Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems (CIMS)COURSE STRUCTURE commen cues ;MERZIOA [Course Category Pe [Course Title (Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems ‘Teaching Scheme and Credits x z sae _| cee [Weekly load hrs 0s = a 201-3 [Pre-vequisives: Manufacturing Processes, Engineering Mathematics [Course Objectives: Tn IL To understand the basic knowledge of CIM. ii, To.understand what is production planning and control, CAPP ‘ii, To acquaint with group technology, FMS, AGVs iv. To gain knowledge of automated production lines To understand the basic knowledge of Industry 4.0 and IOT in manufacturing i. To develop ability to formulate PPC. PP. APL problems [Course Outcomes: After successfull completion of the course. students will be able to: 1 Know about CIM’CIM Models (CL-I) 2 Apply the knowledge of Process planning to prepare MPS etc. (CL-II1) 3. Apply the knowledge of group technology. FMS etc to prepare part classification coding and FMS analysis ete. (CLI) 4. Know about automated production line & assembly and Inspection Techniques. (CL-I) 5. Know about Industry 4.0 & use of JOT in manufacturing. (CL-ID,‘Course Contents: Introduction: Introduction to CAD/CAM Automation: Automation in Production/Manufacturing Systems, types of automation, Types of Manufacturing. Introduction to CIM. CIM Elements, Evolution| & Development of CIM, CIM wheel, CIM Hardware & Software, Introduction to CIM Models (BM, Siemens, ESPRIT CIM OSA, NIST-AMRF, Digital Equipment Corporation) & Present Scenario, Production Planning and Control and Process Planning: Process planning and control, Aggregate [Production Planning, Master Production Schedule - Material Requirement planning -Capacity Planning, Shop Floor Control Inventory control, simple numerical, Computer Aided Process Planning| |(CAPP), Generative & Retrieval type Process planning, Benefits of CAPP Cellular Manufacturing, Flesible Manufacturing System (FMS): Group Technology (GT), Pat groups = Pans Classification and diese” Celt ae Ee Co ‘Components, : se SGunenea, veduction to Rntomated Guded Vehicle System (AGN) pe of AGVS, AGVS[Automated Production Lines & Assembly: Automated production lines and assembly, automated flow lines, buffer storage, control of production line, simple numerical Introduction to Computer Aided Inspection, Inspection Principles, Inspection Technologies Smart Factory: Endusty 4.9 Taodtion, cemens, Scions, applications and benefits. Itemet of Conger niegacd aster naaeckng. nea nmanonogtcs, nuotuction fo Laboratory ExerisewPractical Demonstration of various machining operation on CNC machine. ‘Case study on application of CIM in Industry/CIM Models. Case study on automated production lines. ‘Case study on applications of IOT in manufacturing. Case study on Industry 4.0. Case study on production planning and control. Case study on cellular manufacturing FMS. NOW Rw[Learning Resources: Reference Books: 1. Mikell. P. Groover “Automation, Production Systems and Computer Integrated Manufacturing”, Prentice Hall of India, 2008. 2. Radhakrishnan P, SubramanyanS and Raju V., “CAD/CAMICIM”, 2nd Edition, New Age Intemational (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2000, ‘Supplementary Reading: 1. “Principles of Computer Integrated Manufacturing”, S. Kant Vajpayee, 1999, Prentice Hall of] India, New Dethi Industry 4.0: The Industrial Internet of Things, by Alasdair Gilchrist, Apress,2017 Internet of Things (loT): Digitize or Die Transform your organization Embrace the digital evolution Rise above the competition, by Nicolas Windlassing, Amazon. “Intemet of Things: A Hands-on Approach", by Arshdecp Bahga and Vijay Madisetti Universities Press, 2018 = Web Resources: + Industrial LOT -hnp://www mhi.org/media/members/15373/131111777451441650 pat “TOT: https:/swww tutorialspoint com/intemet_of_thingsindex htm + Industry 4 0-hntps://www i-scoop.ewindustry-4-0/ + Manufacturing system Technology: hitps://nptel ac in/courses/112/104/112104188/ + Inspection & Quality control in Manufacruring:https://nptel ac in/courses/112/107/112107259/ * Computer Aided Design & Manufacturing II- htps://nptel ac in/courses/112/102/112102103/ + Automation & Control: https:/nptel ac.in/courses/112/102/112102011/ + Moocs: Ihttps:/hwww coursera org/specializations/digital-manufacturing-design-technology?aid-true 2 - weAssessment Scheme: “lass Continuous Assessment (CCA): 50 marks ‘Assignments Test ‘Presentations’ Group ‘Attendance 2 aV% 15 GO%) a SO) Laboratory Continuous Assessment (LCA): 50 marks Practical File (timely completion & Oral Seay | Attendance 15 20%) fe) 100%) [TO 20%) 510%) erm End Examination: 50 MarksMODULE -| Introduction to CAD/CAM Automation * Automation in Production/Manufacturing Systems, = types of automation, = Types of Manufacturing, = Introduction to CIM, = CIM Elements, * Evolution & Development of CIM, = CIM wheel, = CIM Hardware & Software, = Introduction to CIM Models (IBM, Siemens, ESPRIT CIM OSA, NIST- AMRF, Digital Equipment Corporation) & Present Scenario.Manufacturing + Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials, components or parts into finished goods that meet a customer's expectations or specifications. * *Manufacturing is a value-adding process allowing businesses to sell finished products at a premium over the value of the raw materials used. + sIt is a series of interrelated activities and operations involving design, material selection, planning, production, quality assurance, management, and marketing of discrete consumer and durable goods.Computer Applications * CAD - computer aided design. The use of computer methods to develop the geometric model of the product in three-dimensional form, such that the geometric and manufacturing requirements can be examined. * CADD - computer aided design and drafting. Combining the CAD function with drafting to generate the production drawings of the part for the purpose of downstream processing. * CAE - computer aided engineering. The use of computer methods to support basic error checking, analysis, optimisation, manufacturability, etc., of a product design.Computer Applications CAM - computer aided manufacturing. Generally refers to the computer software used to develop the Computer Numerical Control part programs for machining and other processing applications, CAPP - computer aided process planning, The use of computer to generate the process plans for the complete manufacture of products and parts. CATD - computer aided tool design. Computer assistance to be used for developing the tools for manufacture such as jigs and fixtures, dies, and moulds. CAP - computer aided planning. The use of computer for many of the planning functions such as material requirement planning, computer aided scheduling, etc. CAQ — Computer Aided Quality assurance. The use of computers and computer controlled equipment for assessing the inspection methods and developing the quality control and assurance functions CAT — Computer aided testing refers to the software tools that can take a system through its various phases of operations and examine the response against the expected results.Automation in Production Systems * Automation is technology associated with the applications of Mechanical, electrical and computer based systems to operate and control production *Two categories of automation in the production system: * L.Automation of manufacturing systems in the factory * 2.Computerization of the manufacturing support systems ¢The two categories overlap because manufacturing support systems are connected to the factory manufacturing systems.Automation in Production Systems Examples *Automated machine tools *Transfer lines *Automated assembly systems Industrial robots that perform processing or assembly operations *Automated material handling and storage systems to integrate manufacturing operations *Automatic inspection systems for quality controlCAD - computer aided design. The use of computer methods to develop the geometric model of the product in three-dimensional form, such that the geometric and manufacturing requirements can be examined, CAM - computer aided manufacturing. Generally refers to the computer software used to develop the Computer Numerical Control part programs for machining and other processing applications. Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions.Different Types of Automation * Automation systems are classed into three different types of automation + Fixed automation + Programmable automation + Flexible automationFixed Automation :d automation is a type of automation where the process of nufacturing stays fixed by the way itis configured, following a d sequence of automated processes. An example of this is v production, where products are continuously being made. 3 is often also known as “hard automation”. :d automation can be expensive to set up initially due to the lipment required, but in return, it provides high production 2s, However, It is relatively inflexible when it comes to making nnges to the product. 5 is relatively useful for many companies who use automation reate food products of one type and variant. It allows them to sctively produce that item and package it in bulk. ‘ds that require chemical processes, for example, may use this snsure the consistency of the chemical processes.Fixed Automation... Advantages of fixed automation include: * High levels of production * Consistent quality in production + Low cost per unit produced Disadvantages of fixed automation include: * High initial cost + Difficult to accommodate changes + This type of automation is best suited for: High demand and generic products that require no change.Fixed Automation... * Coca Cola continues to use this automation in their factories. As seen above, this allows for the production of large quantities of the soft drink, allowing Coca Cola to meet the high demands of their classic soft drink.Programmable Automation ‘Programmable automation allows the production equipment and automation to be altered to changing needs. This is done by controlling the automation through a program, which can be coded in certain ways for the automation to change the sequence of automation “It’s used more commonly in low to medium levels of production, often being most suitable for batch production. ' Programmable automation will often be used by factories who make different variants of foods. This allows them to make batches, from a few dozen to potentially thousands at a time, of one product. If the product needs changing, it simply needs to be reprogrammed.Programmable Automation... Advantages include: + Flexibility to change products if needed + Suitable if batch production is required Disadvantages include: + Expensive for equipment * Lower production levels * Often time-consuming to change products This type of automation is well suited for: Low/Medium demand and occasional changes in productsFlexible Automation * Flexible automation, also known as “soft automation”, is similar to programmable automation, although a little more complicated. Essentially, flexible automation enables the production of different types of products without losing time when reprogramming. * A flexible automation system can produce various combinations of products efficiently without having to separate them into different batches, as required in batch production. This type of automation tends to have medium levels of production.Flexible Automation... Advantages include + Flexibility of products + No time lost with new changes to production Disadvantages include * High custom machinery/automation cost + Higher cost per unitFlexible Automation... + There are essential differences in establishing flexible automation from programmable automation. * A flexible automation system will be able to change the physical setup as well as programs, with no loss in time and productivity. + Altering the part programme is usually done by coding the program offline on a computer and then transferring it to the automated system. * This type of automation is best suited for: Medium demand and constant changes/large variety in products.FIXED —-FLEXIBLE-PROGRAMMABLE AUTOAMTION * Deciding which type of automation to use for production can be tricky. This chart below shows what options might be best to consider, depending on the variety and demand of the product.What is a manufacturing process A manufacturing process is how a company builds or creates a product It. can be a complex activity that involves a range of machinery, tools and equipment wit] many levels of automation using computers, robots and cloud-based technology. A business establishes its own manufacturing process to produce goods specifically for its customers, A company decides which production method to choose based on factors such as consumer demand, sales forecasts, the assembly technique, materials involved and what resources are available For example, you might choose to make a product in bulk batches while a certain ingredient is.in stock or on sale, or in smaller numbers to fulfil customer orders without having additional storage costs. Many of today's manufacturing processes date back to the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, which took industry from man-made to man-and-machine-made, and as technology advances, processes get easier to understand and follow. Each approach is unique with certain advantages to complete a specific task, and there are sub-sectors within the industry such as food, apparel, chemical or electronic manufacturingSix types of manufacturing processes + Job shop manufacturing + Repetitive manufacturing + Discrete manufacturing + Batch process manufacturing * Continuous process manufacturing + 3D printingJob shop manufacturing Job shop manufacturing uses production areas instead of an assembly line and is most often used for small-batch, custom products that are made-to-order for certain clients or customers. These workstations might focus on one particular product or a handful of them, like a custom shoemaker or commercial printing press, and easily offer the ability to customize the final product Many machine shops also use this type of manufacturing to make local industrial machinery, ship components or specialized parts for the aviation industry. With advances in technology, some of these sites may use job shop manufacturing software, which helps manage workflow and production To scale volume for higher production rates, a business might benefit from moving from job shop manufacturing to repetitive manufacturing, which allows for more automation and fewer people.Repetitive manufacturing Repetitive manufacturing is appropriate when making repeat production at a committed production rate. This manufacturing process has dedicated production lines all working on the same product or component all day, every day year-round. Because there is such little changeover and setup, you can match operation speeds to customer demand or client requirements to make more or fewer items. Many companies that make electronic goods, automobiles or durable consumer goods like refrigerators and clothes dryers use the repetitive manufacturing processDiscrete manufacturing * Discrete manufacturing uses an assembly or production line, though it is much more diverse than repetitive manufacturing and allows for more frequent changeover and variation. + A company can have multiple styles, sizes or modifications for a product with discrete manufacturing, though it often means production can take longer because of extra setup or removal as necessary. * Automobile and aircraft makers use the discrete manufacturing process, along with many companies who produce clothing, medical devices, toys and smartphones.Batch process manufacturing * Batch process manufacturing shares similarities with discrete and job shop manufacturing processes, driven by customer demand or the availability of ingredients and raw materials. * One manufacturing run might produce a batch enough to fill client needs, so you finish production, clean the equipment, and resume when you need another batch. + Food production, newspaper printing, bookbinding, and pharmaceuticals often rely on batch process manufacturing,Continuous process manufacturing * Continuous process manufacturing runs all the time like repetitive manufacturing. * The difference is this process focuses on raw materials that are often gases, powders, liquids or slurry. * Oil refining, metal smelting, paper production and some food products like tomato sauce, juice and peanut butter use continuous process manufacturing.Many in the industry now recognize 3D printing as a sixth manufacturing process with widespread use. Developed in the 1980s, 3D, printing uses various composites and material like plats. and mts ¢ make three dimensional goods laver by aver based on @ digital model, rather than using physical labour ¢ mechanization, There has been an enormous expansion in this field, with dozens of equipment manufacturers an hundreds of thousands of 3D-printed items already on thé market While 3D printing can be expensive it also offers the potential 0 reduce financil capita, raw materials and waste aud lets companies create and test products before commuting to them on a larger scale, This growing manufacturing process is already being used for products such as: Medical and dental devices Prosthetic limbs Firearms Shoes ‘Musical instruments BuildingsOther types of manufacturing processes * Machining + Joining + Forming + CastingIntroduction to CIM * Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. * Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) makes the use of computer-controlled machineries and automation systems in manufacturing products. CIM combines various technologies like CAD and CAM to provide an error-free manufacturing process that reduces manual labor and automates repetitive tasks.Introduction to CIM... * The term "computer-integrated manufacturing" is both a method of manufacturing and the name of a computer-automated system in which individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized. * Ina CIM system functional areas such as design, analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control, and distribution are linked through the computer with factory floor functions such as materials handling and management, providing direct control and monitoring of all the operations.MAJOR COMPUTERIZED ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM + There are nine major elements of a CIM system are: 1. Marketing 2. Product Design 3. Planning 4, Purchase 5. Manufacturing Engineering 6. Factory Automation Hardware 7. Warehousing 8. Finance 9. Information ManagementComputerized Elements of CIM System +The use of computer integrated machines and automation systems in manufacturing goods is a matter of reference of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). + CIM puts together a range of innovations, such as CAD and CAM, to create an error-free production process that eliminates workmanship and automates repetitive tasks. + The Computerized elements of CIM system improves manufacturing speed and automates the production process with real-time sensors and closed loop control systems. It has a significant usage in vehicle, aircraft, space and shipbuilding,Nine major elements of a CIM system Marketing: + The need for a product is identified by the marketing division + The specifications of the product, the projection of manufacturing quantities and this strate for marketing the product are also decided by the marketing department Marketing also wos ‘out the manufacturing costs to assess the economic viability” of the product. Product Design: + The design department of the company establishes the initial database for production 0 proposed ‘product. + In a computerized elements of CIM system this is accomplished through activities such geometric modeling and computer aided design while considering the product requireme: and concepts generated by the creativity of the design engineer. + Configuration management is an important activity in many designs + Complex designs are usually carried out by several teams working simultaneously, locat often in different parts of the world. + The design process is constrained by the costs that will be incurred in actual production and the capabilities of the available production equipment and processes. + The design process creates the database required to manufacture the partNine major elements of a CIM system ... + Planning: +The planning department takes the database established by the desi department and enriches it with production data and information to produc: plan for the production of the product. * Planning involves several subsystems dealing with materials, facility, proce tools, manpower, capacity, scheduling, outsourcing, assembly, inspectic logistics ete. + In a computerized elements. of CIM system, this planning process should constrained by the production ci the production equipment u process capability, in order to generate an optimized plan. * Purchase: * The purchase departments is responsible for placing the purchase order sa follow up, ensure quality in the production process of the vendor, receive 1 items, arrange for inspection and ‘supply the items to the stores arrar timely delivery depending on the production schedule for eventual supply manufacture and assembly.Nine major elements of a CIM system ... + Manufacturing Engineering: + Manufacturing Engineering is the activity of carrying out the production of the product, involving further enrichment of the database with performance data and information about the production equipment and processes. + In a computerized elements of CIM system, this requires activities like CNC programming, simulation and computer aided scheduling of _ the production activity. * This should include online dynamic scheduling and control based on the real time performance of the equipment and processes to assure continuous production activity, * Often, the need to meet fluctuating market demand requires the manufacturing system flexible and agile.Nine major elements of a CIM system Factory Automation Hardware: Factory automation equipment further enriches the database with equipment and process dz resident either in the operator or the equipment to carry out the production process The CIM system consists of computer controlled process machinery such as CNC mach: tools, flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), Computer controlled robots, material handli systems, computer controlled assembly sysiéms, flexibly automated inspection systems & so on. Warehousing: Warehousing is the function involving storage and retrieval of raw materials, componer finished goods as well as shipment of items. In today’s complex outsourcing scenario and the need for just-in-time supply of compone and subsystems, logistics and supply chain management assume great importance. Finance: Finance deals with the resources pertaining to money. Planning of investment, working capital, and cash flow control, realization of receit accounting and allocation of funds are the major tasks of the finance departments.Nine major elements of a CIM system ... * Information Management: + Information Management is perhaps one of the crucial tasks in a computerized elements of CIM system. + This involves master production scheduling, database management, communication, manufacturing systems integration and management information systems, + It can be seen that CIM technology ties together all the manufacturing and related functions in a company. Implementation of CIM technology thus involves basically integration of all the activities of the enterprise.oO © Ps = = GoCIM HARDWARE * Manufacturing equipment such as * CNC machines or computerized work centers, * robotic work cells, * DNC/FMS systems, * work handling and tool handling devices, * storage devices, sensors, * shop floor data collection devices, * inspection machines etc.CIM SOFTWARE * Computers, controllers, CAD/CAM systems, workstations / terminals, data entry terminals, bar code readers, RFID tags, printers, plotters and other peripheral devices, modems, cables, connectors etc.,CIM SOFTWARE... *CIM software comprises computer programs to carry out the following functions: * Management Information System * Job Tracking * Sales * Inventory Control * Marketing * Shop Floor Data Collection * Finance * Order Entry * Database Management « Materials Handling * Modeling and Design * Device Drivers * Analysis « Process Planning ¢ Simulation « Manufacturing Facilities Planning * Communications * Work Flow AutomationCIM MODELS Industrial enterprises throughout the world are undergoing a transformation. Globalization of economy has thrown several challenges to the manufacturing manager. The products are now designed to meet the specific market needs. The concept of make - to-stock is increasingly replaced by make-to-need. Quick response to market needs is another important requirement today. Enterprises are exploring new ways to manufacture products with better and better quality at competitive prices. Manufacturers are recognizing competitive advantages in service differentiation to the customers. Environmental aspects and safety features are factors of major concern of product designers and manufacturing engineers. These are reflected in the current trend to re-examine the business processes and the shift to the optimization of the business.CIM MODELS. * Industrial concepts like agile manufacturing, lean production, teamwork, and collaborative product engineering, maximum use of communication facilities like Internet, etc. are being adopted by the industries for this purpose. * Topics like elimination of waste and continuous improvement of products and processes are to-day common in the agenda of manufacturing engineers. * The role of information systems and technology is very critical for implementing these concepts. Therefore the CIM architecture to day attempts to integrate business processes, people, computers, and software through an infrastructure of enabling platforms. * Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is an ideal concept in which computer based manufacturing applications communicate information to coordinate design, planning and manufacturing processesCIM MODELS... * Traditional approaches to integration focus on either developing translations between two systems or a single data file that acts asa database for all integrated tools. * What is needed, however, is an integration architecture, which supports each application’s local data requirements. * To understand each system’s data requirements, there is a need to model them using a unified information model. * Manufacturing management today has to face several challenges, in order to be competitive in the world market. The manufacturing system has to be highly flexible. + At the same time the delivery schedules are to be strictly adhered to.CIM MODELS. + The approach to CIM model development is quite different from traditional database approach. * As ina traditional database environment, a CIM environment involves many tools, which may be modeling the same entity. The data in CIM could be grouped into three: life cycle related, domain related and level of abstraction related. * Within these categories, data integration or translation may be well-defined. * Life cycle related applications include requirements definition, design process and implementation procedures * The domain related group includes detailed design, production planning and control, manufacturing, inspection, assembly, testing, shipping, marketing, sales and servicing and retirement of the product. +The design of the manufacturing facility and the development and implementation of the corporate management structure trom:-an. entirely different group.CIM MODELS... * The need to integrate various shop floor and operation management related activities into a system has led to the development of a number of software models. * Some of them may not be in active use today but are historically important in the development of CIM. * These models have been developed by either joint international initiative like ESPRIT or computer companies like IBM. Some of the models are briefly described below: + ESPRIT - CIM OSA Model * NIST-AMRF Hierarchical Model * Siemens Model of CIM * CIM Model of Digital Equipment Corporation + IBM Model of CIMESPRIT - CIM OSA MODEL * European Strategic Program for Research and Development in Information Technology * (ESPRIT) is an industrially oriented R&D program with the aim of improving the competitiveness of the European Community industries. * The ESPRIT strategy has been the creation of an environment in which multi-vendor production systems can be implemented at reasonable cost. (OSA refers to Open System Architecture). * CIM- OSA was developed by AMICE (a consortium of 30 major European vendors and users of CIM systems (e.g. IBM, HP, DEC, Siemens, Fiat, and Daimler-Benz) for ESPRIT.ESPRIT - CIM OSA MODEL * Within the frame work of CIM- OSA concept, it is possible to construct CIM architectures for various manufacturing industries and applications from basic building blocks according to defined guidelines. + An integrating infrastructure is provided to organize and schedule the enterprise activities. * Fig. 18.1 shows CIM-OSA integrating infrastructure. * Since activities, information and control are treated as three different entities, it is possible to make changes in one entity without greatly affecting another one. * The dynamic feature of the model enhances the flexibility of an enterprise to quickly adapt to changing material and information flow.[APPLICATIONS | Sh EXECUTION INTERFACE, FRONT END SERVICE cM.osa INTEGRATING INFRASTRUCTURE ‘BASIC DATA PROCESSING ‘SERVICES SERVICE OPERATING ACCESS ‘SYSTEM “COMMAINICATIONDATA PROCESSING HARDWARE. Fig. 18.1 CIM-OSA Integrating InfrastructureESPRIT - CIM OSA ites functions using two interrelated concepts. ing Framework in which specific and arly separated. ructure supporting execution cific functions. It is which interconnects View describes the structure of resources chines, and control and information systems) ion View defines authorities and responsibilities Ccoumttnoca TION CORMONICATONDATA Fig. 18.1 CIM-OSA Integrating IntraESPRIT - CIM OSA MODEL... pa F ors a nrmastaacruRe Lids Fig. 18.2 Operating Environment + An enterprise consists of engineering and operation functions. The CIM-OSA model provides a mechanism for preparing and structuring the planning and control activiti these functions and for changing structured information between them, + With the help of a computer, a planner is ab consult the CIM-OSA reference architecture construct an operating environment for his application (Fig. 18.2)ESPRIT - CIM OSA MODEL... * The manufacturing operation can be described with the help of requirements description language to draft the enterprise model and the specification of the basic capabilities to define the compliant components. ble CIM-OSA reference architecture, user describes the jes, which are needed for building the system. + The user also specifies a set of standard services to execute the task of the enterprise using modules of the physical system. * With this information, the system selects the necessary modules from the library of compliant components, which forms the basic building blocks for configuring the physical manufacturing system. * The CIM-OSA model has a hierarchical structure to describe an enterprise, and the intermediate and implementation levels to define sub-functions.THE NIST - AMRF HIERARCHICAL MODEL * At National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Germany), an Advanced Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF) was built and Operated to work out the hardware and software standards for computer controlled manufacturing system. * A hierarchical computer and sensor system is assumed to plan and control the manufacturing operations. * Like the other models, the NIST model greatly facilitates the configuration of a control system for manufacturing. * The model is of particular value to small and medium sized batch Operations.THE NIST - AMRF HIERARCHICAL MODEL “he models consists of three columns, a nanagement information system, a control ystem and a design and planning system ig. 18.3). “he design and process planning system »repares the manufacturing documents. nformation about an order is entered and ‘lobal goals and strategies are decided. “he order initiates the manufacturing, lesign and process planning activities. At rach lower level the processing of the order is refined successively until a set of srimitive control instructions is generated o directly operate the manufacturing equipments a ee oe Fig. 18.3 NIST-AMRF Model{lL oo = ey Fig. 18.3 NIST-AMRF ModelTHE NIST - AMRF HIERARCHICAL MODEL Each level of control obtains only that information which is pertinent for the fulfilment of its assignment. Every information needed for making the product like material selection, determination of machining operations and sequences (process plan), calculations of machining parameters, part scheduling, part routing etc,, is generated The management information system knows the order priorities, status of manufacturing equipment, material availability, on-line processing status, quality of products etc. The sensors in the shop floor level collect status information about the manufacturing process and send this information upwards to provide feedback to all levels. Components can be added and deleted with a minimum of effort and disturbance to the activities on the shop floor. The central database contains a complete state description of the factory at any given time, and thus the system can respond immediately to any production change or listurbance.THE SIEMENS MODEL OF CIM + The Siemens model of CIM comprises the main functions of planning, sales, purchasing, production planning and control, computer aided design, computer aided quality control and computer aided manufacture interconnected by intensive information flow. * The requirements for a factory wide data processing system as envisaged in this model are: * What kind of data is generated? * What kind of data is needed and where are they used? * Who administers and maintains the data? * Who is responsible for what data? * What data are kept in common database? + Where must data be obtained from and where must data be sent?THE SIEMENS MODEL OF CIM... In order to be able to process the data in a comprehensive manufacturing system, a ierarchical model of an enterprise is used. Each hierarchical level has its own data rocessing requirements and there exists a steady flow of instructions from the upper sels to the lower ones. In order to control and synchronize parallel activities on each wel, an intensive horizontal data flow takes place. Siemens model also incorporates a ‘omputer Aided Organization (CAO), which comprises accounting, personnel and finance. he Siemens CIM concept is shown in Fig. 18.4 with structured details of every major rodule. For each module, its sub modules are defined and their interconnections are xplained. A description is given on the required interfaces for the data exchange and the ontents of the data, giving special considerations to batch and mass production. Various youts of production systems and assembly stations are also considered.retreat] sss Com as, CUSTOMER Fig. 18.4. Siemens Concept of CIM THE SIEMENS MODEL OF CIM...THE CIM MODEL OF DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION *For the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) CIM is_ the improvement’ of a manufacturing processes with the aid of the computer and the integration of the information processing, of all enterprise activities. + The entire control system is divided into functional modules, which reflect the business and the data. * CIM design starts with the analysis of all manufacturing activities and identifies their functions and data flow. * This assists the layout of physical system leading to a functional model and a physical model of a manufacturing system and its subsystems.THE CIM MODEL OF DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION + The information support technologies described are: + The interface service to data sinks and data sources + The data processing service + The data storage and retrieval service + The networking service for distributed systems.THE CIM MODEL OF DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION * Fig. 18.5 shows a CIM model of DEC, which actually resembles the Siemens model and has many identical features. A well-structured information technology model supports the individual activities of this model. The system integration is a strong effort within the framework of this CIM model. The scope of integration comprises the business functions, data structure, hardware- software architecture and information systems. These are briefly explained below: + Business function integration: For this activity, the business functions are defined and all computer programs are assembled to support them. Combining the internal process functions and defining the data exchange mainly achieve the integration. + Data structure integration: Successful system integration is achieved by organizing all data in a defined physical database in which the logical associations are well structured. An attempt is. made to set up distinct data structures for the various applications and to define algorithms, Which establish links between the data structures.THE CIM MODEL OF DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION * Infrastructure integration: The system architecture is conceived as i distributed environment using heterogeneous hardware and softwar components. Features included are transportable software ani application packages, device independent storage and retrieva unhindered data exchange, unique query languages, unified operatin, systems, common networks and protocols, high modularity ani possibilities of adapting quickly to technology changes. * Information system integration: System integration is considered to b: an ongoing incremental process, which adapts to the ever-presen changes of business functions, data structures and infrastructures.FINISHED PRODUCT Fig. 18.5. CIM Model of DECTHE IBM CONCEPT OF CIM + The IBM CIM architecture facilitates the integration of an enterprise's business processes and information requirements and introduction of technologies and practices like downsizing, distributed processing, and client-server implementation. The investments made in the existing systems are preserved and leveraged through provisions for sharing existing data and applications. + Figure 18.6 illustrates the main components of IBM CIM architecture. This defines a level of common services for CIM solutions and enablers, which assist in the integration of data and processes among applications, including those on platforms in different geographical locations. Enablers are of two types * (i) Systems enabler: This simplifies integration by establishing an infrastructure of common system services to store and manage data, send and receive data, present data view to users and applications, and manage workflow among applications. + (di) Application enabler: The application enablers provide a broader range of integration of services. They provide additional services for families of applications that can be based on the services’ provided by the system enablers at the enterprise level. This provides a high degree of independence from computing platforms and applications in dala sharing,THE IBM CONCEPT OF CIM rao + The IBM CIM architectures uses | optional depositories and data storesto 2 manage an Pa tats * enterprise’s data. This contains shared : q data elements, and data definitions ‘sore (‘tun | recognized I * throughout the enterprise. Operational prowiesro repositories provide access to shared I data for users ee ee Ee * and applications. They also enable the Creation of enterprise-level information Fig. 18.6 The IBM CIM Architecture store and * provide knowledge for benchmarking and continuous improvement.Present Scenario of CIM The manufacturingindustries haveto deal with a number of challengingissues to day. Some of them are: i, Rising customer expectations: Customers demand more and more customized products of higher functionality and quality and short delivery times. ii, Globalization: Trade barriers between countries are fast disappearing, The consequent globalization of the market introduces considerable challenges. iii, Developments in technology: New technologiesmake processes and products obsolete faster than ever. iv, Access to information: The internet has made it possible to access information from any part of the world quickly. This provides both opportunitiesas well as challenges. This also enables every one access to the latest technology. v. Environmental concerns: As more and more countries develoy pressure on the environmentand the raw materials. \dustrially, there is more and more Intense competition: The emerging scenario is that of intense competition among manufacturing ‘companies. The manufacturing companies will have to therefore develop thelr strategies for the future considering the above challenges. In order to make the manufacturing companies to be capable of meeting the future challenges several strategies are being tried out. Some of them are discussed in the subsequent chapters.* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZs3WcBtksc * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sviinl-dz08 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCqN-xTLAXo * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tqfXZ-ApLO