RRL (Review of Related Literature) Citation
Summary of the state of existing knowledge on a
research problem or topic. Researchers conducted
literature review to familiarize themselves with existing
knowledge about specific topic.
Process
1. Searching relevant articles
2. Reading and analyzing research reports
3. Writing the description of the existing
information in an ethical manner and based on
standards
Purpose
- Through research report reading and review, a
beginning researcher who is still unsure of what
to study might be triggered by topics that he or
she has read.
Importance
- It enables the researcher to discover what are
known about a certain topic.
Types of Literature
1. Research Literature
- Based on research findings
- Journal articles, literature reviews, abstracts of
research studies
2. Non-research Literature
- Not based on findings
- Literary or artistic works, opinion articles,
brochures, magazines, anecdotes
Sources of research literatures
1. Primary source
- These refer to the description of studies written
by the researcher themselves.
- Researches published in a journal, abstract
prepared by the researcher, dissertations,
thesis, undergraduate researchers
2. Secondary source
- These are description of studies written by
someone else, other than the researcher who
conducted them
- Literature review, abstract prepared by a
reviewer, presentation of research done by
someone else other than the researcher
- Both signpost and acknowledgement
- As a signpost, it signals the location of a source
- As an acknowledgement, it reveals that you are
indebted to that source
This can appear in different formats:
1. In-text citation
2. Footnotes
3. Endnotes
Properly citing sources
Implicit Statement_(Author, Year)
- An e-learning system with higher educational
compatibility is believed to effectively facilitate
the learning processes of students (Xu & Wang,
2006)
Explicit_Author_(Year)_Verb_Statement
- Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that Social
Influence (SI) affects other people’s opinion,
superior influence, and peer influence.
Introductory Phrase with
Verb_Author_(Year)_Statement.
- As suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995) Social
Influence (SI) affects other people’s opinion,
superior influence, and peer influence.
APA DOCUMENTATION FORMAT
BOOK REFERENCE
1. Book (1): Basic form, single author
Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care
and education.
Philadelphia: Balliere Tindall.
2. Book (2): Editors in place of authors
Stock, G., & Campbell, J. (Eds.). (2000).
Engineering the human genome: An exploration
of the science and ethics of altering the genes
we pass to our children.
New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Book manuscript: Submitted but not yet
accepted; 3-6 authors
Walrath, C., Bruns, E., Anderson, K., Glass-
Siegel, M. & Wiest, M. D. (2000). The nature of
expanded school mental health services in
Baltimore City.
 Manuscript submitted for publication.
4. Chapter in edited work: Second or later edition
Roy, A. (1995). Psychiatric emergencies. In H.I.
Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive
textbook of psychiatry. (6th ed., pp. 1739-
1752).
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER REFERENCE
1. Magazine article: Basic form
Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as
dead: Is there really such a thing as brain
death? New Yorker, 36-41. [NOTE: Use vol. no.
if available]
2. Newspaper Article: No author; electronic
version found on searchable, aggregated
database
Mad-cow may tighten blood-donor curbs.
(2001, April 19). The Gazette [Montreal], p.A13.
Retrieved August 25, 2001, from Lexis-Nexis
database.
PRIVATE ORGANIZATION PUBLICATION
1. Publication, private organization: Basic form
Swift, A. c. (1985). Determining our children’s
future (Report no. 12).
Milwaukee: Child Care of Wisconsin.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
1. Journal Article (1): Basic form, single author
Roy, A. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia.
British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 171-177.
2. Journal Article (2): Journal paginated by issue,
3-6 authors
Baldwin, C. M., Bevan, C., & Beshalske, A.
(2000). At-risk minority populations in a church-
based clinic: Communicating basic needs.
Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health, 6(2),
26-28.
3. Journal Article (3): 7 or more authors
Yawn, B. P., Algatt-Bergstrom, P. J., Yawn, R. A.,
Wollan, P., Greco, M., Gleason, M., et al. (2000).
An in-school CD-ROM asthma education
program. Journal of School Health, 70, 153-159.
4. Journal Article (4): In press
Smith, R. W., HUber, R. A., & Shotsbeger, P. G.
(in press). The impact of standards-guided
equity and problem-solving institutes on
participating science teachers and their
students. North Carolina Journal of Teacher
Education.
5. Journal Article (5): In Internet-only journal;
secondary reference
Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., &
Bumbarger, B. (2000, March 30). Prevention of
mental disorders in school-aged children:
Current state of the field. Prevention and
Treatment, 4, Article 1. Retrieved August 24,
2001, from
http://joournals.apa.org/prevention/pre40001a
.html
6. Journal Article (6): electronic version of print
journal that differs from print version (e.g. no
page numbers in text; tables reduced)
Wiest, M. D. (2001). Toward a public mental
health promotion and intervention system for
youth. Journal of School Health, 71, 101-104.
Retrieved August 25, 2001, from ProQuest
database.
7. Journal Article (7): Special issue of Internet
journal based on print source
Hackett, E. J. (Ed.). (1994). Perspective on
scientific misconduct [Special issue, electronic
version]. Journal of Higher Education, 65 (3).
CONFERENCE PAPER
1. Conference Paper: Basic form
Crespo, C. J. (1998 March). Update on national
data on asthma. Paper presented at the
meeting of the National Asthma Education and
Prevention Program, Leesburg, VA.
2. Poster Session: Form for non-online version
would be the same except for retrieval
statement
Binh, N. X., McCue, C., & O’Brien, K. (1999
October). English language and development
work at Vinh University, Nghe An Province.
Poster session presented at the Fourt
International Conference on Language and
Development, Hanoi, Vietnam. Retrieved
August 23, 2001, from
http://www.languages.ait.th/hanoi/binh.html
DISSERTATION
1. Dissertation (1): Abstracted in Dissertation
Abstracts International (DAI); obtained from
university
 Fisher, C. J. (1999). The status of health Plagiarism- wrongful use of idea or language of another
education in California’s public school districts: author and representing them as if they are your
A comparison to state and national original work.
recommendations and staus reports(Doctoral
How to prevent plagiarism
dissertation, University of Southern California,
1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 1. Develop a topic based on previously written
(02), 1926. material but ensure that you also write
2. Dissertation (2): Abstracted in DAI; obtained something new and original
from UMI 2. Ensure that you are making a contribution by
Embar-Seddon, A. R. (2000). Perceptions of improving upon those opinion
violence in the emergency department. 3. Do not fall to give credit where and it’s due
Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (02), 4. It is advisable that researcher follows a certain
776A. (UMI No. 9963641) documentation format like APA
3. Dissertation (3): Retrieved from online
database Penalties of plagiarism
Embar-Seddon, A. R. (2000). Perceptions of 1. Failing the course
violence in the emergency department. 2. Receiving zero in an assignment or project
[Abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International, 3. Suspension
61 (02), 776A. Retrieved August 23, 2001, from 4. Losing one’s earned degree
http://www;ib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit996
3641 Research framework

GOVERNMENT REPORT A research framework illustrates the structure or

blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher
1. Government Report (1): From Government formulate relevant research questions.
Printing Office (GPO); organization as author
(group author) Types of research framework
National Institute of Mental Health. (1998). 1. Theoretical framework- commonly used for
Priorities for prevention research (NIH studies that anchor on time tested theories that
Publication No. 98-4321). Washington, DC: U.S. relate the findings of the investigation to the
Government Printing Office. underpinning relevant theory of knowledge.
2. Government Report (2): Obtained online; 2. Conceptual framework- refers to the actual
organization as author (group author) ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that
U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report of the specifically support the study. It is primarily a
surgeon general’s conference on children’s conception or model of what is out there that
mental health: A national section agenda. the researcher plans to study.
Washington DC: US Department of Health and
Human Service. Retrieved on August 25, 2001, Purpose of conceptual framework
form
1. To make research findings meaningful
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/chilreport.htm
2. To link observations and facts into a meaningful
l
and orderly structure or scheme
5 types of plagiarism 3. To allow researcher to make prediction on the
occurrence of phenomena
1. Plagiarism of words 4. To serve as catalyst for future research
2. Plagiarism of structure endeavors
3. Plagiarism of ideas
4. Plagiarism of authorship Developing a framework
5. Plagiarism of self
1. Select a topic and clarify your objectives
2. Review the literature and discuss problem with
colleagues
3. Develop ideas based on the reviewed literature
and based on one’s own experiences
4. Create a conceptual scheme based on the
developed ideas