INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the
factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.
The two main types of batteries are:
1. Primary Batteries (Non-rechargeable): These are single-
use batteries that cannot be recharged once depleted.
They are commonly used in low-drain devices like remote
controls, flashlights, and clocks. Examples include alkaline
and lithium primary batteries.
2. Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable): These batteries can
be recharged and used multiple times. They are typically
used in devices like smartphones, laptops, and electric
vehicles. Common types include lithium-ion (Li-ion),
nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lead-acid batteries.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is a key concept in understanding how
batteries and cells operate. It refers to the resistance within a
cell that opposes the flow of electric current. This resistance is
caused by the materials and processes inside the battery,
including the electrolyte, the electrodes, and even the physical
construction of the cell. When current flows through a cell,
some energy is dissipated within the cell itself, which results in
a voltage drop across the internal resistance. As a result, the
effective voltage delivered to an external circuit is slightly lower
than the cell’s electromotive force (emf).
The internal resistance r plays a critical role in battery
performance.
Internal Resistance r = (E-V)/I
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
Aim
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of
a cell depends.
Apparatus
Potentiometer
Battery (or battery eliminator)
Two one-way keys
Rheostat
Galvanometer
Resistance box
Ammeter
Cell (Leclanche cell)
Jockey
Setsquare
Connecting wires and sand paper
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The
internal resistance of a cell:
-Is directly proportional to the distance between
the electrodes.
-Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.
-Decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
Is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r= [E-V]/R
PROCEDURE
To study variation of internal
resistance with distance of
separation
-maintain a separation of 16 cm between the
electrodes.
-Maximize the current from the battery by minimizing
the resistance of the rheostat.
-Without inserting the plug-in key, adjust the rheostat
until a null point is achieved on the final wire of the
potentiometer.
-Accurately determine the position of the null point
using a set square and measure the balancing length
(1) from the null point to point P.
-Subsequently, insert plugs into both keys K1 and K2.
At the same time, remove a small resistance (1-5 Ω)
from the shunt resistance box that is connected in
parallel with the cell.
-Move the jockey along the potentiometer wire to
locate the null point.
-Measure the balancing length (L) from point P and
record these values.
-Next, adjust the distance between the electrodes to
12 cm.
-Remove the plugs from keys K1 and K2, allow some
time to pass, and then repeat steps 7 to 10.
-Finally, set the electrodes 9 cm apart to gather
another set of observations
To study variation of internal resistance
with area of electrodes
-Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.
-Obtain three such observations by repeating steps
7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance
with concentration of electrolyte
-Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.
-Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of international
resistance with Temperature
-Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
temperature of electrolyte
-Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATION
RESULTS AND INTERFERENCE
The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant
and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes
dipped in electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte
PRECAUTIONS
The connections should be neat, clean and
tight.
The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
The positive polls of the battery E and cells E,
and E2 should, all be connected to the terminal
at the zero of the wires.
The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire. It should touch the wire gently.
The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation. If necessary,
adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- wikipedia.com
- knowledgecycle.in
- Physics NCERT book for class XII
- www.slideshare.net
- www.docfoc.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all
those who helped me in completing this project on
time.
I express my sincere gratitude to the almighty god
for his blessings and guidance throughout my
academic journey.
I am also deeply grateful to my school management
and principal rev Fr. Jobin T James, for their
visionary leadership and constant encouragement
I would like to thank my physics teachers, Mrs.
Nisha Samuel and Mrs. Robina Anns Joseph, for
their valuable guidance and mentorship.
I also express my profound gratitude to my parents
and friends for their encouragement and support
throughout this project.
SOURCES OF ERROR
The auxiliary will not be fully charged
The potentiometer wire may not be
uniform cross section and material
density throughout its length
End resistances may not be zero
INDEX
S.NO TOPIC PG NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 PRACTICAL ANALYSIS 4-11
- OBJECTIVE
- APPARATUS
- THEORY
- PROCEDURE
- RESULT
- PRECAUTIONS
- SOURCES OF
ERROR
3 CONCLUSION 12
4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13
CONCLUSION
In this investigatory project, we explored the internal
resistance of a cell, focusing on the various factors that
influence it. Internal resistance is a crucial parameter in
understanding how efficiently a cell can deliver power,
and it is affected by several key factors.
The type of materials used in the construction of the cell
significantly impacts its internal resistance. The internal
resistance of a cell is also temperature-dependent. As
temperature increases, the resistance typically decreases
due to enhanced ionic mobility within the electrolyte.
The internal resistance varies with the state of charge of
the cell. A fully charged cell generally exhibits lower
internal resistance compared to a discharged one.
In conclusion, understanding the factors affecting internal
resistance is essential for optimizing cell performance in
various applications, from batteries in electronic devices
to larger energy storage systems.
TOPIC:
TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON
WHICH INTERNAL
RESISTANCE/E.M.F OF A CELL
DEPENDS.
FACTORS AFFECTING
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
The internal resistance of a cell is influenced by several factors,
including:
1. Electrolyte Concentration: Higher concentration of ions in the
electrolyte generally lowers internal resistance, as ions move
more easily, allowing better current flow. Conversely, a dilute
electrolyte increases resistance.
2. Electrode Material: The materials of the anode and cathode
influence internal resistance. Electrodes with lower resistivity
allow easier movement of electrons, reducing internal resistance.
3. Temperature: As temperature increases, the internal resistance
typically decreases due to enhanced ionic mobility. However,
extreme temperatures can cause adverse chemical effects, which
may eventually increase resistance.
4. Size of Electrodes: Larger electrode surface areas provide more
pathways for ions to move between electrodes, reducing internal
resistance.
5. Distance Between Electrodes: The closer the electrodes are, the
lower the resistance, as ions travel a shorter path between them.
6. Nature and Thickness of Separator: In some cells, a separator
prevents direct contact between electrodes. A thicker or less
conductive separator can increase resistance by adding a barrier
to ion flow.
Understanding and optimizing these factors are key in designing cells
with low internal resistance, leading to improved efficiency and
performance in batteries and other electrochemical cells.
