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Use ambient in sentence

Bridget's excellent diction was just loud enough to create an ambient echo which
rather suited her careful English tones.
If they appear, some decrease in the ambient temperature must be achieved by
moving to the shade,
taking a tepid bath or shower, or turning up the air conditioner.

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Green label’s are the words that they might not know
Ask them if they are any other extra words that need to be define.

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Spoils = 1. spoiling a kid 2. Goods stolen or taken forcibly from a person or place.
Siege =
a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building,

History of the Colosseum

The Colosseum was built after Roman victory in the First Roman-Jewish war.
The construction was funded by the spoils of the war, specially from the Jewish
Temple after the decisive Siege of Jerusalem.
The amphitheater was named Flavian Amphitheater but was popularly known as The
Colosseum

Within the walls, the Zealots, a militant anti-Roman party, struggled with other Jewish
factions that had emerged,
Josephus, a Jew who had commanded
rebel forces but then defected to the Roman cause, attempted to negotiate a
settlement,
but, because he was not trusted by the Romans and was despised by the rebels, the
talks went nowhere.
The Romans encircled the city with a wall to cut off supplies to the city completely

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and thereby drive the Jews to starvation.
公元60年之後，羅馬發生財政危機，不得不提高帝國全境的稅率。耶路撒冷城
的猶太人對此尤為牴觸。在羅馬軍隊羅馬軍隊洗劫一座神廟，並屠殺6000名市
民後，戰爭由此爆發。這次屠殺激起了整個地區的叛亂。駐守耶路撒冷的3萬羅
馬士兵遭到偷襲，被迫撤離該地區。數千羅馬士兵被殺，他們的盔甲和武器被
猶太起義軍奪取。
雖然提圖斯包圍了耶路撒冷城，為加快消耗城市的儲藏的物資，他並不禁止旅
行者入城。耶路撒冷城依託山多谷險的地理優勢，修建了多重城牆，城防極為
堅固。據古猶太歷史學家約瑟夫斯所寫，「耶路撒冷的三面城牆修建得與猶太
人的神廟一樣壯麗。寬闊的城牆由許多12米高的塔樓守護，眾多的天然山谷使
他們得以據高而守。」

第二城牆和一小塊城區落在了羅馬人手上，但其餘的城區仍物資充足，城防堅
固。為斷絕有人運送進城，提圖斯建立了一面環繞未攻破的第三城牆外山谷的
圍牆，加上羅馬人所占據的城區，整座城市被徹底圍死。提圖斯親自多次巡視
圍牆的建設，以確保不留缺漏及鼓舞士氣。此舉讓守城方大感壓力，幸好還有
收集雨水的水窖。
提圖斯隨後派兵登上第一城牆，朝向安東妮亞堡集中火力，利用攻城武器投射
巨石，和攻城錘破壞堡壘牆壁。不過，投擲物反而造成了下方羅馬士兵的重大
傷亡，堡壘的牆壁破損了幾處，但收效甚微，對老城外牆的攻擊也告失敗。
眼看明取失敗，提圖斯派兵發動夜襲。開始時進展順利，但驚動警鈴後，守衛
堡壘的士兵組織反擊，戰鬥持續了一整晚，直到第二天。羅馬人奪取一部分堡
壘，穩步推進，最終占領了堡壘。安東妮亞堡7月底陷落。

Q&As
1. What do you think is the main reason between the result of the siege of
Jerusalem ?

8
Spoils = 1. spoiling a kid 2. Goods stolen or taken forcibly from a person or place.
Siege =
a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building,

History of the Colosseum

The Colosseum was built after Roman victory in the First Roman-Jewish war.
The construction was funded by the spoils of the war, specially from the Jewish
Temple after the decisive Siege of Jerusalem.
The amphitheater was named Flavian Amphitheater but was popularly known as The
Colosseum

Within the walls, the Zealots, a militant anti-Roman party, struggled with other Jewish
factions that had emerged,
Josephus, a Jew who had commanded
rebel forces but then defected to the Roman cause, attempted to negotiate a
settlement,
but, because he was not trusted by the Romans and was despised by the rebels, the
talks went nowhere.
The Romans encircled the city with a wall to cut off supplies to the city completely

9
and thereby drive the Jews to starvation.
公元60年之後，羅馬發生財政危機，不得不提高帝國全境的稅率。耶路撒冷城
的猶太人對此尤為牴觸。在羅馬軍隊羅馬軍隊洗劫一座神廟，並屠殺6000名市
民後，戰爭由此爆發。這次屠殺激起了整個地區的叛亂。駐守耶路撒冷的3萬羅
馬士兵遭到偷襲，被迫撤離該地區。數千羅馬士兵被殺，他們的盔甲和武器被
猶太起義軍奪取。
雖然提圖斯包圍了耶路撒冷城，為加快消耗城市的儲藏的物資，他並不禁止旅
行者入城。耶路撒冷城依託山多谷險的地理優勢，修建了多重城牆，城防極為
堅固。據古猶太歷史學家約瑟夫斯所寫，「耶路撒冷的三面城牆修建得與猶太
人的神廟一樣壯麗。寬闊的城牆由許多12米高的塔樓守護，眾多的天然山谷使
他們得以據高而守。」

第二城牆和一小塊城區落在了羅馬人手上，但其餘的城區仍物資充足，城防堅
固。為斷絕有人運送進城，提圖斯建立了一面環繞未攻破的第三城牆外山谷的
圍牆，加上羅馬人所占據的城區，整座城市被徹底圍死。提圖斯親自多次巡視
圍牆的建設，以確保不留缺漏及鼓舞士氣。此舉讓守城方大感壓力，幸好還有
收集雨水的水窖。
提圖斯隨後派兵登上第一城牆，朝向安東妮亞堡集中火力，利用攻城武器投射
巨石，和攻城錘破壞堡壘牆壁。不過，投擲物反而造成了下方羅馬士兵的重大
傷亡，堡壘的牆壁破損了幾處，但收效甚微，對老城外牆的攻擊也告失敗。
眼看明取失敗，提圖斯派兵發動夜襲。開始時進展順利，但驚動警鈴後，守衛
堡壘的士兵組織反擊，戰鬥持續了一整晚，直到第二天。羅馬人奪取一部分堡
壘，穩步推進，最終占領了堡壘。安東妮亞堡7月底陷落。

Q&As
1. What do you think is the main reason between the result of the siege of
Jerusalem ?

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耶路撒冷的希律王神廟（根據約瑟夫斯所寫的復原模型）。
安東妮亞堡與希律王神廟外牆相連處，爆發了激烈的戰鬥。提圖斯表達過保存
神廟的願望，
也許是想將神廟轉為羅馬萬神廟，畢竟建築宏偉。很不幸的是，一個羅馬士兵
向神廟投了一根火把，大火很快吞沒了神廟。
火勢太旺，猶太人不得不撤退，但成功引誘羅馬人深入，點燃房屋圍住羅馬先
頭部隊。很多羅馬士兵被燒死，
剩下的先頭部隊的退路被大火所阻，援軍無法到達，被猶太人屠戮一空。

羅馬軍隊的攻城圖（藍色箭頭）。
羅馬人重整軍陣，發動波浪式攻擊，突出神廟區，進入下城區，僅在希律王宮
殿所在地的上城區遇到激烈抵抗。
接下來幾日，巷戰爆發，羅馬人從幾個方向同時攻擊，終於攻破內城的多處城
牆。最後，9月份前，整個城市被占領。
不少猶太人通過底下管道逃生，但城區里容納了太多的起義軍和起義區的難民，
很多人沒能及時逃脫。
多達100萬市民和士兵——羅馬人和猶太人——死在了這場大圍城中。

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What is the Colosseum made from?
The Colosseum is built of stones and concrete.
It had four main floors with eighty arches each.
The first three stories were completed during the reign of
Vespasian but the top floor was completed
by Titus, who also inaugurated it in 80 AD.
Historians report that over 9000 wild animals were
killed in inaugural games held at the Colosseum and specially
designed commemorative coinage was also issued to celebrate the inauguration.
Emperor Domitian built a series of underground tunnels
beneath the surface of Colosseum for slaves and animals.
He also added a gallery on top to increase the housing capacity.

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Seating
Where people sat in the Colosseum was determined by Roman law.
The best seats were reserved for the Senators.
Behind them were the equestrians or ranking government officials.
A bit higher up sat the ordinary Roman citizens (men) and the soldiers.
Finally, at the top of the stadium sat the slaves and the women.

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What was the Colosseum used for?
The Colosseum was mainly used for gladiator fights.
It was the most popular site of gladiator games.
It was also used for wild beast hunts.
Wild animals like
Lions
Alligators
Ostrich
Elephants
Tigers
Leopards
Giraffe

These were all hunted in the arena in front of excited spectators

It is also believed that mock sea battles were also fought by filling up the arena with
water.
Famous sea battles were reenacted in these mock battles.
Apart from martial sports and games, the theater was also used to stage dramas
based on Roman mythology.

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Roman also used the venue for executing condemned criminals

These criminals were made to fight each other or gladiators in fights to death.
Well trained and equipped gladiators mostly emerged victorious and executed the
criminals in a gruesome manner, to the delight of excited and charged crowd.
Romans stopped using Colosseum for entertainment purposes in early medieval time
(5th Century AD).
After that it was used as a fortress, workshops, housing poor and even as a Christian
shrine.

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Colosseum in Modern Times
The Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Rome’s cultural and historic significance.
It is one of the most visited sites in Italy. Hundreds of thousands of tourists come to
visit Colosseum annually.
Many concerts have been held outside Colosseum which were attended by thousands
of people.
Colosseum is also depicted on Italian version of five cent Euro coin.
In 2007, Colosseum was chosen as one of the New 7 wonders of the world.
The selection was through an online poll and voters had to choose from 200 existing
monuments worldwide.
For centuries, Colosseum has remained the face of Roman imperialism

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