INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Internal Combustion Engine Parts (SI Engine)

 Inline Engine

Rotary Engine

V Engine

Opposed Cylinder Engine Wankel Engine

 Valve Arrangements in IC engines

T - head Engine

L - head Engine

F - head Engine I - head Engine

 Cylinder :
Cylinder and Cylinder • Contains gas under pressure and
Head guides the piston
• Made of high grade cast iron or
alloy steel
• Casting

Cylinder Head :
• Main function is to seal the
working end of the cylinder
• Houses the inlet and exhaust
valves
• Cast iron or Aluminum
• Casting, forging
Piston, Piston Rings Piston :
and Gudgeon Pin • Receives gas pressure and transmits
the thrust to the connecting rod
• Made of Cast iron or Al alloy
• Casting or Forging
Piston Rings :
• Main function is to provide a good
sealing fit between the piston and
cylinder
• Compression & Oil Control Rings
• Special grade Cast iron
• Casting
Gudgeon/Wrist/Piston Pin :
• It supports and allows the connecting
rod to swivel
• Hardened Steel
• Forging
Connecting Rod • Transmit the piston load to
crank
• Circular / rectangular / I / T / H
cross section
• Highly polished for increased
endurance strength
• Alloy Steel, Aluminum
• Forging
Crank and Crankshaft • Converts the reciprocating
motion of the piston into the
rotary motion
• Power required for any useful
purpose is taken from
crankshaft only
• It is typically connected to
a flywheel to reduce the
pulsation characteristic of
the four stroke cycle
• Medium carbon steel
Valve and Valve Mechanism

• Inlet valve : Admits the air or mixture

of air and fuel into engine cylinder
• Silicon chrome steel
• Forging
• Outlet valve : Discharges the product
of combustion
• Austentic Steel
• Forging
Working of Two – Stroke IC engine
Working of Two – Stroke IC engine
Working of Four – Stroke IC engine
Working of Four – Stroke IC engine

4 –Stroke Petrol Engine 4 –Stroke Diesel Engine

Standard Terminology used for I C Engine
➢ Bore : Inside diameter of the cylinder
➢ Stroke : Linear distance along the
cylinder axis between two limiting
position
➢ Top Dead Center (TDC): Top most
position of the piston towards cover end
side of the cylinder
➢ Bottom Dead Centre (BDC): Lowest
position of the piston towards the crank
end side of the cylinder
➢ Clearance volume (VC): Volume
contained in the cylinder above the top of
the piston, when piston is at TDC
➢ Swept volume (Vs) : Volume swept
through by the piston in moving between
TDC and BDC
➢ Compression ratio (r) : Ratio of total
cylinder volume to clearance volume
 Performance Parameters of I.C. engine
• Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine
performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy
contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work.
• Basic performance parameters for I.C. Engines are :
i. Indicated Power (IP) : Total power developed by combustion of fuel in
combustion chamber

where pim = Mean effective pressure (N/m2)

L = length of stroke (m)
A = area of cylinder/piston (m2)
N = rotational speed of the engine (rpm) [It is N/2 for four stroke
engine]
k = Number of cylinders
 Performance Parameters of I.C. engine

ii. Brake Power (BP) : Power developed by an engine and measured at

the output shaft

Where N = rotational speed (rpm)

T = torque in Nm

iii. Frictional Power (FP) : Difference between IP and BP, which shows
the power lost in the mechanical components of the engine (due to
friction)
FP = IP – BP
iv. Mechanical Efficiency
BP
𝜂𝑚 =
𝐼𝑃
 Performance Parameters of I.C. engine
v. Mean Effective Pressure (Pm): Hypothetical/average
pressure which is assumed to be acting on the piston
throughout the power stroke.
• Mean effective pressure is the true indication of the
relative performance of different engines.
𝐏×𝟔𝟎
𝐏𝐦 =
𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐤
• If P = indicated power then Pm is Indicated Mean
Effective Pressure (IMEP) and if brake power, then 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑷𝒎 × 𝑽𝒔
Break Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP).
• Torque and BMEP is related by :

• Higher the mean effective pressure, higher will be the

power developed by the engine for a given
displacement.
 Performance Parameters of I.C. engine
vi. Specific output : Brake power (output) per unit of piston displacement

vii. Specific fuel consumption (sfc) : Mass of fuel consumed per kW

developed per hour
mሶ f kg
sfc = ( )
BP kWh

viii. Volumetric efficiency : ratio of actual volume flow rate of air into the
intake system to the rate at which the volume is displaced by the
system
 Performance Parameters of I.C. engine
ix. Thermal efficiency : Ratio of the output to that of the chemical energy
input in the form of fuel supply
• It may be based on brake or indicated power output

where mf = mass of fuel supplied in kg/s

Cv = Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kgK

x. Mean Piston Speed , 𝑠𝑝ҧ = 2𝐿𝑁 (m/s)

Resistance to gas flow into the engine or stresses due to inertia of the
moving parts limit the maximum value of 𝑠𝑝ҧ to within 8 to 15 m/s.
 Performance Parameters of I.C. engine
xi. Heat balance sheet
➢ A heat balance sheet is an account of heat supplied and heat utilised in various
ways in the system
Heat input
kJ % Heat expenditure per min kJ %
per min
a) Heat in B. P. - -
b) Heat carried by cooling
Heat supplied
water - -
by the
Qs 100 % c) Heat carried by exhaust
combustion
gases - -
of fuel
d) Unaccounted heat loss =
Qs -(a+b+c) - -
Qs
Total 100 % 100%

➢ Heat supplied to the engine = 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉.

➢ a). Heat equivalent of B.P. = kW = kJ/s = 60 kJ/min
➢ b). Heat carried away by cooling water = 𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑝𝑤 𝑇𝑤0 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖 kJ/min
➢ c). Heat carried away by exhaust gases = 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑝𝑔 𝑇𝑔𝑒 − 𝑇𝑎 kJ/min
 MORSE TEST
➢ The Morse test can be used to measure the indicated power and mechanical
efficiency of multicylinder engines .
➢ The engines test is carried out as follows :
i. The engine is run at maximum load at certain speed .
ii. The B.P is then measured when all cylinders are working .
iii. One cylinder is made inoperative by cutting off the ignition to that cylinder . As a
result of this the speed of the engine will decrease . Therefore , the load on the
engine is reduced so that the engine speed is restored to its initial value
iv. The assumption made on the test is that frictional power is depends on the speed
and not upon the load on the engine .
v. Considering the case of a 4-cylinder engine :
Let B = Brake power of the engine with all cylinders operative
B1 = Brake power of the engine with cylinder no : 1 inoperative
B2 = Brake power of the engine with cylinder no : 2 inoperative
B3 = Brake power of the engine with cylinder no : 3 inoperative
B4 = Brake power of the engine with cylinder no : 4 inoperative

I1, I2, I3 & I4 = Indicated power of cylinders 1,2,3 & 4 respectively

F1, F2, F3 & F4 =Frictional power of cylinders 1,2,3 & 4 respectively
Therefore 𝐵 = 𝐼1 − 𝐹1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐹2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐹3 + 𝐼4 − 𝐹4 ……………. (i)

When cylinder no : 1 is inoperative Indicated power of that cylinder becomes zero

(𝐼1 =0)

i.e. 𝐵1 = 0 − 𝐹1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐹2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐹3 + 𝐼4 − 𝐹4 ………………(ii)

(i)– (ii ) ⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝐵 − 𝐵1
Similarly 𝐼2 = 𝐵 − 𝐵2
𝐼3 = 𝐵 − 𝐵3
𝐼4 = 𝐵 − 𝐵4
Therefore Total indicated power of the engine (say 𝐼 ) is :
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4

Frictional power of the engine is: 𝐹 = I − B

Mechanical Efficiency : 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝐵Τ𝐼

 Rope Brake Dynamometer
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑃 =
60
𝐷𝑏 + 𝑑
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑇 = 𝑊 − 𝑆 (𝐍𝐦)
2
𝜋𝑁 𝑊 − 𝑆 𝐷𝑏 + 𝑑
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑃 = (𝐖)
60
Thank you….