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Physics Project
Topic : Study of various factors on which the
b internal resistance/EMF of a cell b
b depends.
Submitted to : Ms. Priyanka
Submitted by : Aditya Nair [Class- 12th]
Certificate
This is to certify that Master Aditya Nair, a
student of class 12th(Science) has successfully
completed his project work under the guidance
of subject teacher Ms. Priyanka during the year
2022/2023 from Nair’s Essence International School
in partial fulfilment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE.
______________________________11111111111111111111_________________________________
____
Principal School Rubber Stamp00
Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of this project required a
lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is
only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them.
I respect and thank Ms. Priyanka, for giving me an
opportunity to do this project work and providing us all
support and guidance which made me complete the
project on time.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends
who supported me all the way and my parents who
helped me financially and encouraged me throughout in
the completion of project.
INDEX
Sr. no. Topics
1. Introduction
Internal Resistance
2. Practical Analysis
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result & Inferences
Precautions
Sources of error
3. Flowchart Conclusion
4. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly .
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance r = E–V
O I
PRACTICAL
ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal
resistance of a cell
r = (E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point
will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
OBSERVATIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross section and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
FLOWCHART
CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell
Area of Conc. of
Electrodes Electrolyte
Inversely Inversely
Proportional Proportional
Distance Temperatur e
between of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Inversely
Proportional Proportional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.docfoc.com
• www.documents.mx
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.slideshare.net