R.

Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

Université Hassan II
ENSET – Mohammedia
Master GEII-1 / S1M4
Module : Réseaux électriques : Power flow et stabilité
FI GECSI-3 / S5M2

Application exercises -1-

Exercise 1:

For the single-phase circuit shown in Figure, I = 100°A.

(a) Compute the phasors I1, I2, and V.
(b) Draw a phasor diagram showing I, I1, I2, and V.

Exercise 2:

Consider the circuit shown below in time domain. Convert the entire circuit into phasor domain (f = 50 Hz).

Exercise 3:

Consider a load impedance of 𝑍 = 𝑗𝐿𝜔 connected to a voltage V and let the current drawn be I.
(a) Develop an expression for the reactive power Q in terms of , L, and I, from complex power
considerations.
(b) Let the instantaneous current be 𝑖 𝑡 = 2Icos ωt + θ . Obtain an expression for the instantaneous
power p(t) into L, and then express it in terms of Q.
(c) Comment on the average real power P supplied to the inductor and the instantaneous power supplied.

Exercise 4:

Three loads are connected in parallel across a single-phase source voltage of 240 V (RMS).
Load 1 absorbs 15 kW and 6.667 kvar;
Load 2 absorbs 3 kVA at 0.96PF leading;
Load 3 absorbs 15 kW at unity power factor.
Calculate the equivalent impedance Z, for the three parallel loads, for two cases:
(i) Series combination of R and X, and
(ii) parallel combination of R and X.

Exercise 5:

Modeling the transmission lines as inductors, with 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑗𝑖∗ , Compute S13, S31, S23, S32, and SG3 in Figure
below. (Hint: complex power balance holds good at each bus, satisfying KCL.)

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

Exercise 6:

Given the impedance diagram of a simple system as shown thereafter, draw the admittance diagram for the
system and develop the 4 × 4 bus admittance matrix Ybus by inspection.

Exercise 7:

Consider the balanced three-phase system shown below. Determine v1(t) and i2(t). Assume positive phase
sequence.

Exercise 8:

A balanced three-phase load is connected to a 4.16 kV, three-phase, four wire, grounded-wye dedicated
distribution feeder. The load can be modeled by an impedance of 𝑍𝐿 = 4.7 + 𝑗9 𝛺/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, wye-connected.
The impedance of the phase conductors is (0.3 + 𝑗1) 𝛺. Determine the following by using the phase A to
neutral voltage as a reference and assume positive phase sequence:

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

(a) Line currents for phases A, B, and C.

(b) Line-to-neutral voltages for all three phases at the load.
(c) Apparent, active, and reactive power dissipated per phase, and for all three phases in the load.
(d) Active power losses per phase and for all three phases in the phase conductors.

Exercise 9: Per-unit circuit: three-zone single-phase network

Three zones of a single-phase circuit are identified.

The zones are connected by transformers T1 and T2, whose ratings are also shown. Using base values of 30
kVA and 240 volts in zone 1, draw the per-unit circuit and determine the per-unit impedances and the per-
unit source voltage. Then calculate the load current both in per-unit and in amperes. Transformer winding
resistances and shunt admittance branches are neglected.

(a) single phase circuit

Exercise 10:

Consider a source of voltage 𝑣(𝑡) = 10 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑉, with an internal resistance of 1800. A transformer
that can be considered as ideal is used to couple a 50 resistive load to the source.
(a) Determine the transformer primary-to-secondary turns ratio required to ensure maximum power transfer
by matching the load and source resistances.
(b) Find the average power delivered to the load, assuming maximum power transfer.

Exercise 11:

Following figure shows the one line diagram of a three-phase power system. By selecting a common base of
100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side, draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances including
the load impedance in per-unit. The data are given as follows:
G: 90 MVA 22 kV X = 0.18 per unit
T1: 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 0.10 per unit
T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV X = 0.06 per unit
T3: 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 0.064 per unit
T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV X = 0.08 per unit
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 0.185 per unit
Lines 1 and 2 have series reactances of 48.4 and 65.43 , respectively. At bus 4, the three-phase load
absorbs 57 MVA at 10.45 kV and 0.6 power factor lagging.

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

Exercise 12 :

For the system shown in the next Figure, draw an impedance diagram in per unit by choosing 100 kVA to be
the base kVA and 2400 V as the base voltage for the generators.

Exercise 13:

Consider the single-line diagram of the power system shown in Figure. Equipment ratings are :
Generator 1: 1000 MVA, 18 kV, X” = 0.2 per unit
Generator 2: 1000 MVA, 18 kV, X” = 0.2 p.u.
Synchronous motor 3: 1500 MVA, 20 kV, X” = 0.2 p.u.
Three-phase D–Y transformers T1,T2, T3, T4: 1000 MVA, 500 kV Y/20 kV D, X = 0.1 p.u.
Three-phase Y–Y transformer T5: 1500 MVA, 500 kV Y/20 kV Y, X = 0.1 p.u.
Neglecting resistance, transformer phase shift, and magnetizing reactance, draw the equivalent reactance
diagram. Use a base of 100 MVA and 500 kV for the 50-ohm line. Determine the per-unit reactances.

Exercise 14 :

The following scheme shows a one line diagram of a system in which the three-phase generator is rated 300
MVA, 20 kV with a sub-transient reactance of 0.2 per unit and with its neutral grounded through a 0.4-V
reactor. The transmission line is 64 km long with a series reactance of 0.5 V/km. The three-phase
transformer T1 is rated 350 MVA, 230/ 20 kV with a leakage reactance of 0.1 per unit. Transformer T2 is
composed of three single-phase transformers, each rated 100 MVA, 127/13.2 kV with a leakage reactance of
0.1 per unit. Two 13.2-kV motors M1 and M2 with a subtransient reactance of 0.2 per unit for each motor
represent the load. M1 has a rated input of 200 MVA with its neutral grounded through a 0.4-V current-
limiting reactor. M2 has a rated input of 100 MVA with its neutral not connected to ground. Neglect phase
shifts associated with the transformers. Choose the generator rating as base in the generator circuit and draw
the positive-sequence reactance diagram showing all reactances in per unit.

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

Exercise 15 :

The per-unit equivalent circuit of two transformers Ta and Tb connected in parallel, with the same nominal
voltage ratio and the same reactance of 0.1 per unit on the same base. Transformer Tb has a voltage-
magnitude step-up toward the load of 1.05 times that of Ta (that is, the tap on the secondary winding of Tb is
set to 1.05). The load is represented by 0.8 + j 0.6 per unit at a voltage V2 = 1.00° per unit.
Determine the complex power in per unit transmitted to the load through each transformer. Comment on how
the transformers share the real and reactive powers.

Let’s now consider the change that Tb includes both a transformer of the same turns ratio as Ta and a
regulating transformer with a 4° phase shift. On the base of Ta, the impedance of the two components of Tb
is j 0.1 per unit. Determine the complex power in per unit transmitted to the load through each transformer.
Comment on how the transformers share the real and reactive powers.

Exercise 16: Stranded conductor: dc and ac resistance

Table A.3 lists a 4/0 copper conductor with 12 strands. Strand diameter is 0.1328 in. For this conductor:
a. Verify the total copper cross-sectional area of 211,600 cmil.
b. Verify the dc resistance at 508C of 0.302 Vymi. Assume a 2% increase in resistance due to spiraling.
c. From Table A.3, determine the percent increase in resistance at 60 Hz versus dc.

Exercise 17:

A three-phase overhead transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5 MVA at 220 kV over a distance of 63
km, such that the total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated line MVA. Given the
resistivity of the conductor material to be 2.84  10-8 m, determine the required conductor diameter and the
conductor size in circular mils. Neglect power losses due to insulator leakage currents and corona.

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

Exercise 18:

If the per-phase line loss in a 70km-long transmission line is not to exceed 65kW while it is delivering 100A
per phase, compute the required conductor diameter if the resistivity of the conductor material is 1.7210-8
m.

Exercise 19:

(a) In practice, one deals with the inductive reactance of the line per phase per mile and use the logarithm to
𝐷 𝐷
the base 10. Show that 𝐿 = 2. 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐻/𝑚 can be rewritten as 𝑋 = 𝑘. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑋𝑑 + 𝑋𝑎 ( per mile
𝑟′ 𝑟′
per phase) where:
𝑋𝑑 = 𝑘. 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡(𝐷): is the inductive reactance spacing factor in ohms per mile,
𝑋𝑎 = 𝑘. 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡(1/𝑟′) is the inductive reactance at 1-ft spacing in ohms per mile 𝑘 = 4.657 × 10−3 𝑓 = 0.2794
at 60 Hz
(b) Determine the inductive reactance per mile per phase at 60 Hz for a single-phase line with phase
separation of 10 ft and conductor radius of 0.06677 ft. If the spacing is doubled, how does the reactance
change?

Exercise 20:

A bundle configuration for UHV lines (above 1000 kV) has identical conductors equally spaced around a
circle. Nb is the number of conductors in the bundle, A is the circle radius, and DS is the conductor GMR.
Using the distance D1n between conductors 1 and n given by
𝑛−1 𝜋
𝐷1𝑛 = 2𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , for 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑁𝑏 , and the following trigonometric identity:
𝑁𝑏
𝜋 2𝜋 𝑁𝑏 − 1 𝜋
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 … 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝑏
𝑁𝑏 𝑁𝑏 𝑁𝑏
1
𝑁𝑏 −1 𝑁𝑏
Show that the bundle GMR, denoted DSL, is DSL is 𝐷𝑆𝐿 = 𝑁𝑏 𝐷𝑠 𝐴 .
Also show that the above formula agrees with the well known formula 𝐷𝑆𝐿 = 𝐷𝑠 𝑑 through 𝐷𝑆𝐿 =
4
1.091 𝐷𝑠 𝑑3 for EHV lines with Nb = 2, 3, and 4.

Exercise 21:

Consider a three-phase overhead line made up of three phase conductors:

Linnet, 336.4 kcmil, and ACSR 26/7. The line configuration is such that the horizontal separation between
center of C and that of A is 40", and between that of A and B is also 40" in the same line; the vertical
separation of A from the line of C–B is 16". If the line is operated at 60 Hz at a conductor temperature of
758C, determine the inductive reactance per phase in /mi,
(a) by using the formula given in Problem 19, and
𝐷
(b) by using 𝐿𝑎 = 2. 10−7 . 𝑙𝑛 𝑟′
from the courses.

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques

Exercise 22:

A 30 km, 34.5 kV, 60 Hz, three-phase line has a positive-sequence series impedance 𝑧 = 0.19 +
𝑗0.34 Ω/𝑘𝑚. The load at the receiving end absorbs 10𝑀𝑉𝐴 at 33𝑘𝑉. Assuming a short line, calculate:
(a) the (A, B, C, D) parameters,
(b) the sending-end voltage for a load power factor of 0.9 lagging, and
(c) the sending-end voltage for a load power factor of 0.9 leading.

Exercise 22:

A 200 km, 230 kV, 60 Hz, three-phase line has a positive-sequence series impedance 𝑧 = 0.08 +
𝑗0.48 Ω/𝑘𝑚 and a positive-sequence shunt admittance 𝑦 = 𝑗3.33 × 10−6 S/𝑘𝑚. At full load, the line
delivers 250 MW at 0.99 p.f. lagging and at 220 kV. Using the nominal  circuit, calculate:
(a) the (A,B,C,D) parameters,
(b) the sending-end voltage and current, and
(c) the percent voltage regulation.
Rework the problem in per unit using 1000 MVA (three-phase base power) and 230 kV (line-to-line base
voltage) base values. Calculate:
(a) the per-unit (A,B,C,D) parameters,
(b) the per-unit sending-end voltage and current, and
(c) the percent voltage regulation.

Exercise 23:

(a) Consider a medium-length transmission line represented by a nominal  circuit. Draw a phasor diagram
for lagging power-factor condition at the load (receiving end).
(b) Now consider a nominal T circuit of the medium-length transmission line shown in Figure below.
First draw the corresponding phasor diagram for lagging power-factor load condition. Then determine the (A,
B, C, D) parameters in terms of Y and Z for the nominal T circuit and for the nominal  circuit of part (a).

Exercise 24:

A 60-Hz, 100-mile, three-phase overhead transmission line, constructed of ACSR conductors, has a series
impedance of (0.1826 + 𝑗0.784) Ω/𝑚𝑖 per phase and a shunt capacitive reactance-to-neutral of 185.5 ×
10−3 /90° Ω/𝑚𝑖 per phase. Using the nominal  circuit for a medium-length transmission line,
(a) determine the total series impedance and shunt admittance of the line;
(b) compute the voltage, the current, and the real and reactive power at the sending end if the load at the
receiving end draws 200 MVA at unity power factor and at a line-to-line voltage of 230 kV; and
(c) find the percent voltage regulation of the line.

Exercise 25:
(a) The series expansions of the hyperbolic functions are given by
𝜃2 𝜃4 𝜃6 𝜃2 𝜃4 𝜃6
cosh⁡𝜃 = 1 + 2
+ 24 + 720 + ⋯, sinh⁡𝜃 = 1 + 6
+ 120 + 5040 + ⋯
For the (A,B,C,D) parameters of a long transmission line represented by an equivalent  circuit, apply the
above expansion considering only the first two terms, and express the result in terms of Y and Z.

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R.Lajouad Master GEII-S1 Réseaux électriques
𝐴−1 𝑌 𝐴−1 𝑌′
(b) For the nominal  and equivalent  circuits, show that 𝐵
= 2 and 𝐵
= 2
hold good, respectively.

Exercise 26:

A 350 km, 500 kV, 60 Hz, three-phase uncompensated line has a positive sequence series reactance 𝑋 =
0.34Ω/𝑘𝑚, and a positive-sequence shunt admittance 𝑌 = 𝑗4.5 × 10−6 S/𝑘𝑚. Neglecting losses, calculate:
(a) Zc, (b) l, (c) the (A,B,C,D) parameters, (d) the wavelength  of the line in kilometers, and (e) the surge
impedance loading (SIL) in MW.

Exercise 27:

(a) Consider complex power transmission via the three-phase short line for which the per-phase circuit is
shown in Figure below. Express S12, the complex power sent by bus 1 (or V1), and (-S21), the complex power
received by bus 2 (or V2), in terms of V1, V2, Z, Z, and 𝜃12 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 , which is the power angle.
(b) For a balanced three-phase transmission line in per-unit notation with Z=185°, 12=10°, determine S12
and (-S21) for
(i) V1 = V2= 1.0 (ii) V1 = 1.1 and V2= 0.9
Comment on the changes of real and reactive powers from parts (i) to (ii).

Exercise 28:

(a) Consider complex power transmission via the three-phase long line for which the per-phase circuit is
shown thereafter. See previous problem in which the short-line case was considered.
𝑌′ ∗ 2 𝑉12 𝑉 𝑉
Show that sending-end power = 𝑆12 = 2
𝑉1 + 𝑍′ ∗
− 𝑍1′ ∗2 𝑒 𝑗 𝜃12 ,
−𝑌 ′ 𝑉22 𝑉 𝑉
Received power = −𝑆21 = 2
𝑉22 − 𝑍′ ∗
+ 𝑍1′ ∗2 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜃12 ,
where 𝜃12 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 .
(b) For a lossless line with equal voltage magnitudes at each end, show that
𝑉12 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃12
𝑃12 = −𝑃21 = = 𝑃𝑆𝐼𝐿.
𝑍𝑐 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽𝑙
(c) For 𝜃12 = 45°and 𝛽 = 0.002 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑘𝑚, find (P12/PSIL) as a function of line length in km, and sketch it.
(d) If a thermal limit of (P12/PSIL=2) is set, which limit governs for short lines and long lines?