VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

SURAPET

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON

(YOUR TOPIC)

NAME : ( YOUR NAME)

CLASS : 12A (Your Class)
ROLL NUMBER : (leave blank)
SSCE -2022 -2023

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, (YOUR NAME) of class XII A4 has

successfully completed the project on the topic (YOUR TOPIC)
under the guidance of Mr Vijoy Thomas T in partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination conducted by SSCE, CBSE, New
Delhi for the academic year 2022 – 2023.
 Signature of teacher in charge Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal Signature of External

Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. So
I am utilizing this opportunity to thank all the people who have been
concerned with my project.

Primarily I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the

strength, knowledge and good health to complete this project with
success.

Then I would like to thank our Principal sir for his continuous support
and our physics teacher whose whole hearted guidance helped me to
patch this project and make it full proof success. The suggestions and
instructions given by them served as the major contribution to the
completion of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance, which has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.

TABLE OF CONTENT

S NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 Introduction
2 Aim
3 Materials required
4 Theory
5 Procedure
6 Observation
7 Precautions
8 Sources of error
9 Conclusion
10 Bibliography
Introduction :

There is there is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is
increasing they everyday thus the battery need to be made more powerful so that they potential can
be increased greatly.

The project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance of
the cell then the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference
across it and hints make it reliable

Internal Resistance :

The resistance between a battery or other voltage source that causes a drop in the source voltage
when there is a current .

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of
ions .

It's SI unit is ohm

For a cell of e.m.f (E) and internal resistance (r) . Connected to an external resistance (R) such that (l)
is the current flowing through the circuit ,

E = V + IR

internal resistance r = E – V/ I

Aim : to study the various factors on which the internal resistance of the cell depends
Apparatus : A potentiometer , a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys , a rheostat, a
galvanometer , a resistance box , an ammeter, a cell ( leclanche cell) , jockey , a setsquare ,
connecting wires and sand paper .

Theory : they internal resistance off the cell is the resistance offered by the electrolyte to the flow of
ions the internal resistance of the cell ,

Is that a directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes. let x the distance
between the electrodes .

Is inversely proposition to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte . let A be the
surface of area of the electrodes .

Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte

Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte

The internal resistance of a cell is given by :

r = (E - V)/I

PROCEDURE :

1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to
the circuit diagram .

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

3. Check the connection EMF of the battery and of the cell and make sure that EMF of the battery is
more than that of the cell , otherwise null or balance ponit will not be obtained .

TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH DISTANCE OF SEPARATION

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm

5. Take maximum current from the battery making rheostat resistance small.

6. Without inserting a plug in key K2 adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer

7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using set square and measure the balancing
length L1 between the null point and the end P.

8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2 at the same time, take out a small resistance (1-5W)
from the stunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.

9. Slide the Jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point

10. Measure the balancing length l2 from end P.

RECORD THESE OBSERVATIONS.

11. now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.

13. Next keep the electrodes 9 CM Uppal to obtain another set of observations.

TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH AREA OF ELECTRODES

14. Keeping all other factors constant increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depth for each observation

15. Top 10 research observation by repeating steps 7 to 10. RECORD THE READINGS

TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTE :

16. Keeping all other factors constant decrease the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations

17. Up time three search observation for repeating steps 7 to 10 record your readings

OBSERVATION:

Position of null point (cm) Shunt Resistance Internal Resistance

S.NO. Ammeter Reading
with R (l1) without R (l2) (R) (r)
1 0.3   660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3   660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0.3   660.5 108.3 3 2.51