INDEX

• Introduction
• Practical Analysis
• Objective
• Apparatus
• Theory
• Circuit diagram
• Procedure
• Result
• Precaution
• Sources of error
• Conclusion
• Bibilography

INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in
our daily use electronics appliances and
the uses keeps increasing everyday and
so does the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential
can be greatly increased .
Thus this project report is based on
practical analysis for the various factors
on which internal resistance/EMF of cell
depends; when the internal resistance of
the cell is decreased we can increase the
potential difference across a battery and
hence , make it more liable and last
longer.
Circuit diagram

INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the
resistance offered by the electrolyte of
the cell to flow the ions.
Its SI unit is ohm.
In a Cell of EMF(E) and internal
resistance(n) and connected to an
external resistance(R) are such that
current(I) flows through the circuit. so,
internal resistance is
E=V+IR
R=E-V /I

PRACTICAL
ANALSIS
OBJECTIVE :
To study the various factors on which
internal resistance/EMF of a cell
depends.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
a potentiometer, a battery, two one-
way keys, a Rheostat, a galvanometer, a
resistance box, ammeter, a cell, a
jockey, connecting wire and sand paper.

THEORY:
As we know, internal resistance of a cell
is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ion.
The internal resistance of cell is
i. directly proportional to distance
between the electrode.
ii. inversely proportional to facing area
of the electrode in electrite
iii. decreased with increase in
temperature of electrolyte.
iv. inversely proportional to
concentration of electrolyte.
v. the internal resistance of cell is given
by
r=E-V /I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
• Clean circuit and the ends of
connecting wire with Sandpaper and
make tight connection according to
the diagram.
• Tighten the plugs of resistance box .
• Check the EMF of battery and cell
and make sure that EMF of battery
is more than that of the cell
otherwise null point will not be
obtained.
TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL
RESISTANCE WITH AREA OF
ELECTRODES
• Keep both the electrodes at a
distance of 16 cm.
• Take maximum current from the
battery making rheostat resistance
small.
• Without inserting a plug in key(K2)
to adjust the Rheostat so that a
null point is obtained on the last
wire of the Potentiometer.
• Determine the position of the null
point accurately using a set square
and measure the balancing length
(L1) between the null point and the
end (P).
• Next, introduce plug in both key K1
and K2 at the same time take out
small resistance (1 to 5 ohm) from
the shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.
• Slide the Jockey along a
potentiometer wire and obtain the
null point.
• Measure the balancing length (L2)
from end (P). Record these
observations.
• Now keep the electrodes 12 cm
apart.
• Then remove the plug of K1 and K2
wait for sometime and repeat step 7
to 10.
 • Next, keep the electrodes 9 CM
apart to obtain another set of
observation.
TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL
RESISTANCE WITH AREA OF
ELECTRODES
• Keeping all the other factors
constant increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at
different depth for each observation
• Obtained three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10 and record
your readings.
TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL
RESISTANCE WITH CONCENTRATION
OF ELECTROLYTE
• Keeping all the other factor constant
decrease the concentration of
electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observation.
• Obtain three such observation by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE
RESULTS AND INTERFERENCES
1. EMF of cell is constant and is
equal to 0.98 V.
2. The internal resistance of a cell
is directly proportional to separation
between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of cell is
inversely proportional to area of
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of cell is
inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolyte.
5. The internal resistance of cell is
inversely proportional to
concentration of electrolyte.

PRECAUTION
1. The connection should be neat and
clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduce in
the key only when the observation
are to be taken.
3. The Jockey key should be touched
with wire gently and not be rubbed
along the wire.
4. The ammeter reading should
remain constant for particular set of
 observation, if necessary adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.

SOURCE OF ERROR
I.The battery may not be fully
charged.
II. The potential metre may not be
of uniform cross section and material
density throughout its length.
III. End resistance may not be zero.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results of this study
suggest that the internal resistance of a
cell is a complex phenomenon that
depends on several factors such as
distance between electrodes, sarface
area, temperature, concentration of
electrolyte, etc. Further research is
needed to optimize the design and
implementation of cells and to face the
challenges associated with their
integration into existing infrastructure.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 • GOOGLE.COM
• YOUTUBE.COM
• WIKIPEDIA.COM
• BING.COM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I AM HERE TO EXPRESS MY DEEP GRATITUDE
AND SINCERE THANKS' TO OUR PHYSICS TEACHER
MR. DINESH SINGH KUSHWAH FOR HIS VALUABLE
GUIDANCE AND ENCOURAGEMENT IN EVERY
FIELD.
CORRECTIVE COMMENTS, GENEROUS ATTITUDE
AND IMMENSE MOTIVATION WHICH HAS
RETAINED ME AT ALL THE STAGES OF THE
INVESTIGATORY WORK.
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO
OUR HONOURABLE PRINCIPAL MR. NIKESH
SHARMA FOR HIS HELPFUL COOPERATION AND
GUIDANCE. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK HIM
FOR HIS ENCOURAGEMENT AND FOR ALL THE
FACILITIES PROVIDED TO US FOR OUR
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT FILE.

THANK YOU