Also As Je from MeGraw-Hil ‘Schaum's Outline Series in Mechanical Engineering Mot stn iene he hs; ad aie fhe problem ad eames rote nth eo Tite on the Current List Incl: ete Beto Eng Hae mate hid Manes € yao 24 on Stent of Mates, 2 ton Indico HagearegCletione Tarn tie Schaum's Solved Problems Books Related ites om the Current List Include: 20 Sad Protos real Egon $e sod Potan FdMechn dan on Sed Pon es Alen oon Sed fbn Mehul Eagewing Teed 5 Ste tin in etor Mecham Bagi: aie {9 food Phim in Vsr Moa res: St Tegan, 30 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS Third Edition James W. Dally ofr of Men! Eng tes 9 Mapa Cole William F. Riley“eels neu bana evn ane MMi ‘edad Ba ime ‘Se capsn oro Te Tol Bk ‘ep 100,17 6b Maia a A He ea Pe {SRE ron sy Ie) O--036218-7 ng Cain Pn ae ABOUT THE AUTHORS James . Dally obtain! shel of wiece die sed a maser fence ere both intact Care tat Technolgy We obit «doctors dept neon ow ens to Teco Tog. Heat tpt st Corel Unter etna este of elo the Univ of hoe od ee cently pte nthe Depart of Meshal Egsoeerng ste Univesity of Nason ‘Praesor Daly haste worked the Mest Machine Conny, Araour Reseach Fouéition, od 10M, Fale Stas Dison, He slow of ‘Ann Soo of Mehul Enger, Sey or Erprinental Macha, td Amerson Abney of Macatee Teed othe National Acne ‘tagineeing 1984 ad was appl as Honorary mae othe SoS Tor Expesnaiel Mechanic in 193, ‘Profanor Dally has csuthore Sve boks: Rayer Stes Anaba, Proolatc Coatngr, Innere for ngieing Menu, Sate and ‘Dynamic Phovcaty ond Cts, an Packing of ete Sens ‘ar witen over 100 scents peer sad kee ott ‘Willan F. ey ols the ack of Distegused Protsor actus ithe Colegs of Engtering at lows Sst Univer. ered bachelor of Selene Spc i ec ening rom he Caren nto Tshno= Togyin 98 ana master af asenes degree in mechan rom en Fe ot Tochnslogy 18, He worked fom 1951 t 1954 as « mechan eer for be Masta Machine Company inthe dean tnd degen spent ed ‘avy mache tol Prom 1984 to 1986 he caged in expel sia uly activites at ITT Reseaeh Insite a9 woah gar, menage of ‘teexperimetl ere sans poup nay cece ave to ti meas ‘escrch von During he sumer of 1965 1970 ered a sat For USAID/NGP i Ind intr sues inst prog or alee tence Se 1946 he has bc nung easter loa State UsersProfesor Raby wat id flow ofthe Society for paint Mes ics" 977 and an honorary meter i 1986 fn 197 be reveed the NLM. Foch Awad ofthe Sooxy for xprnental Mechanic or execs [enineaingscntn an in 990 wa he rose fhe Meas von Disuuuhed Eonar Amanda the Abecn Solty for Eaginering Pace ‘Professor Riky has pubis approximately 30 echnical apes ng ‘wih dies al open ana an nermationl jurado “Mores book: Bsprbna Sven Avan Photomechns, ‘Exe of Meson Masha of Matera, ramentato fo Engine Manono aed Irction ech of Moria Part Preface List of Symbols Elementary Elasticity and Fracture Mechanics a Stree $e eo nm Season iomshipe SER Dan i Cpt an Sa Pa CONTENTScomo Part Strain-Measurement Methods and Related Basie Equations and Plane-Hasticty Theory rrmnton ct 9 = aa aro ‘Sane tad Degen Ce Coe Sad ‘Stjetedo Un Teas au Plementary Fracture Mechanics ‘Steer Dts kM na Unio Lande Pte Gutcp roy SRE te Re dt ot Ci ip Instrumentation 5 Introduction to Strain Measurements ti iin Stem loctrcal-Resistanee Strain Gages Si Ahan Noir Mate Peter Oneness fel Sin Gat Strain-Gage Cirsats ‘ae Pct ads Apan 1 Sinn Menarnest (Gt art ‘ates arch cogs Chee cof ant Wie Sith to Shy Rs “er io Reconding Instruments Dyan este oy ‘Dyn ecard a med que ‘ramen a Heh Pega Dyn Rerdg yikes ‘acorn een Ropome Strain-Analysis Methods ‘pe ser case " EERE ESSEUEESERE EBPart mL 10 n re Ea a Optical Methods of Stress Analysis Basie Optics Toe Nate of ik ‘Wa ary a eso tos Reaon ens Feat by Lt nd Mio Specs Sd Cn Moiré Methods Mase Fraps Pods by Maca nerrece ‘The enn! Apu Mout Pg ges 2 ag enh Me eh ‘Stiga Muto of Molt rings ‘peut Procite aed Tour ‘Theory of Photoelasticity ‘The Ser ps Lae ‘Miss as Sed Mod ins Pare Porson {Dwi ila Azaegomet 4) —_ ‘aS ode In a Chae Plone abies ‘ei Paton Tarp Copeman) ‘eect Patan 1h epee “ 1 Aye ety ye and tunebite “ Bt Eeiecerpiers icine ft 1 pti Mao fr Damn Pas 2 Rue a AU MgherPwaner tos Dacmig Ron . ae ‘2 wg Somerton i eer reat te i AE Meta for Dating i Tre: Dinesion! Bde a PML IV Costing Mesos 15 Po Cong ie Gata i z(13, Fee mcr Con Part V_Application of Statistics ‘Stace Daton Panto 165 Rogreswon Aly pry Index eaaes: ae PREFACE 1 this revi ted eon we have retuned the eal fete of the pe tos spiel Ses nts bh i [tpn tlc se psn Ian The pat 12 yers and fave aed + spieantatount few rte ot Festive nostic, eel methods, and slit vation ef experiment sa The Woes mati has Bon rnd into ie pr Pan, "emonary Blasi race Mechanics” conics thee hg cys on tiny ato Sey ac Part, StiMensrement Methods a Rese natumestaton” on tains ie chars Being witha odor ape eeriig the general ‘spect stain exsreme. One chapter coves exe stance sala {2b ante core agai coining seis The cet ‘Syopret in recording intrest ntrcce cpl conver and Spal ata storage and prosesing The ape on sols toss hasbeen ‘sanded to state techigs for deeming ses eos ators, cack Inti ough, sd edad sues, Pat IL “Opical Methods of Stem Anas” conti ve chapter, egining with «shop on hai oper wk neler» encpion of the ‘tod of eac,The texte of oi ha bot expel to 9 complete ‘Shaper, wish coves othe es oie methoes an the more made bowers of mote inteenety The Wement of potest has been feduct to two layers to rovide spac forthe mote mode etperineaal Std ed tn A hap orig mhPast 1V, “Coming Methods” soning single cape which combines the experimental appraches of fh contigs And eile contigs The Sevdapst of tess in bo thse contigs ent! hough the ‘pon of ich costing thee tener ile Applian of cating {© prot ie nother common ature that np i hi her. Tart Appston of Saati” contain single chapter ado in seam 10 the Hepatios wf sew sevewer The eaves i pote feed 1 show the appton of static i emtang the erry of ‘periments and in prone the metho of seping exer ls Fach pr the book oes independents ha the itr ean tw ute table in skton ofthe sours semen. Perla, fo ot thors eas on ain pgs an be feed ying wo chaps Pat Tan ao Par IL Pars {apd I on be combien to pre thar {tre or four oure on pho) and mr Saeed chaps om {efit oor parcn og ood the bender Bel of experimen ‘ew ana Acompl dtl Westnet of esate mater ewer the fevtandsppcmenied wth aorta exper on bi catgs, sai ab, Pooley, and ma wil ee to ht cet our "The cowie! Estar of te et ist emptor ototroduing the tic rage of epstimental metho fo the agent A remoesbly deep coverape ‘Spmntd of ethers ogee to nde xpronntl strc sal and ‘te fou plnary wets employed ate cong, sn ges, ae. ‘Sets and mot. While the pnry emp pled on th Cory of ‘Sormental sto all he ipa eine teiqde soceted ‘ithaca mor etd are cvee safe dt oft the ‘adolf eg labratery mork with 2m endrsanng of expres prcevresFaece degre ta spor at een the etn! oso {te apleton ofthe theory Bae bon plas tte ef enh hac Torsion exes hae not bom ine nce the Ieboratry work vl depend strongly on le eons auch atthe egepnent sed pee ‘late the erate ofthe isrctor and tests, ob the hcl ina robe fcarver beved tha the ran Be ed fponty ts smoot library execs ot ke tao nee, eine, opine rat or npr lent ook of te bok, howe, sect lations and bling sis di not peat overge of ster! important tops sol as lop, fle thers, aed ‘Sondesctie ong erste tha thinsrator wil corn nates, trate top by tng hor er own lates note tb ing resent paper pals i the edn ours. The aos hope Unt mos ssn i Snot ofthe enamel mel mie opel x complete and pata ours oe the ory of epee sar aan tet “Toe material pote hae hu en soe by fh athos over riod of 8 you Cour have ben devlopel om experimental sre tale phucochstty, and photomeanks atthe Minis Insite of Tecan, {Crs Univer tows State Une, nd the Univeraty of Margin Te ‘nuleel hat bu shoe to be nee ad song y the dent ‘arigpung in thee tov The maleate eplyed fn he extent oe sly te enersod ymin derraater Cartan notte "oation eben we oes understanding of the fd estos eet “fl oft wos devoted fo the seston and peptation of Ue set twployed. Those eompsner the ea und should a ape ‘renting th malt the ede “Theconttons oanysesigntor woking incxperinental mecarce sould he eto. Ths eion repre samy oa te mare tie thar wich he ton Spe he ciao sof any one be has a ith Dre Senor nd, Si cobsges tthe Une Sf Marland, wich proved fet 90 he ew mata cad in i Feyion Next we acktwlsge the xcct stats prowioat by Fe (Giang. Chon, A). Daa, JF Kalb, W-P-. Noth, D Pos. Senor, WM. Stop © W. Sat 2B Tayo ante many spins of Commerc eepmant Thanks area) dv to Rober avin US. Mary ‘any, West Pot; Gaza Kars, Calton Unersy: Barve Kimeck, Unneity of Mineo, RE Rowan, Unety of Wscomin, Madson arvey Shar Sup Joe State Unvery; CW. Sith, Vig Paco Unirersty: ana A.A Sokere, Unies of Miu Colo fr tha ela ‘even of the ansoa mer W. Day Win FeyLIST OF SYMBOLS G q mmm ma P Poe oh ane. asepltudeafaght wave per wi ftenth ata maget a ‘ster bounds ‘ate stew opi coteiat esa of iit in a vaca Ses opel vein apna ‘alvannde soetant eating coment of est ‘poumencotisent oes ‘fice of ation Poko ato mitatch cotton tor egre of damping men devon ‘apg cote Samet Yolume dstation +25 45) Mid damping constant 4g dest of ptographe la sles cate ‘Ssromotve Foro vas ‘magnitude opt vector ‘oda feltsah tar or ane 1 poi rin, 2 bas ole modus feat of conting beck dosrometve free 2B, expose neta of photographic: lero vote 2B mol of larity of «einen Enola of Srey of abating en 7 foal eth of ne J fequens sain toweney fo banat "% smpling ate [tcl rang vole (ae see ngs vale toe ‘oy. tuning conection tor Fey snoreag conto to nat ore object somponnts fhe Body rc ity TELECE, pol component o th bates nen 4 cory lens rate rack extension Fore thet module of tatty tno! spring const ip ary I erence 1 thekoee caret deity nny of et Inert fener gh baaponeter carat Inc of niet ight inant of eo Ip fs a hr variant of 8 os more of nia Tint oon, ad hr nari of ain dete conta bate mods sotto icy opti saa coetiet Ss intent tor (opening made) rch iat ough IK) Ses nest tor hear ode) jp Ses incest ator earieg de) "E transencmiy or Ky compres conan teath pe ena ent teats Inde fraction index of setacton slo the pial dietions inl eons ‘eer oli etandaton ge oer ‘mer of altation vale tomer of rae eres fume of cts Dich af emo arate fore apd ood ower dey rk growth ean ‘ation ecient Prmnn nels os to? eres x22ees oF ae Banoo,A capacve eta 2 equlent esistine ge rita yp menaringicit resistance Ry paral etor 1K, Si eitor Rexel rntanee ditace svt cla sorts long a otc ‘Sse ind ll tai ey of ge 84. stin sey of = materia deste Sop tonometer cio senitvity ‘Sy nwt of ans, efter SSE nin seni of semicondactor materia Sp standard ever Sp glance ses tense T peo 1 temperate T trae 1 tranainon cote 11, rant re Tay Tuy Thon components fhe ean tos i crea component of th tas trations Tolar ompoaet of dace eigen volge ie fine aa a wah Sample mean ‘Wovergand cores ss function age of niece staks eeticent of thermal expansion olmang ange Sage of ration oats! of ermal expansion age of rscion fepertae count of resity Shear srin components par boris ttcerent ar ple dlerece ‘lave pase dreace estan change dae to leprae ora saa component polar soorits thecholdsae fo eit coating uedera uni tate sts oemtan component cataian enor Pipl ae ees Pritt are eae in outing Princ acral sein a peice rons er ‘regs eetion nga deletion of genome {ares constant sanclegth moby of cage caresEXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSISPART ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY AND FRACTURE MECHANICSCHAPTER 1 STRESS. 1 INTRODUCTION ‘Ae experimental srs anaet mist have 4 hough undetanding of tem ‘aan he ae renga ost For ths eso, he et ths ear ‘ft eachave ee devoted tote semen cont oI hry of easy “The at chaper dae wi ene produced in body do to extal ad yore Kadi. Th second chptr tls wath ermal sane Pouce bythe sings and with elton Stwcen th seme nse The Tied ape crv pce probes nthe theory a iy, tartan soe lage part offtcoure in experiment! sr anaes ith t60- Aimeainal prin A ne he ses fanton aproach the tion ‘Spline protic Upos comping te subset mater ofthe ft hres cape ‘tht the ton should ves fr estan rand saad ‘oeld fe ale save some ofthe oe ementaytwo-ensona obs ‘nthe thoy of sty by wing the Ate ncon approach res ude ig eatin wal tel the el ss len osu stracturer hl ack ernie ws Stele sow hat conventional ‘tong sin, to mater ow actly cited, ett as suit To "aan stra tity under operon contons. The El of say ‘hich ones rackascaon tur sono ppd Ide knows Sree mechs Ate ttl of rmuch ding the Pant dae, tre inclu now ud to slve many paces engineering roams in are ‘hae bean ltedard to pone the adnt wih = ri eaten se12. DEFINITIONS, “Te baste offre at on hy to rede sts. Foro the tt tread afer or he single reton hat they atom te ces othe Uy Suc forte te peal eeted waen ane Hy come in conte wth pote Pree othe scope ae sled dy frees Sine they atom each ‘leno tebe econ oul by center ‘uo ote fore eT mot Soston oy foes ae rational blog ‘peoetl to soe degree nint allen For uny proba ep ons were thy reso smal compare withthe sce rcs rset ht they a nesta witht itasg ous or Body fret ue ind the wen aay fo the ake of comple. "Coie a by nara exert sere, whic may be plane | curioan at sown la Fig Over sll eA of thse nthe ‘paoriond fan arty pin Ps ptem frees ols which haa ean ‘esr bythe wstor AP inthe figure shld be ool thatthe in 0 ‘hon ofthe rol! fons tor Ay door nat nce ole with he ‘ocr sorel wove wth he mento aes AA It sult xc AF, ‘Buvided uy the rome! of tea Ath svrgs es wel sts ve te eh i ste tate nits 44 approaches ee ago deine at he ean cn Taga he pin Poon, Ta ting prose ate uation form bao oi wy “Teli of ation oie eae T snide wth he sof acon ofthe rt fee AF ales Fi Ts pera nok at his ‘Su the ent ies ea fee ot he poston fhe ptt Tine body aa the econ of be ane whch pes through he plat in senile bye outer onal Ina body subjected to an aoary stem ‘Feat, bovk the gta the Aen te restates Ta 30) pF change a the anton ofthe pane tnx consideration hing ‘Ae ated in Fi 12s publ ole Ty int wo componsts one os normal othe srs e Know the ean formal ses, he the ‘Sopot towns he ean shrine ty i rat ing mms eb om he reat Cos fs usw oe nt the postive det a shown in Tig 13 tera steed wi is pra suce easd io somponcts slong the ya 0, Be ret as epee uu oy Oa Te cpt cy raring enc sins hat el othe ras we ones ion ie components oral se ss at olf te sce Iie me pole folwed tng srs whore ot normals re inthe poste rand esto wo marr of cretanconjonent itl ayn Th ie ie mT eet ao be oer nl sma ‘utr nora pale the sani ‘utr sansa pall they ae ‘utr sora pratt om thi ary ti ee ta lo asi component of wes alt These ‘rons can Re arnged onthe cso smal cable cement shonin Fig The sip conetion employed pacing the caren tes components (othe asthe a lon te ote nota dating the oe face(6 sanencn ater 0 mien caer {sin the dicton of nseaing 9. 4 he tensed norma ad he Srevenapenetarealo nth Giocon ol postive so If theoter nora is ie dinton of neanne = yor thon the taal and sear ses rnpennt ae slo inthe dition of eat J of As OF su ‘Sven thei sect refer tothe oer aol ae dens the plane “om which th tos cnponet ac wor be cond ssc es the econ in whet he sn te aly or ermal ses pose ss Inet tonsion ad agate sgn inate compeson 13. STRESS AT 4 POINT [Aa vas pif nro win «oy raga and ction fhe ‘atin ster, fapend wpa te octton of he lane pase tk th fuin Than ie mune of elses dor can ee to ee evan sh it en aaa utr lay De thru each po tea to sbow,howeer at thera and ection {tne a how eens yore cn bo seta i te af the ine fran componente cso aig th pint Tine besa by ebaeng Suitorom ote cman rah town eign th ure he Ser sting nt oor fn he otcton erect ye ‘Serpe lor arrage alos det fy pang ~ apn ovethe ss Sener ‘nto In dro th tetrabadon to on ecuiba, he flowen condition ‘But Ke sl Fint onder out the «deta TA ~ Bago} ~ eC 9) EA 8 0,2)+ FMA = ‘wheat — lite of erahadeon Waren of ae aredron = teage bay force ites in x ection 1, = spot of stant sts In ection Au As Aon, hae A 05a he pootins ofthe aren A on {he ex abd yo, pet By lating the altace h» 0, afer listing the common far tom cach fhe expen can esr ht te bey re lem wns he ‘Sera stmt ect tess a the ot Pd the previous expesion ra cOne + recone + rgemHtns) —— (128) resins ae oan by contig einai they and = Tym treOslhad +s c0R Cs) + pcorfu2) (2) Tem rtOuln D+ H, cosh euconle 3) — (120 ‘One the tne crn sooner of the easter pata pane have bon determined y employing Fg (12), the maga of the rest ‘aT can be dtomind y ung he eprenion Maa JESTER“The the istion coins wich dt the eof ation of he ean es ‘Te sora es andthe sesig ss which Aon the plane onder ‘oeieation ae Ye obtained Bom the express ey=RJcon (sm) and ty= Malin) ‘The ange Stneen the untrue vector T at he normal 0 the plane n {bedstead 8 wg the wellenown reli sgt) = a8 (0 (3) +68 3) 28 (9) os 2) 20602) Ie shoud tobe od that tenors ze ca determined by coasting the nection ee Ty, at ota the nol to th ne wader conser font) + Tyco 9 Te 60 2) Once Hen determi, sc ny be found ses ~ tae 14 STRESS EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM lv fosy sje to a genera ten of toy and sche fores se of Navabe magn nd econ ae priced ought he ly The dab lon of thoe rnc mst be uch tat te veal squbriom of he body Tonto forermors, eit a ech cement ithe body. mut be Totnne: This son del hte sien oth neers of the boy On the spent shown i Fig 16, only tho sess and bate ‘Semone hat the dreaton ae abowa, Sina omponeal eed etl they tat detons The str alae shown te average steht {he face oa slomen which i asmed fo evry small A summation oes ie distin ge nem 9 Soin nnn om baying tse sing ee en Divine hous by ddd ier Hen Bn ng pa a ae ay ae a By coming th fore and ates componsets inthe yan = ection i can os, ng Mi ng Me a9 om 9M Bon a9 here Hs Fy Fy ate bose ian Gi Ij? ot Nw) inte 008 econ, pec, "atone (3) athe welbAnown ses eqpatos of equim which any thew of capeimentaly ota te dation mist sty Ia ‘Puig tee ogateny, tee of heat oglitiom comin: hve ben xloed. The re vemunng condos ca te eed Wo esable aon Feaenshige betwen the ses "Conse the ent showin ig. 7, Only tone ne component which vil pre «moment abate 7s ar shown Sac the oor em10 enn maser crn stone ee is ha oon sled ith it rg athe cent of be eon th ema ese [Shoponetrand ine bod fore domo res ny meats "matin of mementabou the yang the lowing exresin: (08) eat (or Bet cnt (cur et) aac = of Tint a . “Tee mining two eqlitean condins cam be wel ie ilar maner to case tet oo ony Ss oe) “Te equa hon a (4) rele the ine atin components of a68 to independent compononin which maybe epee a he allowing ay mee tt 15 LAWS OF STRESS TRANSFORMATION 1 tus previously ben above tat the tants tor Tating 38 ‘lay plied by th ut aoa ca be sorninad by seating shea ili an cent of eno Ep (2) Homer ‘en dae to ome ater tration tae at om te et ‘component tise to an Oa cowinte y, bBo toy tytn, woh reef a0 O82 ‘orate stem. The trnratin geton comioaly ee opto ie ‘yertion wil be developed in his sein ‘Conse lnent st to Fz 1.5 with an incl fse Nevin ote somal Two otuly prpendclar divans can he be denoted page inci as, sha a Hg Te estat sts, ang She laid fice ean rete Ito compen slog the det fo components xn be ecomplihed tos cs By wing the ces ompenent Tey Ty 2b Ty Ts oe T8994 T0509 + Tee 2) 5) + Ty 8) + Te cot) e594 Te e040 9} Te 8 2) 16 the rt oes Hs, (12) and (14) ate abd ino how xpesons, the aowsng apres equation are bine 09) 8004 ty 682) Be 6 96 (694 25 4 3) 0408) 4 Bacco coe) as)12 meat erie ie rca es co (860 x) +408 9 EO). $8 m2 con 8 4 aes (3) 08 9) +08 9 08 3 + sean m9) 2) + 28m 2 06 OD afm a} ome 994 cm sco) 8) rc coe (3) 0881+ ty 60 NE 7) oa coe 5) 60¢ 63) 1 eae) 08 91+ 68 08, 26 (4,3 6 2) cf 2) 8 9 eoleot (2) 68 6 2) 081% xeon 48) uot (15) prvi the means for deterinng normale and shears ‘pent eit ected ih any tf atin renee vied Theo tated ah nea fee a oe "apeson forth ster componens op yy1 yes eyo Spex tee ca be ‘tied dats trom Ba, (05a) or Ba (158) by capa Talowing precoare Ta order to detemine eee, whet plane having an ter normal sini ith. AYoslan ts Ty aso wa hi plane The arma sts acct With his ae obalned delfom (30) Uy substan orm Th ea 8 (69) 469 28 (9) 17 8 2) + ty 08 64 4 Beco (6 9) SOE, 214 Baebes eon es) (LA) ‘By seating noice wt be ade nes and lowing the sme posters, rein yy ahd 9 can be bled lo ep = 8 28 WI) 68088) $88 (442 ct MeL 2) recog dean ge ad4 2 con demas) (14) et 0 (8 a 00 “Fy 9) 4 2 con, 2008 a) 1 2 aoe) 6m 9)4 Decne heme tea) 6) “The shears component ty obited by sling plane having ote val colcest ih ah he plane detonwcmeient mith Shown i Pig 19 The seat stem yy the obaied om E305) by ting

) 08 9 en 90 (21 4 seo ba 9)son( 3) +506 2164 3) 4 relem (sea yn) ene besa (ys 23) (Ld) By sting an coiciet withthe fad Zand 2 and sae, ‘eal erpesiont cam be devon fo tnd reeves, a fll spe So oH 9) “oe eo 3) 08 2 +25 co UF 2c 8) ++ tue (9) 08 (62+ 008 (2) 9 1 ellen (9 2) coe 9) + oe 9 ew 2) 4 Holes, 68 94 eO eos te 93) 6) (oe te) cn) 08 8) + Om OH soon 2 2) ene) co =) sw feos a) 0 9) 8 (2 e080 2 SF anleoe es ene (esa) bene e slee 9a) (LA ‘has option permit the Hx crtoan components of re lave to the Daye eorcarte stn 1 be afore ins dierent ose aton omponcnt of se lief sn Oxy corte atm,16 PRINCIPAL STRESSES. a So, 12 i wos tte that he enero vector T a ven point? ‘epened pon the coke ofthe pane apo white ea cH plane ‘elected such ha, cine it te ter normal a shown a Fag Ider tat he shear ns nua an ht Toth ne oe Tenis sce so hati eine th Te the ane dened by ‘row a pica lane Tae deton pen by 2 pail etn, ond Ue noemal sac om pic ase pee ee neve a steht at st he picpl plate, tic are meal) perp Tn ad acted wih hse pcp! pine here ae att Te diet Pipl soon Tine Htements san be eased by reeing to i 110 hd ong that Tym o.corlns) Ty=e,corley) Ty=aeand — 11 (12) are stud fate Ka (the flag exgrne ae obi: | 58) 88009) + ee} £0883) | syontns)+ econ syeontns) ec contn) susan.) + scl} 9c) = 4502) Rearranging Ta. (ves i (eas 6360 (3) +e 8 4 8643) =O SHIGEO I+eysOEl =O 60803) 15 6) eon =O Solving ot aay of the dco cosine, yom 3h by teria “| 1 la that nontrivial slston: for the dition sosns ofthe ona Plane il ext oni fhe Stemi athe Senor ies o Expanding he dserian tr sata E04) eh allowing impor. ten eobieeqaation % catetd=O (LN) aie euntion ar he ts pip ste. By sbstiang vies compo of ses ie Cs anton. oa nase or 2,98 ‘bu the re ote This pose solos ese, 1. 6a and oy ae diet then mR ANd ay A ee and muy pend 5 # oy the i ugue and every dcton rrp 10 ie 4 pil don soit! iho, = {A eq=oy ay then hyde ote of es ere and exery dition 188 rina ecto, 2 ‘Oa the te pial routs have bee stabs thy a be sub- stad nua nto ge) ge tose mane eestos wh together wih te retin 0) Fe fy) 8 U2) an te slot to ie the thee st of dition coe dining the prin ‘hve Auer enmieofthe reedare ein comping pina ses tid rctons pen in th execs the endo the per Ip teting pmsl stewes tis ll fo de th so tat ey > 2,0 Wh thee avoneed oth son th oral ste ing the Tags sgl vale an hea Pb any he moral eee ing the alt ager ale I simp oral hixordeig tate stress recone postive snd comorosieaten a conse septeAnite importat conti tha fs variant H was noted in Sos Ls ht tee tent ou ede by ta catesan ss components nth espe itr tne rye corde sytem eI O17 corn sem Furterore Bs (6) wore sale fo gre teensy between th fro ptr doo Ege (1) es be rations et whe ae cle heats, eat seat rt (7 ch ine cubc equation ae tthe penal see, aed 98) real That exsen ad aeaepenat therein coords pete employed, itis chat the oon of (7) wich onan exten component of the test a be nepenent vase the Sorin sens TS, From Eg (Let at Low tuct Oy bn = ne +877 ee Seeten tye By os Ia tanh mth ~ Sth Sl + Buh eh Fada the rt scan a it invari fe eect. Tithe dy coorinte sytem iste sido with he pial eet ge) eee Reataty hoomtantnn heanes 09 17 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS In deylping esto or main shear stress, the special ease wl be enaierel in with ep = tp = 0. No ku fa enemy toda! by ‘Shering hp ue ice tinoter nly esenton fhe rence [Xie conde withthe principal direction: tn the lowing deeopant iy ‘tend my wl base to dot the pris discon: fn See. 1 te ret ‘eon ha ob pee was en TheThe T+ 7 o Subettion of vale for i Fy and ro (2) with isp orm ‘Abe ro B86) fot ms otc my ef coe ind) 21 co8 a) +6 0 (nm) 3608 Fm) o Ssnce «f= 7! ~ om xpeon forth hoe tet onthe oblige plan ‘enn rn Hg) sale) ar stating |= so Gum hm 8 eh aed oman RARE Lede ee to tb eam et ® “Tae pases oo which maken and misinom Acting tees omc can be ‘bre rom Bp iy letting Wet esp the eto sie Sod Oe ofthe tion csi expe By em beeen by {olin the expen Pew enat @ for and saatiing eo Eg (That She At oe? 68 Ny en + l,— om? Heyl By faking the par detvs of Ba. 7, at with apt oad then wits Fepet fo m,n equtng to 2, the follwing eens af eased tor ‘etrmining the dation sss anced wih ane haveg tan ed le. 09 “09? le, ea"] 0 e263) 657° —(6,— 0am] = ® ‘One sation of tee outions tobi = =0. Thea ow Ha (eh = (apap pane th sro se) Sau teat fom ao at abo pombe {eet eeqetons Coe fs that m=O: then fn Bah = 2) fd fom 1th n=! Alo 0 ton om BL a {fom He ohn = Repsting the above prosare by hg 104 {turnin By () pn fer vate ton cones whit ke te ‘searing sess maim or nina. Sebi the vaes = 4) nd n= 0) ito Ba yt ete Forse da, 204 dey" trom wih nelo-0) Sint, wing th other alas fr the dation cones which make the hearing sre macs gee BoHeinad ad unten) ‘ote the ose es be rst agate whe blair, — 05 Sth rial sees ne ode xh that 3 #2 The an ~ ta) = Hee) wa ‘Awa for ising the complete se of ess at point isthe ‘twedimesonl Abr ce shown in Pip LT repeat, he ‘rt the esto dimenonal Moh orl, shors he te pins ‘tees the arom sevng sad he aoe of as wn Wh Che ‘Sovoal” ng hearse eomponete mst Ue fora gen slate fate1 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL STATE OF STRESS For tmodinesonl ares fel whet = = y= 0,2 js aden with nO isthe ange btwn nd (og) rae 0+ a 0+ 2 sn Yo Pm en 2045, in38 atte ory 8 00 8+ oi! 8 Bsn Beas 0 Set fe 4 $080,205, in 20 ay (te wend uta ‘he relaonshps between ates composi gies in Fg (A) canbe ‘apts epromstd by wg Mobs cle fara, idaie in A La Inhis agra normal tes componeatso ae pte hrsontal, wi sa ses componente ae plod Yet. Tee tesa pe to he Seht ofthe = ans Compreane sone a pod fo te KA Shores Sepenns wi ed o pce a owe rotten Of sal ont ‘surrounding the poi ate plated above he «tis Tow eng to pros unteocke rotuion te pot blo Whe plated he meer the rc conponets nace with eae pan though the pl se tpeceed by posto the ce Te gram ts aos seat al pct fic site a Fl Mar ct) a end ‘oe cordinate ays Lo athe Tha retort wil be ed feasts Use ecto of this tet, wete sain gat and peasy ees ot ‘nul rca. See wo nena see sons selon comers ‘saab capers wil en oso the pone sae soe same 19 ai ‘sc in wosinenien ses stm fa coednate tn i hn a that Got = te thon a late st eit BU ee nee a Sst ee ts acter (C5 ee sttemind ene Eg (1h wh pvt oy in ee voyten he ane (between x and y ‘St og) and) wh hw ome by wine ca 24 Rega Here 23 ut change npr on 1°" 10 lt matt cera al compen eta 07 ese, sth hdres isso Osa we fee eee ee a 26 Tam ht of ee incon isto anew tain stra snonay raie oan Oe et ei, ‘deo ans tated mt Oey 20. AL pins eed tay the tn cose faa0 nowerst NAS ip arn mc ETRE eto abt yom ens rata = t rlah[s 7 i eles = t ont ainte an x. tof sorter cc Ov rae eid o » # = * ao: ay Yon 30H t= Hedne Yu = $005 mr of ct mg nr i a Ste iovogdrestm ext ” mero eminem marines BL Na de a incon mto Oa e 214, ic es nin hd sin engin he i sn sn snd hci hig ei et ‘Sn he in cnc tae 3 - 21 uti wet ie owing salt ee copes We BEANE Ween 47 Geared gaweael (eee 444747 Oh ey BOA Se PATE og IO Ae ane eiaebarnees empath igtemer Bde. What pal bm dart nn ed 22 Detainee ie to tpi 12) a he placement Ben ia$2 mown mama wo ice ces 222 Det 31 Koby lai, psn by wn 224 Ses 7 +08 wh yn ‘Grime ipl corti he tl dation athe ce ine don ieoasam Sma te srma ae fy, nh Sarco ne See 228 bute an an Io oh si (215 G nd ada wies doped xs oa oa one 24 Soa cs lt d= 39 ie 2 Desi he 3p isin (= = 39 ain 28 Theses compona tat a pot ed (= 207 GPa = 03) 22, Ata pout on he ere fen ay es (E207 GP ad» = 039 aioe fast 106 219 ye 39 pe wee meee et ae ‘Sune 10 MP masa eninge MP {isin ba mn oe ae bop pete ‘a ain ras edhe hopin wt 10g, i ta and ‘oop seers sates scl wah ance 8G 23 Thecrnea component ose ts pa ed 207 pce ae cows esi he ts lial ig te pp ara cin a th ma lacus tenet tr of wea sn ps ee At parr pat aby Rovst! om te (8201 GPa ad She te niles (Ste he eee Mot co fr et a be poi {8 Sto hee mesa Mab re rein tt poi (8 Onan tong it beseig ater 7M Wanner ree ‘ot on ar a Gms eee pi shi ews — 0 What ‘ngs of er at! esa ste sn wa os pane (Algo oh he po ny he Tal hol i er. Wht tant wt a sig yee ot Set retain oe 28 4 hin ti merase sede ch x mt ae ang ere om sl th tee {SR he snr ein cing 2.4 Areca (271 GPs anv 03 plat 100 yaad ‘hom naa ten ton ch ese ung nr ‘Pato tate pte oot ang in gh of edge Be ie {8 Domne thes ine ns ne te Inset at ‘int ened iar nthe mei wih sm ei = 71 GPa ~ 03 Say ee anton coon it hn on there hay gen po se and name wih = i hn your i4 encore mara io iene cots REFERENCES 1 Baan Aran my nny Mm 2 Pr tae 1 Daa A AP, a €or st Seo ap and Mtoe Yt ARREST ea kal ey a cand Doe Ne «Sti esc pg tp na Wy So Na Yo 12, SRS Site al, tare Ne CHAPTER 3 BASIC EQUATIONS AND PLANE-ELASTICITY THEORY AM FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM Inthe gear theedieriesl att elem thee at 15 unkown guns tie wh mt determined eey pt in he body, mame, the ern omponent fst te arta componente iy oth component ‘perce: Agen feo ao open pose 1. The eomeny ote by 2 The Bouncy contin 1A The hoy rc fl a actin of postin 4. The cate comnts tn exert sneer th abovementioned 1 ko qui 5 independent {goon re reer Tres ae prove theses ean fee foe sea proved byte sneplcene elton [5 (24) and "he vomsning can bonne the isin exprenion Ee (216). ‘slim 10am catty rote, aon to ashing the 1S xpatons mt sat he boda eons. In oh word theses ‘Sng over the sare ofthe by mus! prod actions hich are quent ss$6 mower ane rn ct to the loa beng spl ote ody. Rosary contons are fen desi to dep the for eet Spo of Boundary. role Ise Blow ‘ype 1 the dpasnets ae prs ve he ete bounty he prot casi a4 pet Boundary problem Asan example code vg lede od which gn anal spaces, yan anes ‘Gelacncae vind latinas acet se pombe ve cnc boundary of he od ‘Tipe 2. The moet Gog encounteted boandary-ae problem it he ‘ope wre normal and shering for ae en over he ene sie For Innes epee bet oa warm hysteresis to searing fer and norma ter eeal top om the srs an Robe I ype 2 ously poten, ‘Tye 3 Te 2 mined boendry-vlve poem wht the normal and sain ors ate ee ove porto ofthe Housdty aa the places ‘se gen ove the fore of he ody. To ate is tps of problem, se trang of sles Over ata Tn the seing prom ra ‘Seplceent ng othe he ters btwn the hal anh lore ‘nal oer oh ee, oth the anal athe shin emponENs ‘tes ae, “Typed This ye of boundary poem she os mea of he four conse, Over a poston of he sas dpc ae Peso. OF a {Stand porto of te srs normal gad shearing ota peed. Over ‘Tin pron of the uric be normal cope of laseneat adhe {imu compoent fear pried Over» fourth porto othe sce, Theateng component of Splasment apd he nora! component fsa premsited Obvioly. the it the eso obs can be eared a pe (Sooo ti goer uth pe (ne ofthe moet difical probems enue in any experi y ie the design and comtrosion af the nang Stare for spi the red Spicomets or acon othe mods bang aces The eaiiaons geo provouyshoel be Kee nmi when ne evan the etre tn gener hs ESeound ta tacos canoot be equal malted by applying = pace ‘et Etothe model an se ee Type Land type 2 boendary-e problems [eel tect oappoach eine grea pe 2 and pe robe er mote cates in propel loathe mode 82 FIELD BQUATIONS “Tos fr inthe development fours of fil equations have boon died, ‘amely, be sues equations of egos he stan-dpaconent rion, the ‘asain egressny, and he eqns of empaty. Que fen wo ot {om of hes of equation sub combed to ge new ot wh nay be acne ao raneeamiene rion 5 ‘more apple to + see problem. Asan exampl consi he sik ste ‘Topactnen eqostion wih on he obtained om he steer lions Undies su celaceon oqo by sabia ie (2 lo Ege 216 at Fea ple Wt all Beh tey— Wout ul) an wt MMe Mow te fat yi et, gta” Rta Ba ‘tinting note ht the et estos costing othe ses egenton ‘lite [ge (ahd the seepasret rations [Ege (3) ae ‘rene at ne ontns i ena of pe anknowns Th ueon ithe ‘Mmteafunknowss in 5to 9ainad poole by sting be ne “The pot cant edad fer (rom nits f hee unknowes) Whe stv tons feist [13] ae cone wih the teedilace- then ejutons [Ege (8) The depart equations of equim obaied ‘a be wien oma verrth eSB ebnce where i the operate D/O 42) + 8 ‘tisches tnt n sohiton othe Cepucment equations of guibrim wl sil the thee placate One he dpacemat rekon the sk {Maia ad the sicstrexer eae ea be obated by nome Bae (oobi the Stun sd qe 210) fo chain the sree “Anlycsolton ar theedmeninsl cay problos are gute atc tons ave the nor of peobinss whi are fee sted in 20 ‘hasan ote npn sl Tost cel apron oat arbor te oe fhe Hosins Popkovh ts ftom wih {sine wy to stay fy (02 The doeapmest a this appease ved and it terre Beyond the spe ad abies emery testo f the theory eit The ieee stent shold coe the ‘Sil relents the ond othe chapter fr 4 etal deep of the ‘owreneng Popov esonton sprach,uot ston ict he sr cquatos af compat be evga sce Uy be the’ Bast for am pram thre repaints Sepndene of seis onthe late constant I sta ston CE (20) theses eatin fq Lg. an the srin compat uation (Hae (210] sre combines teste outs Of compa are ‘hae fw ore oe) een) a (ar, OF, i Poot aa GR) vet hogan (He) eee cheglghe (tt) tt rpsaea lt — (Ge ae ere hes aria of See ou + Gy fn Al Fy Fy 8 the Troe intent i hex = dren erect TF thi sytem of iets se for he sc crt aes eo ones std i the bounaeyonditons arene, the pecem tt one tied OF aration: to The experimen i the space ‘fea const in Es (3.3) Real that eqns of sess eulsium di Sot oman clstecomstanis Sic oaly Pos tt appears in Fes. 3.2. feows tthe srs ar depen of He das ose ‘Snead ns at most depend oe Pots a lone OF sh ‘co irs ty anh ethno eet "Ti inepoenc othe sew on he ete mod i ey sport ‘ve-inentonal potas, where a ow-oculs plate mode wed {0 slmalites metal prtcype. Only the irae in Poisons ratio einen the ‘model alte rotoape ta ure ero The ey le eens betwen {Be moll of Sty ofthe model ante prototype dows at produce Toi pons, proc he i ne ple mo 33 THE PLANE ELASTIC PROBLEM. In he hor fey her ext» sei cas of poles, known lone [prblon ich ca be aed mae rely Wa he fuera hse nena ffoblan snc cei singing stumptone san bend nthe estes "The geometry ofthe body athe nur of te louing on he Bondar Which un poe tobe cid 5 pane prot ae a flrs "detonate bd eas ofa eon of nora thks bounded ‘to pa plane and by ay close ara urs By a inate yi Si Altoaph te tsene fe Body mist Be ue, se Bot be Ht Temay be ety tik ery thin fc these to ees opel the ee etl cfr he apna mlb pido te ‘in adon to the rections onthe geometry a the body he elowing recon ae peed oo the lo app Yo bs plane ody 1. Rody fon sy ex, canot wey though the tienen 2 he reo that = Fee phan y= Fe Fare, te Body fore In 2. The nue tsctoas of Kas on the tal Bounary By, ma be inthe en ofthe ne and ust be unary tuted ucts the eke ey Eun inthe eden Hono, = Pm rh = Bh aed 7, 2 Na lon ca be pied nthe pail pans boing ts top snd Bottom setae ht fe Ty Den = ‘ons the pomtry ad ling have ben defi senses ca bedetenloed by asin ele te laps ov te panes pons Usa the ane sn approach aso hon tho bos i very thc relate ti ea Si Te ats poh wep wien he a ty ‘2's el ep nd aAM THE PLANESTRAIN APPROACH "ic asumed ht he tai nh oy ae ln i te in te x Seton are oq fo tr, he seaacrment tion [Ege (2 am be Spied foto: oo rr a ua " Simi, a (34 ae sat to Eg. (21, en or the tea tons fc he cane plane sa snd: L429 M21 +a Oe D a har yg yn atin, the str eats of gn (9 (1 Sen rao eo ‘Ay solaton fer plne atin problem mst sity Bas (4) (9) aon {the foundry condone he teal boundary Bs a The undg plate ‘he boundary cieitone om Bi cam be expedite tthe ste Hy ‘ering tos (12 which give tex, ands component othe tases ‘earn terms ofthe earn componeas estes. Ths, eB, the ling ‘Mons must etd 208.91 08049) Tye eaele,8)4 6, <0 9) 6 whee Ti Ty Te EY = Smoot ofthe tose apple tothe oy on rite 8 aly, on the wo abounding anes no stig ae appl 10 tH HERE Se ‘on thse mos Tesch fo Ea (1) tat legal to eo ax demanded by B (3, omy when th ntaon J, egal oer, met robles J wl nt te eau oto therfore, he alaton wl not be exact sce the Buna) dies the al plans are ied I many probes te tation ot {he boundary conions an be cna by supetngtg an ela ope ‘ation fe eal soem ont he otal ation os sot be a0 "Wis pose to obtain en eat sation to he sepa oly who ‘anna tion of randy. When, oslo tn aprernate lon ‘acon Sant Venans pic! on tl, When the mone i Baton fy on the part ound epi year ttn ch ‘sty etal the slton wl te ved only in rasons wll eve {om the prt bounding lance. Tas x car ht the paw stan sypoaeh ‘Socal med othe ena pono oe ch hac ens whieh {eer oa, ey he else ote tral hon, te co eo ‘soon edt yy By cb od tlt ‘th rg! protean he iron of tered ou ont he ‘iia pela ds ot len ewe stars nly res foe ee Titicszton he planet approach a en cid wit init- ing a melo for solig fern, 288 Te prble ll be eed Ine in S50 36 when the Aiyssrtanctsaappromh fr cased tt ie sain toni petn forthe stant our th lace "sumption, wy Iss eds tos oton ofthe bons onions on te two pale ples ad Ely ow thee seated stn ah oe em foe The plans by suprimpoxng stately eqs aa sa sym ae Inport Sas Vent prin tn an experince in siting ads ‘efits on th niet permit tpicton nthe desea the fing AS PLANE STRESS tm Sec 34 mas noted hatte plane in mth i ini to very ang oe ‘thik bs I nese wheres By tikes sal ete to aa Sinesions is avantapes to te hat ° oo throughout te ticks of the plate, Wih thi stapton testes uations gai gin res (0 Bra Baap & aro 2 td the testi etons [Eg (213 be en DEA Bag ty =Uy Py yA =| any by qe sro ree ni oes peFrom the het of Hep. (3.1) the allowing tionship can be bine na aig) 0 With his yale of th ie in inant J, bone rel ® ia Tea Susicaieg tevlu for J, ea (into Ba (81) yl oon OE an He 2 ti p 1 n= a a) ty ay se a ee gt sor aay a chat ‘ict sue same ae as Somes eco metas ayta atog pence ernie cas ea Sean ri eee ee “The symbol ~ ovr the stones and dnplceen nse vege vals Sot be avrg vale thet na (12) the Bory ‘ualiogs whch met be sated on By T= Bc D4 F869) Tym tml) + Fy cml 9) as aun UW the ejuatons whieh the plantain and the planets stone sat {Mt Se compare can Cesc tet thy ate Went exe he enn Bg 3) a). An tnt os yp eto ie HD Bg panes $6) 2h planets: = ie aa ac taumoe te nanan naiey 68 Inde ta hey ar dentin excep forthe coin they Shee ll eer equations tr the planet apd plain eo fe ‘eat a om ane sri be ans lanes eng 2 are) ich ean to ting = cs) In ¢silar manner planes ston cam be tanned ot «pine sta soleton by tng a 6 tn the plete pprotch i generalised tat the akon sees syd a8 fll Be 8 dependence, Ae ‘esl of ts» depen the Boaedary mons By wat. Tie ‘teity cn emit and ao apronnat oon to te protien canbe hte by wang serge tle rte srt plete Fai ‘rs shows tat lanes end plana soto om be ras En ne ese ita te other by ssl rapasmentivavng Pesos rt fade in F815) 08 G18. 36. AIRS STRESS FUNCTION the plane roblen thewusknowas 4 dy tbe teri which Wil sty the tequeed fe cquaon 25 boundary condone The tnt ‘oneness of fe eton owen thet ae the mo ans ‘tog spd ne ear geton of comely “The elton egeacn i wo dines te Eee am ees cum ‘oso empl emt cep ne eee tina (it a tow ene eae) aaSuppose the by orld tnd by, 90th the free nts we pres by fs ve ey “Then by sattiuing ge (10) ilo Ha O17) and ooking that 32+ Tag ia ie apparent it cay fee a a 69) gui C49) repent the tre Fld equation Whi fay py A ty iss. ‘iste hat he reise berepeate by ses ction so hat 20) 16 gy, (220) ate suite into ge (19), eam Be een tha te Oo ‘Sunons seguir ne eats, nd th eta Eg (10) ies, vie= 2 “hu sain ad compaity ar nosey stifed # aie (B21) The eaprenion teow sb Airy ves fon ATER (2) sled for gamexreon sting sea urbe of constant obated. ‘The sant a cvahuted fore the tatndary sonnet a Be 1) {nd the atoues are computed rom 9 sezordig to Ege (220. Of couse ‘tation fan Ea (a) rode stash late ara case Stet ‘See panes cae cn be ony leting f=) ae eed (15). Th seo eas to ve --9va cay hai for pane re problems ‘sorte to note tht he Body ce intents re 20 or ons sec hoe enone a grevitional al hen vin=o seg (8.21 and (2) both buco vie-0 0239 “hie iba xustion which ana be mtn a he oe 4 $$ 40,58 ony a Bop minor of cuton ome a fan ha fy a Indore of he eae consent Tis comsdetion vs por ‘edncotoel platelet since aces thu theses eta! ok {posts model are desea thos stl potty theme ingly fae tnd ste fo amr oes for boy re fale Dire tte vias ofthe moan of ety and Poon rato ttsen me sed ottype do ot inns the res rhe stron, The are xen the Sop coed rexeion, Home, Wik wl be eave i Chap 1, om topes pore. 47. AIRY'S STRESS FUNCTION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES ‘Any Ai srs nation sedi he slton of «pate prob mie siy Feu (12h) ond (0.20) and provisos va 230th atthe deed boundary covions Some Ait vate onto eomorly es ar ply in ad Ta th sata, polyoma rm het to the pce wil be ose AZL_Aley’ Sirs Function in Terms of 4 FistDegreePslynomia so, Fy) Tice om Bg. (20) hat aty-0 a4 fd hat Be (225) and (238) ae sti. Thi Sanson sable only {er insting» renee nan therfore oie a th im fy 372_Aley' Stress Fanesion a Terme ofa Sceoad-Degree Polynomial 0507 hye) F059" From Bas (220 he ste re 2 25 [Noe thts (8254) and (238) ae atid and thatthe Hes fenton [Use sou al oer ete body wich windpenent ofa. 373. Aieys Stes Funeton in Terms of « ‘Thire-Degree Polynomial Biman? ey eae dae eae by we of (120) he rsa by ee 2 Sy 60584 2Y ym BBY (26