Diamond Public school

Physics Project
Topic : Study of various factors on which
the
Internal resistance/EMF of cell
depends.
Submitted by: Chirag Gupta [ class-12]

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 CERTIFICAT
E
This is to certify that Master Chirag
Gupta, a
student of class 12th(science) has
successfully
completed his project work under the
guidance,
of subject teacher _____________
During the year 2023/2024 from
Diamond Public School in partial
fulfilment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE.
_____________ ___________

Teacher in-charge External Examiner

__________

Principal School Rubber Stamp

Acknowledgement
The successful execution of this project was
made possible through the invaluable guidance
and support extended by numerous
individuals, and I feel genuinely fortunate to
have received such assistance throughout the
entirety of my project. I extend my sincere
appreciation to Mr._______________, whose
generosity in providing me with the
opportunity to undertake this project and
offering unwavering support and guidance
enabled me to successfully complete it within
the stipulated timeframe.
Lastly, I am deeply grateful to my friends,
whose steadfast support proved instrumental,
and to my parents, whose financial
S.no assistance and continuous
encouragement played a pivotal role
in the successful realization of this
project.

INDEX
TOPICS
1.
1. Introduction
Internal Resistance

2.2. Practical Analysis

Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
 Result & Inference
Precautions
Sources of error

3. Flowchart Conclusion

4 Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The demand for batteries in

our daily electronic devices is
substantial and steadily rising.
consequently, there is a
pressing requirement to
enhance the power of batteries
significantly.

Hence, this project report

focuses on a practical analysis
of the factors influencing the
internal resistance of a cell. by
this, we can elevate the
potential difference across it,
thereby enhancing its
reliability.

INTERNAL
RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance

offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of
ions.

 The S.I. unit is Ohm. (Ω)

 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

For a cell emf (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an

external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing
through the circuit,

INTERNAL RESISTANCE: E = V+IR

R = E-V
I

PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS:
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell),a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper .

THEORY:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolytes to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell

 Is directly proportional to the distance between the

electrodes.
 Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrode in electrolytes.
 Decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
 Is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

R = ( E-V )
I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires
with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit
diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance

box.

3. Check the emf of the battery and of

the cell and make sure that emf of the
battery is more than that of the cell,
 otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with distance of

separation.

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance

of 16cm.

5. Take maximum current from the

battery, making rheostat resistance small.

6. Without inserting a plug-in key K2,

adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.

7. Determine the position of the null

point accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing length (l1) between
the null point and the end P.

8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1

and K2. At the same time, take out a small
 resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.

9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer

wire and obtain the null point.

10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from

end P.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

12. Then remove the plugs of K1 and K2.

Wait for sometime and repeat steps 7 to 10

13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to

obtain another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with
area of electrodes.
14. Keeping all other factors constant,
increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
 15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal
resistance with concentration of
16. Keeping all other factors constant,
decrease the concentration of electrolyte
by adding distilled water for observations.

17. Obtain three such observations by

repeating step 7 to 10.Record your reading
Ammeter Position of null Shunt Internal
S.n Reading point (cm) Resistance Resistance
o (A) With R Without R (Ω) R (Ω)
(l1) R
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
0.3 77.2 2 1.77
2. 660.5
0.3 108.3 3 2.51
3. 660.5

OBSERVATION:
Table for effort of separation between electrodes
Separation Balancing Balancing Internal
between point l1 point l2 Resistance R
S.no
electrodes d (cm) (cm) (cm) r(Ω)
D
 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
1.
2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
2.
3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
3.
S.no Temperature L1(cm) L2(cm) Resistance Internal Tr
T(C) R(Ω) Resistance (ΩK)
r(Ω)

1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87

RESULT & INFERENCE:

 The Electromotive Force of the cell is
constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.

 The internal resistance of a cell is

directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.

 The internal resistance of a cell is

inversely proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.

 The internal resistance of a cell is

inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electro

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The connections should be neat, clean and
tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the
keys only when observations are to be
taken.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and
cells E1 and E2, should, all be connected
to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed
along the wire. It should touch the wire
gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain
constant for a particular set of observation.
 If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

CONCLUSION:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL

Area of
electrodes. Concentration
of electrolytes.

Distance
between the
electrodes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.ncert.nic.in
Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
THANK YOU!!

- CHIRAG GUPTA