Formulas necessary for SAT:

Exponent laws:
𝑥 −𝑎 𝑦 𝑎
2𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑦 = 2𝑥+𝑦 2𝑥 : 2𝑦 = 2𝑥−𝑦 (2𝑥 )𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 (𝑦) = (𝑥 )
1
𝑎
√𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥1 = 𝑥 𝑥0 = 1
Short Multiplication Formulas:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
Linear function:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ➔ a is the slope, b is the y-intercept
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑎=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Systems of equations:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐
Given that {
ⅆ𝑥 + ⅇ𝑦 = 𝑓
If 𝑎 ⋅ ⅇ = ⅆ ⋅ 𝑏, the system has no solution or infinitely many solutions.
Quadratic function:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ➔ General Form

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 ➔ Vertex Form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) ➔ Factored Form
𝑏 𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑏 𝑐
ℎ = − 2𝑎 ℎ= 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 𝑎
𝑥1 ⋅ 𝑥2 = 𝑎

Polynomials:
−𝑏
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 =
𝑎
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥1 ) = 0 ⇔ (𝑥−𝑥 ) = 𝑄(𝑥) If x1 is the x-intercept of the polynomial P(x), then P(x) is divisible by
1
(x - x1)
Variation:
𝑥
Direct variation - 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. Inverse variation - 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.

Exponential function:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑏 𝑥 ➔ A is the y-intercept
Statistics:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +⋯+𝑥𝑛
Mean/Average = 𝑛

Median = middle value

Mode = most frequent value
Range = 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛
Trigonometry:
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90 − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90 − 𝑥)

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Planimetry:
𝑎 2 √3
Area of the equilateral triangle = 4

𝑎√3
Height of the equilateral triangle = 2

Sum of interior angles of an n-sided polygon = 180 ⋅ (𝑛 − 2)

Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360

Equation of a circle: (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 , where (a,b) is the center of the circle and r is the
radius.