FIRE SAFETY 01/07/2012

SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

WHY MANAGE
FIRE

FIRE and its
MECHANISM

FIRE
By :
IR NIMI BINTI AHMAD
PREVENTION &
MOSH,UUM PROTECTION
july 2010
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Manor Hotel,
Quezon City

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Manor Hotel,
Quezon City CONSEQUENCES OF INCIDENTS

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CAUSES OF FIRE
COMMON CAUSES OF FATALIES

♣ AN INCENDIARY ORIGIN

Delayed awareness of fires
Delayed departure

Exits locked, barred or blocked

♣ AN ACCIDENTAL ORIGIN

Occupants unaware of alternative escape routes
Escape routes untenable due to smoke logging
Occupants walking into the path of fire or smoke
♣ AN ACT OF GOD OR PROVIDENTIAL

Escape routes inadequate in number, size or design

ORIGIN
Occupants unable to help oneself

Sudden explosion or toxic release

Indirect or secondary causes attributed to fire
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Most Fire Deaths are NOT Burn

Victims! 2. WHY MANAGE FIRE

 Causes of Death in Fires –  LEGAL COMPLIANCE : THE LAW SPECIFICALLY

SMOKE
 Hydrogen cyanide
 Hydrocyanic acid
 Carbon monoxide
 Other toxic vapors
 Burns
 Trauma (non-burn).
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REQUIRES EMPLOYERS ENSURE SAFETY AND
HEALTH AT WORK, AND TO TRAIN ITS STAFF ON
SAFETY, INCLUDING FIRE SAFETY
 HUMANITARIAN : MANY PEOPLE ARE
UNNECESSARILY INJURED AND KILLED BY FIRE AT
WORK AND AT HOME, EACH YEAR
 FINANCIAL : TO PREVENT LOSSES THAT A FIRE
CAN CAUSE
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THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GAZETTE BUILDING REGULATION

REQUIREMENT UNDER UBBL 1984

All buildings with volumes in excess of 7,000 cubic Provision for means of escape in case of fire
metres shall be surrounded by a road as a Provisions for early warning fire detection, control &
boundary, or by an open space, that is at least 12 suppression in case of fire
meters wide and can be assessed by BOMBA and Structural stability
their equipment. The extent of the road or open
space shall be as follows : Fire-resistance of elements and structure
Compartmentalization to inhibit fire spread
VOLUME OF BUILDING OPEN SPACE IN TERMS
IN CUBIC METRES OF BUILDING PERIMETER Reduction of spread of flame over surfaces of walls and
7,000 – 28,000 One sixth ceilings
28,000 – 56,000 One quarter Space separation between buildings to reduce the risk of fire
56,000 – 84,000 Half
spread
84,000 – 112,000 Three quarters
> 112,000 Island Access for appliances and assistance to the fire brigade
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3.FIRES AND ITS MECHANISM

Carbon released + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide or monoxide

FIRE

Defined as the self-
Hydrogen ( most fuels) + Oxygen = Water propagating reaction of a
material with oxygen in the air
which results in the rapid
release of energy, usually in
the form of heat and light.

FIRE  Gases +
+ water vapour
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+ heat + light
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• A release of mechanical, chemical, NO SOURCE

OF IGNITION DILUTION NO FIRE
or nuclear energy in a sudden and
often violent manner with the
generation of high temperature
Release of Contact with
and usually with the release of source of
Immediate
FIRE
flammable Ignition
gases. liquid or ignition
• Generally occurs if a flammable gas
mixture under confined conditions
is ignited and starts to build-up Mixing with
Contact with
pressure at a very rapid rate. air to form a
Source of EXPLOSION
flammable Ignition
cloud
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Types of Fires and Explosions Types of Fires and Explosions

1.Pool fire 2. VCE- Vapour

Burning
Burning of a flammable Cloud Explosion
liquid which has been Formation of a vapour
spilled or spread on a cloud, before being
surface ignited, giving velocity
to the resulting fire

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Types of Fires and Explosions Types of Fires and Explosions

3. Jet Fire 4. Fire Balls

Burning of a flammable A ball of fire

gas or liquid, which is enclosing a
released under cloud of
pressure. flammable gas

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Types of Fires and Explosions

Fuel + Oxygen + Heat = Fire
5.BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion)
A type of explosion that The FIRE TRIANGLE represents the three elements
can occur when a needed for fire to occur: heat, fuel, and oxygen.
vessel containing a
pressurized liquid is
ruptured FUEL

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HEAT OXYGEN
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IGNITION SOURCES Overloading

Open flames

Hot surfaces

Chemical reactions

Static electricity

Electrical equipment

Hot plugs and sockets

Fuses that blow for no
obvious reason

Lights flickering
Hot work : grinding,
welding, drilling, blasting

Brown scorch marks on
sockets and plugs
Friction

Lightning

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FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

HOTWORK : GRINDING, CUTTING, WELDING

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CONDUCTION
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FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

01/07/2012 CONVECTION
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4. FLAMMABILITY

Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which it will ignite if a flame

or spark is applied, but at this temperature there is

Flammability Limits insufficient vapour being released to support

Fire Point combustion

Examples: +13 °C for ethanol;
Benzene : -11 oC

Auto-ignition
-22 °C for hexane;
Turpentine : +35 oC
temperature
-43 °C for petrol.

A liquid with Flash Point below normal ambient
temperature presents a greater hazard than one with a
much higher value

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LIMITS OF FLAMMABILITY

Flammability Limit : Range of concentration which a

particular vapour or gas mixture with air will burn when
ignited

Flame is most stable when there is just enough oxygen
for chemical reaction to occur (Stoichiometric
Composition)

Below LFL air is in excess

Above UFL fuel is in excess
CHEMICAL LFL (% in air) UFL (% in air)
Hydrogen 4.0 74.0
Acetylene 2.5 85.0
Methane 5.0 15.0 Stoichiometry" is derived from the Greek words (meaning element and measure.).Its the calculation
of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in a balanced chemical reaction.
Petrol 6.0 13.0
Acetone
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The self-ignition, auto-ignition or spontaneous

ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at
which the substance will ignite spontaneously
without the introduction of a flame or ignition source.

Self ignition temperature

Cotton : 230 oC

Wood : 200 – 220 oC

Paper : 185 oC

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FLAMMABILITY LIMITS

Flammable vs Combustible

Flammable liquids :

flash points below 100oF,

more dangerous than combustible liquids, since
they may be ignited at room temperature

Combustible liquids :

flash points at or above 100oF

Can pose serious fire and/or explosion hazards
when heated
Static electricity

Buildup of electrical charges on the surface of
some object or material.

is usually created when materials are pulled
apart or rubbed together, causing positive (+)
charges to collect on one material and
negative (−) charges on the other surface.

Results from static electricity may be sparks,
shocks or materials clinging together.

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Bond wire
fastened to fill
Electrostatic Discharge pipe or metal
rack
Characteristics : Battery All parts of

Very high voltage, very low current. clip or fill line
special

Dangerous ignition source in combustible connector
should be in
surroundings. If the static electricity charge is high contact with
attached
to tank FLAMMABLE downstream

Protection : before of bond
bonding between the objects, earthing, opening
cover of Alternate
Use conducting wrist straps and foot straps, dome
Location
anti-static mats and humidity control, : most
moist surface area conducts electric charges
harmlessly to earth.
Filling tank truck through open dome

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METHOD OF EXTINGUISHMENT

Cut off fuel OXYGEN

HEAT

Prevent the formation of fire triangle : STARVING Close Valve

of fuel Remove
heat, fuel, oxygen Combustible FUEL

Eliminate / control ignition sources Cut Oxygen Supply OXYGEN HEAT

SMOTHERING Apply Foam,

Eliminate / control fuel supply; Use non Starving of O2 Carbon Dioxide
combustible material, or material of low FUEL
ignitability

Blanket hazardous fuels Apply Water OXYGEN
HEAT
COOLING Water absorbs
stops chain heat readily
reaction and stops
pyrolysis FUEL
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FIRE PREVENTION STRATEGIES STRATEGIES

Avoid sources of ignition
1. Inspect all areas for fire hazards
 Isolate Equipment
2. Educate employees about fire hazards.

Away from areas with
3. Avoid sources of ignition
flammable atmospheres
4. Safe Storage of materials
 Use Spark Arresters
5. Prompt and correct disposal of wastes
 Implement Work Permits
6. Emphasize good housekeeping.

Adherence to safe work
7. Effective ventilation systems
procedures
8. Preventive maintenance on equipment
 Control Chemical Reactions
9. Emphasize on electrical safety.

Work within safe working
10. Enforce fire safety rules parameters.
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HOT WORK

Eg cutting or welding

General guidelines :

Work in designated areas where no
fire risks exist

No combustible material below the
work area or in the vicinity

Availability of fighting equipment and
in good condition.

Fire watcher in high risks situation

Application of hot work permit
Three major goals:

Continuity of operations - intended to prevent the
interruption of critical services necessary for the
public welfare (e.g., a 911 emergency call center).

Property protection - intended to prevent area
wide conflagrations**. At an individual building level,
this is typically an insurance consideration (e.g., a
requirement for financing), or a regulatory
requirement.

Life safety - the minimum standard used in fire and

Re-inspect work area after

building codes
completion.
**a very intense and uncontrolled fire
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Components of Fire Protection Components of Fire Protection

Structural fire protection is typically achieved Passive Fire Protection
via three means:
use of integral, fire-resistance rated wall and

Passive fire protection floor assemblies that are used to form fire
compartments

Active fire protection
intended to limit the spread of fire, or occupancy
separations, or firewalls,

Education

to keep fires, high temperatures and flue gases
within the fire compartment of origin, thus
enabling firefighting and evacuation.

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Passive Fire Protection

Active Fire Protection

manual and automatic detection and
suppression of fires ( Smoke detector,heat
detector), as in using and installing a Fire
Sprinkler system or finding the fire (Fire
alarm) and/or extinguishing it

Components of Fire Protection

Fire Wall
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Fire Sensing/Monitoring System

Flame Sensors Flammable Gas Smoke Sensors Heat Sensors

Sensors

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Fire Extinguisher

°C Colour
Purpose : 57 Orange
To buy time for occupiers to escape 68 Red
79 Yellow
To kill the fire in its early stages 93 Green
Indicates the origin of fire to fire investigators 141 Blue
182 Mauve
227 Black
260

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Components of Fire Protection

Education

Building owners and operators
have copies and a working
understanding of the applicable
building and fire codes, having a
purpose-designed fire safety plan
and

Building occupants, operators and
emergency personnel know the
building, its means of Active fire
protection and Passive fire
protection, its weak spots and
strengths to ensure the highest
possible level of safety

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SUMMARY
Fire Escape Route
Fires can spread fast. Fire deaths are caused by
inhalation of the smoke consists of various type of toxic
gases such as carbon-monoxide ,hydrogen cyanide
,burns and trauma.

Various types of fire : Pool fire, jet fire, VCE, BLEVE, Fire
Balls

Fire Triangle : 3 elements : for fire to occur: heat, fuel, &
oxygen.

Fire spread mechanism : convection, conduction &
radiation

Fire Prevention Strategies : Elimination of fire source ,
igintion, fuel,good housekeeping,education inspection,
electrical safety etc.

Fire Protection : Passive( fire rated walls and doors),
Active (Alarm systems; heat, smoke, flame sensors) and
Education (Safe evacuation; primary escape routes; &
mustering area)

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CUTTING A DRUM?

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What would be the safety plan??
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