ORAL COMMUNICATION  Decoding- interpreting the encoded

message of the speaker by the

Communication
- is a process of sharing and
conveying messages or information from
one person to another within and across
channels, contexts, media and cultures.
(McCornack, 2014)
-came from the Latin word
“communicare”, which means sharing.
Types of Communication:
receiver.
 Understanding- the idea’s point
 Feedback- the response
Models of Communication
*Noise- anything that hinders the
communication.
1. LINEAR- one-way (public speaking,
monologue, mass communication)

1. Oral
SENDER RECEIVER
2. Written MESSAGE

3. Gestural

5 Elements of Communication:
2. INTERACTIVE- two-way(interview,
1. Sender/ Speaker – the source of formal debates, forum, classes,
information or message. digital conversations)
2. Message- the information, ideas, or
thoughts conveyed by the speaker
in words or in actions. SENDER MESSAGE
RECEIVER
3. Receiver- the recipient of the
message, or someone who decodes RECEIVER SENDER
the message. FEEDBACK

4. Channel- the medium or the means,

such as personal or non-personal, 3. TRANSACTIONAL- casual
verbal or non-verbal, in which the conversations
encoded message is conveyed.
5. Feedback- the reactions, responses,
or information provided by the SENDER RECEIVER
receiver.
MESSAGE

*Context- the environment where RECEIVER FEEDBACK SENDER

communication takes place.
Functions of Communication:
Process of Communication
1. Control- to control behavior
 Stimulus- triggering factor
2. Social Interaction- allows individuals
 Ideation- producing different
to interact with others.
ideas/message
3. Motivation- motivates or encourages
 Encoding- converting the message
people to live better.
into words, actions or other forms
that the speaker understands. 4. Emotional Expression- facilitates
people’s expression of their feelings
 Transmission- deciding on how the
and emotions.
speaker shows the message
5. Information Dissemination- to convey
 Reception- the receiving
information.
Barriers to Communication
*Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of
communication.
1. Speaker-Generated Noise
-lack of confidence
-wrong pronunciation
-inadequate volume of voice
-insufficient information
-unpreparedness
-incorrect grammar
2. Listener- Generated Noise
-poor listening habits
-unreceptiveness to new ideas
-low interest level
-unwillingness to concentrate
3. Environmental Noise
4. Listener- Generated Noise
-both ends
-difference in age, religion,
experience, education and culture
-lack of trust
-intimidation
Intercultural Communication
-happens when individuals interact,
negotiate, and create meanings while
bringing in their varied cultural
backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999).
-influenced by different ethnicities,
religions, and sexual orientations.
-simply put, intercultural
communication is the sending and
receiving of messages across languages
and cultures.
Characteristics of Competent Intercultural
Communicators (World Bank, 2010)
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate
high levels of uncertainty.
2. Reflectiveness and mindfulness
3. Open-mindedness
4. Sensitivity
5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent
thinking(or thinking creatively) and
systems-level thinking(or thinking how
each one in a system or organization
influences each other )
7. Politeness
Note that in addition to culture, other
elements such as gender, age, status, and
religion must also be taken into
consideration when communicating with
others.
Tips on Talking to Someone without
Showing Bias:
1. Avoid stereotypes, generalizations
about a certain group.
2. Challenge gender norms; avoid
using “he” and “man”, you may use
plural pronouns; the use of “his/her”
is also acceptable.
3. Do not talk down on younger people
and the elderly.
4. Be sensitive to the religious practices
of others.
5. Be polite at all time; do not belittle
people you perceive to be on a
lower social class than you.
Speaker’s Purpose
a. To Inform – to share knowledge and
facts.
b. To Persuade – ask audience to have
a change of heart or to do
something, in sales
c. To Entertain
Verbal Cue
-is a prompt that is conveyed in
spoken language from one person to
another or a group of people.
Types:  Spells out important words
 Lists on board, or reads a list, allows
1. Emphasis- cues which are given time to take notes
to focus attention on important  Speaks more slowly
information.  Speaks more loudly
 You need to know  Stresses certain words
 You need to note  Uses different voice tone
 You need to understand  Asks questions not meant to be
 You need to remember answered by students
 You need to underline
 You need to think about Non-Verbal Cues
 This is important -nonverbal communication between
 This is key people is communication through sending
 This is basic and receiving wordless clues
 Listen carefully -we also communicate by these
 Let me emphasize cues which refer to the process of sending
 Let me repeat information through ways that do not
 Let me explain require the use of language. For example,
 Let me make clear we might communicate support by giving
 Why is it? someone a high-five or by hugging them.
-the expression of messages through
2. Organizational- cues which are facial expressions, gestures, and body
given to help the listener language, is essential to successful
understand the order, sequence, relationships in the workplace.
or relationship of the information
in the lecture. Types:
 The topic is
 Today we shall discuss 1. Paralanguage (rate, pitch,
 To introduce volume, quality, intensity/ tone,
 First of all tempo)
 Second, third, etc. 2. Facial Expressions
 Then, 3. Kinesics (body movements and
 Next, posture)
 As a result, 4. Gestures
 Main headings to be discussed are 5. Eye messages
 Will make several points 6. Touch
 In the following order 7. Voice
 In conclusion 8. Proxemics (space and distance)
 To summarize
 To review Functions:
 To recap
 To go back over  Accenting – calling attention to a
key part of a message, when you
3. Mannerism- cues used by a put an accent on it, you create
specific teacher, sometimes like a emphasis, making the item stand out
habit, and indicate something to by amplifying it.
be noted is coming up.
 Repeats the words or phrases for
emphasis
 Example: stamping, increasing
volume, moving forward, slowing
down
 Moderating – opposite of accenting
as it seeks to reduce attention, or
removing emphasis.
Example: reducing volume,
speeding up, being incoherent
 Complementing- similar to
accenting, but covers a wider range
of the message. Speech is paralleled
by nonverbal communication that
aligns with what is being said.
Example: when talking about sad
things, lowering the head and using
a sad tone. Or , when seeking to
excite, being animated in body and
voice.
 Contradicting- sending a nonverbal
message that disagrees with what is
being said. Delivers confusion. May
also happen subconsciously when
lying.
Example: saying no while gently
nodding. Or , saying “I didn’t do it”
while rubbing the nose and pulling at
the collar.
 Regulating- sending signals when
speaking. A typical use is around
starting and ending the speech. It
can also be used to regulate the
speech of others, indicating that you
want them to stop or you want to
say something.
Example: breaking or making eye
contact, or giving a final and firm
nod, when you have finished
speaking. Or , raising eyebrows when
you are about to start speaking.
 Repeating- is like complementing or
accenting, but with a delay
between the verbal and nonverbal
communication. This acts as an
emphasis, as in another form of
repetition.
Example: saying no then shaking
head afterwards. Or , asking for help
then, after a short delay during
which they do not respond, rising
eyebrows and saying “Hmm?”
Mastery of Non-Verbal Communication is
Important for Several Reasons, which are:
1. It enhances and emphasizes the
message of your speech, thus
making it more meaningful, truthful,
and relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings,
attitudes, and perceptions without
you saying a word.
3. It can sustain the attention of
listeners and keep them engaged in
the speech.
4. It gives the audience a preview to
the type of speaker you are.
5. It makes you appear more dynamic
and animated in your delivery.
6. It serves as a channel to release
tension and nervousness.
7. It helps make your speech more
dramatic.
8. It can build a connection with
listeners.
9. It makes you a credible speaker.
10. It helps you vary your speaking style
and avoid a monotonous delivery.
7 STRATEGIES TO BECOME A BETTER PUBLIC
SPEAKER
1. Think out your ideas
2. Be prepared
3. Start confidently
4. Make eye contact
 5. Slow down
6. Stay steady
7. Be human
TOP 9 CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE
PUBLIC SPEAKERS
1. Confidence
-“There are only two types of
speakers in the world” (Mark Twain)
 The nervous
 The liars
-Two main antidotes for
anxiety
 Excitement
 Authenticity
2. Passion
-exude a level of sincerity in
your emotion.
3. Be yourself
-practice, not memorization
-speak in a natural voice
8 MASTER STRATEGIES FOR PUBLIC SPEAKING
4. Voice Modulation
-avoid using a tone that seems
too well rehearsed.
5. Keep it Short and Sweet
-adults can only sustain
attention for around 20
minutes and that their short-
term response to the stimulus
that attracts attention is only 8
seconds (Dukette and
Cornish,2009)
-if speech is longer than 20
minutes, break it up into
smaller chunks of information
(max of 20 minutes per chunk)
6. Connect with your Audience
-best ways to connect with
SPEECH CONTEXT
audience:
 Tell stories
 Be aware of your target
audience
 Know the energy in the
room
 Be willing to poke fun of
yourself
 Work on your nonverbal
language
7. Repetition
-help ensure your audience
takes the main points away
from your presentation.
8. Don’t just Practice, Practice,
Practice
-practice your presentation in
a right way
9. Conclusion
-the best way to give an
inspiring presentation is by
having a message that you
believe in that the audience
can connect to.
1. PRACTICE – a one-minute speech
meant 1 hour of preparation
(Churchill)
2. HAVE A HOOK- within the first two
minutes, the speaker delivers his / her
Big Idea.
3. SHUT UP- using the power of silence
4. KEEP IT REAL
5. KEEP THEM WISHING ON A STAR
6. SPEAK WITH YOUR BODY- touching,
eye contact, facial expressions
7. GET MOVING- make movements
that emphasize your words; take
advantage of the space.
8. GET ON THE STAGE
1. Intrapersonal- communication that
centers on one person as the sender
and the receiver of the message; just
like talking to yourself.
  Shakespeare’s Hamlet; “To be
or not to be”
2. Interpersonal- communication
between and among people and
establishes personal relationship
between and among them; just like
talking to someone.
- Dyad communication (between
two people)
- Small group (at least three but
not more than twelve people
involved; where leadership arises)
3. Public Speaking- communication
that requires you to deliver or send
the message before or in front of a
group (hundreds to thousands of
people)
4. Mass Communication –
communication that takes place
through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, books,
billboards, internet and other types
of media.
 Employers and employees
 Doctor and patient
 Judge and lawyer
4. CASUAL- used by peers and friends
using slang and jargons.
 Carps----R.U.G (are you
going?)
 Pics----Images
 Mom’s Jeans----high and
wasted
 Scoobs----No
 Gumps-----thanks
 Pots------ Ok
 Salt----- as in
 Sharks------ patingin
5. INTIMATE- private, occurs between or
among close family members or
individuals; non-public and does not
follow any linguistic form.

SPEECH STYLES

1. FROZEN- frozen in time and remains

unchanged.
 Lord’s Prayer
 Preamble to the Constitution
 Allegiance to Country/ Flag
-Static (steady, does not change)
-Archaic (old)
-Ritualistic (ceremonies)

2. FORMAL- one-way, straightforward,

impersonal
 Sermon of the priest
 Speeches
 Pronouncement of judges
PREPARED BY: MARIELLE U. SANDOVAL

3. CONSULTATIVE- two-way,
professional discourse
 Student and teacher