8 (D.~1111 hC"~ 15 1282~1297
9 - 'Jo9'" J'. 1\'' ' 30 1297-1327
10 lIJi..L hC"~ 28 1327-1355
11 (D.~1111 hllL6-. 10 1355-1365
12 ~«f!+ 30 1365-1395
13 i:9'~C"1l 4 1395-1399
14 Ji..llth.if> 15 1399-1414
15 A'~.l.J'1l1 Allh'.t"CI 6wC
16 ih1fn-r~ I +h"IIIIC J'9'" I 3'Jooo+ 1414-1418
h6wC
17 n~A-r~ IhA'~6J'1l6 wCI 1 1418~1419

18 'Jo9"'J'. h. ...f\../~«f!+;t 7 1419-1426 i

19 dC'Jo J'''''1l 1.Il1"m.'fil/ 34 1426-1460 1

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lICY") for/'._6J" II"'}., ¥.lI~Ml -rilA ~/lC::

51
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20 (1" 1. ""IC.r 9" 1;;: 10 1460- 1470
21 ""'h'}~C 16 1470-1486
22 ,}9" 1. K"r-,}2;;: 1 1486- 1487
23 'i' P~ I II ,}ll'l llK"C I 13 1487- 1500
24 All'l ~'}"?A lro'i'"? ()1~1 32-11 1500-1532-11
25 "?t-~ IIUOD~2 15 1519-1534
26 1"aJ.-'t~'" I 1I'Il'i'tt: (a1~ I 19-4 hI534-15551 - 4
26 "'l. 'i' {J I II Y:.,., {J h (a '? Y: I 4 1551-1553

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~-r + ..• 1"J!" 1/1111.,.:': n-if1 f'1/1f." 1.,Jt- J[-~.::

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",11/\ - 1II"}1.A tnC ),1I"''f~:'" ~A ,,~::

52
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53
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54
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h'}.)oh ..1>1'l. 1'7'1 lOG;:
2 "For a century and a half after 1636. Gondar was not only a royal city, but also a
commercial and cultural nexus. It was the driving force behind one of the most fertile
periods of Ethiopian An. Architecture, Painting, gold smithing, poetry, and music
flourished, while an impre"ive set of monumcars made this city an outstanding example of
the Ethiopian heritage," Author: FRANCIS ANFRAY
Archaeologist, Former director of the french
Archaeological mission to Ethiopia

55
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Y:1:t> P't-.?J1- hlPC-t-'PA::

56
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1 uAZEZO-TEKLE-HAIMANOT (pl.vla)
Au Sud de Gondar, a I'ast de la grand-route, non loin du village de Azezo, sur une colline, Sont
conserves quelques vestiges architecturaux d'une e'glise construite autemps dqSusenyos (selon
une tradition incertaine): un mur d'e nceint rectangulaire et une tour carre'e a merlons sur Ie
cote nord du mur denceinte; un escalier a angle droit, exterieur a la tour, donne acces a letage
de celte tour. une autre tour carree haute de six metres, sobserve sur Ie rnurdenceinte, a I'ouest.
(Au milieu de rend os est une une eglise de construction recente.)"
A.A.U: Ii'ID- rh.-)-I"A"r, '1',,-)-, 'Mr, h4'<t:, 'rQ'\
Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of
Ethiopian Studies. Volume 1 Edited by Dr, Taddesse Beyene.

57
 01'ht'l~.e"'1'l+ fl,1' hCilt.n mS"'t'l. 12 -t,} 1898 '}.S'"
h'}-'t 1fl 1'Y-.C1 1','1"'1..+ Y-.-111. t\.fl'lil 1't'l7::~1t,S'" mU'(I}- ll.1'
hCilt.n .e1~t:\.::
~<J. ft.i1'z.r-i1 fl,1'OD'}'?i1;:t'r(l}-'} 01C16-- ~l-rfln. fl"'1l.
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'hfY-.1.1- ~i1y-'C;<t P'6--f11'f'} t.~OD'Pt:\.'::

I "At old Gorgoraon a lonely promontory on the banks of Great Lake Tana. gleaming white in

the radiant sunshine. stands the ruin of Mariam Guimb. the castle and Church built in the years
1619-21 for the EmperorSusenios by pero Pais. the best of the Ponuguese Jesuits."
Ethiopia: A Cultural History
SYLVIA PANKHURST /19551
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1~"'1-j:: r>,'),?~ onfl-t1'?'p.: h~'hA-I:: ~lr~t.(D.: /I·t'\·Ar. +C1·9" f.'.t'ltTJt\::

58
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1"Dek is a very pretty island indeed; a long. nal volcanic rock. surrounded by conical hillocks.
forming so many island pearls around a coronel."
HENRY BLANC

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p'{)It-'f 0'01]1111 (?C??-)

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62
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I Spectrum guide to ETHIOPIA

REVISED EDITION Compiled and Edition by CAMERAPIX

'CAPABLITIES IPOTENTIAU OF GONDAR
Tile rugged sloppy and hilly terrain characteristics of the area with have a potential of
rendering neighborhoods with distinct character having certain social facilities.
Positive aspects of the culture of the people
The tourist attraction of the wonderful historical sites
The link with Sudan
GONDAR CULTURAL STUDIES CENTER
(Draft Project) February 2002

63
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URVE Y F ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN II

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.,...~1I<,.
.I.<"I{l1l1 (..ftll" :: " Y."/' oollOD-'r OJ&\y. ih.eOJ.')·
3'Oeveloping a multidisc iplinary, research programm. The main areas of research to be
promoted thro ugh the Gondar cultural center would be: history, areaeology, anthropology,
sociology, geography, linguistics, musicology, ecology, architecture, urbanism, art,
handicrafts, botan y, forestry, etc. comparative urban history studieslin Ethiopia, Africa and
\ liddle East I could be a thematic area of intemational interest.'
GON DAR CU LTURAL STUDlES CENTRE IDraft project! February 2002
• Gondar; a lon g established city with a large urban population has developed a multi sided
urban civilization. The city was also a greal religious and cullUral center, where the Abuna
and the echege re ided. Many ecclesiastics of Gondar were fomous for their knowledge of
theology, law , language or Other branches ortraditionalleaming"
Fasil Giorghis A .A.U

71
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J "Hollowed stones on the island of Tana Kirkos. said to have been used to contain blood
during sacrifices in the presence of the Ark of the Covenant. The monks claim the Ark
remained on theiT island fOT eight hundred years before being taken to Axum:
THE SIGN AND THE SEAL
BY GRAHAM HANCOCK

74
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on t." V'I. 'Ji\ 9'" fl1614+ ft.".,. (D ') 11 :tI ",C .f 9'" 111630 +
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81
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1 "Only Bethlehem stands grandly in the dieval churches that AIvar~z
saw in the years shortly before the invasion of Mahomet Gran. It is
miraculous that in Bethlehem we can see still preserved to-day a fme
example of the typical medieval style"

THE MOUNTAINS OF RASSELAS AN ETHIOPIAN ADVENTURE

BY THOMAS PAKE NHSM 1998. 97
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I..,,., 1ll1l1l ~aJ. :: .e"fiaJ.9" f1'.'1: U1C 1ll1l1l 1'.1)+
"'ft+ ~aJ.::
• It.+-AAh= fAA41+ IJ.A- ffil\.e 1'.ftiJ> fh~ft U1C fOD'Li'I
1'.1)++AA... +' fODif9"C;fOD'ifC 1'1/,\",' .fftm.: +1.9" 1\./,\
fiC"9"+ OAi'lh'I:C.f+ fi4ri'l'T"'T".f+ 01'."h..f+... m'fiC
"'' '9' tn .eif9"C; .e7fC ~OC "f
• AAi'I= hlt. "'-AAi'I 07l- 11't;" OD'L ... -e i'f.OD.,.l-, f"'l.if9"+
f"'l. 7fc flL.,.hCi'lt.f, ~4\d."f
• AQ;11.= fOD~t-... ..)- ffi4\.e ~4\d.C; ftAAi'I~+ 11761..., i'f.OD+
f 7 '" I 611M r:
• hAi'I .fAit+= hAAit+ 07l- "'mhha .,. ... aJ.i'I+C;
Jl.f.f C; ..)-, f"'l. if9" f"'l. 7fC "f
• t-C"I'I= fAAi'I 9"h+/,\ I Ml-~
"'l\.i'I/ :"i'lC;C; Jl4rC;
f"'l. +OA-+, L+t;"C; ODCtn f"'l..f"'C-fI:
• .f",1'1= h-ti'l fi4\.e hhAi'I .fAi'I fi7l- .fft i'f.OD+ I\.tr,
f1.tS1I7+C; f 1'.1:1) to+ 1'.i'I.,..tS.tS6 ~aJ."f
• 'fl.1..-61:= h-ti'l fi4\.e .fft flL.,.hci'lt.f' h~"'~ i'f.9":'
• It. .,.-tll1c;+= fttuC;+ f04\.e 1'.i'I.,..tS.tS6 "f
• -ti'l= filL'" hCi'lt.f' aJ.i'I'T' .fA- ~ 9"i'lm.to+'1 117'T'OD"'+
"'4r1..11+ "'i'I"''''C+ 117""11+ 117taCC; OD~7++ fi.,.hlt.ft-

107
 ;>11:F ...... .,. "'t~' "'Il + ''''0 f'l1if}'+ AI:m..f' OD,),fuC.
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I: l.... .f A-:" .eLflOD.;J- A::
• A.-t= h'l't+ mlll1+ ,.....m.c 08"'"16'1 L7f:
• A."'- hM'f:= fl1".,,7f A.:I"m.':" fa ... .e 086 :
• A."'-mal1:""" fmIlQ'+fVh. lfD7f+ fl1..,.-hc ... t.f, "0'1++
fW..."..,:"+ f~l1+&."7f+ fa... .e ~"'L IhA:I"/mlll1lf
• A. "'-A.:I"m.':"= fl1AII7f &....+ a...al1" f+lfDA- A.:I"m.'+
fa ... .e hA:I" :
• A."'-1-QII.= a1-IICl 11.+:- fl1A-.e+ fV ...... + fA.:I".,+'1
fOD(tVL 08'1""":" OD"'O&.' hA:I":
• A."'-OD,..O&.1= a+,..oc+ 11.:" f"'t.f ...+,..~ OD"'O&.'
AllY:
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• A. "'-m~.f' = f.,.ODl.m. A'I't,,7f fa ... .e ODr:
• A."'-OD&.U.f1= fOD6,,7f fa ... .e ODr:
• A."'-l.I:= 1114,.. ....... f"'tl.A- OD'Ittll:" w.,.. Ifl.1:
AA:I"I :
• A."'-OD"I'L.= AIf'fr OD;>ll/f A1A;>" ~'1 f OD;>Il,,7f hA:I":
• Cf)f'I-~l1C= fh'l: ~l1C "'mr:
• hA:I"= fA'1: l1..,.hc...t.f' A....,.4..6 :
• 4:"'-1a1l= f.,.IIm. ...'" fa ... .e ODt, :
• ODAAh-11CV1= fl1CV' ODAAh :
• ODAAh-fJm.f.= fGm.e ODAAh :
• ODAhh-1'1:"= f1'1+ hA:I" :

108
 • O8A"'h-ih.em-l-= f ih.em-l- O8A",nr
• O89'"UC= "'il+..,6: {108.,LitCf! -l-9'"Uc-l- Il.-l- f..,il+"'C
il:J>~ f+08ilhl.i\-l-1"
• O8'iIl-il.= h'li\9'"Cf! u.em-l- +i\.e.,. "'1fJ6m." il:F f"tl'ilil:
• I\. .,,-9'"C... .,.= f9'"C ...... "'itt.1. O8'iIl-il. i'i-9'"T
• ",:J>I1.-l-= fll.-I-hCili:I''' '7llC "'~:J>t :
• 0861.:1'= {I"'''~ "'ilC i\L1fJ6 i\"t~1.'7 9'"il;JC;
f..,ihA. .... ., P"C'l-l- "'i\9'" f"t08t./ f08H9'"t." t)UC;-l-
:)It&. :
• .,,~ 1.:1'= n-K nil-A 084-9'" f"t "fA ",IJl. '7 i'i-08-l-:
• '7t. 1.:1'= n'7 t. {Ill- A 084-9'" f"t ';fA ..,IJl. '7 i'i-08-r:
• O8H9'"C= h08C1.:I'm. ;JC O8lIoo.C AfH08l..-r.llCf!-l-
Af"'108 n..,UA.-l- f"t1'1i\'7A :
• 1\."'-.\.1'4-")= fAAil Ao.h f.\.I''''C;~ IJ.A- :)It&. /086/
'im.:: f081..0861'm. 1\..,,-.\.1'''''' Ailm.... cril 'i{lC:
• .\.1''''''= no. -I- hc ili: 1''' m.il'f' het il {I:I'';f fott 1i\ '7 A
/-I-AIJIl L ,ott;:
• .,~." -.\.1'''' .,=
h.\.1'.,. C; -l- n:l' ';f fottl' 1i\ '7 A:
• "'C; ... .,ilm.il= '" .,lJl1.,fP';f ..,i\-l-9'" .IICf!-l- ~;J"t,fP';f:
• "'8m.-I-- '" C; "'6= {lC H1.,fP';f

np';J1! hil"'.II~C:-

• .,... il-'i1il:"::::: f"'''~ A-'lItCf! "'1C fnlt.e 1"'/ O86!T

• A-t1.= f"'''~ lJ1C 11C ih;JCf! ottil-l-/"'7il-l-;:
• .,...il= f"'''~ h'f:i\ lJ1C 1"'/086/ :
"How law IIllIIdIta ftftt IIegan in preldJtonc ....... DI'iI:ItII weft ........ tv
tile oripu of law In moder,a prlmldve MI:iItJeL And IIiaee ....npof. . . have made
nhallllUve ltudle. of preseal day primitive Forbes In IlII:h . . . . . . dirt: Jungles of AfrIea,
South A.erlea aDd Borneo, we can make • fairly weD educated ~I ......
THE ORIGINS 011' LAW MAN AND SOCIETY
CRIMINAL LAW AT WORK RICHARD DEMINE.

109
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fhllC P'r:
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fhllC P'9'" :
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f"t .,. 00.... f,}1-il ql\ ":l}\ I f,}1-il h It It l- r:
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fOltJ!. hll=rt":
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f"tnOn(1. f1-q«J,. oolfllC:" hl\40l- hl\:J>'t
• I\."'-oo"'lhC:"= U'l-oo,}'1il:l''f! 1-";f'l-'} oohGOJ.+HhGOJ.
1\ t;: ~ ""l. f "t.f.,. C (1.:
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'l=rt":
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..;if' l- h I\:J> I ft;::"U "t 'l.il:" Cr:
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• h?4-t= 1\0cl]:l' 1-..;f'':fll\hn.-fl:l'+.., ....C 1\00'lOC+ •• .!aJ~
n.+-oo'}..,il:" f"toonr:"'} n9'l- tD~ ql\ilAIll'} "'}.It, 10.
f"tL:"~
• I\.?q= fql\1-";f'l- P'''- p'C,:,. hilhq6:'

110
 h'H:tJ = ht\.,;JtJ fl:1"':f fi\'~ h"'''7."t; iJ.9" It.:" "1"'6.+
1
•
V:t../T
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Ifif f''7~ '7l1C f\1I"fl.;'
• ooCII~ i\'lI"7':f= ffL"'-oo''7ia+ .,."... J!- nIT), m',.':f
f"7.f\'1' fhllC ia,"";:
• i\L-''''ia= iaf,. . 1t.'~t.1\1 f'. . . .' +111'1'l1 .,..,.,nl\-
nU'lIlI f"7. 1A6 ;'
• ~J!- i\'lI"7':f= fi\'~ hl1J1C ht./'l R:t'':f ftnC 0fIt,. ITif
f"7.'ia"'/I~C;'
• 6m~ +111'1'l1= f, ... f\.'?A "''''111\- f"7.6t;: ;'
• flJ!-(!",~ ftJJC:PC; fllC i\1f:,,;r':f "'-'l.IJ.9" fi\''1'~~':f
i\1'I~il f i\1C '1It.+C; 1'"11 m:p...... iJ.9" '79"~R.T;'
• ~T i\(lJot.(.= h~~'lI"1':f R:1"':f ITif fi\(JJ..t.~ i\ia.,./l/M
IftnC +1I.. 'lI f\6J.I' /T
• .,.~
i\ 'lI "7':f= fltnC'I+ tJJ:P+ LPt.-'e-ll' .ell R"'~ flh-A
f"7."9"T:
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f"7."9"+:
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f"7.'"9'"+ :
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I h'H:oflf-r: h.,.,,,c a"'-_'l"7h-r f"'l1"_ h'l-t/lf1'~ .. /I/I/I+:f:-h-r"" /If,,,-rth~'''n.1'

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IPAJ::'1962 ... ,..

III
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• 1.":J'?l.9'"= /9'" 1'1 A'1.1 "Y: -)"J' htf=rr
Ob.R-'I'O'1+ HCIi=,..:- Oh'i"t.~++ Ol'l~-U" "''1:r+ O....t.:r
1It.+ 1'160+ o7ihlt 1'160+ Oh'''J't.~~+ 00.1+ Ob'Q;t+ 1'160+ Oifoo'i"
oo.I+OA ....I'I 1'I1..++0TAIj: 00.1+ Y:ll .... Ooo1..0 .... +0CJA+'i" -1+
"'A..,+ O"'H;J~++ 01'l~-6IJ.1j:+ OI'l~-l'IbA+ 4',11, Oouof."-+
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f .... 60'i"'i" Y:1-1'1 0001..-)1'1 1'160 + .• J"-'tIJ.9'" o"Cif 1'160+ O,.,Y:
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113
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114
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h.~"9"tJl.ol-: ~{I n101'l: {I/,;7;t-: ~t- w;{.c Tt\.fl t"J9"T:

I FENTER (PI.Vlb) Pont sur I. riviere magach .au sud de Gondar. dans Ie canton de Tedda. II
compone cinq arches. Sa longueur est de 44m 70:sa largeur de 4m20. Orientation :NE-50.
Une Photographie dans sigfiid Siwerz. En Fard till Abessinien. Stockholm. 1926,P.250
;,;'i'a>-: r~d' \"'A'J' 'l''1.r: ql'l9"' hof>tt: 7-fJ'I.
Volume I, Edited by Dr. Taddese Beyene 1988

lIS
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'. "The city of Gondar as found by Emperor Fasiledes in early part of the 17th century. The
Yemen ambasador of Gondar, Hassan Bin Ahmed El Haimi, Wrote in 1648, thai the palace of
the emperor was a fine building built of stone and mortar." Fasil Giorgis AAU

2_ "nM-+-- OlIII'IM+...... iI'I.'l"h OJ"'J1:'....1 1J)I\"1." (1)'1""1 aI~" ~ th1>hA 1>"I1f:

Ao.A ~·lllMIth.C:a) ou611L "11tH- M-T HM lI_h.A
"By SOOO B.C. and probably well before, bushmanoid and caucasoid hunters and gathers
occupied the Ethiopian Platau and surrounding areas. The caucasoid hunters and gathers
undoooledly were the ancestors ofthelClIShitic speaking people ofpresent-ilay Ethiopia,
including the Qemant.
"Botanical evidences indicates that Ethiopia was an ancient center ogU,ant domestication and
dispersal, but no! a wholly independent center of plant domestication.'
FREDERIC C. GAMST I Professor of Antropologyl

was constructed at Gondar. Inside the Qemant area. The

). '1n the 16305 a pennenant capital
porlugese had supplied arohteral and engineering aid for this project befortheir
explosion. "FREDERIC C. GAMST I Professor of Antropologyl

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commerce and cultUre, it attracted a number of foreigntTa<le5 and craftsmen induding Indians
who according to several obser".rs were involved in the supervision and construction of the
main struCtUres.' Fasil Giorgia /lacnner at AA U/

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I "THE'MAWAGNA'
EMPEROR FASIL, who took a great interest in architecture, also erected a number of other
buildings. These are said to have included a small castle, haifa dozen bridges, seven churches
and the famous or swimming pool. . Id
The Mawagna was used for ceremonial purpose on the annual festival ofTimket-Baptlsm. he
to commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan." YEHU
WORLD HERITAGE /magazine/No 15 BY FASlL A .

131
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I "Exaclly two hundred and twenty years later- on 18 and 19 January 1990- 1 attended Timket
in the city ofGondar to the north of lake Talla. Moreover. although r have not shared my truer
feelings with either Rechard Pankhurst or with Shimelis Mazengia. r saw this as link ofpivotal
significance to my quest."
THE SIGN AND THE SEAL by GRHAM HANKOK 1997.

134
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I "The Ethiopia foreign trade was, during the same period, only a minor branch of the Red Sea
trade. Boats from Mekha and Jedda supplied Ethiopia through its different ports with small
quantities of Indian and European products, Mainly cloth, beads, metals and metal products
and small number of matchlocks. The same boats carried away the limited but lucrative
produce of Ethiopia Gold, Ivory, musk, skins, some agricultural products.
" Although the limited quantities of Ethiopia Gold and Ivory and much of the coffee produced
in the Yernen were taken by the Indian merchants in exchange for the produce of the Fareast.
Arabia had a very unfavorable balance of trade with India. In consequence large quantities of
specie were carried away each year by the 'Indian Fleet' returning from the red sea to Bombay,
Surat, Calcutta, Mangalore and the Fareast."
ETHIOPIA: the era of the princes by MORDECHAI ABIR

JJ8
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il;J Oh,...'" h~fto It PUJ?ar Ooar'li; h 1J? hl1C;
h 1J?ou1Lil :"~il ,Il ~""'~ h~"h If'l :
I A perfect man and a perfect divinity united in one nature.!
2. :"11~~"f :-r P;JC; r ~A ouPut: U-Ilr'lr1 hm4-
h1"1: ~A rllfloar1 P;J rqocf, h~"h'lr hl1C
.fhOi. ououLil :"~il '1ar -:
(Wold qibor kara haimanot province of Tigre. Province of
Gojjam. Which claimed that Christ had only two births
!hulet lidetl)
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(The three births ITsega lij or sost lidetl)
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1 "KORATA 1P1.Ivai Pont surlalivierQaha au sud de Gondar. District de Gondar-Zuria.

Ruine. Une seule arche subsiste au bord de la riviere. Elle mesure 4m 1Osur 2m. Sa hauteur est
de 1m 80."
2 "Gobatit IP l.lvcl
Pont de quatre arches sur la riviere el<:terieure de Gonder. n est long de, 35m 50et large de 4m
15. la plus grande arche mesure 8m 80 de pilier a pilier; est haute de 5m 80."
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Pont de quatre arches sur la riviere exterieure de Gonder. U est long de. 35m 50et large de 4m
15. la plus grande arche mesure 8m 80 de pilier a pilier; est haute de 5m 80."
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I'YOHANNESI( 1667-1682)
on his fatbeis death there seems there fore to have been very gJeBt support fOT the idea that
Yohannesishuold _ceed~ Emperor. The young ll'IIII1':lgreatest supporter is said to have
been One of the nobles, called Blanengeta .Malka Krestor.;
The Etlliopia Royal Chronicles
Edited by Richard K. P. panldturst 1967

148
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I
'Yohannes was also trying 10 regulat relation between the different sections of the
population of Gondar, the settlements of tht \1uslims, as well as the Fa1asha, and'Catholics,
namely descendants of the Portuguese. He & His council decreed wban segregation between
the different religious groups and ordered the Franks(RoI1l8DCathilics) 10 leave the countty."
Fasil Giorghis AAU

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1 • EGZIABHER- AB(PI.VI C) Eglise ronde de belles dimensions au sommet d'une rolline

lest de la routel dans Ie canton de tedda.
une grande Partie est d'e wite. un mur d'enceint haut de quatre metres que domine unetour
carre'e. haute de six me'tres.
Deux tourelles 1\' coupoles s'e'le'vent sur Ie mUf d'ence inte (I lnu pas e'te' possible d'obtenir
de .:enseignements sur I' historie de se site.),
""'tj: 1-"'"
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I WAHNI-AMBA
Mont aux parois abruptes au nord-nord-est de Addis -Z!IIllIlI1, district de Lillo, canton de
Kamkam. de Kamkam. I 1 faut cinq heures de marche dans Ies hautes collines a partir de
Addis-zaman pour atteindre ce rocher escarpe qui fiIt lieu de rele'gation au temps des rois
gondariens.
Des vestiges de constructions Y subsistent. Des Poteries. cr. Bar-bara Toy, In search of sheba.
1961.
AA.U ~'l'm. fh..+NrJ' : ,..t;+ : "M,.. :"''''f:;''P11l.
Volum 1 Edited by DR. Taddese Beyene
2 .
"lYASU. or JOSHUA I, the son of)'bhannes I,religend for, twenty· four years from 1682
to 1706, and is often referred to as Iyasu'the Great'. The chronicler claims that this Emperor
throughout his life displayed 'iipusual clemency. In 1682, the first year of his reIgn, he visted
his brothers, who like those of fonner rulers, were imprisoned on a rock fortress, at this time
wehni."
The Ethiopian Royal chronicles
Edited by Richard K.p. pankburst 1967

155
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hCn-t:.r~+ MA"7ft.+ A"~CIJoA hr:C1'PA::
2 • [yasu oootinued with the building of Goodar and in particular pve Orders for- the cm:tion
there of a new palace which was Constructed in 1685 by a certain walde- Gi~ This
edifiece was erected dwing one of the emperor's ItIIIJ1lhes. on his return to Gondar.·
The Ethiopian Royal chronicles
Edited by Richard K.P. p8llldllUst 1967

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I •.... In the same year, 1691, lyasu went to Aksum for his coronation. The ceremany WlIS
tnarlced as usual by much pomp. 'All the clergy who were at aksum n:cei~ ~ with
honOID",with hymns and psalms. The king mounted his hcrse and all those of his suite also
rode on horse back and arrived with the king at the principal gatewhich is the gate ofzion.~
The Ethiopian Royal Chrolllcles
Edited by Richard K.P. Pankhwst 1967

159
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1 • The king, entering the sanctury ofZion, kissed it and sat otlj the throne in accordance with
the custom of the kings his fathers who in fonner times sat OIl the seat of the throne; he was
dressed in a wonderful robe of brocade of unknown colours; it a was the glorious royal dress
earl ler worn by his firther ...... The priests brought the book of the history of the )dngs his
fathers; and read it in his presence until the time for mass. Ai: that time the )dog entered the
Holy of Holies and m:eived &om the hands of the priests the communion which is the holy
bOOy and venerated blood of our saviour Jesus christ, God of heaven and earth and saviour
of the world. After the king had m:rived the communion on sunday....•he offered a banquet to
the clergy, and there was great happinesa.•
The Ethiopian Royal 0'
Edited by Richard K.P. p.,

160
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1
I-•••• For this reason Naib musa has tened to take the king's goods which he had seized
from murad, added to them others a thousand times more nwnerous, and brought them of the
!ting . Naib musa methimat Aksum, bowed down before him and, paying homage,said to him:
"Have pity on me, 0 king, my master, and for give me every thig I have done and should not
have done to a king! ' All the king's dignitaries hegged him to have pity on Naib musa because
clemency was his costom."The Ethiopion Royal chronicles
Edited by Richard K.P. Pankhurst 1967

161
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1 -- No doubt they bave been added 10 down the yean sin cc the fint~e's woorc done in the seven teCIIth
c-"llIry, though lucldy the church cscapcdMobammcdan vandalism. priests say that, when the Drivisbcs

approached it bent on destruction, they were driven of by wsarms ofbccs."

The Hun ofE1liIOPIA By Duncan Forne. 1972

165
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I 'The light revealed the bright stories in paint that we had come to see 'on the eastern
wall, under the rising sun, theTj;nity, the Announciation, the Nativity and the
crucifixion, Opposite them, on the western wall, st.Mary, Queen of Heaven. king David,
Mphammed led before the Virgin, and pious kings and Commoners.'
, The pictures, painted like scrip cartoons on cloth which is gived to the wa)1I1are still vivid
with bright colours.'
, on the southern wall the story of Jesus in UII folded, with the agony and the myrtyrdom
of the Apostles, whilst on the northern wall we can see theVfrginMary's life story and the
saint riding in to battle for the faith.'
The Heart of ETHIOPIA
by Duncan Forbes 1972

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16th contury_From the mid-19th century, when magdala became the capital , Gondar declined
and wars and invasions deslToyed many of its fine buildings. The city is now being gradually
restored as one of Ethiopia's main tourist attraction . UNESCO
2000 THE HUTCHICHlN SON ENCYCLOPEDIA
THE MILLENNruM EDITION

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DEFECHE-KIDANE-MEHRET(PI.IIb)
Sur les hauteurs qui dominent la riviere Angareb a'l'est de la cite' etde la vallee, district de
gondar-Zuria, canton de Tedda, se dressent les muTS dune e'glise ronde a' agalerie exterieure
de 27 pilers ...... A.A.U.
~ tD- tit "* , 'l' 'i'T 'W'" HI" fj: 1Ilh..
proceedings of the Eighth International
conference of Ehtiopia sutdies, Volume I
Edited by or,Taddese Beyene 1988

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LIDTA- MARYM(Pl.l V b)
Eglise rond avec une galerie exte'rieure de pilierset d'arcatures,pre's de la rivie're Qaha. Elle
est en partie de'truite (grossierement re'paree).mur d'cnceinte a' petites tOUJ1; coniques." ,
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volume I Edited by Dr. Taddese Beyene 1988

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1
BAKAFFA :1721·1730!
The Emperor Bakaffa ior the ine)<;orablc'/ was the son of Iyasui and reigned for nine years
fi'om 1721 to 1730. His early years, like those of so royal ehirdrcn. were spent ~ n the
mountain ofWhni.He was, howe vcr, amore devout than most.'
The Ethiopan Royal chronicles
Edited by Richard K.P. Pankhurst 1967.

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206
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,.~~- 18
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/1723-1748 't.".1
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:,.C, :"CIt'T 11.tn O'.,.-ou'}"'1 .......:,. hIP""::

1 IYASU n reigned for twenty· four years from 1730 to 1755. He was llt\ly II child at the
time of his accessidli\.!and the actual work of government was carried out by his mother, The
Empress Beman rnogasa 0t1 W.lata Giyorgis, better Known as(Mentewab, or • How beautiful
she is ! • l)'llllu was selected to rule by his father Bakaffa. When the latter realized that his end
was near he is reported to have said: -"Make my son I)'lIlIu reign because I have chosen 'him
and it is he who pleases me . Obey him!' The Ethiopian Royal chronicles Edited by Richard
K..P. pankhurst 1967

207
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208
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ot.Mv- "C1'!" 1M" -tmt.n

lot Y. 'r ,~IltJl1. ~ ati\T 4.. c(I f. u /l'lI ~ 'of" IP 6- ~/J)-I

I The Queen built the famous Qusquam compound, which is, located five kilometers west of
the main Imperial compound. She builtp. palace for her self and a remarkable church by the
name ofDebre Tshai"FASSIL GIORGHIS AAU

209
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..... The punitive rapid of the Emperor Theodore in 1968, the terrible pillage and burning by
tile dervishes oftheMhhdi oftheSl1dan and the bumbardrnent of the british in 1941."
SYLVIA PANKHURST 1955

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1 .. Besides the construction of castles and £hurches, Gondar underMentiwab became a £enter
of church education, literature (music and poetry) as well as calligraphy. she provided food
for those who endeavored to read and narrate church songs.'
Fasil Giorghis (lecturer AAU)

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and early 19~' centuries. the city nevertheless remained the most important settlement in the
country, and as the political, commercial and religious capital of the redlm contained its
largest urban population." under ETHIOPIAN SKIES

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drive from Gondar bruce discribes it as it was in his time.
'A larg and expensive villa with extensive groves or gardens planted thick with orange and
lomen trees on the banks of a beautiful and clear river, which divides the palace from the
church of tekle-haymanot.·
ETHIOPIA: ACULTURAL HISTORY

226
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1 SYLVIA PANKHURST(1955)
• While the s~ higniands were penetUted by the \'.t:cha and other galla tribes, the~jju
and\W>llo Galla-some of Whom accepted islam after invading central Ethiopia-eontinueci their
slow penetration of the Atnham pro1l'inces in the north. Flam the eightenth. centmy on, they
became enmeshed in the already intricate political web of the country. The Gondarline rulen
came more an more to depend up on their Galla troops, and the Galla nobility was an accepb:d
feature in the Gondar courts.'
Mordechai Abir

227
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1
Ild Kusquam now they show you three open coffins in a crypt, each one with a collection of
bones in it . one is sard 10 contain the remains of the Queen , One these of her Son , lyoas, an
the third those of her grand SOD.'
The Heart of ETHIOPIA
BY DUNCAN FORBES 1972

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I '\!,ben the Britiah traveller Bruce Visited Ethiopia between 1769 and 1772, the real power
in Goodar lay in the hands of RasIMichael Suhul, governor of Tigre, and not in the hands of
the king of kings. Earlier, Ras,Michael was called upon to save his mllS\br from Galla
domination. But instead, he assassinated lone emperor and replaced another in succession,
thus initiating the Zamana.Masafint.
Ethiopia: the Era of the princes
By Mordeclmi Abir

235
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I "It has with stood the earth quake of 1704, when the tower called jantekel fell, crushing
many people, and has weathered the civil wars which scourged Ethiopia in the latter half of
the clthteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century. ' .... "
ETHIOPIA: A CULTURAL HISTORY
SYLVIA PANKHURST/19551
Zemene mesafint" Era of the princes' Ethiopia was divided in to small independent dukedoms
and principalities Gondar, Tigre, Gojam, Showa, Kaffa, Ghibe States,Welaita, Wollega, Harar
city states, were headed by Rases, Motis, and Sultanents.
Ethiopan in brief By Yohannes Petros

243
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The tenn Zamana Masafint means literally the era of the princes. However, in Ethiopan
history the period calledZamana masafint is understood by many to be the era of the judges in
the Bibilcal sense. This tenn usually pertains to the period from 1769 to 1855 when the
regional rulers held the real power in the country and the king of kings in Go ndar bearne but
a puppet in the hands of his regents. who • from the last decades of the eighteenth century,
were of Galla Origin.'
ETHIOPIA: THE ERA OF THE PRINCES
BY MORDECHAI ABlR

244
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'No doubt the britter and continuous struggle for power among the descendants of
Dejazmatch Seb'agadis of Agame, Ras \\bIde Slelassie of Enderta and Dejazmatch \!illbe of
S ~mien was enhanced by European intrigues around the road from Edd and Amphila on the
Coast to Agame on the plateau: but it recieved great impetus from the fact that this was also
astruggle for the al" important reevenue from the salt plains.'
MORDECHAI ABIR

245
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I Born as Kassa, son of HayluWalda Giyorgis, a governor of Qwara province, he grew up with
his mother, Wayzaro Ategat, and with powerful relatives of the Fenja Family in the Gondai'
l\I'\la."

2 "Kassa was educated in monasteries. where he studied the hOly scriptures and Ethiopian
history, law, and traditions. Though competent in Arabic, he lhas probably not acquired a
considerable knowledge of European history and gover nrnent , and of contemporary
international politics."
The Encyulopedia Africana DICTIONARY OF AFRICAN BIOGRAPHY
VOLUME L ETHIOPlA- GHANA

247
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I .
His wife again exerted her infiuence, showing himhow easily he might sec\U'e for himsef
the supreme power, and , as he hesitated, again threatened to leave him."
THE NARRATIVE CAPTIVITY INABYSSINA
BY HENRY BLANC, M.D .
• Not being of royal ancestry, Tewodros stressed his unique position as the" Elect of God."
Whom Godhad raised 'out of the dust" To reunify his people and save them from muslim
domination"
THE Encyclopoadia Afiicana DlCTLONARY OF AFRICAN BIOGRAPHY
VOLUME I ETHIOPIA.QHANA

249
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I H'f6. AlS'. ~ tv. r M-'*J' .,. 9T 'WI" M' 'f: 'IIJt.

Proceedings ofthe Eleventh International conference of Ethiopian studies.
Edited by Bahru zewde
Richard Pankhurst
Taddese Beyene. Volume I, 1994

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I • Victory followed victory, and after a few years, from shoo to metemma, from Godjam 0
Bogos, all feared and obeyed the commands of the Emperor Theodore .......
DR. HENRY BLANC

253
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"A short time after the battle of Taqusa,Kassa marched south wards to Debra Tabor, but in the
mean time ,all had moved down to the plains of Ayshal, which were particularly suitable for
the employment of his unbeatable Galla cavalry, After burning Debra Tabor,KDssa followed
All to Qwarata and On 29th June the two annies clashed at Ayshal in one of the bloodiest
battles oftheZernana Masafint
ETHIOPIA: THE ERA OF THE PRINCES
BY MORDECHAI ABIR

255
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257
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------------------------
" In 1852, after five years of peace, Kassa began his last ~Iruggle for supreme power in
Ethiopia. In the battles of gur Ambo (November 27, 1852) Ayshal (June 29, 1853), and
Derasge(Februaryg, 1855) he eliminated the power of the three most important princes of
central and nonl'em Ethiopia-DaJazmach Goshu of GoJam, Ras Ali Alula, and Oajazmach
Webe q.v.) of SCmen;j"egre. He was after wards crowned king of kings Tewodros II on
February I 1.1855.
The Encyclopoada Africono DICTIONARY OF AFRICAN BIOORAPHY
VOLUIM I ETHIOPIA- GHANA
" Through out the I 830'.s and untiy the last years of the 1840's the three most important ruler
of Ethiopia were Dejazmatch Wube of Trgre, Semien, Wolkait and Woger, Negus Sahle
selassie of Show a, and Ras Ali il, Gugsa's grandson by his son Alula, who came to power in
1831 up on the deaths of his uncles Marye and Dori. Lesser rulers like Dejazmatch Goshu of
Gojjam and Oamot, Dejazmatch Alunade oftheWollo ofWanaHimenu, Faris Aligaz, the ruler
of the Yejju of Lasta, and Oejazmatch kinfu, who received hisgreat- uncle Maru's territories
ftom Ras Ali in 1831, played a secondary role in the development of events.
" Goshu was quite successful in fignting the Mecha Galla beyond the Abbay nearly
as far as the borders of En area."
" The battle was won by Kassa and Wube was taken prisoner and put in chains.
"On II" February, in the church of Deresgo Mariam, the Abuna Crowned and anointed Kassa
as Teodros, King on Kings of Ethiopia"
Nuoyj decumenti. P.410:Zenebe,P.18: Lejean. Theodore. PP.48-50; Mondon Vidailhet. PP.6-
7: Rubenson. PP.44-55.
ETHIOPIA THE ERA OF THE PRlNCES
BY MORDECHAI ABIR

158
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I " Today, more than ever, Teodros is considered among the Ethiopian intelligentsia as the
father of modem Ethiopia, the unselfish revolutionary idealist and great reformer."
ETHIOPIA THE ERA OF THE PRINCES
BY MORDECHAI ABIR

260
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I "Theodore's army at this time consisted of some 100,000 or 150,000 fighting men: and if we
take as the average four followers for every soldier, his camp must have numbered between
500,000 and 600,000 souls."
Dr. HENRY BLANC
"In the first half of 19"' century Emperor Tewodros succeded in unifing most of Ethiopia's
territories. The period Tewodros enhanced the importance of Ethiopian international relations.
Among the outstanding achievements ofTewodros's internal policies were the break down of
regional feudal houses, the ending of feudal waring states and the creation of salaried standing
3m1Y·"
ETHIOPIA IN BRIEF BY YOHANNES PETROS

261
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1 qO) 1.. 1.. lWl -fl thS: M"'i.1 .fI'ID~ t.I'H 11 J"r JIiI\: m 1.. 'I" ()&. -fl I'Itt..t.:' 1...."..
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"The new ruler, by choosing the name • Tewodros,· in Ethiopian tradition, destined to end
corruption, immorality, law lessness, war, and famine, and was also destined to introduce a
new era of peace and justice. MlOre over, his physical and mental qualities titled him to play
such arnle.
He attempted many governmental, administrative, and social:reforrns, he tried to break tr.e
feudal pattern of government, and to create a unitary state. with a national army and an
adminstration led by paid officers and governors ......
The encycllJPOBdia Africana DICTIONARY OF AFRICAN BIOGRAPHY VoL I

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1'T ewodros has been described as 'Ethiopia's' first monarch with a concept (however vague)

ofmodemization' Crummey.'Tewodros·,(4S7). Given the breadth of vision and the energy that
he brought to the Ethiopian scene, this is a fair assessment.
The social and political edifice of the 7~mana 'vfasafemt provided too strong forTewodros's
modemizing efforts.'
SAHRO ZEWDE A HISTORY of modern Ethiopia 1855-1974

264
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I The burning of Gondar increased immensely the power of the rebels. They advanced
steadily and cautiously, seizing district after district, until whole provinces acknowledged
thier sway, and all jpined in anathematizing the sacrilegious monarch who had not hesitated
to destroy ohurches that even the mussul man Gallas had respected.'
DR. HENRY BLANC
A NARRATIVE CAPTIVITY IN ABYSSINIA

266
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I " Negoliations with the British were attempted buteventually faild . The Emperor's letter to
the Queen of England remained un answenred .'
The Ethipoian Royal chronicles
Edited by Richard K.P.lpankhurst 1967.
Compagna Inglese d'Abyssinia-Blanc-page 51-96
• The Emperor and the q~etion of Foreign Artisans in Ethiopia R.pankhurst-
P.P.233-234-A History of the Abyssinia E><pc. Markham. P.340

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IQeen and Empress V ictori a!
ComplOms Picture Encyclo paedia

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I Afo undry was erec ted . and the "great Sebastopo l ." whic h was destined to be the crushing
b low for him. and the means o r o ur sa lvat ion. was begun ." DR . HENR Y BLANC

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I AMBA MAGDALA, distant about 320 miles from Zulli, and about 180 from Gondar, arises
in the province of\~rihaimanoo, on the border of the'Wallo Galla country. the approach is
diflll:ult on account of the steep ascent and narrow precipitous ravines that separate it from the
rivers Bechelo and Jiddah and from the table- land of Wallo .•
DR. HENRY BLANC

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I 'In fact, however, by the time of his death in I 868Teodros was completely rejected by his

own people, and Ethiopia was then at least as disWlited and as tom by internal wars as it had
been in the past. The battle of Maqdala, which brought an end to the reign ofTeodros, was but
the final death blow to a king dom which was dying any way: MORDECHAI ABIR
'One on the I st 'object that attracted my attention was the dead body otffreodore . There was
a smile on his lip-that happy smile he so seldom wore of late;it gave an air of calm grandeur
to the features of one whose career had been SO remarkable, whose cruelties are almost
unparalleled in history: but who at the last hour seemed to have recalled the days of his youth,
foughtlike a brave man , and killed himself rather that surrender.'
DR.HENRY BLANC

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2 "Terunish died at Aikullet. Her child, Alemayou, the sQn of the Theodore, and grand child
of Oubie, has now reached the English shore, an orphan, anexile. but well cared for.'
DR. HENRY BLANC

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I" -lIof.). ,.ctoljC" RIP A Y. HIQA M'1

"Am. -t,. ~C'II" AAID-ho n V' V'
WalterChrichele Plowden. who travelled eXlensively in Ethiopia in the 1840's and in J 846was
entrusted with presents and a massage of friendship from Ras ali to queen Victoria, was about
to depan for Ethiopia to negotiate a treaty of friendhip and conunerce with for Ethiopia to
negotiate a treaty of friendship and commerce with ras ali and to establish a Brithish consulate
in massawa ............."ETHIOPIA: THE ERA OF THE PRINCES BY l\:fORDECHAI ABIR
2 ". IN 1860 he advanced against his cousin Garad, the murdere of consul plowden. and gained
• the day;but he lost his best friend and adviser, Mr.Beri, who saved the Emperor's life by
sacrificing his own." DR.HENRY BLANC

281
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'. Gonda< remains o ne of Ethiopia's m~jor urban centers to this day.And while its past glory
has been diminished, numerous artefacts have been preserved over the generations and they
still bear witness to the city's brilliant history. These include objects left in lrustto the
Ethiopian coptic church, and to day found locked up in the chapels of a number of
monastrated manuscripts, church paintings, costly processional crosses, basins and cups as
well as such luxury items as crowns and brocades. The architecture itself remains the most
significant vestige of the era's achievement."
WORLD HERlTAGE (magazine) No 15 by FASn. A YEHU

283
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21n the 1870's and 18805 Emperor Johannes TV defended Abyssinia against Egypt and then
against the Dervishes of the Mahdi in the sudan.'
PRO_ FREDERICK C.GAMST
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I Emporor Menelik 1\ 11889-19131 turned back European intrusion at the battle of Adwa
(1896) . in which the Italians were defeated and their plans for colonization were shattered ..
Menelik II established the c~rital at Addis Ababa, conquered lands to the south of AbYSSInIa.
and introduced elements ofweslern industrial urban technologylund."jMenelik's reIgn, . . "
Abyssinia was transformed and expanded in to a larger, more modem n<rtion named EthIOpIa
FREDERICK C. GAMST

286
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• Rather, their existence was probably the culmination of a process by which the authority
of SII(lccssful war leaders or of traditional office holders, like the Abba Dull, motti, of Abba
Boku, was gradually strengthened by the second half of the eighteenth century the main
elective offices among the mecha Galla of snuth western Ethiopia tended to be hereditary..
2 .. Although decaying, depopulated, and impoverished, harar wasstill at the beginning of the
nineteenth century the most important Islamic center in the area .The town boasted many
mosques and a great number of shrines of venerated saints IAwliyal who were supposedly the
protectors of the town and its people. the town attracted many learned sheikhs from Arabia
and most of the male population of the town visited the holy places of Islam and had aright to
the title Hal,'
MORDECHAI ABIR

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Two pasitions as superior wambers exist, one in karkar, which has been unfilled since the
mid· 1950 S, and one in chelga.·
FREDERICK C. GAMST

320
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program of enforced Amharazation carried out by Emperor yohannes IV, and this broke down
the boundary-maintaining mechanisms supplied by the Qemant religion and spurred the
eventual atrophy of Qemant society and culture,"
FREDERICK C. GAMST

322
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I .. The" Gaffat people" played an imponant pan in all the transactions that. from 1863. took
place between his Abyssinian majesty and the Europeans residing in the country .
.. GaITat. a small hillock about four milles from Debra tabor. was assingned 10 them as aplacc
or residence.

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• They and the Gaffat people were not in accord; though. for appearance' sake of kind of
brother hood was kept up between the rival stations.'
DR. HENRY BLANC

326
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"Falasha the Ethiopian Jews who dwell i!l the lTK)untains above Gondar."
ETHIOPIA: A CULTURAL HISTORY
S YL VIA PANKHURST 119551
2 "The peoples of the Jewish diaspor are linked by a sense of nation hood based on a
combination of religious. racial and lingustic identity. despite their diverse origins. The

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Zionist movement has embrased. Black Africa Falasha from Ethiopia, Orthodox and atheist
jews, hebrew-speakers, Russian speakers and non- hebrew speakers from the USA, as well as
west Europeans IAshkenaziml and nonh Africans lSephardiml.
WORLD REFERENCE ATLAS
By dorling kindesley
limited Second edition 1996. Revised 1998

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'Po.,,~
• ODR"mtj: ..,.~.V 1947 'J/"/nll..+.fl..h.
•
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• fll.:"r-A-.f ;J'6h nAI\? ;f*,.
• h1ll. ~1p':" I fll6-" OD1l'mtt:1
• f"":t h,.:"r-A-.f :,.,... '1. ;J'6h Oh..h.",. M.e. 1986'J/"
• f""1.C htj:I\ U1C f:",.UC:" ;f*6h ..,.'S:,. 11981'J.,.1
• OD1l'mL anH:" / st\-:" HIl'1 "'ou.CU\/
• fl't"'l.' ..,,1.C f-l:61f,. ODr'lUfl~ I.fA;J'+OD 1985'J.,.1
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• ftlt:..e.-I: h,.:,.r-A-.f ?rl.1lJ 11981 'J.,.I
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• r'lI\ ..,.~,,:,. OD,/htj::"" ... .e.,r'I r'I""~:"
h?-IC 1i.6 60DC :"C1.,. n..,nrl. IlJLm 1953 'J.'"

• fh,.:,.r-A-.f ;f*6h ~1I.f I" ;r;J'-ODl.'I11

O+hl\ 'I.""" ODtt.6.f 11965 'J.,.I
• fh,.:,.r-A-.f A'Y:~:" "" h,.1lJ1\..f
n?-Ic +mA1. +tt." 1990 'J.'"
• A1.6- ODR"V:" ".1
• f"6-'S AUODt: ml.6- h+hl\ 'I.""" ODf).6.f 1966 'J."

336
• h. T"~.('(I).I',,} 6-.1\o1l6-.""f. "'h,...".,-e ~"}r;:6-tf-e
(Oll-"}.&.~ ,.-'S-~ "'llC? ) 1948 -l.9"
• fh.T"~1' ~AllJ). OM.e '?S'..e 1983 -l.9"
• _l.JI' "'C:J-,,"f. OT9"UC+ "'I.t~1:C 1972 Cf.9"
• 'f'C~ f1Q"f. 1J1C( Ethiopia at bay) 1986 Cf.9"
• ",/6-1I"""f. 11(1).,4, :filA
• _ruc PIJ.e +.&.6-
• ho.c "'.,. +hMJl" -f1.61'
• "'.,. "'M.(I). "Ie"., I f"C~ Ql\-.f I
• ","'..,,1\ nl\m
• "'.,. 11lt;.. ......
• _C1.:J- ~llth+ roC""U I S'.lll.PIJ.e 9M:9"
MA:J.e1
• ho.C TC"cl..nC &:rc 1: :r"hl.~+
( PR. RICHARD PANKHURST)
• ETHIOPIAN IN BRIEF by yohhans petros 1972
• SURVEY OF ETHIOPIA & THE HOR.'1 II
• The times concise Atlas of world history m
edition
• comptoms picture Encyciopedia III edition 1963
• collins English Gem Dictionary
• Reader digest 1969 Edition by ERNEST HOUSTER
• " THE WORLD" American map corporation 1996
• ETHIOPIA THE ERA OF THE PRINCES
BY MORDECHAI ABIR
• THE QEMANT : APAGAN HEBRAIC PEASANTRY OF
ETHIOPIA BY FREDERICK C. GAMST 1969
• WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY
2nd Edition 1959
• GONDAR CULTURAL STUDIES CENTRE
/Draft project! feb. 2002

337
• ETHIOPIA: A CULTURAL HISTORY
SYLVIA PANKHURST/19551
• A NARRATIVE CAPTIVITY IN ABYSSINIA
DR. HENRY BLANK 1868
• WORD BffiLIOGRA PHICAL SERIES ETHIOPIA
VOLUME 179 STUART MUNRO HAY AND RICHARD
PANKHURST
• The Encyclopoadia Afucana DICTIONARY OF AFRICAN
BIOGRAPHY
VOLUME 1. ETHIOPIA - GHANA
• EARLY STONEAGECULTUREINETHIOPA
BY ALEMSEGED ABAY
• AHistory of modern ehtiopia BAHRU ZEWDE
• " ANCIENT ETHIOPIA" DAVID W.PHILLIPSON 1998
• 2000 THE HUTCHICHINSON ENCYCLOPEDIA THE
MILLENNIUM EDITION
• THE SIGN AND THE SEAL BY GRHAM HANKOK
• THE DICTIONARY OF ETHIOPIAN BIOGRAPHY V.1
AAU, IES 1975
• "The heart of ETHIOPIA" BY duncan forbes 1972
• The ethiopian royal chronicles
Edited by richard k.p.pankhurst 1967
• 8~d). fh,Tf"'A-J" 'J't;T ~"r ","'tj: 1-QJ\.
Proceedings of the Eighth International conference of
Ethiopia studies
VOLUMEl. Edited by Dr. Taddese beyene 1988
• hiM- "'., ~ ~ d). r h, Tf"'A- J" 'J't; T ~"r ","'tj: 1-QJ\.
Proceeding of the Eleventh International conference of
Ethiopian studies

338
 Edited by Bahru zewde ,Richard pankhurst,
Taddese beyene
Volume 1,1994.
• WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA (VOLUME 6,1994)
WORLD REFERENCE ATLAS 2nd Edition 1996 Revised
1998 by Doring kindertey limited
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r'l)\ 6 1993 'J.,.

At a time when Ethiopians. not only In their own country. but also In the
DlaspOra allover the world, are Increasingly aware of the urQent need to
study their history and to preserve their tradltlOns,and at a time when the
Rallan tjlovernrnent IS shamefully falllntjl to meet Its treaty oblltjlatlon to
return the Aksum obelisk looted on Mussollnl's personal orders In 1937,
heart - warming that Yared Glrma a son of Gondar. should have devoted
him self to wrnlng about the history of his country.

Gondar, one of the greatest and most InterestlnQ capnals In Ethiopian

history. deserves scholallV Investigation. and we are therefore tjlreatful to yared
.one of thIS country's vounQer. but most enthusIastic. historianS, for sharing
wah us the rrun or hIS researches Into the hlstory and t radnlons or the dlY•
..,d of hIS naltve land.

'trust that yared WIn In the fut ure conllnue hIS scholarly efforts, and WIll
produce further fasdnallnQ hlstortcal work In the vears ahead.

~"'M'
":J"" 22 flC