Introduction to

Information Systems

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

l Why manage information ?
• Information - the most basic resources in
today’s world

• Information Society – system with useful data

* KW – Knowledge Workers
- Work : use, create & distribute
information
* DW - Data Workers
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
l Knowledge & Information vs. Data

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is the difference
between data and
information?

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is Data?

l Individual or separate pieces of raw facts,

concepts, and ideas derived through different
modes of inquiry
l Raw facts
l Things happening now and have happened in
the past

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is Information?

l Processed data that is organized, has use,

provides meaning, and is important in
accomplishing a certain task
l Data that have a particular meaning within a
specific context
l Meaningful and useful data

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

 September 1, 2020
5 sunglasses were sold

September 4, 2020
DATA
10 jackets were sold

September 7, 2020
2 sunglasses were sold

September 7, 2020
18 jackets were sold

September 12, 2020

15 jackets were sold
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
Information

From September 1 to 12 of 2020, the

company was able to sell 7 sunglasses
and 33 jackets.

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Qualities of Information

(1) Time Dimension

- timely, updated

(2) Content Dimension

- accurate, relevant, complete,
concise, verifiable, cost-effective

(3) Form Dimension

- clarity, detailed order, presentation,
layout, aesthetic and grammar
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
Qualities of Valuable Information

l Accurate
l Information is error free
l Verifiable
l Information can be proven as correct or
incorrect
l Timely
l Information is up-to-date
l Organized
l Information is arranged to suit our needs and
requirements

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Qualities of Valuable Information

l Accessible
l Information is available whenever it is needed
l Useful
l Information is relevant and has meaning
l Cost-Effective
l Information should give more value than it costs
to produce

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

 What is the
difference between
information and
knowledge?
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
What is Knowledge?

l How to convert data into useful information

l Composed of set of rules

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is Knowledge?

l A concrete expression of thought derived

from relating, understanding, and analyzing
several pieces of valuable information
l A combination of instincts, ideas, rules, and
procedures that guide actions and decisions

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Knowledge

During the rainy season, more people

buy jackets than sunglasses.

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Relationship between data,
information, and knowledge

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is KB ?

l Knowledge-Based
- composed of set of Rules

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is a DB ?

l Database
l A persistent, organized, structured, and
shared storage of collected interrelated data
that has purpose
l Serves the need to generate meaningful
information
l It is useless unless it is transformed into
useful information

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is a Database?

l It records only data that has purpose

l It establishes relationships and
connections between its data to make them
more meaningful
l It is well organized and structured in order
to make stored data easily shared and
retrievable

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Historical Perspective

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Historical Perspective

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Historical Perspective

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Historical Perspective

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Historical Perspective

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Electronic Age

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Electronic Age

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Electronic Age

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

The Need for Databases

l Man has always had the desire to record everything

around him
l The more things we record, the more we need space for
storage
l These records are desired to be shared and re-
used
l The more we are involved in activities that needs
information, the more we need the storage space to be
accessible to and faster retrieved by several people

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Data and Information Recording
Trivia

l 1790 : the US decided to record census data (3.9

million people)
l 1880 : it took the US 7 years to tabulate the
recorded data
l 1890 : the population increased by 12 million
l 1890 : the US decided to use tabulating machines
using computer (punch cards), tabulation took only
2-3 months

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Issues in Electronic File Processing

l Separation and isolation of data

l Duplication of data
l Data dependence
l Incompatible file formats
l Fixed queries/Proliferation of application
programs

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Computer Literacy vs. IS Literacy
l Computer Literacy
- know how to use IT
- IT : HW, SW, Telecommunication,
Storage Techniques (store, retrieve &
manipulate)
l IS Literacy
- one who understands and knows the
importance of information
- understanding the nature of business
- IS Literate : Computer + Business
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
Three Elements or Skills of IS
Literacy

(1) IT Skills
(2) Analysis and Problem Solving Skills
(3) Organizational and Behavioral Skills

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is an IS ?
l IS (Information System)
Technical Definition :
- A set of interrelated components that collects,
process, store, distribute information to
support the operation of an organization
Management Definition :
- Organizational and management solution to
business problems (manual, computerized)

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

What is an Information System?

l An application that allows people to maximize the

tons of recorded data
l Records data that has purpose
l Stores data in an organized storage
l Retrieves data
l Processes data using previously saved (and related) data
to generate meaningful information
l Presents this meaningful information

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Example of an Information System

People
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
Example of an Information System

Information
Processing Theory
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
 input

unselected data
Sensory
Forgotten
Memory

attention

transfer
output
rehearsal

Short-Term Long-Term
Memory Memory
recall
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
Information System Components

HARDWARE SOFTWARE DATA

PEOPLESISBUSI Course Notes of Dr.PROCEDURES

H. Ong
Activities involved in IS :

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong

Why IS ?
- Changing business environment starting
1990’s
(1) Emerging and strengthening of the global
economy
Ex. Foreign trade for export and import

(2 ) Transformation of industrial economies and

societies into knowledge- and information-based
service economics
Ex. Shorter product life cycle, having a product
out in the market in a shorter period of time
(market penetration)
SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong
Classification of IS :

(1) Formal IS
- fixed and accepted definition of data and
procedures for collecting the info.
- easily changed
Ex. CBIS (Computer Based Info System)
- for processing, storing and distribution of
information

(2) Informal IS
- rely on implicit agreements and unstated rules
of behavior
Ex. Grapevines, office gossip network

SISBUSI Course Notes of Dr. H. Ong