VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM
SURAPET
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON
TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE
INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF OF A CELL
DEPENDS
NAME: N.C.VAISHNAVI
CLASS: 12B2
ROLLNUMBER
SSCE -2022 -2023
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that N C VAISHNAVI of class XII B2 has successfully
completed the project on the topic TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS
ON WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF OF A CELL
DEPENDS under the guidance of Mrs. D VANAJA KUMARI in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination conducted by SSCE, CBSE,
New Delhi for the academic year 2022 – 2023.
Signature of teacher in charge Signature of Internal Examiner
Signature of Principal Signature of External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. So I
am utilizing this opportunity to thank all the people who have been
concerned with my project.
Primarily I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the strength,
knowledge and good health to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank our Principal Mam for his continuous support
and our physics teacher whose whole hearted guidance helped me to
patch this project and make it full proof success. The suggestions and
instructions given by them served as the major contribution to the
completion of this project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance, which has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
TABLE OF CONTENT
SNO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 05
2 Aim 07
3 Materials required 07
4 Theory 07
5 Procedure 09
6 Observation 11
7 Precautions 13
8 Sources of error 14
9 Conclusion 15
10 Bibliography 16
INTRODUCTION
An electric battery is a source of electric
power consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections for
powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode .The electrons will flow from the
negative terminal towards the positive terminal through
an external electric circuit.
Batteries are of immense importance in our daily life in
electronic appliances and their use is increasing every
day. Thus, batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential; can be increased greatly.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference across it, hence
making it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered
by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
Its S.I.unit is Ohm(Ω).
For a cell of e.m.f (E) and internal resistance
(r),connected to an external resistance (R) such that I
is the current flowing through the circuit,
E = V+Ir
Internal resistance r = E-V
I
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
EMF of a cell is defined as the potential
difference across it when there is no current
flowing through it.
AIM
To study the various factors on which the the internal
resistance of the cell depends on.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
A potentiometer, a battery( or battery eliminator), two one
way keys ,a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an
ammeter cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare,
connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell
Is directly proportional to the distance between
electrodes.
Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.
Decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
Is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
r = (E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE
Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper and make tight connections according to
circuit diagram.
Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f of the battery is more than
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point
will not be obtained.
TO STUDY VARIATIONS OF INTERNAL
RESISTANCE WITH DISTANCE OF
SEPRATION.
Keep both the electrodes at the distance of
16cms.
Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small.
Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the
last wire of the Potentiometer.
Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (l1) between the null point
and the end P.
Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2.
At the same time, take out the small
resistance(1 to 5W). From the shunt resistance
box connected in parallel with the cell.
Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire
and obtain the null point.
Measure the balancing length(l2) from the end
P. Record these observations.
Now, keep the electrodes 12cms apart.
Then, remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2.
Wait for some time and repeat the above
steps.
Next, keep the electrodes 9cms apart to obtain
another set of observations.
TO STUDY THE VARIATIONS OF INTERNAL
RESISTANCE WITH AREA OF ELECTRODS.
Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of the electrodes in electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observation.
Obtain three such observations and record
your readings.
TO STUDY THE VARIATIONS OF INTERNAL
RESISTANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF
ELECTROLYTE.
Keeping all other factors constant, decrease
the concentration of electrolyte by adding
distilled water for different observations.
Obtain three such observations and record
your readings.
S.N Ammeter Position of Shunt Internal
o reading(A) null point (cm) resistance resistance
With Withou R(Ω) r(Ω)
R( l1) t R( l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
OBSERVATIONS
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
S. Separatio Balancin Balancin Internal r/d
N n between g point g point resistanc
o electrodes l1(cm) l2(cm) e r(Ω)
d(cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.3
8
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.3
8
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.3
8
Table for effect of temperature
Sl. Temperature Balancing Balancing Resistance Internal Tr
point point R(Ω) resistance
No (Ω)
l1(cm) l2(cm) r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
RESULT AND INFERENCES
The Electromotive force of the cell is constant and is
equal to E = 0.98Volt.
The internal resistance of the cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the electrodes.
The internal resistance of the cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
the electrolyte.
The internal resistance of the cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of the electrolytes.
The internal resistance of the cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
The connections should be neat,clean and tight.
The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
The positive polls of the battery E and cells E 1 and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire.It should touch the wire gently.
The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross-section and material density throughout its
length.
End resistances may not be zero.
FLOW CHART
CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell
Conc. Of Electrolyte
Area of Electrodes
Inversely
Inversely proportional
Proportionalal
Distance between Temperature of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Proportional Inversely proportional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
Ncert text book
www.slideshare.net
