JNV NUAPADA, (ODISHA)

SESSION – 2022- 23

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC – TO STUDY THE VAROIOUS

FACTORS ON WHICH THE INTERNAL
RESISTANCE/EMF O A CELL DEPENDS.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that 1 . Rashmi ranjan Bag 2.
Rajesh Meher 3. Choudaganga Saraf 4. Sachin
harpal of class XII science of jnv nuapada has
successfully completed the physics investIgatory
project as prescribed by the CBSE board for the
academic year 2022- 23 it is further certified that
the project is a group work.

Principal’s sign :- Subject teacher’s sign :-

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.
Vijay Kumar who gave us this golden
apportunity to do this wonderful
project .which also helped us doing a lot
of research and we came toh know
about so many new things I’m really
thankful to him .
Secondly we would thanks are
friends who helped us lot in finalizing
Vijay Kumar
this project.
 PREPARED BY :-
1. RASHMI RANJAN BAG
2. CHODAGANGA SARAF
3. RAJESH MEHER
4. SACHIN HARPAL
 Index
Sr. No. Content Page no.
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Prepared by
4. Introduction
5. Apparatus required
6. Theory
7. Circuit diagram
8. Procedure
9. Observation
10. Results and inference
11. Internal Resistance
12. Precautions
 Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use is
increasing everyday. Thus , the batteries need to be
made more powerful so that there potential can be
increased greatly. Thus , this project report is based on
practical analysis the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell .when the internal resistance of the
cell is decreased we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
Aim of the project

To study the various factors on which the internal

resistance/EMF of the cell depends.

Apparatus required
• Potentiometer
• Battery • Set square
• Two one way key • Connecting wires
• Rheostat • Sand papers
• Galvanometer
• Resistance box
• Ammeter
• Cell
• Jockey
 Theory
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
is -:

1. Directly proportional to the distance between

the electrodes.
2. is inversely proportional to facing surface
area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
3. decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
4. is inversely proportional concentration of
electrolyte.
Circuit diagram
 Procedure Followed
1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to
the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more
than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained. To study variation of
internal resistance with distance of Separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of16cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null points obtained on the last
wire of the p
7. Determine the position of potentiometer accurately using a set square an potentiometer
balancing length (l1) between the null point band the end potentiometer.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys KI and K2. At the same time, take out a
small resistance (1 -5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.

9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.

10. Measure the balancing length (12)from end P Record these observations.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart. Then remove the plugs of keys KI
and K2. Waitfor some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.

12. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of

observations.
Observation
 Results and inference
• The Electromotive force of the cell is constant and is equal to E=___
Volt
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area
of electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of the electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of electrolyte.
 Internal Resistance
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the
flow of
ions.

:-Its S.I. unit is Ohm

:- For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance
(r), connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing
through the circuit,
E = V + Ir

Internal Resistance,
r = E-VI
 Precautions
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken.

3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells El and E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero
of the wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation .if necessary adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.